The Calculus AB Bible
The Calculus AB Bible
Derivative Formulas
Derivative Notation:
Leibniz's Notation:
dy
For the derivative of y in terms of x, we write
dx
d2y
For the second derivative using Leibniz's Notation:
dx 2
Product Rule:
y x 2 sin x
y f ( x) g( x) dy
2 x sin x cos x ( x 2 )
dy dx
f ' ( x) g( x) g' ( x) f ( x)
dx dy
2 x sin x x 2 cos x
dx
Quotient Rule:
sin x
y
f ( x) x3
y
g( x) dy cos x ( x 3 ) 3x 2 sin x
dy f ' ( x) g( x) g' ( x) f ( x) dx x6
dx ( g ( x )) 2 dy x cos x 3 sin x
dx x4
Chain Rule:
y ( x 2 1) 3
y ( f ( x )) n
dy
3( x 2 1) 2 2 x
dy dx
n( f ( x )) n 1 ( f ' ( x ))
dx dy
6 x ( x 2 1) 2
dx
Natural Log
y ln( x 2 1)
y ln( f ( x )) dy 1
dy 1 2 2x
f ' ( x) dx x 1
dx f ( x) dy 2x
2
dx x 1
Power Rule:
y xa y 2x5
dy dy
ax a 1 10 x 4
dx dx
y a f ( x) y 2x
dy dy
a f ( x ) ln a f ' ( x ) 2 x ln 1
dx dx
2
y 3x
dy 2
3 x ln 3 2 x
dx
y x sin x
ln y ln x sin x
ln y sin x ln x
1 dy 1
cos x ln x sin x
y dx x
dy 1
x sin x [cos x ln x sin x ]
dx x
Implicit Differentiation:
Is done when the equation has mixed variables:
x2 x2 y3 y4 5
dy 2 dy
derivative 2 x [2 xy 3 3 y 2 x ] 4y3 0
dx dx
dy dy
3y 2 x 2 4y3 2 x 2 xy 3
dx dx
dy 2 x 2 xy 3
dx 3 y 2 x 2 4 y 3
Trigonometric Functions:
d
sin x cos x
dx
d
cos x sin x
dx
d
tan x sec 2 x
dx
d
sec x sec x tan x
dx
y arcsin x y arctan x
dy 1 dy 1
1 1
dx 1 x2 dx 1 x 2
y arcsin x 4 y arctan x
dy 1 dy 1
4x 3 3x 2
dx 1 x 8
dx 1 x 6
Integral Formulas
Basic Integral
5 dx
5x C
,where C is an arbitrary constant
x C
x x
a 3
dx dx
x a 1 x4
C C
a 1 4
a 5
x x
dx dx
ax 5x
C C
ln a ln 5
3
2x
dx
32 x
C
2 ln 3
Fractions
if the top is the derivative of the bottom
1
x4
dx
1
x 4 dx -unless- x
dx
ln| x| C
x 3
3
x3
x 4 1 dx
1
ln| x 4 1| C
4
Substitution
1 1
u 1/ 2 du cos u du
2 2
1 2 1
u 3/ 2 C sin u C
2 3 2
1 1
( x 2 1) 3/ 2 C sin 2 x C
3 2
Integration by Parts
When taking an integral of a product, substitute for u the term whose derivative would
eventually reach 0 and the other term for dv.
ux dv e x dx
du 1 dx v e x
x e x e x dx
xe x e x C
Example 2:
x
2
cos x
u x 2 dv cos x dx
du 2 x dx v sin x
x 2 sin x 2 x sin x
u 2 x dv sin x dx
du 2 dx v cos x
Formulas:
1 1
a
a2 x2
2
x2
x 1 x
arcsin C arctan C
a a a
Examples:
1 1
; a 3; v x
16 x 2
; a 4; v x
9 x2
x 1 x
arcsin C arctan C
3 4 4
More examples:
1
1 9x 2
16
a 4; v 3 x
; a 2; v 3 x
4 9x 2 1 3
1 3 2
3 9 x 16
3
4 9x 2 1 1 3x
arctan C
1 3x 3 4 4
arcsin C
3 2 1 3x
arctan C
12 4
Trig Functions
Properties of Logarithms
Form
logarithmic form <=> exponential form
y = loga x <=> ay = x
Log properties
log x ln x
y log a x or
log a ln a
Properties of Derivatives
1st Derivative shows: maximum and minimum values, increasing and decreasing intervals, slope
of the tangent line to the curve, and velocity
dy
6 x 2 6 x 36
dx
0 6( x 2 x 6) 1st derivative finds max, min, increasing, decreasing
0 6( x 3)( x 2)
x 3,2
max min
(-2, 46) (3, -79)
increasing decreasing
( , -2] [3, ) (-2, 3)
d2y
12 x 6
dx 2
0 6( 2 x 1) 2nd derivative finds concavity and inflection points
1
x
2
inflection pt
( ½ , -16 ½)
concave up concave down
( , ½) (1/2, )
Miscellaneous
Newton 痴 Method
f (c )
c where c is the 1st approximation
f ' (c )
Example:
If Newton 痴 Method is used to approximate the real root of
x3 + x – 1 = 0, then a first approximation of x1 = 1 would lead to a
third approximation of x3:
f (1) 3
1 or .750 x 2
f ' (1) 4
f ( x) x 3 x 1 3
f( )
f ' ( x) 3 x 2 1 3 4 59 or .686 x
3
4 3 86
f '( )
4
Separating Variables
Used when you are given the derivative and you need to take the integral. We separate
variables when the derivative is a mixture of variables
Example:
dy
If 9 y 4 and if y = 1 when x = 0, what is the value of y when
dx
1
x= ?
3
dy dy
9 y 4 4 9 dx
dx y
dy y 3
y4
9 dx
3
9x C
Continuity/Differentiable Problems
f(x) is continuous if and only if both halves of the function have the same answer at the
breaking point.
f(x) is differentiable if and only if the derivative of both halves of the function have the
same answer at the breaking point
Example:
x2 , x 3 2 x 6( plug in 3)
f ( x) f ' ( x)
6 x 9, x 3 66
Useful Information
- A particle is moving to the right when v(t) > 0 and to the left when v(t) < 0
b
1
- To find the average velocity of a particle: b a v(t )dt
a
Average Value
Use this formula when asked to find the average of something
b
1
ba f ( x)dx
a
According to the Mean value Theorem, there is a number, c, between a and b, such that
the slope of the tangent line at c is the same as the slope between the points (a, f(a)) and
(b, f(b)).
f (b) f ( a )
f ' (c )
ba
Growth Formulas
Integration Properties
Area
b
[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx
a
f(x) is the equation on top
Volume
f ( x ) x 2 [0,2]
x-axis: y-axis:
2 2 2 2
( x ) dx x dx
2 2 4
2 x[ x
2
]dx 2 x
3
dx
0 0 0 0
about y = -1
In this formula f(x) or y is the radius of the shaded region. When we rotate about
the line y = -1, we have to increase the radius by 1. That is why we add 1 to the
radius
2 2
[ x 2 1] 2 dx ( x 4 2 x 2 1)dx
0 0
about x = -1
In this formula, x is the radius of the shaded region. When we rotate about the
line x = -1, we have the increased radius by 1.
2 2
2 ( x 1)[ x 2 ]dx 2 ( x 3 x 2 ) dx
0 0
Trapeziodal Rule
ba
Area f ( x 0 ) 2 f ( x1 ) 2 f ( x 2 ) .... 2 f ( x n 1 ) f ( x n )
2n
where n is the number of subdivisions
Example:
f(x) = x2+1. Approximate the area under the curve from [0,2] using trapezoidal
rule with 4 subdivisions
a0
b2
n4
20
A f (0) 2 f (.5) 2 f (1) 2 f (1.5) f (2)
8
1
1 2(5 / 4) 2( 2) 2(13 / 4) 5
4
1 76
(76 / 4) 4.750
4 16
Riemann Sums
Reading a Graph
When Given the Graph of f’(x)
Make a number line because you are more familiar with number line.
This is the graph of f’(x). Make a
number line.
- Where f’(x) = 0 (x-int) is where
there are possible max and mins.
- Signs are based on if the graph is
above or below the x-axis
(determines increasing and
decreasing)
min max
x = -4, 3 x = 0
increasing decreasing
(-4,0) (3,6] [-6,-4] (0,3)
To read the f’(x) and figure out inflection points and concavity, you read f’(x) the same
way you look at f(x) (the original equation) to figure out max, min, increasing and decreasing.
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