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Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Angles Double angles Structural tee W- sections Channels Square tube Rectangular tube
(some times)
x x dy
dx
y
l
dy
dx
Pcr 2 .E
Fcr
I Ag .r 2 Ag l r 2
In terms of compressive stress, with (1)
This equation gives the minimum critical stress of pinned column. Eq.(1) indicates that very large values
Fcr l r 0
of can be obtained using . However, in deriving the equation, stress is assumed proportional
Fcr Fcr Fy
to strain. Thus, the upper limit of is the proportional limit, .
Derivation of critical buckling load for columns with various end restraints can be done in similar way of
Euler case. The same Euler column stress formula can be obtained with adjustment of column length for
various end-restrained conditions, as given below.
2 .E 2 .E
Fcr
le r 2 k .l r 2
le
where is effective length of column, or the length between inflection points of buckled column
k
is effective length or equivalent pinned length factor
AISC specification recommended the following table of effective length factor used for design of any
column when ideal end conditions are approximated as shown in table. As no column ends are perfectly
fixed or perfectly hinged, the designer may interpolate between the values given in the table. The table
may be satisfactorily used for design of isolated column and also be used for preliminary design of
column in framed-structure.
End (a (b) (c) (d) (f) (g)
conditions )
buckled shape
of column
k .l r C c
a For Intermediate column where :- the allowable stress is given by
Fa
Fy
. 1
k .l r
2
2
FS 2C c
Fy
where --yield stress of steel
2 2 . E
Cc
Fy
--limiting slenderness ratio dividing long and intermediate column
5 3 k .l r 1 k .l r
3
23
FS
3 8 Cc 8 Cc 3 12
Here, variable safety factors were applied on modified Euler column stress formula depending on
l e r (k . l ) r
values.
k .l r C c
b For long column where :- the allowable stress is the Euler column stress formula with
FS 23 12
given as
12 2 . E
Fa
23 k .l r
2
To reduce length of calculation of allowable stresses of steel column made of A-36 & A-50 steel, table 3
may be used as given below.
Table 3: Allowable stress values on gross area due to axial compression (ASD-AISC)
Fa in MPa , C c ( A 36) 126.1 C c ( A 50) 107.0
k.l 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
r
A 36 147. 145. 144. 142. 139. 137. 135. 132. 129. 126. 123. 120.2
F y 248 .2 MPa 5 9 0 0 8 5 0 3 5 5 4
A 50 204. 201. 198. 195. 191. 187. 182. 178. 173. 167. 162. 156.6
F y 344 .7 MPa 4 7 6 1 3 2 8 1 1 9 4
A 36 116.8 113.3 109.6 105.9 102.0 97.9 93.8 89.5 85.0 80.5 75.8 70.9
F y 248 .2 MPa
A 50 150.6 144.3 137.8 131.1 124.1 116.8 109.2 101.4 93.3 85.1 77.9 71.5
F y 344 .7 MPa
k.l 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180
r
A 36 65.9 60.9 56.5 52.5 49.0 45.8 42.9 40.2 37.8 35.6 33.6 31.8
F y 248 .2 MPa
A 50 65.9 60.9 56.5 52.5 49.0 45.8 42.9 40.2 37.8 35.6 33.6 31.8
F y 344 .7 MPa
Slip resistance
Connection at ends
P
When the component of built-up section consists of outside plate, AISC specification provides specific
maximum spacing for fastening. If intermittent welds are used along the edges of the components, or if
bolts are provided along the gage lines at each section, their maximum spacing may not be greater than
334 Fy
times the thickness of the thinner outside plate or 300mm. If these fasteners be staggered on
500 Fy
each gage line, however, they may not be spaced farther apart on each gage line than times
the thickness of thinner part or 450mm.
b Built-up sections with components not in contact with each other:-Parts of such sections need to
connected or laced together across their open sides. The connection may be made by lacing and tie
plates (or by batten plates). The purpose of the lacing and tie plates is to hold the individual sections
parallel and at the correct distance apart; and to equalize the stress distribution between individual
sections. In addition to lacing, it is necessary to have additional tie-plates at near the ends of the
member and at intermediate points if lacing interrupted.