PROJECT GEMINI

FLIGHT MANUAL
PROJECT GEMINI
FLIGHT MANUAL

REENTRY
AN ORBITAL SIMULATOR
PROJECT GEMINI FLIGHT MANUAL

DRAFT
UPDATED: 11/12/2018

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
1. ABOUT........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
2. A BRIEF HISTORY.................................................................................................................................................... 8
3. CONTROLS ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
4. KEYBOARD CONTROLS..................................................................................................................................... 11
II. MAJOR COMPONENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 14
1. THE SPACECRAFT................................................................................................................................................ 15
2. ATTITUDE CONTROL ......................................................................................................................................... 20
3. CABIN ...................................................................................................................................................................... 20
4. MAJOR CONTROL SYSTEMS........................................................................................................................... 21
III. GEMINI-TITAN II LAUNCH VEHICLE ................................................................................................................ 23
3.1 STAGE I ................................................................................................................................................................. 23
3.2 – STAGE II ............................................................................................................................................................ 23
IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM .......................................................................................................... 26
1. GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 26
2. OXYGEN SUPPLY SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................... 28
3. CABIN LOOP ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
4. SUIT LOOP ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
5. WATER MANAGEMENT LOOP ....................................................................................................................... 29
6. OVERVIEW OF THE ECS PANELS ................................................................................................................... 30
7. CONTROLS ............................................................................................................................................................ 31
8. SYSTEM OPERTAION ......................................................................................................................................... 36
9. COOLANT FLOW ................................................................................................................................................. 37
V. GUIDANCE & NAVIGATION ................................................................................................................................ 42
1. GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 42
2. ACME ....................................................................................................................................................................... 43

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2.1. OAME .............................................................................................................................................................. 44

2.2. RCS ................................................................................................................................................................... 44
2.3. ATTITUDE MODE OPERATION ............................................................................................................... 44
3. INERTIAL GUIDANCE SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................ 45
3.1. INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNITY ......................................................................................................... 45
3.2. AUXULUARY COMPUTER POWER UNIT ............................................................................................. 46
3.3. ON-BOARD COMPUTER........................................................................................................................... 46
3.4. INCREMENTAL VELOCITY INDICATOR................................................................................................ 46
3.5. IMU OPERATION ......................................................................................................................................... 47
3.6. CONTROLS AND INDICATORS .............................................................................................................. 48
4. HORIZON SENSOR SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................... 51
5. RENDEZVOUS RADAR SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................... 53
6. COMMAND LINK SYSTEM AND THE ENCODER ..................................................................................... 57
7. TIME REFERENCE SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................... 59
8. PROPULSION SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................................... 63
8.1 OAMS ............................................................................................................................................................... 63
8.2. RE-ENTRY CONTROL SYSTEM................................................................................................................ 67
VI. ON-BOARD COMPUTER...................................................................................................................................... 71
1. GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 71
2. MANUAL DATA INSERTION UNIT ................................................................................................................ 73
3. INCREMENTAL VELOCITY INDICATOR........................................................................................................ 76
4. AUXILIARY Tape UNIT ....................................................................................................................................... 78
5. MODULES .............................................................................................................................................................. 79
5.1. THE ASCENT MODULE .............................................................................................................................. 79
5.2 THE CATCH-UP MODULE ......................................................................................................................... 79
5.3. THE RENDEZVOUS MODULE .................................................................................................................. 81
5.4. THE REENTRY MODULE ............................................................................................................................ 81
6. MEMORY MAP ..................................................................................................................................................... 81
VII. SEQUENCE SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................. 84
1. GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 84

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2. SYSTEM OPERATION ......................................................................................................................................... 85

2.1 PRE-LAUNCH ................................................................................................................................................. 86
2.2 LIFT-OFF .......................................................................................................................................................... 86
2.3 BOOST AND STAGING ............................................................................................................................... 87
2.4 SEPERATION AND INSERTION................................................................................................................ 89
2.5 PREPARE-TO-GO TO RETROGRADE ..................................................................................................... 91
2.6 RETROGRADE ................................................................................................................................................ 93
2.7 RE-ENTRY ........................................................................................................................................................ 93
VIII. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM.......................................................................................................................... 97
1. GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 97
1.1. SQUIBS ............................................................................................................................................................ 97
2. OPERATION........................................................................................................................................................... 98
2.1. LAUNCH ....................................................................................................................................................... 103
2.2. ORBIT ............................................................................................................................................................. 104
2.3. RE-ENTRY ..................................................................................................................................................... 104
2.4. MONITORING............................................................................................................................................. 105
3. FUEL CELLS .......................................................................................................................................................... 107
4. REACTANT SUPPLY SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................... 109
IX. RENDEZVOUS & DOCKING .............................................................................................................................. 111
1. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 111
1.1. RENDEZVOUS & RECOVERY SECTION ........................................................................................ 111
1.2. APPROACH AND MOORING SEQUENCE......................................................................................... 112
1.3. DOCKED ....................................................................................................................................................... 117
1.4. SEPERATION ............................................................................................................................................... 117
2. TARGET DOCKING ADAPTER........................................................................................................................ 117
3. AGENA PRIMARY PROPULSION SYSTEM ................................................................................................ 119
4. AGENA ATTITUDE CONTROL ....................................................................................................................... 121
5. AGENA COMMANDS....................................................................................................................................... 121
X. RETROGRADE.......................................................................................................................................................... 126
XI. LANDING SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................... 128

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1. RE-ENTRY ............................................................................................................................................................. 128

2. LANDING.............................................................................................................................................................. 129
XII. COMMUNICATION............................................................................................................................................. 135
1. GENERAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 135
XIII. CHECKLISTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 142
Preflight Checklist ............................................................................................................................................. 144
Enable OAMS ...................................................................................................................................................... 144
Insertion Checklist ............................................................................................................................................ 145
Platform alignment........................................................................................................................................... 145
Autopilot SEF (Sharp End Forward) ............................................................................................................ 145
Autopilot BEF (Blunt End Forward) ............................................................................................................. 145
Time to Retro -5 minutes ............................................................................................................................... 145
Time to Retro -30 seconds ............................................................................................................................ 146
Jettison Retros .................................................................................................................................................... 146
Post Retro Jettison............................................................................................................................................ 146
Reentry HF Radio Select ................................................................................................................................. 147
Landing/Descent ............................................................................................................................................... 147
Manual Rate Command .................................................................................................................................. 147

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I. INTRODUCTION

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I. INTRODUCTION
1. ABOUT
Project Gemini for REENTRY is one of the spacecrafts available for flight in the space simulator
REENTRY by Wilhelmsen Studios. It comes with a study level version modelled after the real
spacecraft.

The goal of the spacecraft is to mimic it to the real spacecraft flown by real astronauts. The
capsule is modelled after the Project Gemini Familiarization Manual SEDR 200 – RENDEZVOUS
and DOCKING CONFIGURATIONS (Vol. 2). The implementation is focused on the Capsule 8+
configuration, containing Fuel Cells as the main power source, as well as 4 main batteries and 3
squib batteries. The differences between the configurations with Fuel Cells are minor, so with the
configuration implemented here, all the Gemini missions could be flown.

All training needed to fly the capsule is available in this manual and in-game. If you want to
study the spacecraft down to the lowest details, I highly recommended to read the manual by
NASA. The manual is divided into two different manuals. The reason for this was that Chapter 8
(Guidance and Navigation) was confidential.

You can find the manual here:

Project Gemini Familiarization Manual, Vol 2, section 1:
https://www.scribd.com/document/11507935/Project-Gemini-Familiarization-Manual-Vol2

Project Gemini Familiarization Manual, Vol 2, section 2:

https://www.scribd.com/document/11507785/Project-Gemini-Familiarization-Manual-Vol2-Sec2

NOTE
Not all the components shown in the figures or is described have been simulated or is
implemented yet. They are described because they are needed or is useful for operation of the
systems, to complete the descriptions or for historical accuracy. Also, this is a software simulator
meant for the general user so some simplifications have been made. Some systems have not
been simulated or implemented, and some features are not yet implemented.

DOWNLOAD
The game can be downloaded from http://reentrygame.com/download/ - the Gemini Spacecraft
is included in this package.

WHAT IS THIS MANUAL?

This manual contains most of the information you need to successfully master the Gemini

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Spacecraft in REENTRY. This manual is specific to the Gemini Spacecraft. For generic REENTRY
information, please see the REENTRY User Manual.

JOIN THE CLUB

Join the official “Astronauts of Reentry” club on the GameHub, accessible from the Windows
Store page for the game, share clips, screenshots and meet fellow players! A similar community
will be available for the Steam users as well.

DONATE TO SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAME

If you wish to support the development of this game, or if you enjoy playing it, please consider
giving a small donation. Writing an application like this is a lot of fun and challenging, but also
this takes up a lot of my spare time and my limited resources to fund it. The development time
for this project has passed four years. Studying and reading the manuals, implementing it,
creating all the 3d models and assets, as well as creating the in-game content such as missions,
academy and these manuals adds up on the hours invested.

Any donations will help me cover development costs, assets and asset creation, server hosting,
coffee for staying up all night as well as motivation.

You can donate from using PayPal on the following page:

http://reentrygame.com/donate/

From once space enthusiast to another, thank you again for considering giving a
donation!

LEGAL
Images and information in the manual, as well as in the Project Gemini module for REENTRY is
based on information released by NASA. Also, images and references from NASA is used.

The images in this guide and game is using public domain images from NASA.
https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines

The information described here is tailored to the simulation and my implementation of the
spacecraft for REENTRY, and will contain differences from what is described in the public
manuals due to being implemented as a simulator for use on computers.

Both public documents released by NASA and Wikipedia has been used as a reference in my
implementation of Project Gemini, as well as writing the education material for the app,
including this manual, in-game academy, and mission flow.

2. A BRIEF HISTORY
Many classify Project Gemini as the Bridge to the moon. It was NASA's second human
spaceflight program, and was started in 1961 and concluded in 1966. During this period, 10

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missions were flown, putting United States in the lead during the Cold War Space Race against
the Soviet Union.

Project Mercury was all about getting a two-manned spacecraft into a semi-permanent orbit
around Earth, and learn how to perform advance space tasks. Project Gemini was designed to
learn and understand how we can do EVAs (Extravehicular activity), do orbital maneuvers, and
rendezvous with another satellite in space. Gemini also added an extra seat to carry two
astronauts in space.
These were all critical activities that needed to be perfectioned before they could start the
Apollo program.

To do this, the Gemini spacecraft needed to be able to change the orbit at any time (Mercury
could only modify the attitude, not the orbit shape itself). A set of thrusters were given to the
Spacecraft called OAMS (Orbital and Attitude Maneuvering System) that enables the spacecraft
to both rotate and translate.

The Spacecraft also had to include hatches that could be opened in space to add the capability
of EVAs. During an EVA, one of the astronauts would exit the spacecraft during orbit, and
perform experiments and maintenance. This was all about being able to understand how and if a
human could perform work outside the spacecraft.

Rendezvousing was also important. In Apollo, there would be multiple cases where a rendezvous
was critical. This was during the moon landing, ascent from the moon and on the lunar coasting
phase where the Lunar Module had to be extracted from the launch vehicle. During Gemini, a
few satellites were launched so the Gemini spacecraft could practice catch-up and docking. One
of the satellites was named Agena, and was launched so it would be inserted in an orbit that was
a few minutes ahead of the Gemini mission. The spacecraft would then catch-up with Agena,
and dock with it.

All Gemini missions were launched from Launch Complex 19 at Cape Canaveral, FL.

MISSION OBJECTIVES

The four main objectives for Project Gemini were:

1) To demonstrate endurance of humans and equipment in spaceflight for extended
periods, at least eight days required for Moon landing, to a maximum of two weeks
2) To effect rendezvous and docking with another vehicle, and to maneuver the combined
spacecraft using the propulsion system of the target vehicle
3) To demonstrate Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA), or space-“walks” outside the protection of
the spacecraft, and to evaluate the astronauts’ ability to perform tasks there
4) To perfect techniques of atmospheric reentry and touchdown at a pre-selected location
on land

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3. CONTROLS
SWITCH DESCRIPTION
Covers over buttons and switches are opened with a single left
click, and closed with a single right click.

This applies to all the different types of covers in the spacecraft

panel

Vertical switches are pushed upwards using a single left mouse

click, and downwards using a single right click.

A switch can have two or three positions. When a three-position

switch occurs, the same logic applies.

Horizontal switches are pushed left using the left mouse button,
and right using the right mouse button.

A switch can have two or three positions. When a three-position

switch occurs, the same logic applies.

Knobs are rotated leftwards using left mouse button, and

rightwards using right mouse button.

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Trigger buttons are pressed once, and will activate the system
function.

Pull handles are pulled with left mouse button, and pushed with
right mouse button.

Push buttons are the same as the trigger buttons.

4. KEYBOARD CONTROLS
MANEUVERING

Maneuvering is done using the keyboard or joysticks. The input is configured through
the Reentry – An orbital simulator settings dialogue.

ATTITUDE

W: Pitch Up

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S: Pitch Down

A: Yaw Left

D: Yaw Right

Q: Roll Left

E: Roll Right

TRANSLATE

I: Up

K: Down

J: Left

L: Right

U: Forward

O: Backwards

TOOLS

T: Flashlight
M: Mission Pad
C: Show/Hide Radio Communication menu
V: Show/Hide view menu

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II. MAJOR COMPONENTS

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II. MAJOR COMPONENTS

The Gemini capsule was a two-manned cone-shaped spacecraft. It had 3 main sections:
1) Equipment Section
2) Retrograde Section
3) Reentry module (the capsule itself)

ADAPTER
The Equipment and Retrograde section is grouped into a module named the Adapter module. The
Adapter also has the launch vehicle mating ring. The equipment section contains the major components
of the Electrical, Propulsion, and Cooling Systems, as well as the primary oxygen supply for the
Environmental Control System.

RE-ENTRY MODULE
The Reentry module is the capsule itself, including the head shield used for protection during reentry, a
special module called the Re-entry Control System, and a Rendezvous and Recovery System (R&R).
The Re-entry Control System contains the components for re-entry, and the R&R system contains a
rendezvous radar and other equipment for rendezvous and docking, as well as recovery systems such as
the landing drogue, pilot parachute and the main parachute. The RR system is jettisoned with the
deployment of the drogue system, with exception of the parachutes.

GENERAL
Unlike the Mercury Spacecraft, Gemini didn't have a Launch Escape tower - it relied instead on aircraft-
style ejection seats where the astronauts would be ejected from the spacecraft during an abort.

Gemini was also the first spacecraft that carried an onboard computer that would aid the astronauts
during the various mission stages and orbital maneuvers. It was called the Gemini Spacecraft On-Board
Computer (OBC).

The spacecraft was launched on a TITAN II launch vehicle. It had its own guidance computer that would
insert it in an orbit, and was a two stage launch vehicle.

The spacecraft got two different systems for attitude control named the Reaction Control System (RCS)
and the Orbital Attitude Maneuvering System (OAMS). The RCS system is used during reentry, and after
Adapter separation, while the OAMS system is used in all other cases.

Fig 2.0.1 shows the different components of the spacecraft.

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Fig 2.0.1 – Major components, from SEDR 300, Vol 2

1. THE SPACECRAFT
This section will describe the major components of the spacecraft itself in detail. The entire
spacecraft with all the sections can be seen in figure 2.1.0.1.

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Figure 2.1.0.1 – The Gemini Spacecraft, from SEDR 300, Vol 2

1.1 – RE-ENTRY MODULE

The Re-entry module contains three primary sections, namely the Rendezvous and Recovery
section(R&R), the Re-entry Control System (RCS), and the landing module. Let’s take a closer
look at each of these sections. Figure 2.1.1.1 shows the module with all the components.

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Fig 2.1.1.1 – Re-entry Module, from SEDR 300, Vol 2.

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RENDEZVOUS AND RECOVERY

The R&R is the forward section of the spacecraft. Then the drogue parachute is deployed, it will
remove this system. This system contains a radar that is used to measure the range to the
vehicle to rendezvous/dock with, as well as sending commands to is using an encoder. It also
contains the landing systems needed to deploy the parachutes: a drogue parachute, pilots
parachute and a main parachute.

RE-ENTRY CONTROL SYSTEM

This section sits on top of the landing module, and contains the fuel and oxidizer tanks, valves
and thrust chambers for the reaction control system.

LANDING MODULE
The landing module is the capsule itself, containing all the necessary equipment needed after
separating from the Adapter, to reentry, and splashdown. It has hatches for EVA, one for each
astronaut. Each hatch has a window with reflection and UV filter.

A heat shield is attached to the blunt end of the capsule and will protect it from the extreme
thermal conditions during reentry.

1.2 – ADAPTER

The adapter contains the necessary equipment for orbital flight before reentry. It’s used to mate
the spacecraft to the launch vehicle, house the retrograde rocket section, and the equipment
section. Figure 2.1.2.1 shows the capsule with the Adapter module separated below. Notice the
two sections of the adapter.

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Fig 2.1.2.1 – The Capsule and the Adapter section, from SEDR 300, Vol 2.

RETROGRADE SECTION
The section attached to the blunt end of the spaceship is called the retrograde section. It is the
last section that will be separated before reentry. It contains four retrograde rockets, as well as
six Orbital Attitude Maneuvering System thrusters.

EQUIPMENT SECTION
This section contains the radiators needed by the coolant flow of the Environment Control
System, as well as the Fuel Cells and the main electrical system, and the Substance systems. This
section is jettisoned before retrograde, so it is important to switch to internal capsule batteries
to avoid power loss.

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2. ATTITUDE CONTROL
There are X thrusters for attitude control.

3. CABIN
The panels are divided in into 7 sections. The far left and right panels, as well as the overhead panel is
mostly for fuses and system power control. On the far-left side, you have fuses and squib control for
launch, ascent and radio communication systems. The panel layout can be seen in fig 2.3.1.

Fig 2.3.1 – Main panels of the Gemini Spacecraft, from SEDR 300, Vol 2.

The overhead panel has fuses and switches for controlling thrusters, thruster logic, lights and so on,
while the far-right panel has fuses and switches for controlling the batteries, docking, encoder and so
on.

The main panels consist of 4 sections. The center panel, center pedestal panel, then the commanders
panel and the pilot panel.

The commanders panel has the IVI displays, a flight director and attitude indicator (FDAI), event timer,
and gauges to monitor the launch vehicle stages.

The pilots panel has another FDAI, the OBC input and display unity, Fuel Cell control, the auxiliary tape
memory controls, and other various mission specific controls.

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The center panel has controls for the communication equipment, elapsed time system, and controls for
the environmental control system.

The center pedestal has maneuvering controls and mode switches, as well as computer mode control.

4. MAJOR CONTROL SYSTEMS

There are many controls the astronauts can interact with in the cabin. This section is meant to
quickly give you an overview of the components for use in later chapters.

ON-BOARD COMPUTER
The On-Board Computer (OBC) is a computer use to aid with flight operations. The computer
has 6 modules (programs) it can run.

Each of these programs, with exception of the Pre-Launch module and the Ascent module is
stored on an Auxiliary Tape system, and will automatically be loaded when the modules are
selected.

The Auxiliary Tape system is automatically operated but can also be operated
manually if needed. If manual mode is desired, the IVI’s can be used to read
the tape location.

Two Flight Director and Attitude Indicators are available. It shows the attitude of the spacecraft,
as well as pointers that guide you to a set attitude.

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III. GEMINI-TITAN II
LAUNCH VEHICLE

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III. GEMINI-TITAN II LAUNCH VEHICLE

Unlike during the Mercury Program, the Gemini Program only uses one type of a launch vehicle
named the Gemini-Titan II, and is built by the Martin Company.

The launch vehicle is a two-stage launch vehicle, and is 90 ft. high (27.4 meters).

Both the engines in the launch vehicle is using hypergolic propellants where Nitrogen tetroxide
is used as the oxidizer and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine is used as the fuel. When they mix,
they are automatically ignited.

Figure 3.0.1 – Components of Stage I and Stage II, from https://history.nasa.gov/SP-

4002/images/fig9.jpg

3.1 STAGE I
The first stage consists of two tanks and an engine. One tank is used for the oxidizer, and the
other is used for the fuel. The engine is of the type LR87-AJ-7, and produced 430,000 pounds of
thrust (1,913 kN) with a burn time of 156 seconds.

3.2 – STAGE II
The second stage is connected with the first stage using an adapter. This is a ring that keeps the
second engine away from the stage I tanks, as well as holding the two stages together. This

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stage also contains two tanks, and one engine. Again, one tank is for the oxidizer, and the other
is for the fuel. It is powered by one LR91-AJ-7 engine producing 100,000 pounds of thrust (445
kN) for 316 seconds.

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IV. ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL SYSTEM
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IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

SYSTEM
1. GENERAL
The ECS is the system that keeps the cabin pressurized, maintains temperature, removes odors
and CO2, and provides oxygen and water to the astronauts. Basically, the ECS is what keeps you
alive.

It is therefore very important to pay attention the ECS. The system is semi-automatic, but
provides for manual control if needed. The system consists of two coolant loops that passes
coolant through all the systems and panels in the spacecraft. A radiator, evaporator and heat
exchanger are being used to cool the fluid down, and heat the oxygen flow. The radiator is
usually warm during launch and ascent and needs 30 minutes of cooling in space before being
used. Bypass the radiator if the radiator temperature is too hot.

In SC8-12, all the pumps are being used throughout the mission, until retrograde separation
where the coolant and pumps are jettisoned (they are in the adapter section). Before separation,
cool down the cabin for reentry.

The Cryogenic Oxygen tank used for the Electrical System is also used as the oxygen supply for
the astronauts and the environment.

Two fans are also available to maintain temperature and air-flow. A set of pull-switches are
available to circulate the cabin when CO2 levels get high, compress/recompress the cabin and
recook hi-rate oxygen flow. Hi-rate oxygen flow is used during reentry and cabin cooldown to
maximize oxygen flow.

There are 4 systems that operate somewhat independently:

1) The oxygen supply system
2) The cabin loop
3) The suit loop
4) The water management loop

Figure 4.1.1 shows this setup. Please note the systems for S/C 8 or 10 and UP.

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Figure 4.1.1 – ECS Block Diagram, from SEDR 300

Two independent cooling systems are in operation to provide the required cooling for the
spacecraft. The coolant fluid is the Monsanto MCS 198. Each of these circuits consists of a pump
that pumps the coolant through the system, as well as radiators, evaporator and so on to control
the coolant loop and cooling amount.

Radiators are located on the Adapter, and the coolant will radiate excess heat into space using
these. During ascent and initial orbit, these radiators are very hot and will require time to cool
down before the coolant can enter. This is controlled on the main ECS panel.

The coolant flows through the water evaporator, to the suit and cabin manual control calves,
who meters the coolant flow through the cabin and suit heat exchangers.

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2. OXYGEN SUPPLY SYSTEM

There are two oxygen systems. The primary system is stored in the Adapter module, while a
secondary system is stored in the Reentry module.

Figure 4.2.2 – Oxygen system, from SEDR 300 manual

PRIMARY OXYGEN

The primary system supplies oxygen to the environmental control system form the
Adapter from launch until it is jettisoned with the adapter separation just before
retrograde.

It is stored in a supercritical pressure in a cryogenic spherical container, filled with liquid

oxygen.

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An electrical heater is used to build pressure to the critical point of 736 psia where it
becomes a dense supercritical fluid. This fluid is then warmed, regulated and filtered
before it is released into the cabin loop or the suit loop.

The primary oxygen acts as a common tank that supplies oxygen for both the
Environmental Control System, and to the Reactant Supply System for use by the
Electrical Power System.

SECONDARY OXYGEN
The secondary oxygen system is stored in two cylinder tanks located the re-entry
module, and assumes the duties of the primary oxygen system when needed. It starts
operating when the pressure in the primary system falls below 75 psi, or at retrograde
when the primary oxygen tank is jettisoned with the Adapter.

3. CABIN LOOP
The cabin is a pressurized compartment, and oxygen is used to maintain a pressure of 5.1 psia
by the cabin pressure regulator. The suit loop is providing the oxygen for the cabin for effective
use of the oxygen available.

4. SUIT LOOP
Each astronaut has a pressurized suit, each operating independently from each other. Oxygen is
circulated through these loops, and carbon dioxide and odors are removed. The gases are
cooled in a head exchanger by the coolant loop to a temperature below dew point. The water
that is condensing in the head exchanger is dumped overboard, or routed to the water
evaporator.

This system has two modes, one for normal operation, and another high rate mode that shuts
off the recirculation system and dumps the oxygen directly into the suits.

5. WATER MANAGEMENT LOOP

The water management system is used to store water in two tanks located the Adapter, collect
and route unwanted water to the evaporators, or dump it overboard. The water comes from the
electrical power system.

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6. OVERVIEW OF THE ECS PANELS

The ECS controls are in the top-center of the main panel and consists of both gauges, switches
and pull handles.

Figure 4.6.1 – The Main ECS Panel

The main ECS panel has switches to control the SUIT FANs, the coolant pumps, the radiator flow,
evaporators, high rate oxygen flow, as well as the current readings of the cabin and suit
temperature, cabin pressure, carbon dioxide amount in the suit, secondary oxygen status,

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warning lights, and cryogenic substance readout along with the heater controls. Note that the
CRYO gauge has three modes, OFF, Oxygen and Hydrogen. The coolant pumps, evaporators and
radiators are also controlled here.

The upper ECS Panel is located just above the main ECS panel and contains pull handles to
activate various systems. Figure 4.6.2 shows this.

Figure 4.6.2 – Upper ECS control panel

The upper panel has five handles to control the cabin recirculation fans, opening the Snorkel
during reentry, venting the cabin, sealing the cabin from water during splashdown, and the O2
high rate recook mode needed to re-enable high rate oxygen flow.

7. CONTROLS
As noted in 4.6, there are many controls for operating the ECS. This section describes each of
them, and how you use them.

UPPER PANEL

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The CABIN AIRE RECIRC pull handle controls the recirculation

valve that permits entry of cabin air into the suit circuit for
removal of odors and carbon dioxide. It renovates the cabin
air without having to perform a cabin decompression. It also
removed carbon dioxide pockets in the cabin as the air is
circulated in the cabin.

The SNORKEL controls the cabin air inlet that controls the
entry of air and ventilation during landing and postlanding

Opens the cabin outflow valve used to decompress the cabin

in cases of emergency, and ventilation during landing.

The Water Seal makes the capsule watertight during landing

by closing the relief valves.

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The O2 HIGH RATE RECOCK handles manually returns the

oxygen high rate valve to the closed position, restoring normal
oxygen flow rate and reestablishes the capability of starting a
high rate oxygen flow again.

INDICATORS

A number of indicators are available to read the status of the ECS systems.

The first indicator is the cabin temperature and suit temperature. This dual indicator provides
monitoring of the temperatures in both the suit circuits, and the cabin circuit in Fahrenheit.

The CABIN and P CO2 PRESS indicator is also a dual indicator to monitor the cabin atmospheric
pressure (pounds per square inch), and the amount of CO2 in the suit inlet (millimeters of
mercury).

The Secondary O2 indicator is for monitoring the pressure in the two individual oxygen
containers in the secondary oxygen subsystem.

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The CRYO indicator is for monitoring the quantity and pressure of the cryogenic substances. Red
markings locate the range where thermal pressurization may be discontinued by de-energizing
the heaters. A switch below the indicator is used to select if the indicators should be OFF, read
from the OXYGEN subsystem, or from the HYDROGEN subsystem.

LOWER PANEL

The SUIT FAN is always placed to NO 1 & 2 but can be

controlled in cases of emergencies and failures. You can also
place this switch in No. 1 and No. 2 and use the circuit
breakers to control the fans.

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The suit flow is controlled using the controls on the lower

center pedestal panel between the seats. A cabin repressurize
knob is used to repressurize the cabin after being
depressurized.

An O2 HI RATE switch is used to enable the high rate oxygen

flow manually. Normal operation is reestablished by placing
this back of OFF and activating the O2 HIGH RATE RECOCK
handle.

The O2 HIGH RATE telelight illuminates when the high

oxygen rate valve is open.

If the ECS Heaters is manually activated, this warning light

illuminates

The CRYO HEATER switches is used to energize or de-

energize the heaters in the primary oxygen tanks, or the
hydrogen tanks. AUTO will energize and de-energize the
heaters automatically. Manual mode is controlled by placing
the switch in OFF and ON position.

Each coolant loop has two pumps to push the coolant

through the independent loop. During mission, both pumps
in both circuits should be set to ON.
A light indicator for each of the 4 pumps are illuminated
when operating.
If the coolant reservoir is low, the RES LO indicator is
illuminated.

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The EVAP PRESS light illuminates when the pressure in the

evaporator is above 4.0 psig, before being released. It is off
when below.

The EVAP header switch is used to energize the evaporator

heater, and is used to head the water in the evaporator
before dumping.

The Radiator flow switch is positioned in the FLOW position

during orbital flight. This allows the coolant to pass through
the radiators and radiate heat into space. These radiators are
hot during ascent and initial orbit, so this switch will need to
be in the BYPASS position. Ground can let you know the
temperature using radio communication.

8. SYSTEM OPERTAION
The ECS is semi-automatic, and is operated using the controls in section 4.8.

PRE-LAUNCH

During pre-launch, the primary and secondary shutoff valves are opened, and a satisfying suit
flow is adjusted using the controls. The Fans are positioned to No.1 and No.2 position. The cabin
is purged with pure oxygen, and the recirculation valve is opened. All 4 coolant pumps are
activated. The coolant flow is set ty bypass the radiators.

LAUNCH

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The cabin relief valve is opened to let the pressure bleed to 5.5 psi, and the cabin air
recirculation valve is still open. If failure is detected, the circuit will revert to high rate of
operation.

The ground cooling heat exchanger does no longer exist. The constant generation of heat of the
internal components is transferred to the coolant. The heat exchanger transfers this heat to
water that is vented overboard in the form of steam.

ORBIT
Cabin pressure is maintained at 5.1 psia automatically. The cabin air recirculation valve is open
to remove CO2 pockets in the cabin. High Rate O2 can be activated and deactivated manually,
or automatically during emergencies.

During orbit, the radiators are used to aid in the cooling. The coolant system is in operation until
Adapter separation where the pumps are jettisoned. Both loops active, with both pumps on.

It takes about 30 minutes to the radiators are cool enough to let the coolant flow through them.

RE-ENTRY

When the Adapter is separated, the primary oxygen system is disconnected and removed, and
automatically activates the secondary oxygen supply with the valves open. Before adapter
separation, the high rate valves are opened to cool down as much as possible. A snorkel is used
to open the cabin inlet to let outside air in and pressurize the cabin.

9. COOLANT FLOW
Pumps are pushing the coolant through the coolant loops using two pumps per loop. The
schematics of this loop can be seen in Fig 4.9.1 and Fig 4.9.2. When a pump is activated, it takes
the coolant from the reservoir, circulates it through the loop, and returns it to an external
reservoir for rebalancing, cleaning and cooling.

The coolant is passing through the Radiators seen in Fig 4.9.3, lowering the temperature of the
coolant by radiating it to space.

Coldplates are used to absorb heat generated by the components, thus heating the coldplates
rather than the component itself, and the coolant is flowing through the coldplats and cools
them down.

Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat. The water evaporator transfers heat to water, to cool
the coolant.

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Figure 4.9.1 – Coolant Flow, Sheet 1 of 2. From SEDR 300 manual.

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Figure 4.9.2 – Coolant Flow, Sheet 2 of 2. From SEDR 300 manual.

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Figure 4.9.3 – Radiators, from SEDR 300 manual

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V. GUIDANCE &
NAVIGATION

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V. GUIDANCE & NAVIGATION

1. GENERAL
The Guidance and Control System is a set of complex systems that enables the spacecraft to
maneuver in space, control its attitude relative to Earth and perform a safe re-entry.

The spacecraft can be controlled about the pitch, roll and yaw axes, and can translate along the
longitudinal, vertical and lateral spacecraft axes. Automatic or manual control can be selected
for attitude, while translation is manual only.

The Guidance and Control system is made up of seven individual systems:

1) Attitude Control and Maneuvering Electronics (ACME)

2) Inertial Guidance System (IGS)

3) Horizon Sensors

4) Rendezvous Radar System

5) Command Link

6) Time Reference System (TRS) / Electronic Timer

7) Propulsion System

The ACME converts input signal to thruster firing commands for the Propulsion System.
Depending on the selected mode, input is received from hand control, IGS or the horizon
scanners.

The IGS provides inertial attitude and acceleration information, guidance computation and
displays.

The Horizon Scanners provides the Earth local vertical reference during orbit. The scanners are
covered during ascent. Once fairings are jettisoned, the sensors are exposed to space and will
spend 2 minutes to calibrate and start detecting the horizon. Keep this in mind, and wait for this
before doing any attitude or translational maneuvers. The GYROs are usually not correct right
after the ascent, so the scanners are used to automatically correct the errors, so wait those two
minutes.

The rendezvous radar is used to calculate the range to a rendezvous target, and attitude error
information. The target range indicator on the commanders’ panel provides range information,

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range-rate information, and can provide attitude direction on the Flight Director and Attitude
indicator.

The command link can send messages to the target to enable, disable and control systems on
the target vehicle. It is using an encoder below the pilots’ panel to send messages.

The TRS provides a time base for all the guidance and control functions. Various timers and
clocks is used to display the content. The Electronic Timer is the base for all timing related
systems like the sequencer.

2. ACME
The ACME provides automatic or manual attitude control. It accepts signals from the hand
controller, horizon sensors, the stable platform and the computer. In the end, the ACME ensures
the correct thrusters are fired based on what mode the spacecraft is configured to.

Seven modes are selectable on the center pedestal panel.

These modes are:

1) Horizon Scan
2) Rate Command
3) Direct
4) Pulse
5) Re-entry rate command
6) Re-entry
7) Platform

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An ACME subsystem called ACE (Attitude Control Electronics) is used to process input signals
and route them to either the OAME or RCS system. Rate gyro inputs to ACE are used to dampen
the spacecrafts attitude rates.

OAME is the thruster system used for attitude and translational changes during orbit. RCS (Re-
entry Control System) is used during re-entry. The Platform, Horizon Scan and Re-entry modes
are automatic, while rate command, direct, pulse and re-entry rate command are manual.

Each of the modes are provided as input to ACE for signal processing, and ACE decides what
thrusters to fire.

2.1. OAME
The Orbital Attitude and Maneuvering Electronics has thrusters used to modify attitude in roll,
pitch and yaw, as well as translation using 16 different thrusters, 8 for attitude, and another 8 for
translation. This is called the OAMS (Orbital Attitude and Maneuvering System) and is controlled
by ACE or Direct Mode. When Direct Mode is selected, the stick input for manual attitude
control is directly sent to the thrusters, by-passing the signal processing in ACE.

2.2. RCS
The Re-entry Control System is used during reentry when the OAMS is jettisoned with the
adapter. It consists of 16 thrusters for reliability. Two identical thruster rings are used, with 8
thrusters each. Both rings are typically used, but ring A or ring B can be used independently.
Each system got its own fuel tank.

The RCS has a Direct mode, meaning it can manually fire the RCS thrusters, while by-passing the
ACE. The hand controller movements are directly passed to the RCS.

2.3. ATTITUDE MODE OPERATION

These are the modes that can be selected by the astronaut:

1) Direct (M1)
Thruster firing commands are applied directly to the OAME or RCS attitude solenoid valves
using the attitude hand controller. A deflection of 2.5 degrees of the stick in the rotation
direction is needed to apply thrust. Thrust is constant so it does not matter how far you push the
stick.

2) Pulse (M2)
The input signal is processed by ACE, resulting in a 20ms long thrust pulse to either OAME or
RCS. Each time you deflect the stick 2.5 degrees, a 20ms pulse in that direction is generated. This
mode is normally used, and is good for fine control of movement.

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3) Rate Command (M3)

The attitude rate is based in manual stick input, and is proportional to the displacement of the
stick. The further you push the stick, the more thrust will be applied through the solenoid valves.

4) Horizon Scan (M4)

Pitch and Roll is processed by ACE to hold and orient the spacecraft based on the horizon
scanner sensor. Yaw is controlled as pulse.

5) Re-entry (M5)
Spacecraft is automatically controlled during reentry. Roll rate is based on output from the
digital computer based on where the spaceship is planned to land. Angular rate dampening is
enabled.

6) Re-entry/Rate command (M5d)

Identical to the Re-entry mode, but the roll rate is manually controlled. Computer provides roll
rate commands to the FDAI and pilot can follow this guidance manually.

7) Platform
Spacecraft attitude is maintained automatically by the inertial platform. The primary purpose of
this mode is to automatically hold an inertial spacecraft attitude, or for maintaining spacecraft
attitude during fine alignment of the platform.

3. INERTIAL GUIDANCE SYSTEM

The Inertial Guidance System (IGS) is a system containing an Inertial Measurement Unit, an
Auxiliary Computer Power Unit, an On-Board Computer, and an Auxiliary Tape Memory.

3.1. INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNITY

The IMU provides inertial attitude and acceleration information, used for automatic control,
computations, and visual display. Acceleration measurement is used for insertion, rendezvous,
and retrograde computation and display. A mode selector controls the IMU.

The Inertial Measurement Platform Electronics is used to control the gyros based on attitude
changes and can be turned on or off using the knob on the center pedestal panel. It has a few
modes:

1) OFF - Turns off the platform

2) CAGE - Used for IMU warmup and to align the platform gimbals with the spacecraft body
axes.

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3) SEF - Small End Forward, will align the platform to small end forward attitude. This will align
the gimbals with the Earth Local vertical. Basically, the astronauts can look forward in the
prograde direction.

4) ORB RATE - Maintains attitude reference during spacecraft maneuvers. It is inertially free
except for the pitch gyro, which is torqued to maintain a horizontal attitude with respect to
Earth.

5) BEF - Blunt End Forward, SEF reversed. You are looking in the retrograde direction.

6) CAGE - same as previous cage mode, but for blunt end forward.

7) FREE - Completely inertial.

3.2. AUXULUARY COMPUTER POWER UNIT

The ACPU protects the computer from spacecraft bus voltage variations. It can provide
temporary computer power if the bus voltage drops momentarily. If the bus voltage remains
depressed, the computer is automatically turned off. The ACPU is turned on with the computer
power switch.

3.3. ON-BOARD COMPUTER

The On-Board Computer (OBC) stores data and is used as aid for guidance and control.
Computations are utilized for insertion, rendezvous, and re-entry guidance.

It is controlled with a mode selector that loads the module the crew wants to run from the AUX
Tape Unit. A START button starts the computer, RESET resets it from a malfunction when the
MALF light illuminates. A Manual Data Insertion Unit (MDIU) allows the crew to communicate
with the computer where parameters can be written into the memory, read from the memory, or
cleared. An Incremental Velocity Indicator (IVI) displays velocity change computation made by
the computer.

3.4. INCREMENTAL VELOCITY INDICATOR

The IVI displays output from the computer and gives and indicator on the direction of velocity
change needed. The IVIs will show the change you need to make during the next burn to
achieve a desired orbit. It will also show AUX TAPE position during manual tape operation, or
the delta speeds needed for rendezvous. When you perform the velocity change, the IVIs will
count down or up based on the direction. In most cases, you want to zero the IVIs using velocity
changes (delta-V).

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3.5. IMU OPERATION

PRE-LAUNCH
This phase is utilized to warm-up, check-out, program and align IGS equipment. Mission
parameters are fed into the computer, and the pitch and yaw gimbals are aligned with the local
vertical, and roll is aligned with launch azimuth. This is done automatically, before the crew enter
the cockpit.

LAUNCH

At lift-off to insertion, the guidance functions are performed by the booster guidance system. If
this should fail, the IGS guidance takes over as a backup using the computer. At SSEC, the IGS
takes over from the booster guidance system.

At insertion, the computer calculates the difference to target orbit and displays this on the IVI’s.
At this point, the crew will accelerate using the OAMS thrusters to insertion velocity.

ORBIT

The IGS can be turned off if not being used for a long period of time. If turned off, it needs to be
warmed up in CAGE mode one hour before critical alignment. The computer must be turned on
in the PRE LN mode, and allowed 20 seconds of self-checks.

Three IGS modes can be used during ORBIT:

1) Check-Out and Alignment

After insertion, the spacecraft is maneuvered to small end forward and the platform is
aligned with the horizon sensors. The horizon sensors are used to align pitch and roll
gimbals with the platform, and yaw is aligned through gyro compassing using the roll
gyro. The platform will be maintained by the horizon sensors in both BEF and SEF modes.

When performing maneuvers, the ORB RATE mode is used, an inertially free mode,
except for pitch which is torqued at 4 degrees per minute based on orbit. This can drift it
out of alignment. Setting it back to BEF or SEG will align it to the horizon agin using the
horizon scanners

2) Rendezvous
The radar is providing information about the target to the computer. Platform is aligned
with BEF or SEF prior to the maneuvers. The computer is set to rendezvous and the radar

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is turned on to connect with the target. The computer controls the FDI pointers to align
the spacecraft with the target, and the IVIs provide range difference relative to the target
for use as a guide while translating.

3) Preparation for Retrograde and Re-entry

The IMU are monitoring while the retrograde rockets are firing, and applied to the
computer for re-entry calculations. The FDI are biased in pitch with 16 degrees for
correct re-entry attitude.

RE-ENTRY
After the retrograde rockets has fired, a 180-degree roll maneuver is initiated, and pitch
is set so Earth is visible in the upper window so it can be used as a visual reference. The
computer commands a re-entry attitude at 400.000 ft. and the spacecraft is controlled to
null the needles on the FDI. Bank angle is displayed on the roll needle indicator, and
needs to be nulled. This lasts until re-entry is complete and landing starts.

3.6. CONTROLS AND INDICATORS

The Attitude Indicator is the main indicator for attitude. It has an attitude indicator ball
to show attitude relative to the platform, needles to point towards attitude change
directions, and a set of controls to select data source and mode. Figure 5.3.6.1 shows
the schematics for the FDAI.

The REF selector is used to select what reference the FDAI will use. This can either be the
RADAR, PLATFORM or the COMPUTER. The MODE switch is used to select if the pointers
should display rate indication, pointer direction, or a mix of both.

The sphere will always be slaved to the inertial platform gimbals and indicates platform
attitude. A scale selector is used for the needle sensitivity and can be either set to HI or
LO mode.

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Figure 5.3.6.1 – FDAI schematics, from SEDR 300 manual

The FDI ball indicates attitude

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And the mode selector selects the source and mode.

There are two independent FDAIs, one for the commander, and one for the pilot.

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Other controls are the Manual Data Insertion Unit (MDIU), the IVI’s and the Computer
Controls which are discussed more in the next chapter.

The IMU controls and indicators are located on the center pedestal and contains the
PLATFORM mode selector, an ACC light, an ATT light, and a RESET switch. The ACC light
indicates if there is a malfunction in the accelerometer, the ATT indicates if a
malfunction has occurred in the attitude gyros. The reset switch will fix minor
malfunctions.

4. HORIZON SENSOR SYSTEM

The Horizon Sensor System is used to establish a spacecraft attitude reference to Earth
local vertical, and provides the difference between the spacecraft and this reference.

This signal can be used to align the spacecraft and the inertial platform to the Earth local
vertical. These sensors are covered by a cover that is jettisoned on orbit insertion.

Two scanners are available, one primary and one secondary. Only one scanner can work
on the same time.

Figure 5.4.1 shows the horizon scanner system.

The Scanner Heater switch is energized and the scanner is set to primary during pre-
launch. When the JETT FAIRINGS switch is triggered, the scanners start to detect the
Earth. The initial acquisition time is 120 seconds.

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Figure 5.4.1 – Horizon Sensor System, from SEDR 300

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A scanner light illuminates if the system is unable to

detect the Earth horizon.

The scanner is controlled by the Scanner switch.

The SCAN HTR controls the scanner heater.

5. RENDEZVOUS RADAR SYSTEM

The rendezvous radar system is used during rendezvous with a target vehicle. The radar
is located in the rendezvous and recovery section, and a transponder is located in the
target vehicle, used to establish a connection between the two.

This connection provides the spacecraft with range data, relative velocity and poisiton,
and angular relationship between the two spacecrafts.

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The radar is also used for communicating messages using the command link and
encoder. The lock-on can happen when the range is about 180 nautical miles.

The computer uses this data to compute the differences in positon and velocity, as well
as the attitude for aligning with the target.

With the computer in the Rendezvous module, the IVI’s will show the difference in
velocity/position relative to the target, and the FDI with reference set to computer will
align the needles with the target attitude.

If the FDAI ref is set to Radar, the needles will point towards the signal source, thus
pointing directly towards the target.

Figure 5.5.1 shows this system.

The Radar is not active during launch, and is protected under a cap cover on top of the
R&R section. JETT FAIRING will expose the radar.

The radar is placed into standby mode by closing the RADAR PWR circuit breaker, and
the RADAR switch to STBY.

Radar controls the radar power. STBY will energize the radar,
and will warm up the system. The system needs 60 seconds
of warmup to function properly.
ON will turn the radar on and will try to connect with the
target vehicle.

The Radar Pwr switch controls the radar power ciecuit

breaker.

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The LOCK ON light illuminates when the radar is locked on

the target vehicles transponder.

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Figure 5.5.1 – Rendezvous Radar System, from SEDR 300

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The Radar Range indicator displays the range to the target vehicle if in range.

6. COMMAND LINK SYSTEM AND THE ENCODER

The command link system is used to control and communicate with the target vehicle. It can be
used to turn the acquisition and approach lights on or off, moving it, and enabling or disabling
various systems.

The command link is using the radar to send the messages, and an Encoder is used to select
what messages to send. The crew can send messages as long as the radar is locked on to the
target.

The Encoder contains two numbered wheels, and one binary switch to transmit messages.

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Each message consists of three digits. The first digit is controlled by the outer wheel and can be
anything between 0 and 7. The second digit is controlled by the middle wheel and can have a
number between 0 and 7.

The last switch is used to set the last digit to either 0 or 1, and transmits the message. The
switch is automatically returned to the middle when the message is sent.

The encoder circuit breaker must be set to ON to enable the Encoder.

The following commands can currently be sent:

250: Acquisition Lights OFF
251: Acquisition Lights ON
140: Approach Lights OFF
141: Approach Lights ON
200: Status Display OFF
201: Status Display ON/Bright
211: Status Dim

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220: UnRigidize, dock ready

221: Rigidize

7. TIME REFERENCE SYSTEM

The Time Reference System (TRF) controls all the timing functions aboard the spacecraft. The
systems main timing devices are an electronic timer, mission elapsed time digital clock, an event
timer, an Accutron clock, a mechanical clock and a correlation buffer.

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Figure 5.7.1 – TRS, from SEDR 300 manual

The electronic timer provides a countdown of Time-To-Go (TTG) to retrograde (Tr) and Time-To-
Go to equipment reset (Tx), time correlation for the PCM data system for instrumentation and
bio-med tape recorders, and a record of the Elapsed Time (ET) from lift-off. Figure 5.7.1 shows
this.

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The mission elapsed time digital clock shows the elapsed time since lift-off. It is usually left
alone during the mission but can be adjusted, started and stopped.

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The event timer is used for timing short-term activities and is operated by the crew. This starts
counting up at launch but can be modified at any time. During ascent, it is used to quickly see
the ET. It can be adjusted. The function switch in STBY activates the clock, and stops it in STOP.

With the function switch in STBY, the UP/STOP/DN three position switch controls the clock. UP
will count up, middle will pause, and DN will count down.

The knob will adjust the timer.

The Accutron clock shows GMT for the command pilot and is powered by internal battery.

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The mechanical clock provides the pilot with an indication of GMT and the calendar date. In
addition, it has a stopwatch capability used as a backup to the event timer.

8. PROPULSION SYSTEMS
The propulsion system provides attitude and maneuvering control. Two main systems exists, the
OAMS and the RCS.

We touched these earlier, but to recap, the OAMS is used between insertion and retrograde, and
RCS is used during re-entry. The respond from electrical commands from the ACME.

8.1 OAMS
The OAMS is used to fire single or multiple thrusters to rotate or translate the spacecraft.

The schematic can be seen in figure 5.8.1.

The OAMS can rotate the spacecraft in the roll, pitch and yaw axes, and translational control in
six axes: forward, backwards, right, left, up, down.

The OAMS is the only system onboard that can translate the spacecraft.

The propellant consists of nitrogen tetroxide as the oxidizer and monomethyl hydrazine as the
fuel.

The fuel is stored in three tanks for maximum operation time, and the oxidizer is stored in two
tanks. Helium is used to pressurize the system and a reserve fuel tank is automatically available.

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Figure 5.8.1 – The OAMS Schematics, from SEDR 300

The system is enabled by the OAMS control panel, both switches must be positioned to the UP
position.

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Opens the OAMS propellant valves, providing the thrusters with

propellant, a combination of fuel and oxidizer.

The OAMS CNTL PWR powers the control lines for the OAMS
thrusters.

A propellant indicator can be used to see the available propellant, and a rotator switch is used
to cycle between the tanks.

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With the know in OAMS, the PROP indicator shows temperature on the propellant, and the
pressure in the tank.

Another indicator on the commander panel shows the propellant quantity left.

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8.2. RE-ENTRY CONTROL SYSTEM

The RCS system is used after the Adapter has been separated. It can only control the attitude,
not maneuver the spacecraft by translational control.

The RCs consists of two identical systems for redundancy, RING A and RING B. They can be used
at the same time.

The propellant quantity can be monitored using the same indicators as the OAMS, but with the
control knob set to either of the RCS RINGs.

The system works in the same way as the OAMS internally, with fuel tanks and oxidizer mixed to
fire the thrusters.

A schematic can be seen in figure 5.8.2

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Figure 5.8.2 – RCS Schematic. Right lines goes to the selected RINGs and fires the thrusters.
From SEDR 300 manual.

It is enabled using the RCS switches next to the OAMS switches.

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The RCS system is only activated when the RCS switch-indicator has been activated.

Doing this will disable the OAMS system for the rest of the mission.

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VI. ON-BOARD COMPUTER

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VI. ON-BOARD COMPUTER

1. GENERAL
The computer is a binary, fixed point, stored-program, general-purpose computer for use
throughout the mission. Using inputs from the spacecraft systems as parameters to the stored
programs, it can perform the required computations for launch and ascent, orbit insertion,
rendezvous and docking, retrograde, re-entry and landing. It can also be used as the backup for
guidance during ascent.

It is interfaces with the vast majority of the spacecraft major components including the Inertial
Platform and the spacecraft power system, the Time Reference System and the Digital
Command System (used by ground to set parameters), the Attitude Display as a reference
source, the Attitude Control and Maneuvering Electronics system for thruster control, the Titan
Autopilot for guidance backup, the Auxiliary Tape Memory for module storage, the Incremental
Velocity Indicators for delta-v and delta position indications, and the Manual Data Insertion Unit.

The OBC is used throughout the mission. An auxiliary Tape Memory system can load various
modules from a tape into the computer memory. Typically, each phase of the mission has a
dedicated module.

There are four switches used to control the computer:

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The ON/OFF Switch on the computer panel turns the

computer ON or OFF. This also turns the computer power
unit on that protects the computer from bus undervolt
changes.

When turned on, the computer runs through a set of checks

lasting 20 seconds. The Computer Display Unity shows this.

A seven-position mode switch is used to load modules from

the AUX Tape Memory. The PRE LN and ASC modules are
pre-loaded and does not require any loading time while the
rest required 10 minutes of loading.

START will start the computer when the module is loaded,

and the computer power is on. The COMP light will
illuminate green when the computer is calculating and
running a module.

The RESET button will reset the computer if a malfunction

exists. The MALF light will illuminate if the computer has
malfunctioned. If the MALF light glows even after pressing
RESET, you might have to turn off the computer power and
back on. If this does not work, there is a serious issue and
you have to stop using the computer.

The computer receives power from the Inertial Guidance Power Supply.

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2. MANUAL DATA INSERTION UNIT

The Manual Data Insertion Unit (MDIU) contains a ten-digit keyboard and a seven-digit register
with controls. It is used to insert data into the computer memory, or read data.

The first two keys that are pressed address the memory and the last five digits are the number
to be inserted. Of reading from the memory, only the two first digits are needed.

If the first numerical digit (digit number three) is 9, it means that the value is negative. This can
also be used when inserting values. 9 represents the minus symbol.

The keyboard can be seen in Figure 6.2.1

Figure 6.2.1 – The Keyboard, from SEDR 300 manual

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The Keyboard can be interacted with using the mouse. Each button will change the current digit
being modified. If you need to start from the beginning, press CLEAR and the first digit is the
target digit for modification. For each keypress, the next digit will be changed.

The first two digits represents the ADDRESS and the last five digits represents the MESSAGE. The
READ OUT button will fetch the message in the set address and display it in the message fiels.
The ENTER button will enter an input MESSAGE to the selected ADDRESS, and CLEAR will reset
the display and keyboard, but not touch any data.

The Display can be seen in Figure 6.2.2

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Figure 6.2.2 – Display Unity, from SEDR 300 manual

Figure 6.2.3 shows how this looks in-game, with the controls used to operate it.

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Figure 6.2.3

3. INCREMENTAL VELOCITY INDICATOR

The Incremental Velocity Indicator (IVI) provides velocity/position deltas required for
attaining/correcting a set orbit, insertion, rendezvous, re-entry, or by the AUX Tape Unity. The
Computer controls the IVI’s. The three digits on the IVI’s represents the differences relative to
the spacecraft body axes, thus the longitudinal axis (forward/aft), the lateral axis (left/right) and
the vertical (up/down) axis.

These indicate the amount of change needed on each axis to reach a target calculated by the
computer.

Figure 6.3.1 shows the IVI schematic.

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Figure 6.3.1 – IVI schematic, from SEDR 300

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4. AUXILIARY TAPE UNIT

A module typically takes 10 minutes to load from the tape. Loading from the tape can be done
automatically (normal) or manually. When manual mode is selected, the IVIs will display the
position the tape is on, and wind/rewind can be used to move to the right location on the tape.
Once the location of the desired module is found (each module got a start and end location on
the tape), the module can be loaded into memory. The computer mode needs to be set to the
right module.

Once the module is loaded in memory, the AUX TAPE Running light indicator goes from GREEN
to UNLIT, and the computer module can be started by pressing START on the computer.

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5. MODULES
5.1. THE ASCENT MODULE
Guides the rocket to a predefined orbit. The orbit can be defined by inserting the desired
Perigee into Memory slot #56 (#$56) and Apogee into #$57. This should have been pre-loaded
by the crew before mission starts so you won’t have to insert these manually.

Mission Control can update these through DCS during ascent if these needs to be modifies but
this usually will not happen unless there are some calculation issues.

Once the SPCFT has been separated, the IVIs will display adjustments that needs to be done to
correct the target Apogee. Enable OAMS and zero out the IVIs to correct Apogee.

The IVI AFT/FWD, IVI L/R and IVI UP/DN will be stored in #$25, #$26 and #$27. The ASCENT
program will write into this memory location during operation.

The ASCENT module provides pointing commands for alignment of the spacecraft to apply the
velocity corrections.

5.2 THE CATCH-UP MODULE

This is also called the NAV module, and is used to finalize initial orbit, and reach a specified orbit
to either to experiment or catch-up with a target.

In this mode, the pilot or ground will update orbit changes and when to initiate the burn. Your
job is to zero out the IVIs when new commands are given.

However:
This program is working slightly different from reality to make it possible for you to 1) manually

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fly to a target orbit and 2) catch-up with a target without relying on ground communication
(open world).

1) REACH A TARGET ORBIT

To reach an orbit, you will need to know what Apogee and Perigee you want to reach, and how
much time is left until you hit your current orbits Apogee and Perigee. The Target Apogee and
Perigee is usually set automatically by the selected mission before launching.

Use Core 56 to set target orbit perigee and Core 57 to set target orbit apogee.

Use Core 73 to read Time to Apogee and Core 74 to read Time to Perigee. You can also use
Core 72 to read time to next Apogee/Perigee, whichever comes first – 72 is the time when you
will correct your IVIs.

Five minutes after reaching Apogee or Perigee, the IVIs will update to display velocity needed at
the next Apogee or Perigee (whichever comes first).

FDI will provide pointing commands for alignment of the spacecraft to apply the velocity
corrections.

When the IVIs show a delta velocity, and the time to the correction point reaches zero, burn in
the direction of FDI until IVIs are zeroed out.

Tip: use your Event Timer to DOWN and set it to the time specified in Core 73 or 74 (based on
where you want to adjust). You can do this when the timer is counting down and operating. When
timer reaches zero, start the burn until IVIs are zeroed out.

2) CATCH-UP

Catch-up works best and is easiest if you are in a circular orbit. If target is ahead of you, your
orbit should be shorter than the target. If the target is behind you, the orbit needs to be bigger
than the target.

The Target Vehicles Perigee and Apogee can be found in Core 80 and 81. If needed, the
inclination can be found in Core 82, value is a decimal so divide it by 100 to get the right angle.

Set the target vehicles orbit as your own target (Core 56 and 57), starting with Apogee then
insert Perigee. As you are in a circular orbit, the burn can start anywhere on the orbit and you
will shape the orbit to a similar orbit of the target vehicle.

When the data is inserted, use Core 83 to see seconds left until burn can start. When this is
approaching zero, burn until IVIs are zero, meaning your Apogee is same as Target Apogee.

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When you are at Apogee, burn again to raise Perigee to targets perigee, again by zeroing out
the IVIs.

5.3. THE RENDEZVOUS MODULE

This module helps you get close to the Target Vehicle.

The FDIs will give pointing commands to point the spaceship towards the target.

The IVIs will show you the relative distance left between your docking port and the Target
Vehicle docking port.

You can use the RADAR guidance to point the spaceship towards the Target. The FDAIs will
guide you to this attitude. Using the computer in this module, the FDAI will point you to the
same alignment as the target vehicle. When you are close to docking, ensure this is zero in Pitch,
Yaw and Roll for easies maneuvering, this means you are in the same reference plane as the
Target Vehicle.

5.4. THE REENTRY MODULE

This module will make the FDI provide pointing commands to reach BEF attitude. Once you are
getting into reentry, the ROLL indicator of the FDI will indicate where you need to roll in order to
reach target position. Constant attitude of 0 degrees will make you fly forward longer,
generating a little bit lift. By doing this, you can alter the position of where you will land.

Banking will make you turn slightly to alter the landing location left or right.

Rolling fully 360 degrees will make you follow current attained trajectory without any alterations.

6. MEMORY MAP
#$12: Separation Velocity

#$19: Time to Retrograde (sec)

#$25: IVI dV z

#$26: IVI dV x

#$27: IVI dV y

#$32: Orbit Plane Azimuth (Inclination)

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#$40: Current Pitch

#$41: Current Yaw

#$42: Current Roll

#$52: dV at Ap to modify Pe for target orbit

#$56: Set target orbit perigee

#$57: Set target orbit apogee

#$72: Time to next apogee or perigee, whichever comes first (sec)

#$73: Time to Ap (sec)

#$74: Time to Pe (sec)

#$75: Orbit Period

#$76: Seconds since Pe

#$80: Perigee of Target Vehicle

#$81: Apogee of Target Vehicle

#$82: Inclination of Target Vehicle,

#$83: Time to Burn (sec) to reach Target Vehicle

#$97: dV at Pe to modify Ap for target orbit

#$98: Current Apogee

#$99: Current Perigee

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VII. SEQUENCE SYSTEM

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VII. SEQUENCE SYSTEM

1. GENERAL
The Sequencer will control the mission phase. During ascent, it will control staging/separation
and jettison. Light switches in the main center panel can be opened and pressed to initiate the
stage the Sequencer want you to initiate, or if you need to override the sequencer.

When a Switch Light illuminates Amber, that stage is ready for initiation. Press the switch to
continue. But be very cautious about this, as they are not reversible. These switches can for
example cut the electric lines between the capsule and the adapter, separate them and so on.

The sequencer is semi-automatic, meaning that the Sequencer will not automatically separate
the spacecraft from the LV, the Adapter, the Retro section and so on, this is done manually by
the astronaut by pressing the light switch that glows.

Two timers are used by the sequencer. It’s the time from booster engine ignition, and the time
to retrograde.

During ascent, the spacecraft is controlled by the Radio Guidance System (RGS) and the Digital
Command System (DCS), where the Gemini crew is monitoring the systems. As a backup, the
Inertial Guidance System (IGS) and the On-Board Computer (OBC) can control the ascent.

When the ascent phase is over, the crew performs the required actions to separate the
spacecraft from the launch vehicle, and the final delta thrust needed to attain orbit.

At this point, the sequencer is in standby mode, counting down to Time to Retrograde (Tr). 256
seconds before retrograde (Tr-256), the sequencer starts preparing for retrograde by
illuminating light indicators on the control panel. The crew follows the instructions by the
sequencers. At Tr-30, meaning 30 seconds before retrograde, the sequencer illuminates more
lights to instruct the crew to separate the adapter and arm the automatic retrograde system.

If set up correctly, retrograde happens automatically. The crew ensures the correct orientation is
maintained prior to this as firing the retrogrades in the wrong direction can be catastrophic. A
manual ignite of the retro fire signal is given by the crew one second after the automatic fire
signal is given for redundancy.

During descent, the sequencers provides ques for when the crew should deploy the parachutes.
At splashdown, the chutes are jettisoned, and all systems are shut down.

The sequence diagram in figure 7.2.0.1 shows this.

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Figure 7.2.0.1 – Sequencer diagram, from SEDR 300 manual.

2. SYSTEM OPERATION
The sequencer can be divided into 8 stages:

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1) Pre-launch
2) Lift-off
3) Boost and staging
4) Separation and insertion
5) Prepare-to-go to retrograde
6) Retrograde
7) Re-entry
8) Abort

2.1 PRE-LAUNCH
The command and pilot enter the cabin, and hatches are locked in place. The crew ensures all
switches are in the correct initial position and system/engine lights are extinguished.

Most of the pre-launch configuration has already taken place when you enter the simulation,
but it is always good practice to ensure the correct stats is set. Using the checklist system, or the
checklists chapter in this manual, you can follow the steps needed in-game.

1: Altimeter is set (reading zero)

2: Ensure IVIs are zeroed
3: The sequence indicators are extinguished
4: The two ABORT, ATT RATE, SEC GUIDANCE, ENGINE I and ENGINE II lights are extinguished
5: Top three rows of circuit breakers on the left switch/circuit breaker panels are closed (up)
6: BOOST-INSERT and RETRO ROCKET SQUIB switches is set to ARM
7: RETRO and LANDING switches is set to SAFE
8: Tests the nine sequence lights using the SEQ LIGHTS TEST switch.
9: Starts the computer, takes 20 seconds.
10: The four MAIN BATTERIES switches and the three SQUIB BATTERIES switches is set to ON
11: The ECS and COOLANT systems are set
12: The rest of the systems are set as needed
13: A radio check is performed

When everything is set, the crew reports that they are ready using the radio. The launch will
happen when the crew has reported that they are ready, and the countdown has reached zero.
Ignition happens a few seconds before, and release of bolts that keep the rocket to the tower
are released when thrust has built up.

2.2 LIFT-OFF
When the countdown reaches zero, the blockhouse signals the ignition. At this point the first
stage engines begin their thrust chamber buildup. This can take anything from between one
second to 4 seconds per engine. Both the ENGINE I indicators illuminate red when this happens.
When the pressure exceeds 77% of rated pressure, a two-second time delay is initiated in the

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blockhouse. If everything is go, the hold-down-bolt fire command is given, and the launch
vehicle is committed to flight.

When motion is detected, the time since booster ignition starts, and the computer automatically
starts. The time-to-retrograde timer starts counting down.

2.3 BOOST AND STAGING

The Titan II rocket starts to climb, and is controlled automatically. The crew monitors all vital
indicators to ensure a safe lift-off. Abort needs to happen if the ABORT light, any of the ENGINE
I lights, or the ATT RATE indicators illuminate.

The ENGINE II illuminates amber, meaning it is ready for automatic ignition.

The STAGE I FUEL and OXIDIZER needles are continuously reducing, indicating the time left to
separation.

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The LONGITUDAL ACCELEROMETER must continuously increase according to flight plan.

The ALTITUDE must show a steady climb below 100.000 ft.

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The long needle shows the height by x1000, and the short needle shows the height by x10000. If
the short needle is at 5 and the long is at 6, it means that the altitude is 56000 ft.

At T+145 seconds, the acceleration should have reached about 6g’s, the first engine shutdown is
energized. A few seconds later, the thrust chamber pressure drops to less than 68 percent,
illuminating the red ENGINE I indicators. This is normal.

At this point, the booster engines are shut off, and the g’s rapidly drop to 1.5g’s and separation
occurs. Both STAGE I of the LV and the LV Adapter that holds STAGE I and STAGE II together is
separated, and the STAGE II engine immediately ignites. ENGINE I lights extinguish. The ENGINE
II light is extinguished when pressure is built up to 55 percent and the LONGITUDAL
ACCELEROMETER begins to climb again.

During STAGE II, the ENGINE II under-pressure indicators, the Attitude Overrate (ATT RATE)
indicator, and the two ABORT lights must remain extinguished.

The STAGE II FUEL and OXIDIZER needles will continuously reduce.

2.4 SEPERATION AND INSERTION

At T+330 seconds, the acceleration has climbed to almost 7g’s, and the spacecraft will almost
have reached orbital velocity and attitude. A few seconds later, the blockhouse computer
transmits the SSECO (Second Stage Engine Cut Off) signal via a DCS message and the Stage II
Engine is cut off.

The g’s will rapidly fall, and the on-board computer will begin to compute the delta-V required
for insertion. The orbit for each launch will differ from the target, and the initial orbit is used to

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tune the orbit to match the target. The ON-BOARD COMPUTER chapter went through how to do
this.

At this point, the crew presses the JETT FAIRING button to jettison the sensor covers that
protected the sensors during launch. These sensors are the horizon detection sensors, as well as
the antenna and rendezvous radar. The horizon scanners will spend 120 seconds on warming
up, powering up and detecting the initial horizon. The attitude indicator will at this point jump
to the right attitude, but before this it will show an error so don’t follow the attitude indicator
until the scanners are working.

When scanner warning light illuminates when the horizon is not detected.

20 seconds later when the thrust has decayed, the sequencer illuminates the SEP SPCFT switch-
indicator, and the crew presses the button. This will energize the squib bus No. 1 is applied
through the BOOST-INSERT CONT circuit breaker, and separate the spacecraft from the launch
vehicle.

If the separation is successful, the SEP SPCFT illuminates green. If separation happened, but this
is not illuminating, a quick thrust of the OAMS system is needed to move the spaceship away
from the LV.

The IVI’s will now show the distance left to target orbit for Apogee. The AFT thrusters are fired
until the IVI’s are nulled.

The post-insertion checklist is executed:

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1: RETRO ROCKET SQUIBs are set to SAFE

2: BOOST-INSERT squib is set to SAFE
3: MAIN BATTERIES 1,2,3,4 is no longer needed as the fuel cells are producing enough power
and are turned OFF.

The complete checklist is found in-game or in the checklist chapter.

2.5 PREPARE-TO-GO TO RETROGRADE

30 minutes before retrofire, the platform is aligned and the spacecraft is maneuvered to blunt-
end-forward (BEF).

At T-256, the sequencer illuminates the required crew actions. Batteries must be set to ON since
the Fuel Cells are located in the Adapter that will be separated, the Re-entry Control System
(RCS) illuminates amber, and the IND RETRO ATT illuminates amber.

The Battery indicator illuminates green when the batteries are on, and the indicate retro attitude
light indicates green when pressed. This places the FDI needles and the inertial platform to BEF
mode.

The RCS turns to green when pressed and energized. This enables the RCS rings A and B. The
RCS RING A and RCS RING B switches are set to ACME, and the attitude controllers are used to
test the RCS system.

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The OAMS

O2 HIGH RATE is initiated and systems are set to cool down the cabin.

At Tr-30 seconds, the SEP OAMS LINE, SEP ELEC, SEP ADPT, and ARM AUTO RETRO indicators
turn amber. The crew follows the instructions of the sequencer and depress the SEP OAMS LINE
switch-indicator. This closes the OAMS propellant lines and disables the OAMS system. This
turns the SEP OAMS LINE light to green.

Then the SEP ELEC switch-indicator button is pressed, and the electrical system lines are cut, and
power can no longer be received from the fuel cells. The indicator turns green.

Then the SEP ADAPT switch-indicator is pressed and the Adapter is separated from the
spacecraft, and the indicator turns green when cleared from the Adapter.

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Lastly, the crew presses the ARM AUTO RETRO switch-indicator button that arms the AUTO
RETRO system. The 4 RETRO ROCKET SQUIBs are now set to ARM again.

2.6 RETROGRADE
When ready, and the Tr reaches zero, the retrograde rockets will fire one by one with a 5 second
delay between them. For redundancy, the crew also manually initiates the retro fire signal.

When the RETROS has fired, the JETT RETRO SQUIB ARM switch is set to ARM, and the JETT
RETRO lamp will illuminate amber at about 45 seconds later. When the crew notices this, it is
pressed and the retro engine section is separated from the spacecraft.

This will also jettison the index bar and scanners.

The spacecraft is now ready for re-entry.

2.7 RE-ENTRY
The RETRO PWR and RETRO JETT squibs are set to SAFE, and the orientation is rolled 180
degrees so the horizon is visible in the upper part of the window. The attitude control is set to
RATE CMD (RE-ENT). The roll FDI pointer will start to move, and the crew will have to follow this
to orient the spacecraft correctly while the computer calculates the point of splashdown.

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Then the computer is ready, the mode is set to RE-ENT. The computer controls the roll attitude
automatically.

After re-entry, the sequencer illuminates when the drogue and main parachutes are to be
deployed.

These are deployed using the parachute and landing control buttons.

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The drogue is released at around 40k ft., the main parachute at 10.6k ft., the landing attitude
before splashdown, and the parachute jettison after splashdown (not simulated).

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VIII. ELECTRICAL POWER

SYSTEM

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VIII. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

1. GENERAL
The spacecraft is powered by two systems. The primary power source is from two Fuel Cells
that generate power from Hydrogen and Oxygen, and the secondary system is powered by four
silver-zinc batteries.

The Fuel Cells are located in the Equipment Section. It is using a system called RSS (Reactant
Supply System) as provisions of Cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen to generate electrical power
and water. The amount of reactant used is dependent on the power load. The more systems in
use, the more reactants it will consume. Each Fuel Cell has three stacks producing power. The
fuel cells are located in the Adapter module.

The two Fuel Cells are capable of running all the spacecraft systems, but a set of batteries are
available in the Reentry module. These are used once the Adapter section has been jettisoned
for reentry, or in case of fuel cell failures. There are 4 main silver-zinc batteries available.

These two systems are powering the Main DC Bus, thus most of the systems in use. For
pyrotechnical systems (and a few other), another bus named the Common Control Bus is being
used. This is an isolated environment used during staging and in some systems during orbit.
This bus is being powered by three silver-zinc batteries called the Squib Batteries. These
batteries are typically ON during the entire mission.

Using switches and fuses, you can control what systems are being operational. It is important to
turn off systems that is not needed to conserve reactants and batteries. You can check the status
of batteries and Fuel Cells using the voltmeter and the ammeters, and the Cryogenic meter to
read available reactants. Volts is the power strength available while amps is the power flow/how
much power is being consumed from the power source.

The RSS (Reactant Supply System) needs to be purged and heated at intervals to ensure correct
operation, prevent malfunctions, and keep the system pressurized.

1.1. SQUIBS
During boost/insert, a set of squibs are being used for staging during the ascent phases. This
needs the Common Control Bus powered, and the boost-insert squibs armed. During landing,
the landing squibs needs to be armed, and during retrograde, the retro rocket squibs needs to
be armed.

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This is because of safety. You don't want to accidentally separate your retrograde module,
adapters or deploy the chutes in space. This can happen if the systems are ARMed, and other
system malfunctions triggers the squibs.

Squib control is very important. It is a simple task, but it is easy to forget to arm or disarm them.
Use and follow the available checklists to make sure you do this correctly.

2. OPERATION
The Fuel Cells are located in the Adapter section, along with the Reactant Supply System, and
the main batteries and squib batteries are located in the re-entry module. Figure 5.2.1 shows the
overview.

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Figure 5.2.1 – Electrical Overview, from SEDR 300

The two fuel cells and the four main batteries is powering the Main DC bus. The squib batteries
power the Common Control bus, and the OAMS squib bus who distributes power to the Boost-

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Insert-Abort, retrograde, landing and Agena squib buses. These buses have their own arming
switches needed during ascent, boost, retrograde and landing.

A power system monitor with a delta pressure indicator, three dual-vertical-readout ammeters,
and an AC/DC voltmeter is used to check the power system status. Two control knows are used
to select what power system component to check.

Each fuel cell contains 3 power stacks, each capable to generate power. For each fuel cell, three
switches control the power, and one switch controls the entire fuel cell power. The stacks in Fuel
Cell 1 is named 1A, 1B and 1C and the stacks in Fuel Cell 2 is named 2A, 2B, 2C.

The Fuel Cells are controlled on the Pilots Panel.

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The Fuel Cells are generating electrical power by the ionization of Oxygen and Hydrogen. The
Reactant Substance System controls this and can be monitored on the Main Center panel on the
CRYO indicator.

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The Main Batteries and the Squib batteries are operated from the Pilots circuit breaker panel.

Each battery has a test switch used to check the voltage. Using the electrical system monitor
selector in BT position, and the battery you want to test in TEST, the voltmeter will show the
battery voltage.

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Each of the Squib batteries are initially connected to the tower by having the squib switches set
to UMB. When the crew enters the cockpit, these are set to ON and will remain ON for the rest
of the mission.

2.1. LAUNCH
Before launch, all the MAIN BATTERIES, SQUIB BATTERIS, FUEL CELL SECTION POWER and FUEL
CELL STACK switches are set to the ON position. All the electrical power sources are utilized
during the ascent for redundancy. These are connected in parallel to the Main DC bus.

The Boost-Insert-Abort bus is armed and connected to the Common Control Bus for use during
ascent.

The four RETRO ROCKET SQUIBS are set to ARM.

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2.2. ORBIT
After orbit insertion, the MAIN BATTERIES switches are placed to the OFF position as the main
power source during orbital flight are the Fuel Cells. The SQUIB BATTERIES remain ON for the
rest of the mission.

The RETRO ROCKET SQUIBS are set to SAFE.

The H2 VAC TANK switch is used to vent the area between the inner and outer wall of the RSS
H2 tank to space when in the OPEN position. It is important to keep this in CLOSED when not
performing a venting operation.

The BUS TIE switch is usually set to OFF during the entire mission, but of a failure occurs, the
BUS TIE can be used to tie the main bus to the common control and OAMS squib bus. This is in
the event the SQUIB BATTERIES fail to power the Common Control Bus.

As the Fuel Cells are operating, they must be purged periodically. This will remove a small
percentage of the reactant gases so that impurities contained in the feed gases don’t restrict
reactant flow to the cells, and to remove any accumulation of product water in the gas lines.

The fuel cells are manually purged using the O2 an H2 PURGE switches. A more effective purge
can be done using the X-OVER switch, this will increase the flow of gases to the fuel cell
sections, but also use more gas when purging.

2.3. RE-ENTRY
Before retrograde (Tr-256) the crew will arm the retrograde squib buses by setting the RETRO
PWR switch to ARM and each ROCKET SQUIB to ARM.

The MAIN BATTERIES are set to ON again as the Fuel Cells power source are about to be
jettisoned with the Adapter. This will insure continuity of the Main DC Bus when the Fuel Cells
are disconnected. The Fuel Cell Stacks and Power switches are all set to OFF.

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After RETRO FIRE the RETRO JETT switch is set to ARM, which arms JETT RETRO light-switch
needed to jettison the retro engines. This should always be set to SAFE unless you are about to
jettison it. Once separated, the crew will disarm the retrograde squib buses by setting the RETRO
PWR switch, RETRO JETT switch and the RETRO ROCKE SQUIBS to SAFE.

The LANDING squibs are set to ARM to arm the electronics required for the LANDING sequence.

After landing, the landing squib is set to SAFE, the SQUIB BATTERIES 1 and 2 is set to OFF. All
unnecessary electrical equipment will be deactivated to conserve the remaining battery for
recovery operations. SQUIB BATTERIES switch 1 and the MAIN BATTERIS switches will remain
ON.

2.4. MONITORING
The ammeters can monitor the individual fuel cell stack currents (1A through 2C), and the
voltmeter can be used to display fuel cell stack voltage, common control bus voltage, OAMS
squib 1 and 2 voltage, Inertial Guidance System (IGS) inverter output voltage, main bus voltage
and the battery tests. This is selected using the selector knob.

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The delta pressure indicator displays O2 versus H2, and O2 versus H2O differential pressure in
the fuel cell battery sections. In the event that the differential pressure the limits, the fuel cell
battery performance needs to be evaluated. If a malfunction exists, that stack needs to be shut
down.

The out of tolerance delta pressure indicators is provided by the fuel cells delta pressure
telelights.

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The reactants in the Reactant Supply System (RSS) is displayed in the CRYO meter using the
selector knob.

The BTRY PWR sequence light is illuminated at Tr-256 to remind that the batteries needs to be
turned on and amber. When connected, it will turn green.

3. FUEL CELLS
The Fuel Cell battery system has two Fuel Cells, each with 3 stacks in them. Each stack can be
individually activated, and only one needs to be active to produce power.

Each stack contains 32 fuel cells, by which is producing electrical energy and water from a
controlled oxidation of hydrogen.

A fuel cell can be seen in 8.3.1.

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Figure 8.3.1. Fuel Cell Section, from SEDR 300

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4. REACTANT SUPPLY SYSTEM

The Reactant Supply System (RSS) is a subsystem for the fuel cells and it provides the fuel cells
with cryogenic hydrogen and oxygen that is converted to gas before reaching them.

It also supplies oxygen to the ECS.

Two thermally insulated tanks are used to store hydrogen and oxygen.

A crossover valve provides the capability of supplying hydrogen and oxygen through dual
pressure regulators to increased flow rate for more effective purging. It is controlled by the X-
OVER switch.

Heat exchangers are used for cooling the coolant, and heating the reactant to a gaseous form.

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IX. RENDEZVOUS &

DOCKING

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IX. RENDEZVOUS & DOCKING

1. GENERAL
The spacecraft is using the computer to calculate docking parameters, and the translational and
attitude control to move it towards the target vehicle.

When close, the spacecraft will dock with the target vehicle. The R&R (Rendezvous & Recovery)
section is used to dock with a Target Docking Adapter (TDA) located on the other vehicle.

1.1. RENDEZVOUS & RECOVERY SECTION

The R&R section contains everything that is needed to dock with a target vehicles TDA. An index
bar can be extended to help with alignment, mooring latches are used to attach when entering
the TDA port. Other components can be seen in Figure 9.1.1.1.

The fairing is jettisoned at spacecraft separation from the launch vehicle, exposing the R&R
sensors and equipment. The index bar is located so it will fit in the TDA docking port and is used
as a guidance and final alignment adjustments automatically.

The index bar is jettisoned before reentry, and it cannot be extended before the fairing is
jettisoned.

The Rendezvous Radar is located in the front of the R&R section, and is used to control the
target vehicle before docking using the encoder. The encoder is used after docking too, but the
signals are sent through an umbilical connection instead. This connection provides a direct
hardline control of the target vehicle.

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Figure 9.1.1.1 – R&R section, from SEDR 300 manual

1.2. APPROACH AND MOORING SEQUENCE

The crew can start tracking and control the target vehicle at approximately 100 nautical miles
away. The Command Link System is used to un-rigidize the TDA so it’s ready to accept docking.

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The acquisition lights are also turned on to make it easier to see. A flashing red light will appear
on the target vehicle. The spacecraft should be aligned with the target vehicle as soon as
possible to match the axes for 1:1 relationship with body axes deltas.

When aligned with the target vehicle, and ready to start the final docking maneuvers, the
approach lights are turned on, as well as the status display lights.

The index bar is extended, and the docking alignment and maneuvering is aligned with the
target vehicle.

The switch to extend the index bar is on the right/pilot

circuit breaker panel. Set this to Index Extend until bar is
extended, then back to OFF.
The bar cannot be retracted again, and is automatically
jettisoned during re-entry.

When getting close, the docking lights are turned on.

The exterior light switch is set to DOCK to turn the

docking lights on. This is a spotlight on top of the
spacecraft.

Alignment and translation adjustments are constantly being made.

The mooring sequence starts when the spacecraft enters the docking cone. The index bar fits in
the cone, and the spacecraft will dock and latch. With the TDA in an unrigidized state (DOCK is
illuminated on the panel), it will rigidize, and the latches will attach.

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The RIGID light illuminates when rigid.

The sequence can be seen in figure 9.1.2.1.

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Figure 9.1.2.1 – Docking sequence, from SEDR 300

The crew can send the unrigidize command using the Encoder, or the undock switch on the
control panel. Another switch exists, EMER REL, and will cut the latches and release from the
TDA. This is to be used in emergencies only, as it disables to possibility to re-dock again.

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The EMER REL is a covered button and will undock from a

TDA. This will disable the docking mechanism so use it
only during an emergency.

When unrigidize command is sent, the OAMS is used to back away from the target vehicle. This
has to be done within 30 seconds before the docking mechanism is ready for the next docking.
If the spacecraft is still in there, it will re-dock at this point.

The rigidize system can be activated through a switch on the panel as well by using the RIGID-
OFF-STOP switch.

This switch can also be used to control the TDA, as a

backup. Stop will stop the power from the rigid
mooring device.

The UNDOCK switch can be used to undock from the

TDA instead of using the Command Link System
(primary) as a backup.

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1.3. DOCKED
While docked and rigid, the acquisition lights and approach lights are turned off. The ENGINE
switch can be used to ARM the engine on the target vehicle, so it can be used for orbital
maneuvering.

1.4. SEPERATION
Using the switches described earlier, the undocking can initiate. This will separate the spacecraft
from the target vehicle. The crew has 30 seconds to back away from the TDA before it will return
to a ready-to-dock state.

2. TARGET DOCKING ADAPTER

The TDA is the adapter that makes docking possible. A docking cone is used to drive the
spacecraft to the correct position, using an index bar on the spacecraft. Electromechanical
devices in the spacecraft and the TDA rigidize the docking cone as soon as the mooring
operation is done.

The approach lights are mounted on the docking adapter and positioned so they illuminate the
notch during final approach.

The acquisition lights are used for visual guidance and tracking of the target vehicle within 20
nautical miles. They are red and are flashing.

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Figure 9.2.1 – TDA, from SEDR 300

A display panel is used to see the status of the TDA, figure 9.2.2 shows this.

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Figure 9.2.2 – TDA Panel, from SEDR 300

The DOCK light is illuminated(green) when the cone is unrigidized and hooks are reset and
ready for a new docking.

The RIGID light illuminates(green) when the code is rigidized, usually means that it does not
accept docking, or that the spacecraft is docked and rigid.

The PWR light(green) indicates that the target vehicle is powered.

The MAIN light illuminates red when there are factors that are outside of their limit range in
terms of the main engine.

The MAIN light illuminates green when the values are within limit range.

The ARMED light illuminates amber when the MAIN engines can be fired.

The SEC HI illuminates green when there is a lot of propellant left.

The SEC LO illuminates green when there is a good amount of propellant left.

The ATT light illuminates green when the Agena attitude control system is active.

The MAIN TIME clock indicates time left of propellant on the MAIN engine.

The SEC TIME clock indicates time left in the SECONDARY engine.

The ATT GAS indicates total pressure remaining.

3. AGENA PRIMARY PROPULSION SYSTEM

The Primary Propulsion System (PPS) can be used as a powerful engine while being docked with
Agena.

The PPS engine is a Bell XLR 81, and can burn for a total of 265 seconds, producing 71kN of
thrust.

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The time left of the PPS in seconds can be seen on the Agena Main Panel as seen above. To
enable the engine, you need to first be docked with Agena.

When docked, follow the procedure below:

1) Send the following commands to Agena

571 HYD GAIN DK

450 D/B NARROW

2) Set the ARM STOP sw to ARM, this will arm the PPS

ARM STOP SW-ARM

3) With the PPS armed, send command 521 to enable the motor.

521 VM ON

4) To ignite the motor, send command 501

NOTE: This will fire the engine in the direction of Agena, so be sure to maneuver to the correct
attitude first!

501 PPS ON (IGNITE!)

-- BURN –

5) The engine is now burning. It is a good idea to set up the IVIs and use the computer to see
how much is left of your burn, using the normal procedures for this.

6) To stop the engine, send command 500 (just flip the encoder switch to 0 unless you have
changed the 500-1 command. You can also use the ARM STOP sw by setting it to STOP.

-- VM CUTOFF --

500 PPS OFF

451 D/B WIDE

ARM STOP SW-STOP

520 VM DISABLE

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4. AGENA ATTITUDE CONTROL

You can control the attitude of Agena to make docking easier. This can be done by the
procedures below:

A. BEF

361 GEO RATE - NORMAL

310 ROLL H/S - YAW

321 H/S PHASE - IN

IF REQ: 401 ACS - ON

IF REQ: 301 H/S - ON

351 GEO RATE - ON

341 GYROCOMPASSING - ON

B. SEF

360 GEO RATE - REVERSE

310 ROLL H/S - YAW

320 H/S PHASE - OUT

IF REQ: 401 ACS - ON

IF REQ: 301 H/S - ON

351 GEO RATE - ON

341 GYROCOMPASSING - ON

WHEN TURN COMPLETE

350 GEO RATE – OFF

5. AGENA COMMANDS
The following is a list of commands you can use with Agena. Some of them are partially
implemented or not yet implemented.

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All commands are in three digits. The first two digits can be between 0 and 9, while the last digit
can be either 0 or 1. If a command has the following syntax: XX0-1, it means that if the last digit
is 0, the first description is used, if the last digit is 1, the last is used. For example, 250-1 means
that 250 will turn OFF the ACQ lights, while 251 will turn them ON.

1. LIGHTS

250-1 ACQ LTS OFF-ON

140-1 APPROACH LTS OFF-ON

201 STATUS DISPLAY BRIGHT

211 STATUS DISPLAY DIM

200 STATUS DISPLAY OFF

2. BCNS & ANTENNA

070-1 L-BAND OFF-ON

230 VHF-DISABLES GROUND

231 UHF-ENABLES GROUND

260 DIPOLE SELECT

270 SPIRAL SELECT

151 BOOM EXTEND

3. CONTROL

060 RESETS 3 HOUR TIMER

220 UNRIGIDIZE

221 RIGIDIZE

340 V/M INTERROGATE(CLEARS)

520-1 V/M DISABLE/ENABLE

400-1 ACS OFF/ON

300-1 HORIZ SENS OFF/ON

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341 GYROCOMASS ON

350-1 GEO RATE OFF/ON

4. DATA RECORD SEQ.

041 RECORD ON

030 RECORD/TM OFF

021 TM ON (OVER STA.)

5. PERFORM A PPS BURN

571 HYD GAIN DK

450 D/B NARROW

ARM STOP SW-ARM

521 VM ON

501 PPS ON (IGNITE!)

-- BURN --

-- VM CUTOFF --

500 PPS OFF

451 D/B WIDE

ARM STOP SW-STOP

520 VM DISABLE

6. ATTITUDE CONTROL

A. BEF

361 GEO RATE - NORMAL

310 ROLL H/S - YAW

321 H/S PHASE - IN

IF REQ: 401 ACS - ON

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IF REQ: 301 H/S - ON

351 GEO RATE - ON

341 GYROCOMPASSING - ON

B. SEF

360 GEO RATE - REVERSE

310 ROLL H/S - YAW

320 H/S PHASE - OUT

IF REQ: 401 ACS - ON

IF REQ: 301 H/S - ON

351 GEO RATE - ON

341 GYROCOMPASSING - ON

WHEN TURN COMPLETE

350 GEO RATE - OFF

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X. RETROGRADE SYSTEM
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X. RETROGRADE
Retrograde is performed by 4 retrograde rockets in the retrograde section.

The retrograde phase begins about 5 minutes before retrofire, at a time point named Tr-256,
meaning 256 seconds before.

The sequencer chapter explains the steps in detail.

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XI. LANDING SYSTEM

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XI. LANDING SYSTEM

The landing system provides parachutes for a safe landing and splashdown in the ocean, and a
controlled re-entry.

1. RE-ENTRY
The re-entry computer module will guide the capsule through re-entry. After retrograde, the
spacecraft is oriented to a re-entry attitude (0 degree pitch, 180 degree roll, 0 degree yaw). This
attitude is held until the computer tells otherwise.

For manual control, the RE-ENT RATE CMD is selected (backup), or for automatic control, the RE-
ENT mode is used (primary). The computer will start the re-entry program at around 400.000 ft.
The FDI is reference to the computer for both automatic and manual control.

ONLY the roll is controlled during re-entry, and the reason for this is that the roll is controlling
the lift direction, and can be used to slightly alter the splashdown location.

See figure 11.1.1 for roll attitude effect.

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Figure 11.1.1 – Re-entry control, from SEDR 300 manual

2. LANDING
Three parachutes are used to do this. These will retard the velocity after an altitude of around
50.000 ft.

The three parachutes are: 1) A drogue chute for initial attitude and retard. 2) A pilot and main
chute for slowing down to a safe descent rate.

The LANDING switch arms the common control bus for landing and postlanding. This applies
power to the two barometric pressure switches for illuminating 10.6K and 40K warning lights.

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LANDING squib is used to arm the landing and postlanding

common control buses and squibs.

At around 50.000 ft. the HI-ALT DROGUE is manually activated.

The HI-ALT DROGUE button deploys the drogue chute.

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At 10,600 ft. the PARA switch is activated, deploying the pilot parachute. This parachute will
remove the R&R section and deploy the main parachute.

The PARA button deploys the pilot chute. This drags the R&R
section away, as well as deploying the main chute.

Figure 11.2.1 shows the landing sequence.

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Figure 11.2.1 – Landing sequence, from SEDR 300

Before splashdown, the LDG ATT button is pressed to let the main chute automatically set the
attitude of the capsule to an attitude more suited for splashdown. This is using two lines,
connected to each side of the spacecraft to let it fall sideways.

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The PARA JETT is pressed to release the main parachute after splashdown.

LDG ATT puts the spacecraft in splashdown attitude using

the main chute lines.

PARA JETT jettisons the main chute from the spacecraft.

When you splash down, the mission will be complete and you will be floating in the ocean. You
can still operate the spacecraft. Press ESC to end the Simulation Session.

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XII. COMMUNICATION

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XII. COMMUNICATION
1. GENERAL
The communication system contains all the equipment for being able to communicate between
the spaceship and ground. It provides radar tracking of the spacecraft, two-way voice
communication between ground and the spacecraft, between the crew, telemetry and
instrumentation, and post landing recovery communication.

Figure 12.1.1 shows the communication equipment on-board.

Figure 12.1.1 – Communication Equipment, from SEDR 300

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It has eight antennas for the various communication components:

1) UHF recovery
2) UHF stub
3) UHF descent
4) 2x UHF whips
5) 2x HF whips
6) C-band

Four beacons is used to track and locate the spaceship during the mission.

Figure 12.1.2 and 12.1.3 shows the antenna usage throughout the misson.

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Figure 12.1.2 – Ascent to insertion communication sequence, from SEDR 300

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Figure 12.1.3 – Retro to landing communication sequence, from SEDR 300

Voice communication is maintained by either the HF transmitters/receivers, or the UHF

transmitters/receivers.

The communication system is controlled by the lower center panel.

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At insertion, the HF whip antenna should be extended by setting HF ANT to EXT, while the
LANDING squib is set to SAFE.

Extending takes one minute. After extending, the HF ANT switch is placed to OFF.

The S-BAND and C-BAND switches should be in the CMD position as ground and external
control is the primary control.

HF is controlled by positioning the HF select switch to RNTY and MODE switch 1 or 2 to HF

position. UHF is the primary channel during orbit, but HF is needed after re-entry.

The preferred UHF antenna is on the ADAPTER during Orbit. The reentry antenna is used for re-
entry.

Prior to adapter equipment section separation, the re-entry antennas are selected by placing
T/M CONTROL to R/T & ACQ, the ANT SEL to RNTY. The HF is retracted, this can take over a
minute.

During re-entry, a blackout occurs during atmospheric re-entry caused by an ionization shield
around the spacecraft due to extremely high temperatures.

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XIII. CHECKLISTS

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XIII. CHECKLISTS
This chapter contains all the checklists available in-flight using the checklists menu on the
Mission Pad.

Press F12 to access this:

From this menu, select the checklist you want to follow:

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Two buttons are visible from the selected checklist menu. BACK will take you back to the
checklist selection, and RUN will run the checklist using a highlighter. You will need to perform
the steps but a highlighter is used to guide you to the next switch that is not correctly set. Pay
attention as some of the optional steps are not highlighted etc.

The highlighter will show a blue cube around the current switch that is out of place.

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The checklists in-game is up to date. The following is a replica, but can lag behind or be
different due to rapid development.

PREFLIGHT CHECKLIST
1. Main Batteries #1 to #4, ON

2. Squib Batteries #1 to #3, ON

3. Fuel Cell Stack 1A to 2C, ON

4. Fuel Cell Section 1 Power, ON

5. Fuel Cell Section 2 Power, ON

6. Computer Power, ON

7. MDIU Power, ON

8. AUX Tape Power, ON

9. Boost-Insert Squib, ARM

10. Retro Squibs #1 to #4, ARM

11. Primary Coolant Pump A, ON

12. Primary Coolant Pump B, ON

13. Secondary Coolant Pump A, ON

14. Secondary Coolant Pump B, ON

15. Radiator, BYPASS

16. Suit Fans, No.1 and No.2

17. Wait for Computer pre-check completion

18. Computer: ASCENT module

ENABLE OAMS
1. OAMS Control Power, ON

2. OAMS Prop Motor Valves, OPEN

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INSERTION CHECKLIST
1. OAMS Control Power, OFF

2. OAMS Prop Motor Valves, CLOSED

3. VERIFY: All Fuel Cell Stacks, ON

4. VERIFY: Both Fuel Cell Sections, ON

5. Main Battery #1 - #4, OFF

6. Boost-Insert Squib, SAFE

7. Retro Rocket Squib #1 - #4, SAFE

8. Radiator, BYPASS - Turn on at elapsed 40min.

PLATFORM ALIGNMENT
- Use BEF or SEF to align platform with Earth horizon.

AUTOPILOT SEF (SHARP END FORWARD)

1. Platform Mode: SEF

2. Attitude Control Mode: PLAT

AUTOPILOT BEF (BLUNT END FORWARD)

1. Platform Mode: BEF

2. Attitude Control Mode: PLAT

TIME TO RETRO -5 MINUTES

1. Retro power - ARM

2. Ind Retro Att, PRESS

3. Batteries - ON

4. Fuel Cells - OFF

4. Fuel Cells Stacks- OFF

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5. RCS, PRESS

6. SEP OAMS LINE, PRESS

7. SEP ELEC, PRESS

8. SEP ADAPT, PRESS

9. Computer - REENTRY

10. Retro Auto FUSE, ON

11. Retro Man FUSE, ON

TIME TO RETRO -30 SECONDS

1. Retro Squibs, ARM

2. ARM AUTO RETRO, PRESS

WAIT FOR RETROS TO FIRE

3. 1 second after Retro ignition:

MAN FIRE RETRO, PRESS

JETTISON RETROS
1. Retro Jettison Squib, ARM

When JETT RETRO glows:

2. JETT RETRO, PRESS

POST RETRO JETTISON

1. Retro Power, SAFE

2. Retro Jettison, SAFE

3. Retro Rocket Squibs #1 - #4, SAFE

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4. Landing Squib, ARM

When AUX Tape is GREEN

5. Computer: START

6. Perform Reentry HF Radio Checklist

REENTRY HF RADIO SELECT

1. HF Antenna Control - EXT

2. Radio Antenna Select - RNTY

3. Radio Mode (A or B) – HF

LANDING/DESCENT
WHEN 40k ILLUMINATES

1. HI ALT DROGUE, PRESS

WHEN 10.6k ILLUMINATES

2. PARA, PRESS

WHEN AT 500ft ALT

3. LDG ATT, PRESS

MANUAL RATE COMMAND

1. Attitude Control, RATE CMD

2. Platform Mode, ORB RATE

3. OAMS Control Power, ON

4. OAMS Prop Motor Valves, OPEN

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