Syl Lab Us Entrance MSC

Syllabus for M.
Sc Mathematics Entrance 2012
Unit-I
- definition of the limit of a function. Basic properties of limits. Infinitesimals;
Definition with examples. Theorems on infinitesimals. Comparing infinitesimals,
Definition with examples and related theorems. Principal part of an infinitesimal and
related theorems. Continuity and basic properties of continuous functions on closed
intervals. If a function is continuous in a closed interval, then it is bounded therein. If a
function is continuous in a closed interval [a, b], then it attains its bounds at least once in
[a,b]. Differentiation, Rolles theorem with proof and its applications. Lagranges Mean
value theorem and Cauchys Mean value theorem with their applications.
Unit-II
Taylors and Maclaurins theorem with their applications. Intermediate forms.
Successive differentiation with Leibnitz theorem.
Tangents and normals (polar co-ordinates only). Pedal equations, length of arcs. Partial
differentiation of functions of two and three variables. Eulers theorem on homogeneous
functions. Curvature, radius of curvature for Cartesian and polar coordinates, double
points, Asymptotes, Cartesian and polar coordinates, envelopes, involutes and evolutes,
tracing of curves( Cartesian coordinates only).
Unit-IIII
Review of complex number system, triangle inequality and its generalization. Equation of
circle (Apollonius circle), Geometrical representation of complex numbers. De Moiveres
theorem for rational index and its application. Expansion of Sin n, Cos n etc. in terms
of powers of Sin , Cos and expansion of Sinn and Cosn in terms of multiple
angles of Sin and Cos
Functions of complex variable. Exponential, circular, Hyperbolic, Inverse hyperbolic
and Logarithmic functions of a complex variable and their properties. Summation of
trigonometric series, Difference method, C + iS method.
Unit-IV
Parabola: Equation of tangent and normal, pole and polar, pair of tangents from a point,
equation of a chord of a parabola in terms of its middle point, parametric equations of a
parabola. Ellipse; Tangents and Normals, pole and polar, parametric equations of ellipse,
Diameters, conjugate diameters and their properties.
Hyperbola: Equations of tangents and normals, equation of hyperbola referred to
asymptotes as axes, Rectangular and conjugate diameters and their properties. Tracing of
conics (Cartesian co-ordinates only).
The plane, Every first degree equation in X,Y,Z represents a plane, Equation of plane in
normal and intercepts forms , and through points. Systems of planes, Two sides of a
plane. Bisectors of angles between two planes, joint equation of two planes, Volume of a
tetrahedron in terms of the co-ordinates of its vertices. Straight line. Equation in
symmetrical and unsymmetrical form. Equation of a straight line through two points.
Transformation of the equation of a line to the symmetrical form. The condition that two
given lines may intersect.
Unit-V
Sphere; Definition and equation of a Sphere, condition for two spheres to be orthogonal.
Radical plane. Coaxial system. Simplified form of the equation of two spheres.
Definition of Cone, Vertex, guiding curve, generator, equation of cone with vertex as
origin or a given vertex and guiding curve, condition that the general equation of the
second degree should represent a cone. Angle between generators of section of a cone
and plane through vertex. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a cone to have three
mutually perpendicular generators. Definition of a cylinder, equation of the cylinder
whose generators intersect a given conic and are parallel to given line enveloping
cylinder of a sphere. Central conicoids. Tangent lines and tangent planes. Normal to
conicoid at a point on it. Normal from a point to a conicoid, polar plane. Shapes and
features of the three central coincides. Diametric planes. Generating lines of ruled
surfaces.
Unit VI
Review of the methods of integration, integration by substitution and by parts, integration
of algebraic rational functions; case of non-repeated or repeated linear factors. Case of
linear or quadratic non-repeated factors. Integration of algebraic rational functions by
substitution, integration of irrational functions, Reduction formulae.
Review of the definite integral as the limit of a sum. Summation of series with the help
of definite integrals. Quaderature. Area of a region bounded by a curve, X-axis (y-axis)
and two ordinates (abscissa), Sectorial areas bounded by a closed curve. Lengths of plane
curves. Volumes and surfaces of revolution.
Vector Analysis: Scalar and vector product of three and four vectors. Reciprocal vectors.
Vector functions of a single scalar variable, limit of a vector function, continuity. Vector
Differentiation, Gradient, Divergence and curl. Vector integration. Theorems of Gauss,
Green, Stokes and problems based on these.
Unit-VII
Degree and order of a differential equations. Equations of first order and first degree.
Equations in which the variables are separable. Homogeneous equations. Linear
equations and equations reducible to linear form. Bernoullis equations, Exact differential
equations, Symbolic operators. Linear differential equations with constant coefficients.
Differential equations of the forms f (D) y = Sin ax, eaxV, where V is any function of x.
Homogeneous linear equations.
Miscellaneous form of differential equations. First order higher degree equations solvable
for x,y,z,p. Equations from which one variable is explicitly absent, Clairuts form,
equations reducible to Clairuts form. Legendre polynomials. Recurrence relation and
differential equation satisfied by it. Bessel functions, recurrence relation and differential
equation.
Unit-VIII
Symmetric, Skew-symmetric, Hermition and skew-Hermition matrices, Diagonal, scalar
and triangular matrices, sum of matrices and properties of the addition composition.
Representation of a square matrix as a sum of a symmetric (Hermition) and a skewsymmetric (Skew-Hermition) matrix. Representation of a square matrix in the form of
P + iQ, where P and Q are both Hermition.
Product of matrices. Transpose of a product of two matrices and its generalization to

several matrices. Associative law for the product and Distributive law of matrices.
Adjoint of a square matrix A and relation A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I, Inverse of a square
matrix. Reversal law for the inverse of a product of two matrices and its generalization to
several matrices. A square matrix A possess an inverse if and only if it is nonsingular.
The operation of transposing and inverting are commutative.
Trace of a matrix, trace of AB = trace of BA, Inverse of partitioned matrices. Inverse of a
lower triangular matrices is lower triangular.
Unit-IX
Matrix polynomials, Characteristic and minimal equations of a matrix. Cayley Hamilton
theorem. Rank of a matrix. Elementary row and column transformations of a matrix do
not alter its rank. Finding the inverse and rank of matrix by elementary transformations.
Reduction of matrix to normal form. Elementary matrices. Every non-singular matrix is a
product of elementary matrices. Employment of only row(column) transformations. The
rank of a product of two matrices. Linear dependence and linear independence of column
(row) vectors.
Linear combination: the columns of a matrix A are linearly dependent iff there exists
vector X 0 such that AX= 0. The columns of a matrix A of order mxn are linearly
dependent iff rank of A is less than n. The matrix A has rank r iff it has r linearly
independent columns where as any s columns, s>r are linearly dependent. Analogous
results for rows. Linear homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations. The equation
AX= 0 has a non-zero solution iff rank of A is less than n, the number of its columns. The
number of linearly independent solutions of the equation AX= 0 is (n-r) where r is the
rank of mxn matrix A. The equation AX=B is consistent iff the two matrices A and
[A:B] are of the same rank.
Unit-X
General properties of equations, synthetic division, Relation between the roots and the
coefficients of an equation, Transformation of equations, Diminishing the roots of an
equation by a given number, Removal of terms of an equation, Formation of equations
whose roots are functions of the roots of a given equation, Equations of squared
differences.
Symmetric functions, Newtons method of finding the sum of powers of the roots of an
equation. Cardans solution of the cubic, nature of the roots of a cubic, Descarts solution
of a biquaderatic. Descarts rule of signs. Rational roots of integral polynomial. Location
of roots of an equation (simple cases).
Unit-XI
Real numbers: Bounded and unbounded sets. L.u.b. (suprimum) and g.l.b.( infimum) of a
set. Completeness in the set of real numbers and statement of least upper bound property.
The set of rational numbers is not of order complete.
Definition of a Sequence; Theorems on limit of sequences.Bounded and monotonic
sequences. Cauchys convergence criterian for sequences.Nested intervals theorem.
Balzano-Weirstrass theorem Limit inferior and limit superior of a sequence.
Series: Definition of convergence, divergence, finite and infinite oscillation, Cauchys
general principle of convergence for series. Series of positive terms. Comparison test,
Integral test, Cauchys root test, D-Alemberts ratio test, Rabees test and Gauss test,
Notions of absolute and conditional convergence. Some theorem on continuity viz. If a
function f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] then the closed interval [a,b] can be
3
divided into a finite number of subintervals such that oscillation of f in each of the
subintervals can be made arbitrarily small. If a function is continuous on [a,b], and f(a)
and f(b) are of opposite in sign, then there is at least one point c in (a,b) such that f(c) = 0.
The intermediate value theorem. Darboux intermediate value theorem for derivative.
Unit-XII
Riemann- Integration: The Riemann- Integral ,Definition and existence of the Riemann
integral. Upper and lower sums. Refinement of a partition. Under a refinement , the lower
sums do not decrease and upper sums do not increase. The necessary and sufficient
condition for integrability of bounded functions. Integrability of sum, difference, product
and quotient of two functions If f is bounded and integrable on [a,b], then so is |f| and
b
f ( x )dx f ( x ) dx M (b-a).
a
A function f having a finite number of points of discontinuity is Riemann- integrable .

Integrability of continuous and monotone functions. Fundamental theorem of integral
calculus, Mean Value theorem for integrals.
Unit-XIII
Advanced Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability of functions of two or more
variables. Total and second derivatives. Sufficient conditions for validity of reversal in
the order of derivation. Schwartzs theorem, Youngs theorem. Change of variables.
Extreme values of functions of two or more variables. Restricted maxima and minima,
Curve linear integrals. Greens theorem, Beta, Gamma functions and relation between
them. Multiple integrals: Integral over the plane areas in xy-plane, double integrals,
evaluation, change of order of integration for two variables, double integrals in polar coordinates, integral over regions in xyz-space, triple integrals, evaluation, triple integrals
in cylindrical and spherical polar co-ordinates, change of variables, Jacobian.
Unit-XIV
Brief resume of sets and mappings. Semi groups, subgroups and criteria for a subset to be
a subgroup. Cyclic groups and their subgroups. Cosets and Lagranges theorem. Product
of two subgroups. Counting principle for the number of elements in HK. Normilizer and
center.
Normal subgroups and its various criteria; quotient groups. Homomorphism and
isomorphism. Fundamental theorem on homomorphism. Correspondence theorem,
second and third theorems of isomorphism for groups. Permutation groups , Even and
odd permutations, symmetric groups of degree n, Alternating group; simple groups.
Cayleys theorem.
Unit-XV
Rings and fields: Definition and examples of rings, Subrings and fields and subfields.
Ring homomorphism , Ideals and Quotient rings. The field of quotients and integral
domain. Polynomial rings. Characterization of a ring. Prime and maximal ideal and their
characterization in terms of the associated quotient ring.
Vector spaces and their examples, subspace, criteria for a vector space to be subspace,
intersection and sum of subspaces of a vector space. Quotient spaces.Homomorphisms
and Isomorphisms. Notion of linear independence and basis of a vector space.
Dimension of a vector space. Linear transformation. Algebra of linear transformations.
Dimension of the space of linear transformations. Matrix of linear transformation.
Similarity of matrix corresponding to a linear transformation with respect to different
basis.
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Syllabus for M.

Sc Mathematics Entrance 2012

Product of matrices. Transpose of a product of two matrices and its generalization to

A function f having a finite number of points of discontinuity is Riemann- integrable .

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