Sample Problem Thermo
Sample Problem Thermo
GIVEN:
Q= 2,256.9 kJ
Satd liquid H2O satd vapor H2O
VL = 0.00104 m3/kg T=k VV= 1.673 m3/kg
m = 1 kg P=k
REQ'D: U and H
SOL'N:
W = - PV
= - 101.33 kPa (1.673 -0.0014) m3/kg (1 kg)
= - 169.4 kPa m3
= - 169.4 kJ
U = Q + W
U = (2,256.9 - 169.4) kJ
U = 2,087.5 kJ
H = U + PV
H = U + PV + VP But P = 0 since P is constant
H = U + PV But W = - PV
H = U + (-W)
H = (kJ
H = 2,256.9 kJ
GIVEN:
W = 240 kJ/kg
Com
Air press Nozzle
or
v1 = 0 v3=600 m/s
P1 = 1 bar P2 = 3 bar P3 = 1 bar
T1 = 25 C
0
T3 = 25 0C
REQ'D: Q
SOL'N: (H + PE + KE )fs = Q + Ws
But H = 0 since T1 = T3; PE = negligible
Q = - 60,000 J/kg
Q = - 60 kJ/kg
ANS: Q = - 60 kJ/kg
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 3
Water at 200 0F is pumped from a storage tank at the rate of 50 gal/min.
The motor for the pump supplies work at the rate of 2 HP. The water goes
through a heat exchanger, giving up heat at the rate of 40,000 Btu/min, and
is delivered to a second storage tank at an elevation of 50 ft above the first
tank. What is the temperature of the water delivered to the second tank?
T2
GIVEN:
Ws = 2 HP Q = - 40,000Btu/min
50 ft
T1 = 200 F
0
50 gal/min
REQ'D: T2
SOL'N:
For a steady state process,
(H + PE + KE )fs = Q + Ws
at T1 = 200 0F = 60.1 lb/ft3
m1 = 50 gal/min (1 ft3/7.48 gal) (60.1 lb/ft3 )
= 402 lb/min
Assuming negligible velocities of water in the storage tanks , KE = 0
PE = gz/gc = (1lbf/lbm)(50 ft) (1Btu/778 ft lbf) = 0.06 Btu/lb
Q = (-40,000 Btu/min)/(402 lb/min) = -99.50 Btu/lb
Ws =2 HP (42.41 Btu/min)/ (402 lb/min) = 0.21 Btu/lb
HP
H = -99.50 + 0.21 - 0.06 = -99.35 Btu/lb
From steam table at T1 = 200 0F; H1= 168.09 Btu/ lb
H2 = 168.09 - 99.35 = 68.74 Btu/ lb
At H2 = 68.74 Btu/ lb T2= 100.74 0F
ANS: T2= 100.74 0F
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 4
Air is to be compressed reversibly from an initial condition of 1 atm and 60 0F
to a final state of 5 atm and 60 0F. At these conditions, air may be
considered having the constant heat capacities of cp= 7 Btu/lbmol 0F.
Calculate the heat and work if it undergoes :
a.)heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure.
b.)Isothermal compression
c.) Adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant volume
GIVEN:
REQ'D: Q and W
SOL'N :
V1 = nRT1/ P1
= (1 lbmol) (10.73 psia ft3/lbmolR) (60 + 460) R/ (14.7 psia)
= 379.56 ft3
V3 = nRT3/ P3
=75.91 ft3
W1 = - PV = 0 since V= k
Q1 = U = CvdT= Cv(T2 - T1)
But
Cp - Cv =R; Cv = 7 - 1.986 = 5.014 Btu/lbmol R
T2 = P2 T1 / P1
= 5(60 +460) / 1
= 2600 R
W2 = U2 - Q2
W2 = -10,429.12 +14,560
W2 = 4,130.88 Btu/lbmol
Or
W2 = - PV
= - 5 atm (75.91 - 379.56) ft3 (14.7 psia/atm)(144 in2/ ft2)(1Btu/778 ft
lbf)
W2 = 4,130.9 Btu/lbmol
UT = QT + WT = 0 thus, WT = - QT
GIVEN:
b.) Air
P1 = 1 atm T=k P2= 5 atm
T1 = 60 0F T1 = T2
V1 V2
REQ'D: Q and W
SOL'N :
b. Isothermal process
U = Q + W
GIVEN:
REQ'D: Q and W
SOL'N :
Step 1 Adiabatic Process
U1 = Q1 + W1 But Q1 = 0
U1 = W1
U1 = CvdT = Cv(T2 - T1)
Calculate T2
(T2/T1) = (V1 / V2 ) ()
T2 = T1 (V1 / V2 ) ()
= Cp /Cv = 7 / 5.014 = 1.4
()
T2 = (520 R) (379.56/ 75.91)
T2 = 989.9 R
U2 = Q2 + W2 But W2 = 0
Q2 = U2
U2 = CvdT = Cv(T3 - T2)
U2 = 5.014 Btu/lbmol R (520 - 989.9) R
U2 = - 2, 356.1 Btu/lbmol
Q2 = U2= -2, 356.1 Btu/lbmol
Consider the whole process (isothermal, UT = 0)
UT = QT + WT = 0 thus, WT = - Q T
GIVEN:
Vol of CH4 = 2 ft3/kg T = 122 0F
n = 1 lbmol
SOL'N:
P = RT/V
P = 0.7302(122+460)/2
P = 212.49 atm
b. Redlich-Kwong Equation
P = 187.7 atm
P = 178.55 atm
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 6
a. HR 0298 = 4Hf0 NO(g) + 6Hf0 H2O (g) - 4Hf0 NH3(g) - 5Hf0 O2(g)
= 4(21.6) + 6(-57.7979) - 4(-10.96) - 0
=-216.5474 kcal
b. HR 0298 = Hf0 H2 (g) + Hf0 CO (g) - Hf0 C(s) - Hf0 H2O (l)
= 0 + (-32.808) - 0 - (-68.3174)
=35.5094 kcal
c. HR 0298 = Hf0 CO2 (g) + 4Hf0 H2 (g) - Hf0 CH4 (g) - 2Hf0 H2O (g)
= (-94.252) + 0 - (-17.8) - 2(-57.7979)
=39.3438 kcal
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 7
GIVEN:
Hc 0298 =631,660 J/mol
Products of combustion - CO2 (g), H2O (l) and N2 (g).
SOL'N:
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) (1)
C(s) + O2(g) CO2 (g) (2)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 2N2(g) (NH2) 2CO(s) + 1.5 O2(g) (3)
Hf 0298 (NH2) 2CO(s) = 2Hf0 H2O (l) + Hf0 CO2(g) + Hc 0298(NH2) 2CO(s)
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 8
The following heat engines produce power of 95,000 kW. Determine in each
case the rates at which heat is absorbed from the hot reservoir and discarded
to the cold reservoir
GIVEN:
HTR
QH
W = 95,000 kJ/s
QC
LTR
SOL'N:
a. Carnot engine
TL/TH
W/ QH
QH 95,000
QH 158,333.33 kW
QH Q C + W
QC (158,333.33 – 95,000) kW
QC 63,333.33 kW
b. Engine
W/ QH
QH 95,000/ 0.35
QH 271,428.57 kW
QH Q C + W
QC (271,428.57 – 95,000) kW
QC 176,428.57 kW
ANS: a. QH 158,333.33 kW and QC 63,333.33 kW
b. QH 271,428.57 kW and QC 176,428.57 kW
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 9
GIVEN:
m steel casting = 40 kg moil = 150 kg
Cp steel casting = 0.50 kJ/kg K Cp oil = 2.5 kJ/kg K
T = 450 0C T = 25 0C
Q= 0
REQ'D: S
a.) casting b.) oil and C.) casting and oil considered together
SOL'N:
Since there is no heat losses to the surroundings,
-H lost steel = -H gain oil
-mcpT steel = mcpToil
(40 kg) (0.50 kJ/kg K)(t2 – 450) = (150 kg) (2.50 kJ/kg K)( t2 – 25)
t2= 46.52 0C = 319.67 K
b.) oil
c.) total S
ANS: a. Ssteel = -16.33 kJ/K b. Soil = 26.13 kJ/K c. ST = 9.8 kJ/K
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 10
Consider an ideal gas for which Cv= 20.88 and Cp= 29.2 J/mol K. The initial
state is 100 kPa and 295 K. Calculate S when
a. 1 kmol is heated at constant volume to 355 K
b. 1 kmol is heated at constant pressure to 355 K
GIVEN:
REQ'D: S
SOL’N:
a. S= Cp ln (T2/T1) – Rln (P2/P1)
But
P2 = T2
P1 T1
S= Cp ln (T2/T1) – Rln (T2/T1)
But Cp – Cv = R
S= Cv ln (T2/T1)
S= 20.88 J/mol K ln (355/295) (1000 mols)
S= 3,866 J/ K
b. S= Cp ln (T2/T1)
S= 29.2 J/mol K ln (355/295) (1000 mols)
S= 5,406.15 J/ K
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 11
GIVEN:
a. vaporization
Satd liquid H2O satd vapor H2O
T1 = 212 0F T=k T2 = 212 0F
P1 = 1 atm P=k P2 = 1 atm
m = 10 lbs
b. n = 1 lbmol T=k
Ideal Gas
P1 = 10 atm P2 = 1 atm
T1 =70 0F
SOL'N:
U= H – PV
U = H - PV + VP But P = 0 since P is constant
Uvap = Hvap - PVvap
Uvap = 970.33 Btu/lb - 14.7 lbf/in2 (26.7823 ft3/lb)(144 in2/ft2)(1 Btu/778 ft lbf)
Uvap = 897.46 Btu/lb (10 lbs)
Uvap = 8974.6 Btu
G = H - TS
G = H - TS - ST But T = 0 since T is constant
Gvap = Hvap - TSvap
Gvap = 970.33 Btu/lb – (212 + 460) R(1.4447 Btu/lb R)
Gvap = -0.5084 Btu/lb (10 lbs)
Gvap = -50.84 Btu
A = U - TS
A = U - TS - ST But T = 0 since T is constant
Avap = Uvap - TSvap
Avap = 897.46 Btu/lb – (212 + 460) R(1.4447 Btu/lb R)
Avap = -73.3784 Btu/lb (10 lbs)
Avap = -733.784 Btu/
b.
V = V2 – V1
V1 = nRT1/P1
V1 = (1 lbmol) (0.7302 atm ft3 /lbmol R)(70 + 460) R/(10 atm)
V1 = 38.70 ft3
GIVEN:
Q=0
Superheated steam Nozzle
?
P1 = 100 kPa P2 = 200 kPa
T1 = 260 0C T2 =
SOL'N:
From Steam Table at P1 = 100 kPa & T1 = 260 0C
S1 = 8.0707 kJ/kg K
S = Q/T Since Q = 0; S = 0
Thus S1 = S2 = 8.0707 kJ/kg K
At 200 kPa
SL= 1.5301 kJ/kg K HL= 504.701 kJ/kg
SV= 7.1268 kJ/kg K HV= 2706.3 kJ/kg
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 13
GIVEN:
Steam
P = 35 bar
V = 50 cm3/g
SOL'N:
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 14
A tank contains exactly one kilogram of water consisting of liquid and vapor
in equilibrium at 10 bar. If the liquid and vapor each occupy one-half the
volume of the tank, what is the enthalpy of the contents of the tank?
GIVEN:
SOL'N:
VL (1-x) mT / VV(x) mT = 1
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 15
GIVEN:
Ws = - 56400 kW
Superheated steam
P1 = 8600 kPa turbi P2 = 10 kPa
T1 = 500 0C ne
= 0.75
at 10 kPa
= H)/H)s
Thus,
H2 = H) + H1
H2 = 3391.6 + (-955.6)
H2 = 2, 436 kJ/kg
m= 59.02 kg/s
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 16
GIVEN:
LTR
QC = 1, 230 J/s
W
QH
HTR
COP = QC / W
W = 1230 J/s / 3.5
Wmin = 351.4 W
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 16
The water (1)-methanol (2) binary mixture is often encountered in the study
of solution thermodynamics. What amounts of water and methanol should
be mixed to get 4 ml of a 55 %methanol by mole water-methanol solution.
Express your answer in ml.
Additional information is provided below:
Specific volume data: Partial molar Volumes:
V1 = 0.176 mL/mole V1 = 0.163 ml/mole
V2 = 0.396 mL/mole V2 = 0.388 mL/mole
GIVEN:
Vol of MeOH – H2O mixture = 4 ml
X methanol = 0.55 ( by mole)
V = xV1* + (1-x)V2*
V = 0.45(0.163 ml/mol) + 0.55(0.388 ml/mol)
V = 0.28675 ml/mol
ntotal = V soln / V
= 4 ml/ 0.28675 ml/mol
ntotal = 13.949 moles = n1 + n2
n1 = 0.45(13.949) = 6.277 moles