Grammar 11 PDF
Grammar 11 PDF
Adverb clauses
- Adverb clauses of manner
- Adverb clauses of time
- Adverb clauses of place
- Adverb clauses of condition
- Adverb clauses of comparison
- Adverb clauses of reason
- Adverb clauses of condition
- Adverb clauses of result
- Adverb clauses of concession
- Adverb clauses of result
- Adverb clauses of purpose
- Inversion of adverbs
- Inversion of conditional clauses
- Relative adverb: where
- Reduced clauses
- Adverb phrases
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Unit 11
Adverbs clauses
Adverb clauses: manner, time, place, condition
Types of adverb clause
Conjunctions used
as, as if
where, wherever
if,
than, as .as, so as
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Mary put the meat [where the cat couldnt reach it].
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Kind of
Work done by
adverb clause
adverb clause
Manner
Zeit
Place
Main clause
Adverb clause
Exercise
Analyse the following complex sentences in the style shown on this page.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dont handle those cups and saucers as if they were made of iron.
5.
6.
7.
As soon as the boys came into the room, the noise began.
8.
9.
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1. real
2. real
3. Unreal
4. Unreal
If-clause
Result clause
(simple present)
(simple present)
(simple present)
(simple past)
(past perfect)
Examples:
Richard will learn grammar [if he works hard].
[If the rain stops], Ill go for a walk.
Well help you [if you need help].
I cant read it [unless you write clearly].
These sentences tell us on what condition Richard will learn grammar, on what condition I will go for a
walk, on what condition we will help, and on what condition I can read something.
Clauses that express the condition on which an action was done, is done, or will be done, are called
adverb clauses of condition.
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Exercise
Underline the adverb clause, say what kind of adverb clause it is and use an arrow to point out
which verb it modifies.
Example:
If I were you, I would take up the job.
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The mother doesnt treat her daughter so nicely as she handles her son.
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1. when the main clause verb is INTRANSITIVE or BE, the verb of adverb clause of
comparison can be UNDERSTOOD.
Examples:
A plane flies faster than a bird.
A plane flies faster than a bird flies.
He is much later than I.
He is much later than I am.
He is as stupid as I.
He is as stupid as I am.
3. But, when the main clause verb is TRANSITIVE or has a PREPOSITION, we can have subject
or object after than and as.
Examples:
Main clause verb is TRANSITIVE
S
V O
V O
The coach likes Joe more than the coach likes me.
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The coach paid more attention to Joe than I paid attention (to Joe).
S V
The coach paid more attention to Joe than the coach paid attention (to me).
prep.
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Exercise
Adverb clauses of comparison uses 3 subordinate conjunctions: than, so as, as as
Very often the verb and subject or object in the adverb clause are omitted, and you are required to
write them out as the following example.
Example:
Mary has more clothes than I.
=
2. General Lee proved himself to be a better general than any of the unionist commander.
=
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Adverb clauses:
reason, concession, result, purpose
Adverb clauses of reason
Look at these sentences:
The thief ran away [because he saw the policeman].
Louis passed his examination [because he worked hard].
[Because he worked hard], Louis passed his examination.
[Because he hadnt worked hard], Richard didnt pass his examination.
Why did the thief run away? Why did Louis pass his examination? Why didnt Richard pass? What
was the reason for his failure?
Clauses that tell why something happened are adverb clauses of reason.
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2.
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Exercise
Analyse the following complex sentences containing a main clause and an adverb clause. Say
what kind of adverb clause it is and what function it performs. (The function of a clause means the
work it is doing.) Number 1 is done for you.
Direktorin
Adverb clause
Kind
Function
I need a
because I am going
Reason
Modifies the
hammer and
clause
verb need
nails
1.
2.
We couldnt play the match because the fog was too thick.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Russ Conway played the piano well though he couldnt use all his fingers.
8.
I will tell you the secret if you wont tell it to anyone else.
9.
10.
Our neighbors landscaped their lawn so that they would win the prize.
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Clause of phrase?
Adverb Clause of Reason
(Conjunction + SV)
- because
S V
Correct: He eats because he is hungry.
prep. O
Correct: He eats because of his hunger
A phrase doesnt have any verb, so we have to use prepositions to form an adverb phrase.
Exercise
1. _____ the hardships facing the rest of the financial community, the stock market is booming.
(A) Despite
(C) Regardless
(D) Furthermore
2. Mrs. Kim is planning to attend the regional seminar, _______ it is not absolutely necessary that
she be there.
(A) whether
(B) of
(C) because
(D) although
3. _____ the Mintell Company has been in business for only three years, it has been making
extremely large profits.
(A) Before
(B) Once
(C) Useless
(D) Although
4. The central bank will continue its anti-inflation policies, _____ it means higher interest rates
and increasing numbers of bankruptcies in the short term.
(A) whichever
(B) even if
(C) in spite of
(D) both
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5. _____ we requested that the new machine parts be sent immediately, we were informed that
they would not arrive before the end of the week.
(A) However
(B) Although
(C) Meanwhile
(D) But
6. _____ Ms. Yoshioka was unhappy with the inventory report, she patiently listened to the
accountants explanation.
(A) But
(B) In spite of
(C) Nevertheless
(D) Although
7. The company president suggested a budget cut _____ concerns from a few of the partners.
(A) since
(B) unless
(C) whereas
(D) despite
8. _____ becoming one of the nations largest exporters of aluminum, the Chen Aluminum
Company has entered the international stock market.
(A) As a result of
(B) Even though
(C) Quite
(D) Whenever
9. Despite of his enthusiasm for the company, Mr. Kim resigned after having been there
A
B
C
for just a year.
D
10. The colloquium on portfolio management will not be held this year although financial
A
B
C
difficulties.
D
11. The planning session was postponed because of the vice president had to attend an
A
B
C
D
urgent meeting.
12. Despite to many people, the machine seem very complex, they are remarkably simple
A
B
C
D
to assemble.
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Adverb clause of manner uses the subordinating conjunctions: as, as if, as though.
Some people act as though they could do no wrong.
Men will reap as they sow.
He walked as if he were drunk.
2.
Adverb clause of time uses 'when, while, after, before, since, as, etc'
When you have finished your work, you may go home.
Don't talk while she is singing.
He came after night had fallen.
Do it before you forget.
I have not been well since I returned from China.
There was silence as the loader spoke.
3.
4.
5.
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6.
'Since' introduces a time clause only when it goes with present perfect tense 'have been' in No. 3
above, not other tenses. The usage of 'as' depends on the context of the sentence.
As the clock strikes 9, banks begin their daily business.
As she did not feel well, she did not attend the meeting.
The girl tried to cook a meal as her mother did.
7.
(As = when)
(As = because)
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9.
so that'.
Students are required to memorize these 9 kinds of adverb clauses together with all the
examples for each kind. This is the important foundation for advanced English language level
in both comprehension and writing. The 8 kinds of adverb clauses modify the preceding verb
except adverb clause of comparison, which modifies its preceding adjective or adverb (if
there is no preceding adjective).
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Exercise
Here is an exercise which can be done in class with reference to the above examples:
You like curry better than I (like it).
I will forgive you if you do not repeat the offence. adv. cl. of condition
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
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Inversion of adverbs
Here is a list of adverbs; their meaning is either restrictive or negative:
Scarcely, hardly, seldom, rarely, little, even less, nor, neither, by no means,
nowhere, at no time, never,
Although these adverbs are often used at the beginning of sentences, we can also put them in
position where they do not affect the order of the verb and its subject.
Reconstruct these sentences so that the adverb in italics comes at the beginning of the sentence:
Examples:
I have never heard such nonsense.
= Never have I heard such nonsense.
Exercise
Rewrite the sentences by putting the word(s) in italics in the beginning.
1.
He had hardly finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
2.
3.
4.
He not only showed her how to do it but offered to help her as well.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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2.
3.
If you had bought the car, you would have spent a lot of money.
= Had you bought the car, you would have spent a lot of money.
Exercise
Select the correct answer for each of the following sentences.
1.
had engineers begun analyzing data when new discoveries rendered their working
model obsolete.
(A) Hardly
2.
(B) Merely
(C) Only
(D) Fairly
you need secretarial services during your stay, please contact the hotel
receptionist.
(A) Perhaps
(B) Whether
(C) May
(D) Should
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He had hardly finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
=
Hardly had he finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
He had scarcely finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
=
Scarcely had he finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
He had no sooner finished his dinner than the servant came rushing in.
= No sooner had he finished his dinner than the servant came rushing in.
(Both actions 'had finished' and 'came' occur at the same time.)
'When ... rushing in' - adverb clause of time, modifying the verb 'had finished' in the main clause.
If the verb of the main clause is past tense, we add 'did' to the verb.
He hardly finished his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
=
Hardly did he finish his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
Scarcely did he finish his dinner when the servant came rushing in.
No sooner did he finish his dinner than the servant came rushing in.
2.
Had I not seen this with my own eyes, I would not have believed it. ('If' is omitted.)
He would have learned if he had worked hard.
('If' is omitted.)
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('If' is omitted.)
3.
('If' is omitted.)
So ... that
So bravely did they fight that the enemy were driven off.
(Add 'did'.)
She went to such lengths in rehearsal that two actors walked out.
=
To such lengths did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out. (Add 'did'.)
He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.
In such a low voice did he speak that few could hear him.
*
*
(Add 'did'.)
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Time
When ripe, strawberries are red.
When (they are) ripe, strawberries are red.
While running for the bus, I slipped on the ice.
While (I was) running for the bus, I slipped on the ice.
This medicine must be kept till called for.
This medicine must be kept till (it is) called for.
Concession
Though still in our shirt sleeves, we set to work.
Though (we are) still in our shirt sleeves, we set to work.
His opinion, whether right or wrong, does not concern me.
His opinion, whether (it is) right or wrong, does not concern me.
Condition
Come next week, if possible
Come next week, if (it is) possible
Ill be present at the meeting unless sick.
I ll be present at the meeting unless (I am) sick.
The subject and verb of these seven kinds of reduced clauses are usually the same subject and verb
of the main clause.
The use of these seven conjunctions should be memorized together with the examples.
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ADVERB PHRASES
There are TWO kinds of Adverb Phrases: (1) preposition + noun, (2) to-infinitive.
(1)
a. To modify a verb.
In Heaven ambition cannot dwell.
To modify an adjective.
She was anxious about her child.
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Exercise
Underline the adverb clauses in the following paragraph. Say what kind of adverb clause each one
is.
Hence, with care you read books on English usage and style that you may make
words do what you want them to do until every sentence is an example of what
English prose should be. With effort you study syntax that you may put down word,
phrases and clauses where they should stay. Finally you learn grammar energetically
so that you will have confidence in writing correct English. All these prepare you
for a next process, which is a must for anyone who learns an art or a craft. It is the
process of imitation. Bach and Picasso didn't springs up as Bach and Picasso that we
know today: they needed models. This is especially true of writing.
In the course of time, you set down the real English thoughts of others as though
they were gems in your crown. You own the charming phrases as you would a
valuable jewel. Don't worry that you'll lose your own identity by imitating them.
Soon you'll shed those skins to become who you are as an independent individual,
and then, you can write as beautifully as your models, or even better.
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