RESEARCH

IN

P.E
Franz Ivan M. Cantara
IT22FA5
Mr. Gilbert Ocampo
 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In early December 1891, Canadian American Dr. James Naismith, a physical education professor and

instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School (YMCA)

(today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA), was trying to keep his gym class active on

a rainy day. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness

during the long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to

walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) elevated

track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be

retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient, however, so the bottom of the

basket was removed, allowing the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each time.

Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. The first balls made specifically for basketball were

brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to

players and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in common use. Dribbling was not part

of the original game except for the "bounce pass" to teammates. Passing the ball was the primary means of

ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the asymmetric shape of early balls.

Dribbling only became a major part of the game around the 1950s, as manufacturing improved the ball

shape.

The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards.

A further change was soon made, so the ball merely passed through. Whenever a person got the ball in the

basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the game. The baskets were

originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators

on the balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it

had the additional effect of allowing rebound shots. Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his
granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had invented, which

incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck on a Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith

called the new game "Basket Ball". The first official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium in Albany,

New York on January 20, 1892 with nine players. The game ended at 1–0; the shot was made from 25 feet

(7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a present-day Streetball or National Basketball Association (NBA)

court. By 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.

2. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS

The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the ball and the court: a flat, rectangular surface with

baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require the use of more equipment such as clocks, score

sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems. A

regulation basketball court in international games is 91.9 feet long and 49.2 feet wide. In

the NBA and NCAA the court is 94 feet by 50 feet. Most courts have wood flooring, usually constructed

from maple planks running in the same direction as the longer court dimension. The name and logo of the

home team is usually painted on or around the center circle.

The basket is a steel rim 18 inches diameter with an attached net affixed to a backboard that measures 6

feet by 3.5 feet and one basket is at each end of the court. The white outlined box on the backboard is

18 inches high and 2 feet wide. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet

above the court and 4 feet inside the baseline. While variation is possible in the dimensions of the court and
backboard, it is considered important for the basket to be of the correct height – a rim that is off by just a

few inches can have an adverse effect on shooting.

The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, the official ball is 29.5 inches in circumference (size

7, or a "295 ball") and weighs 22 oz. If women are playing, the official basketball size is 28.5 inches in

circumference (size 6, or a "285 ball") with a weight of 20 oz.

3. BASIC SKILLS

A.) Dribbling

- Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. This skill will allow you to move up and

down the court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays. Proper dribbling requires ball-

handling skills and knowledge of how to spread your fingers for ball control. It is also best if you

know how to dribble equally well with both hands.

B.) Shooting

- In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This requires the

ability to properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the basket while avoiding defenders. A

proper shot requires precise aiming, arm extension and lift from the legs. There are different types

of shots you need to learn, including jump shots, layups and free throws.
C.) Running

- Running is a big part of basketball. In a full-court game, you will find yourself running back and

forth as the game quickly transitions between offense and defense. When you have the ball,

running will help you to avoid defenders and get to the basket quicker. On defense, you often will

find yourself needing to run after the opponent, especially during fast breaks.

D.) Passing

- Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a complete basketball player.

Basketball is a team sport that involves finding a teammate who is open for a shot. The ability to

pass the ball to this player can make the difference between scoring and not scoring. Really great

passers are an important part of a basketball team and usually the ones who set up scoring plays.

E.) Jumping

- Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball player is. Jumping is involved in

offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking shots and sometimes while trying to

catch a pass. On defensive you will need the ability to jump when trying to block a shot or a pass.

Being able to out jump your opponent for a rebound also is important.
4. LEAD UP GAMES IN BASKETBALL

A.) Twenty-One

- This game helps you practice shooting and dribbling -- especially under pressure -- and defense

skills. Separate the team into groups of two to six and assign them a ball and hoop. Players line up

behind the foul line and take turns shooting. Player one shoots, and if she makes it, she gets two

points. She then continues to shoot until she misses. Upon missing, she must try to rebound the

ball before it bounces twice on the floor. If she can, she gets one point and passes the ball to

player two. She then returns to the back of the line. If she doesn't make it, she gains no extra point

and relinquishes the ball. All players perform in this manner in an attempt to be the first player to

gain 21 points. Note that the line-up may repeat in sequential order until someone wins.

B.) Musical Dribble

- Musical dribble works your dribbling and stealing skills. Separate the team into pairs, with each pair

having one basketball. Have music on hand that is easily turned on and off. Partners begin by

passing the ball back and forth. When the music starts, whoever has the ball begins dribbling in the

small space allotted to each pair. The other player attempts to steal the ball away from him. If

stolen, the roles reverse and the other player attempts to steal. When the music stops, whoever

has the ball begins passing it back and forth again. This activity can continue for as long as

desired.
 C.) Basketball Chicken Fights

- This game helps work your multitasking abilities. Give all players a basketball and assign

boundaries to the game, such as the court sidelines. Upon the "go" signal, players attempt to knock

other players' balls away while maintaining control over their own ball. Once a player loses control

over her ball or steps out of the designated boundaries, she is eliminated. Continue in this manner

until one person is left. You can shrink the boundaries when a significant amount of players have

been eliminated.

5. RULES AND REGULATION

Basketball is a team sport. Two teams of five players each try to score by shooting a ball through a hoop

elevated 10 feet above the ground. The game is played on a rectangular floor called the court, and there is

a hoop at each end. The court is divided into two main sections by the mid-court line. If the offensive team

puts the ball into play behind the mid-court line, it has ten seconds to get the ball over the mid-court line. If

it doesn't, then the defense gets the ball. Once the offensive team gets the ball over the mid-court line, it

can no longer have possession of the ball in the area in back of the line. If it does, the defense is awarded

the ball. The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing or dribbling. The team with the ball

is called the offense. The team without the ball is called the defense. They try to steal the ball, contest

shots, steal and deflect passes, and garner rebounds. When a team makes a basket, they score two points

and the ball goes to the other team. If a basket, or field goal, is made outside of the three-point arc, then

that basket is worth three points. A free throw is worth one point. Free throws are awarded to a team
according to some formats involving the number of fouls committed in a half and/or the type of foul

committed. Fouling a shooter always results in two or three free throws being awarded the shooter,

depending upon where he was when he shot. If he was beyond the three-point line, then he gets three

shots. Other types of fouls do not result in free throws being awarded until a certain number have

accumulated during a half. Once that number is reached, then the player who was fouled is awarded a '1-

and-1' opportunity. If he makes his first free throw, he gets to attempt a second. If he misses the first shot,

the ball is live on the rebound. Each game is divided into sections. All levels have two halves. In college,

each half is twenty minutes long. In high school and below, the halves are divided into eight (and

sometimes, six) minute quarters. In the pros, quarters are twelve minutes long. There is a gap of several

minutes between halves. Gaps between quarters are relatively short. If the score is tied at the end of

regulation, then overtime periods of various lengths are played until a winner emerges. Each team is

assigned a basket or goal to defend. This means that the other basket is their scoring basket. At halftime,

the teams switch goals. The game begins with one player from either team at center court. A referee will

toss the ball up between the two. The player that gets his hands on the ball will tip it to a teammate. This is

called a tip-off. In addition to stealing the ball from an opposing player, there are other ways for a team to

get the ball. One such way is if the other team commits a foul or violation.
 Fouls and Violations

FOULS

Personal fouls: Personal fouls include any type of illegal physical contact.

 Hitting

 Pushing

 Slapping

 Holding

 Illegal pick/screen -- when an offensive player is moving. When an offensive player sticks out a limb and

makes physical contact with a defender in an attempt to block the path of the defender.

Personal foul penalties

If a player is shooting while a being fouled, then he gets two free throws if his shot doesn't go in, but only

one free throw if his shot does go in.

their shot. If a player is fouled while shooting a three-point shot and makes it anyway, he is awarded one

free throw. Thus, he could score four points on the play.

 Inbounds. If fouled while not shooting, the ball is given to the team the foul was committed upon. They get

the ball at the nearest side or baseline, out of bounds, and have 5 seconds to pass the ball onto the court.

 One & one. If the team committing the foul has seven or more fouls in the game, then the player who was

fouled is awarded one free throw. If he makes his first shot, then he is awarded another free throw.

 Ten or more fouls. If the team committing the foul has ten or more fouls, then the fouled player receives two

free throws.

Charging - An offensive foul that is committed when a player pushes or runs over a defensive player. The

ball is given to the team that the foul was committed upon.

Blocking - Blocking is illegal personal contact resulting from a defender not establishing position in time to

prevent an opponent's drive to the basket.

Flagrant foul - Violent contact with an opponent. This includes hitting, kicking, and punching. This type of

foul results in free throws plus the offense retaining possession of the ball after the free throws.

Intentional foul - When a player makes physical contact with another player with no reasonable effort to

steal the ball. It is a judgment call for the officials.

Technical foul - A player or a coach can commit this type of foul. It does not involve player contact or the
ball but is instead about the 'manners' of the game. Foul language, obscenity, obscene gestures, and even

arguing can be considered a technical foul, as can technical details regarding filling in the scorebook

improperly or dunking during warm-ups.

VIOLATIONS

Walking/Traveling - Taking more than 'a step and a half' without dribbling the ball is traveling. Moving your

pivot foot once you've stopped dribbling is traveling.

Carrying/palming - When a player dribbles the ball with his hand too far to the side of or, sometimes, even

under the ball.

Double Dribble - Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the same time or picking up the dribble

and then dribbling again is a double dribble.

Held ball - Occasionally, two or more opposing players will gain possession of the ball at the same time. In

order to avoid a prolonged and/or violent tussle, the referee stops the action and awards the ball to one

team or the other on a rotating basis.

Goaltending - If a defensive player interferes with a shot while it's on the way down toward the basket,

while it's on the way up toward the basket after having touched the backboard, or while it's in the cylinder

above the rim, it's goaltending and the shot counts. If committed by an offensive player, it's a violation and

the ball is awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in.

across the line during possession. If they do, the ball is awarded to the other team to pass inbounds.

Time restrictions - A player passing the ball inbounds has five seconds to pass the ball. If he does not,

then the ball is awarded to the other team. Other time restrictions include the rule that a player cannot have

the ball for more than five seconds when being closely guarded and, in some states and levels, shot-clock

restrictions requiring a team to attempt a shot within a given time frame.