Dorota Sieroń-Galusek,

Łukasz Galusek

Borderland

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 Dorota Sieroń-Galusek, Łukasz Galusek

BORDERLAND
On Reviving Culture

LIT

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 Cover: Photograph from the Archive of the Borderland of Arts, Cultures
and Nations in Sejny Foundation and Centre
Author: Kuba Kossak
The photograph on the cover of this book was licensed for publication
free of charge by the Borderland Foundation.

Translated from the Polish.

Title of the Polish edition: Pogranicze. O odradzaniu si˛e kultury
Published by: Kolegium Europy Wschodniej im. Jana Nowaka-
Jeziorańskiego, Wrocław 2012.

Translated by: Jessica Taylor-Kucia

Proofreading: Nicholas Hodge

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at
http://dnb.d-nb.de.
ISBN 978-3-643-91119-3 (pb)
ISBN 978-3-643-96119-8 (PDF)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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 Inhalt

1 The wandering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Sub-existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Restlessness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 The journey is above all a return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 A fixed point of reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2 Atlantis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 When did the end come? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Fugitives from Atlantis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 New barbarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 In the light of u-topia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Emptiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1 The thread of the story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 Deeper descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3 In the footsteps of the intractables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4 We remember, therefore we are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.5 A question of dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.6 Therapy or mutilation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.7 Memory of ancient time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.8 Community of memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.9 Neighbours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.10 However it was it is what it is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.11 Towards a culture of remembering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.12 Milieux de mémoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

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 Inhalt

4 Rootedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.1 Returnees to Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.2 Home, nest, temple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3 The Sejny Chronicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.4 Establish the place, establish the word . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.5 The rooted avant-garde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.6 Playing here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.7 The Krasnogruda route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

5 Connective tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

5.1 A roof which does not obscure the heavens . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2 Borderlander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.3 Place of power, place of trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.4 The borderland is an agora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.5 Dialogue is building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

6 Active culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

6.1 Fraternal theatre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.2 A Time of Activism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.3 Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.4 The Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.5 Rebellion, artistry, and innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.6 The secret of small numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.7 Profitless meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

7 Hospitality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7.1 Friendship for life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.2 Practitioner of ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.3 The encounter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

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 Inhalt

Practising the tale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Dorota S IERO Ń -G ALUSEK
The Land without Borders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Irena G RUDZI ŃSKA -G ROSS
A ‘Rather Long’ Book Jacket Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Ian WATSON
Index of Proper Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Krzysztof C ZY ŻEWSKI English Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . 192

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 The Land without Borders
Irena G RUDZI ŃSKA -G ROSS
It is quite rare to find a book about a phenomenon that perfectly reflects its
topic. The volume you are holding in your hands – Borderland by Łukasz
Galusek and Dorota Sieroń-Galusek – is just such a rarity. Its sensibility,
style and horizon of ideas correspond to the very nature of the Borderland
Foundation it describes. I am calling the topic of this book ‘a Foundation,’
but it is much more than an institution. It is a movement and a way of
life; and the book Borderland presents a history of that undertaking. Its
protagonists, the founders of that movement, decided almost thirty years
ago to live an authentic life, useful to them and to others. What followed is
an example of their ideas successfully woven into practice, a noble project
lived and implemented by noble individuals – the individuals that have
chosen to become ‘Borderlanders’.
Let me start with some information. Around 1989, as the communist
system in Poland was approaching its demise, a group of young people,
some from avant-garde theatrical circles, others with a traditional musical
background, decided to look for a place where they could work on their
art unhindered by political and commercial pressures. The times were ripe
for change, and the young artists were eager to find themselves where their
presence would make a difference. They had experience working ‘in the
provinces,’ and their art had been nourished by direct contact with their
local public. They were attracted to the places that were not easy, that were
burdened by history. In Poland, it is not difficult to find such places, as
the entire country has been living in the shadow of difficult history. They
settled on the border of Poland and Lithuania, in a place marked by conflicts
but still inhabited by several ethnicities. Once they had settled there, they
incorporated their group as the Borderland Foundation. It was May, 1990.
The name Borderland Foundation is composed of two interesting
words. In 1990s Poland, the term ‘foundation’ did not mean a wealthy
grant-giving institution. Quite the opposite, it was (and is) a term denoting
a tax-exempt recipient of grants. The second word in that name reflected

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 Irena Grudzińska-Gross

what was most important – the idea that became a place. They had
chosen a vulnerable region, where their work promised discovery, recovery,
healing. From the initial group, the two founding couples remain the
animators, directors, and the soul of the foundation till today. They are
Krzysztof Czyżewski, Małgorzata Szporek-Czyżewska, Wojciech Szroeder
and Bożena Szroeder. What they started is now a multi-faceted way of
living and working. Their original seat was located in an old synagogue in
the town of Sejny; it is there that they have performances and exhibits. Also
in Sejny, they established an archive and information centre which contains
a research library. In Krasnogruda, not far from Sejny, they have renovated a
manor house that once belonged to the family of the poet Czesław Miłosz;
this is where many of their cultural and intellectual activities take place.
In the surrounding park some of the most wonderful performances and
meetings happen. Each of these places is magical and unforgettable.
The book beautifully describes Borderland’s activities and the ideas
behind them. The authors not only understand but also share the
intellectual, artistic and emotional intentions that govern the practice of
the Borderlanders. They have read the same books that inspired the
Borderlanders, they understand what the Borderland’s practice consists
of, what its objectives are. Though Borderland’s work and its conceptual
underpinning has evolved and developed with time, its constant mission
is to grow social connective tissue so as to mend society’s ruptures.
The authors of the book present the stages of the unending process
of the reconstruction of the diversity of traditions: together with the
Borderlanders, they listen to the voices of the past. They share the loyalty
towards the place, and to any of the places the Borderlanders collaborate
with, avoiding preferential treatment for majority cultures, for hierarchy
linked to state power. And, very importantly, they describe Borderland’s
effort to create a space for the voices of those who are not here anymore,
for the murdered, the expelled, and the forgotten. Such work requires not
only modesty and devotion, but also courage. The authors of the book write
about that courage, mentioning, for example, that the publishing house
of the Borderland foundation issued, among many outstanding books,
Neighbors by Jan T. Gross (2000); it was an act that opened a nationwide
debate about complicity in the Holocaust. The decision to publish that book,

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 The Land without Borders

to open it to free access on the Foundation’s website, was one of the most
decisive among their many important activities to enlarge public discourse
and ground it in facts.
The book follows these and other decisions made by the people linked
with the Borderland group that positively influenced the cultural climate
of post-1989 Poland. The Borderlanders made their choices in a very
deliberate way and celebrated their maîtres à penser. The book Borderland
follows their inspirations, most of all the decisive influence of Czesław
Miłosz with his non-dogmatic attachment to the borderlands. Other books
that Galusek and Sieroń-Galusek have read together with the Czyżewskis
and Schroeders are those by the chroniclers of the borderlands Stanisław
Vincenz and Jerzy Stempowski, as well as the poetry of Paul Celan and the
theology of Simone Weil. The thought of Hannah Arendt is also present, as
are the political choices of Jerzy Giedroyc. The issues of active memory,
of living with the Other, and of embracing difference are presented in
this book as they developed in the active thinking and thoughtful acting
of the Borderland. The book maps the intellectual, conceptual work done
by Borderlanders and shows their fruitful collaboration with people from
other difficult places and regions. The reader of this book will have the
unique possibility of seeing the interlacing of social practice with its
intellectual origins. The authors join the Borderlanders: their book is an act
of bringing the reader into a cultural and ethical community. The territory
this community occupies has no borders and does not require passports.
May it host a community of people as large as possible.

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 A ‘Rather Long’ Book Jacket Commentary
Ian WATSON
Director of the Theatre Program
Director of the Urban Civic Initiative
Department of Arts, Culture and Media
Rutgers University-Newark

Borderland: On Reviving Culture is a most timely book that tells the

story of a project for our times. It is the story of the Borderland
organization, which consists of two dovetailing initiatives, an international
NGO, the Borderland Foundation (Fundacja Pogranicze), and the more
locally and nationally focused Borderland Centre of Arts, Culture and
Nations. Borderland is based in the far northeastern corner of Poland close
to the borders of Russia, Lithuania and Belarus, where it has devised an
array of programs and initiatives designed to promote harmonious cultural
plurality in a region of inter-ethnic and religious tensions that date back
centuries. These initiatives have proven so successful since its formation in
1990 that the foundation has garnered financial support from international
organizations, such as the European Union and the Ford Foundation. It has
also been invited to work internationally in places such as the Caucasus
region (during the Bosnian conflict and currently in the Ukraine), in
Indonesia during religious riots in the early years of the new millennium,
and in recent times in Israel, among the Jewish and Palestinian peoples of
the West Bank.
This is the first book-length study of Borderland and its strategies
for change in English; but it is written with an insider’s eye by two
Polish scholars who have followed the organization for many years. It
explores Borderland’s origins. Its early inspiration was in the intellectual
vision of the Polish émigré literature smuggled into the country during
the communist regime. The book examines the organization’s roots in the
student activism of 1970s communist Poland as well as the alternative
theatre movement of the time, with particular reference to the famed theatre

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 Ian Watson

group Gardzienice, where two of Borderland’s founders were actors. It

explains the links to Jerzy Grotowski’s notion of Active Culture that called
for abandoning the distinction between actor and spectator. It follows the
actual and metaphorical transition of Borderland’s founders, from their
urban home in the western city of Poznań near the border with Germany,
to their future home in the eastern rural village of Sejny. It follows the
evolution of Borderland from a theatre troupe into an organization rooted
in a social activism that places the onus for change on everyone involved. It
then charts that activism from its arrival in Sejny in 1990 as little more than
an ambition, to the official opening of Borderland’s international centre for
dialogue in Krasnogruda, in 2011, and beyond to the present day.
This is a volume rich with the history of an important organization,
which to everyone’s detriment is little known in the English-speaking
world beyond students of socially engaged practice. But this is a work
in the tradition of the best histories, because its authors, Łukasz Galusek
and Dorota Sieroń-Galusek, have a comprehensive understanding of the
intellectual and cultural world that blossomed in Poland following the
collapse of communism, a world that included organizations such as
Borderland. This deep, emic understanding and first-hand knowledge of the
organization’s initiatives for change allows the authors to avoid the cliché
of a strictly linear chronology that doggedly marks off facts and considers
them as they unfolded through time. Borderland: On Reviving Culture
is a nuanced work that traces Borderland’s inspirations and influences
as well as the intellectual and cultural milieu that shaped its evolution
from a group of young actors, with an unclear ambition unfettered by
communism’s demise, to an organization committed to a socio-aesthetic
practice that fosters tolerance and understanding in a world torn by
difference and conflict. This is a Borderland predicated upon the premise
that humans are essentially social animals and as such must embrace living
with the inevitable in any complex society, the ‘Others’ – those with
different histories, different beliefs, different values, different points of
view, different politics.
Borderland: On Reviving Culture is an important book because even
though Borderland is very much a product of its location, it provides a
window into at least one successful alternative to the world we live in.

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 A ‘Rather Long’ Book Jacket Commentary

An alternative shaped by engaged tolerance with a proven track record in

which dignity, respect, and acceptance, rather than socio-ethnic origins,
a shared history or religious beliefs are the measure of human worth.
Unfortunately, these metrics are in short supply in a world in which angry
confrontation, the politics of fear and repression, and ignoring, banishing,
or worse crushing those who disagree with you are in the ascendancy. As
I am writing this, arguably the most divisive president in United States’
history, Donald Trump, presides over a nation in which the right and left are
all but at war with each other. China has imprisoned over 1 million Uighurs
in re-education camps in the west of the country. The UK is struggling
to reconcile a nation divided by Brexit as it flounders in its attempts to
extricate itself from Europe – an increasingly xenophobic Europe in which
nationalism is on the increase and that has all but turned its back on
those embodiments of the ‘Other’ seeking to escape the double jeopardy
of repressive regimes and crushing poverty in their homelands. It is only
a matter of weeks since the popular liberal-leaning mayor of Poland’s
fourth largest city, Gdańsk, Paweł Adamowicz, was stabbed to death at a
national charity event in the city; a heinous act attributed to the overwrought
political tensions between the left and the right in the country that spawned
Solidarity. Meanwhile, much of northern Africa struggles with terrorism
that tolerates no-one but its own; and then there is the Middle East of a
Syrian civil war; an Egypt at odds with itself; Israel and the Palestinians;
the proxy war of ideologies between Sunni and Shia; not to mention the
protracted conflict in Afghanistan.
I doubt that even the founders of Borderland would claim that the
organization’s initiatives are a universal panacea for a polarized world in
which the ideology of power shapes the character of nations. But it offers
hope where hope is starved of oxygen because as Borderland: On Reviving
Culture makes abundantly clear, there is at least one shining example that
offers an alternative to a world in which the ‘Other’ is a provocation to a
hate that undermines everyone’s humanity.

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 Index of Proper Names

A Buczyńska-Garewicz, Hanna 13, 83,

Adaszyńska, Natalia 141 84, 92, 93, 133
Alpert, Michael 30, 99, 101 Büchner, Georg 27
Andrić, Ivo 134 Burzyński, Tadeusz 142, 148, 150
Andrukhovych, Yuriy 20 Byrscy, Irena i Tadeusz 145
Andrzejewski, Jerzy 3 Byrska, Irena 141, 145
An-sky, Szymon 98 Byrski, Tadeusz 141, 142, 143, 145
Arendt, Hannah 115, 131, 181
Assmannowie, Aleida i Jan 70 C
Celan, Paul 27, 93, 94, 95, 121, 136,
161, 181
B
Chwin, Stefan 3, 4, 6
Balĉytis, Vytautas 43
Cichocka, Lidia 143
Baranauskas, Antanas (pol.
Čolović, Ivan 127
Baranowski, Antoni) 63
Cywiński, Bohdan 39, 40
Barańczak, Stanisław 104 Czapliński, Przemysław 36, 62
Barba, Eugenio 141, 158 Czechowski, Waldemar 87, 166
Bauman, Zygmunt 165 Czyżewscy, Małgorzata i Krzysztof 9,
Bělohradsky, Vaclav 78 27, 47, 49
Bergson, Henri 74
Bernad, Jan 5 D
Bibo, Istvan 129 Dante, Dante Alighieri OFS 45, 46
Billig, Michael 118 Daunys, Vaidotas 43
Błoński, Jan 140 Davies, Norman 38
Bomse, Nuchim 8 Dawidejt-Jastrz˛ebska, Ewa 150
Borowiecka, Beata 56, 149, 150, 151, Dworakowska, Zofia 137
152, 156, 159, 161 Dzieduszycka, Małgorzata 140
Borowski, Piotr 5 Dziewulska, Małgorzata 140, 111, 112
Bottiger, Helmut 95 Dziubecka, Sławomira 144
Brakoniecki, Kazimierz 25, 42
Brandys, Kazimierz 2 E
Brook, Peter 140 Ekier, Jakub 95
Brotman, Stuart 99 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 171, 173
Buber, Martin 121 Ewagriusz, z Pontu 80

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 Index of Proper Names

F Halecki, Oskar 129

Fałtynowicz, Zbigniew 103 Heidegger, Martin 13, 83, 84, 93, 135
Ficowski, Jerzy 8, 29, 30, 64, 119, 120, Hersch, Jeanne 55
160, 170, 171 Hesse, Hermann 137, 154
Figurski, Paweł 31 Hitler, Adolf 42
Filipow, Diementij 115 Huelle, Paweł 38
Filipowicz, Halina 157 Hulewicz, Witold 142
Fiut, Aleksander 40, 41 Husserl, Edmund 83, 84
Flaszen, Ludwik 155, 157
Forecki, Piotr 61, 62 I
Franaszek, Andrzej 40, 142, 143 Iskra, Małgorzata 143
Frankowska, Beata 4
J
G Jackowski, Aleksander 122, 149
Gawin, Dariusz 65 Jančar, Drago 42
Gawlik, Jan Paweł 143 Janczewska, Diana 150, 152, 153, 156,
Gadek,
˛ Mariusz 63 159
Geremek, Bronisław 14 Janik, Karina 144
Giacometti, Alberto 114 Janowska, Katarzyna 35, 47, 52, 168
Giedroyc, Jerzy 18, 42, 112, 125, 129, Jarry, Alfred Henry Marie 24
166, 170, 173, 181 Jaszewska, Maja 27
Ginsberg, Allen 137 Jawłowska, Aldona 137, 138, 139
Głowacki, Janusz 2 Jaworski, Dariusz 4, 71, 84
Godlewski, Grzegorz 11, 156, 12, 117 Jedlicki, Jerzy 60, 63, 162
Gorczyńska, Renata 26 Judt, Tony 72, 120, 172
Grass, Günter 38
Gross, Jan Tomasz 180, 59, 60, 61, 62, K
63, 64 Kal eda, Barbara 43
Grotowski, Jerzy 137, 138, 139, 140, Kamińska, Magdalena 40, 148
141, 142, 144, 154, 147, Kamiński, Jan 15
148–149, 150, 155, 157, 162, Kantor, Tadeusz 96, 158
172, 184 Kłoczowski, Piotr 120
Gruber, Ruth Ellen 99, 101 Kolankiewicz, Leszek 41, 117, 140,
Grudzińska-Gross, Irena 34, 60, 108, 162, 163
179 Konwicki, Tadeusz 2
Günter, Jan 144 Kopczyńska, Małgorzata 144
Gurdała, Mikołaj 99 Kornaś, Tadeusz 4, 50, 51, 138, 139,
151, 152
H Kornhauser, Julian 2, 91
Habermas, Jurgen 173 Kowalczyk, Andrzej Stanisław 19

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 Index of Proper Names

Krakauer, David 99, 100 Miłosz, Andrzej 104, 106

Krishnamurti, Jiddu 137 Miłosz, Anthony 167
Krynicki, Ryszard 2, 7 Miłosz , Czesław 165, 167, 168, 169,
Kunat, Florentyna 105, 133 171, 177, 180, 181
Kunat, Gabriela 103 Miłosz, Oskar 78, 109
Kunat, Janina 103 Miłosz , Weronika 167
Kundera, Milan 114, 124 Mizera, Janusz 135
Kusek, Robert 56, 64 Moniuszko, Michał 102, 176
Kwas, Adam 42 Moorhouse, Roger 38
Kwiatkowski, Maciej Jozef 142 Mucharski, Piotr 35, 168

L N
Landsbergis, Vytautas 146 Niemojewski, Marcin 119
Lebecka, Magdalena 160 Nijakowski, Lech M. 57, 58, 61, 62, 65
Lem, Stanisław 3 Nora, Pierre 53, 54, 71, 72, 74
Leszczyński, Adam 61 Nyczek, Tadeusz 3
Leśmian, Bolesław 120, 160
Levinas, Emmanuel 121, 169 O
Limanowski, Mieczysław 142 Obirek, Stanisław 26
Lipscher, Winfried 25 Ołdakowska Kuflowa, Mirosława 21
Lipski, Jan Jozef 66 Orłowski, Hubert 25
Loew, Peter Oliver 26 Osadczuk, Bohdan 120
Lorca, Federico Garcia 16 Osiński, Zbigniew 140, 141, 145, 157
Osterwa, Juliusz 142, 145
M
Machul, Piotr 72, 138 P
Macianis, Paulina 56, 149, 150, 152, Papusza, Bronisława Wajs 8
153 Pärt, Arvo 120
Magris, Claudio 33, 120 Patocka, Jan 129
Majewski, Jozef 166 Peiper, Tadeusz 96
Malinowski, Jerzy 96 Platon 21
Marai, Sandor 19, 10 Por˛ebski, Mieczysław 96
Marecki, Piotr 4 Prymarka, Aneta 49
Markowski, Michał Paweł 165 Prysznak, Jan 80
Matusiak, Dariusz 86 Purchla, Jacek 26
Mekas, Jonas 28 Puzyna, Konstanty 141
Mencwel, Andrzej 40, 41
Micińska, Nela 19 R
Mieroszewski, Juliusz 129 Roitman, Anatol 107
Mieželaitis, Eduardas 8 Rosič, Ljubica 127

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 Index of Proper Names

Rosiek, Stanisław 4 Szroeder, Bożena i Wojciech 8, 11, 12,

Rybałko, Alicja 167 31, 97, 105, 107, 108, 141,
Rzepka, Magdalena 143 151, 156, 171, 176, 180
Szumiński, Wiesław 12, 176
S
Sanetra-Szeliga, Joanna 64 Ś
Sawicka, Elżbieta 81 Śpiewak, Paweł 38
Schenkelbachowie, Cyna i Erwin 107 Światkowska,
˛ Ewa 49
Schindler, Oskar 153
Schulz, Bruno 29, 119, 120, 160 T
Şerban, Andrei 158 Taranienko, Zbigniew 4, 73, 139, 148
Simmel, Georg 173 Thoreau, Henry David 168
Sinan, Mimar 134 Tischner, Józef 170
Skarga, Barbara 175 Tokarczuk, Olga 38
Sławek, Tadeusz 168 Tokarska-Bakir, Joanna 63, 169, 170
Snopek, Jerzy 21 Tomczak, Aleksandra 151, 161
Sommer, Piotr 160 Toruńczyk, Barbara 125
Sporek-Czyżewska, Małgorzata 4, 5, 9, Traba, Robert 26, 36, 38, 42, 44, 45,
97, 105, 107, 108, 148, 151, 58, 66, 67, 70,160, 161
158 Turowicz, Jakub 151
Stalin, Jozef, właśc. Iosif 42, 144
Staniewski, Włodzimierz 50, 51, 73, V
138, 139 Venclova, Tomas 42, 43, 44, 81, 82,
Steinlauf, Michael C. 60, 100 107, 120, 146
Stempowski, Jerzy 18, 19 20, 22, 23, Vincenz, Barbara
24 Vincenz, Stanisław 165, 166, 168, 169,
Stewart, Ellen 158 172, 181
Stomma, Stanisław 40, 41 Vivekanada, Swami 137
Strauss, Deborah 99, 101
Strumiłło, Andrzej 10, 14, 149 W
Stryjkowski, Julian 3 Wajda, Andrzej 14
Szacki, Jerzy 118 Walas, Teresa 81, 82
Szaruga, Leszek 1, 3, 15, 36 Walczewska-Klimczak, Grażyna 56
Szejnert, Małgorzata 79 Waniek, Henryk 18
Shevchenko, Taras 8 Warhol, Andy 28, 190
Szroeder, Bożena 88, 149, 151, 158, Warschauer, Jeff 99, 101
159, 176, 180 Weil, Simone 68, 77, 79, 82, 92, 97,
Szroeder, Wojciech 5, 8, 11, 12, 31, 97, 181
105, 107, 108, 141, 151, 156, Wielgus, Stanisław 80
171, 180 Winiewicz, Rafał 105

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 Index of Proper Names

Winikajtis, Wiktor 117

Wodziński, Cezary 165
Wojtkiewicz, Witold 120, 160
Worowska, Teresa 19
Wrobel, Wanda 138
Wyka, Anna 137, 138

Z
Zagajewski, Adam 2, 14, 15, 91
Zagańczyk, Marek 141
Zaleski, Marek 40, 122
Znaniecki, Florian 156

Ż
Żmijewska, Monika

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