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RK Narayan
RK Narayan
* Kanika Kachroo
* English literature from Mahatma Gandhi University, Meghalaya
Keywords :
INTRODUCTION. a green gate, my uncle promised that I would in due course
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan- find myself there. I did not welcome the idea. It was a gaunt
swami Iyer or R.K.Narayan is con- looking building with a crucifix on its roof, and I hated it at
sidered to be one of the founding first sight.”3 He was an avid observer of life around him, loved
fathers of Indian English Novel his pets, and enjoyed playing and hated school and studies.
along with Raja Rao and Mulk Raj He has beautifully pictured his childhood memories in his first
Anand. The first Indian English novel Swami and Friends published in the year 1935, Swami
Novel was written by Bankim Chan- ,the protagonist in the novel is a small child and we see the
dra Chatterjee in 1904 (Rajmohan’s world through his eyes, while reading the novel it seems as
Wife),not much significant develop- we have revisited our childhood years. Narayan after college
ment took place for some time in tried his hands at many things but writing suited him the best
this genre, the output consisted of and against the wishes of his family he decided to take writing
historical or romantic novels, the appearance of Mahatma full time. Following lines from his Memoir show the discon-
Gandhi on the scene shifted the focus of fiction to his works tentment of his family, “My father occasionally enamored of
and thinking, but it was actually in the period of 1930-1970 me, ‘what are you attempting on that road roller?’(My type-
when writers like Raja Rao, R.K.Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, writer).He gently suggested that ‘I should not waste time.’ ”4
Kamala Markandeya, Anita Desai, Bhabani Bhattacharya,
Khushwant Singh and Nirad.C.Chaudhari and many others
arrived, and tried their hands at various themes and evolution
in this field began. The current group consists of writers like
Salman Rushdie, Vikram Seth, V.S.Naipaul, Amitav Ghosh,
Arundhati Roy, Shobha De ,Chetan Bhagat and Amish Trip-
athi and many others , their themes and styles are experimen-
tal and have earned them name and fame.
like in a cocoon, his only focus being the upbringing of his depicts our moral values, religious beliefs and relationships,
daughter. But a spiritual experience changed his attitude to- in a way, he gives us an observation of Indian way of life. He
wards life and then his pen never stopped but just kept giving has created a world of his own which comes to life as we open
us pearls of wisdom till he was alive. The English Teacher any of his work, the art of detailing and the character portrayal
(1945), is a very special novel, about it he says, “The English make it very real.
Teacher is autobiographical in content, very little part of it be-
ing fiction. The English Teacher of the novel, Krishna, is a His most beautiful creation is the imaginary town of Malgudi, it
fictional character in the fictional city of Malgudi; but he goes is like any small town in South India with beautiful landscape,
through the same experience I had gone through, and he simple people, some recognizable buildings and life of people
calls his wife Susila, and the child is Leela instead of Hema.”6 there is intertwined with each other, they enjoy sitting under
trees and discussing about each other’s life, womenfolk like
In his lifetime he has given us a number of novels, short celebrating their rituals together and children like playing in
stories, and non fictional work. His novels include Swami natural environs. Everyone knows everybody else; any new
and Friends(1935, Hamish Hamilton),The Bachelor of Arts entrant is easily recognizable. Malgudi shows growth and de-
(1937, Thomas Nelson),The Dark Room (1938, Eyre),The velopment with time, British bring their impressions to it and
English Teacher (1945, Eyre),Mr. Sampath (1948, Eyre),The the new India brings its own symbols to it. Malgudi is the set-
Financial Expert (1952, Methuen),Waiting for the Mahatma ting of most of his novels and though he made it world famous
(1955, Methuen),The Guide (1958, Methuen),The Man- as a synonym with small town life of India but actually it is
Eater of Malgudi (1961, Viking),The Vendor of Sweets nowhere to be found on the map of India. In his own words,
(1967, The Bodley Head),The Painter of Signs (1977, “I really can’t explain its (Malgudi) persistence, you know.
Heinemann),A Tiger for Malgudi (1983, Heinemann),Talkative Because it was just a casual idea. It’s not a fixation, a fixed
Man (1986, Heinemann),The World of Nagaraj (1990, geography. It has grown, developed. I think it has very elas-
Heinemann),Grandmother’s Tale (1992, Indian Thought Pub- tic borders, elastic frontiers, elastic everything – with a few
lications); non-fiction- Next Sunday (1960, Indian Thought fixed points, that’s all…. Instead of listening to a temple piper,
Publications),My Dateless Diary (1960, Indian Thought people probably have a transistor radio. And then, instead of
Publications),My Days (1974, Viking),Reluctant Guru (1974, a transistor they may have a three-in-one recorder and play
Orient Paperbacks),The Emerald Route (1980, Indian cassettes. You can watch villagers playing cassettes in the
Thought Publications),A Writer’s Nightmare (1988, Pen- fields nowadays. But people have not changed. Human types
guin Books);Mythology-Gods, Demons and Others (1964, have remained the same. So they remain my characters. At
Viking),The Ramayana (1973, Chatto & Windus),The Ma- least in Malgudi there can’t be.”9
habharata (1978, Heinemann),Short story collections-
Malgudi Days (1942, Indian Thought Publications),An As- Narayan has been unusual with his style, while as others
trologer’s Day and Other Stories (1947, Indian Thought were busy writing about Indian freedom struggle and Gandhi,
Publications),Lawley Road and Other Stories (1956, Indian Narayan was busy revealing the secrets of common man’s
Thought Publications),A Horse and Two Goats (1970),Under life, in his own style and language, for him English was a way
the Banyan Tree and Other Stories (1985),The Grandmoth- of expressing, he never tried to emulate his western idols but
er’s Tale and Selected Stories (1994, Viking). wrote and created form of his own, his English was Indian
in feel and appeal. Though initially he was criticized for his
Narayan managed a decent writing career ,was able to buy choice of subjects and simplicity of writing but later it was this
property, take care of his family and daughter and roam around sense and trademark style of writing that made him an icon.
the world, carry on with his interests and above all write. “The “For anyone, like Greene, seeking to understand India, R.K.
Guide won him the The Sahitya Academy Award in 1960. He Narayan is more accessible than Salman Rushdie and less
was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1964.University of Leeds cumbersome than Vikram Seth. In 15 novels and numerous
conferred on him Honor of D.Litt in 1967, Delhi University fol- short stories written in a spare style, and rarely more than
lowed it in 1973.He was a visiting lecturer at Michigan State 200 pages long, he illuminates the lives of small-town people.
university in 1958 and lectured at many reputed institutions of Gradually the reader comes to view the world through Indian
America , such as University of California, Kansas University, rather than western eyes.”10
Yale University and Yassar College. Many of his stories have
been broadcasted by B.B.C. Malgudi Days a tele-serial was R.K.Narayan was a master of characterization. His creations
made on his short stories. He won the A.C.Benson medal by have become immortal. Swami, one of the earliest of his char-
Royal Society of Literature in 1980.He was made the Honor- acters is the best of the lot. This small boy has a world of his
ary member of American Academy and Institute of Arts and own, he wants to eat, play, sleep and enjoy in the safe con-
Letters in 1982.During 1986-1991, was nominated Member of fines of his home, for him this means the world, he belongs to
Rajya Sabha. He was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan a typical South Indian Brahmin family, the description of his
in 2000.”7 Narayan died on 13th may 2001, leaving behind a home, family and the town Malgudi (first introduction to this
treasure of knowledge. imaginary town) give us a feel of South India. Swami is like
any of us in our childhood, full of mischief and curiosity, his
friends, adventures and outlook towards life is described in
the brand Narayan style. A few lines from the novel – “It was a
perfect Monday morning. Swaminathan was reluctant to open
his eyes. He considered Monday especially unpleasant in the
calendar. After the delicious freedom of Saturday and Sun-
day, it was difficult to get into the Monday mood of work and
discipline. He shuddered at the very thought of school: that
dismal yellow building; the fire eyed Vedangayagam, his class
teacher; the headmaster with his thin long cane…”11
The characters from his pen kept growing over the years and
STYLE AND SENSE OF WRITING. became memorable, they could be anyone from a doting
R.K.Narayan was a voracious reader and a sharp observer, mother, to a college student, a school boy, married man, a
he could mimic life brilliantly and his characters remind us of tortured wife, an unhappy son, a sad father or our very own
people and life around us. He gives us what we know but from village postman; all of them had their own peculiarities and
a detached point of view, he satirizes our superstitions and characteristics, beautifully sketched and inspired from life.
social evils, empathizes with the plight of women, and gives For eg- Chandan from The Bachelor of Arts is like any repre-
a peek into British India, shows us the simplicity and culture sentative youth of his times, influenced by western thinking.
and traditions of rural and small town India, very beautifully He is a good student and wants to live life on his own terms,
falls in love faces rejection from society, becomes an ascetic idioms. Along with Munshi Premchand (1880-1936), Anand
and at last comes back to normal Indian family life, we don’t was responsible for forming Dalit literature of India. He be-
hate or love him but just empathize as he is like any of us came a part of the Indian National Congress and joined the
rebel at heart but a firm believer of Indian family values. Raju, freedom struggle.
from The Guide is the journey of a common man from com-
monness to esoteric levels, he is like a landmark character in Raja Rao started his career with Kanthapura. It is the story of
Narayan creations, and the growth of this character is brilliant. a south Indian village during freedom struggle and the influ-
Some of his women characters are avant-garde and symbol ence of Gandhi phenomenon on the village people. The story
of the changing trends in our country, Savitri from The Dark is being narrated by an old woman in a typical Indian style
Room doesn’t take unfaithfulness from her husband easily, which is racy, spontaneous and poetic.
and Rosie from The Guide breaks her marriage and lives life
on her own terms. Though most of his women characters Rao was influenced by Gandhism and wrote about it again in
imbibe the loving, caring and sacrificing characteristics but the short story collection The Cow of the Barricades (1947).
they give an impression of not to be taken granted and given In 1998 he published Gandhi’s biography Great Indian Way:
a space of their own. Some of his characters like Margayya A Life of Mahatma Gandhi. He has written only five novels
(The Financial Expert) and Talkative Man show the universal- Kanthapura, The Serpent and the Rope, The Cat and Shake-
ity of his characters. RK.Narayan is a common man’s writer, speare, Comrade Kirillov and The Chessmaster and His
his works are loved alike by young, old and children .His Moves. His works are deeply influenced by Hindu tradition
works have a worldwide appeal. and spiritualism. The Serpent and The Rope won him Sahitya
Academy Award in 1964. This novel illustrates the conflicts
12 between east and west, it is the story of Ramaswamy, his
psychological introspection and his journey towards spiritual
evolution. He is a young Brahmin studying in France who
marries a French college teacher, while he is managing his
family commitments and life with his partner; she decides to
renounce the world. Cat and Shakespeare (1965) is a met-
aphysical comedy where the Hindu notion of Karma is dis-
cussed. Comrade Kirillov (1976) satirizes communism, The
Chessmaster and His Moves (1988) is about people seeking
their identities.
REFERENCES
Google.com | R.K.Narayan,The Bachelor Of Arts(Introduction By Graham Greene),Indian Thought Publication,1956 | R.K.Narayan,My Days,Picador,2001,P.34 |
R.K.Narayan, My Days :A Memoir,Picador,2001,P.76 | Google.Com | R.K.Narayan,My Days :A Memoir,Picador,2001,P.129 | J.M.Purohit, Major Novels Of R.K. Narayan,
Mark Publishers,2011,P.10 | Google.com | Frontlineonnet.Com | Economist.Com | R.K.Narayan: Swami And Friends, Mysore Indian Thought Publication, 1985,P.1 |
Google.Com | Facebook.com | Hillary Spurling, The Observer. |