Hoac-I - Question Bank With Solved Answers PDF
Hoac-I - Question Bank With Solved Answers PDF
CIET
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o Tuscan, and
o Composite.
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6. Define Feudalism
Feudalism was the system in European medieval societies of the 10th to 13th
centuries CE whereby a social hierarchy was established based on local
administrative control and the distribution of land into units.
The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from
the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the
nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land
and give him homage, labour, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange
for military protection.
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(DECEMBER/JANUARY-2019)……………………………………………………………………………………
Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, along a slight downward gradient
within conduits of stone, brick or concrete. Most aqueduct systems included
sedimentation tanks, sluices and distribution tanks to regulate the supply at need.
Rome's first aqueduct supplied a water-fountain sited at the city's cattle-market.
By the 3rd century AD, the city had eleven aqueducts, to sustain a population of over
1,000,000 in a water-extravagant economy; most of the water supplied the city's
many public baths.
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1. PLANS
Early Christians have used the same style of Roman Basilicas in planning their
churches
Big halls, Baths, Houses and Temples as worshipping places.
The emergence of Bell Towers and Baptism
2. OPENINGS
Semicircular arches used over doors and windows openings
Small openings
Clerestory windows used in walls over the nave roof.
3. ROOFS
Wooden roofs have covered the naves
Aisles were domed usually
Apse were covered with half domes
4. WALLS
Built according to Roman methods, using concrete covered with brick, stone or
plaster
Mosaic decoration used inside
Less interest paid to building exterior
5. COLUMNS
Inspired by old Roman buildings
Early Christians have used Roman building materials, construction methods and
ornaments.
6. ORNAMENTS AND DECORATION
Consists of an assortments of ancient Roman rough patterns
Craftsman techniques were bad in level, relieves were rough and less depth
Mosaic have been used in apses, triumphal arches over naves and sometimes in
columns and arches
Flooring was with marble panels taken from old Roman buildings.
Paintings on walls were treated with strong colours in a simple rough design
Paintings and symbols were religious.
They take a variety of forms: square, circular and octagonal, and are positioned
differently in relation to the church building in different countries.
In northern France, two large towers, such as those at Caen, were to become an
integral part of the façade of any large abbey or cathedral.
In central and southern France that is more variable and large churches may have
one tower or a central tower.
Large churches of Spain and Portugal usually have two towers.
They can also serve a secondary structural purpose, crowning the piers of flying
buttresses, where, being very heavy and often rectified with lead, they improve the
stability of the buttresses, helping to counteract the lateral thrust of the vault, and
shifting it downwards to the foundations.
The difference between a pinnacle and a finial is its greater size and complexity. The
difference between a pinnacle and a tower or spire is its smaller size and performs a
lesser architectural role.
Simple pinnacles were originally used on Romanesque churches, as a means of
distracting from the often abrupt transition from a square tower to a polygonal spire.
Commonly in Gothic architecture, they were used in a more decorative way, found
at every major corner of a building, as well as on flanked gables and
decorated parapets and buttresses.
Notable ex:Notre Dame in Paris, and the 24 m pinnacles of Reims Cathedral.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, pinnacles were used as Gothic Revival style. Notable
ex:Palace of Westminster and New York‘s Woolworth Building.
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Wren was also commissioned to design several civic palaces: this one is Hampton
Court, one of the residences of the British monarch, on the Thames River west of
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London.
(JANUARY-2018)……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Physical CatalHuyuk was highly organized with elaborate architectural features.
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Çatalhöyük in Turkey
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23. How did the geographical factors influence the Greek politics?
In thinking about the impact of geography on Greek life, we must think about three
aspects of that geography.
The three most important aspects of Greek geography were
o The mountains that split Greece into a number of relatively small regions,
o The Mediterranean climate, and
o The fact that almost all of Greece was near to the sea.
These three aspects of Greek geography impacted Greek social, economic, and
political patterns.
THE MOUNTAINS separated the various regions of Greece and prevented them from
forming large polities. Therefore, the basic unit of Greek politics was the city-state. This
was one of the most important facts about Greek political life.
THE PROXIMITY OF THE SEA also shaped the Greek politics. Because the sea was so easily
accessible and because overland trade was difficult, the Greek economy came to be
based on maritime trade. This also affected the Greek politics and society because it
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allowed Greece to contact people around the Mediterranean. These contacts made it
so that Greek culture was made up of a variety of influences from around the
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Mediterranean. It also allowed the Greeks to spread out, creating colonies around the
region.
Finally, THE CLIMATE had an impact on Greek politics. The climate also made it pleasant
for Greek people to mingle with one another outdoors. This is credited with helping the
Greek city-states create democratic political systems.
In these ways, Greece‘s mountains, climate, and proximity to the sea had important
impacts on its social, economic, and political patterns.
truss) on nave.
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Usually with one or two aisles to each side of the central nave separated by rows of
rustic marble columns, sometimes carrying flat entablatures and sometimes, rows of
arches.
The width of aisles was half that of the central nave.
Apse at one end facing the principle entrances at the other end.
Transept a raised platform where altar was placed and from where the clergy
officiated.
A courtyard (atrium) having a central fountain for ablutions and surrounded by
colonnaded ambulatory.
Notable Ex: St. Peter‘s , Rome
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Inigo Jones,
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1. Elaborate on the architecture of the Great temple of Amun Ra at Karnak with neat sketches.
The massive temple complex of Karnak was the principal religious center of the god
Amun-Re in Thebes during the New Kingdom (which lasted from 1550 until 1070
B.C.E.).The complex remains one of the largest religious complexes in the world.
However, Karnak was not just one temple dedicated to one god—it held not only the
main precinct to the god Amun-Re—but also the precincts of the gods Mut and Montu.
The site was first developed during the Middle Kingdom (2055-1650 B.C.E.) and was
initially modest in scale but as new importance was placed on the city of Thebes,
subsequent pharaohs began to place their own mark on Karnak. The main precinct
alone would eventually have as many as twenty temples and chapels. Additional
buildings included a sacred lake, kitchens, and workshops for the production of religious
accoutrements.
Theentrances Pylons, Great Court, Centra lCourt, Intermediate Court, Hypostyle Hall and
Sanctuary.
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GREAT COURT:
HYPOSTYLE HALL:
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2. Elaborate on the urban form in Indus Valley civilization with any one city example.
A prodigious civilization lived in the region about 5000 years ago and tied round the river
Indus and its tributaries and thus identified as the Indus valley civilization.
Indus people were superior to all civilization in one sense. While the people of Egypt and
Mesopotamia built great monuments for their kings and gods, the people of Indus valley
built their monuments for the happiness of common men.
The Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro and some other public buildings provide proof of it.
Moreover, the Indus cities were well-planned like modern cities.
The excavation undertaken in various places gives clear indication that the people
of Indus valley were primarily urban people.
The Indus Valley people developed an excellent urban civilization.
They knew how to build beautiful cities and live a healthy civic life. The ruins of
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa give proofs of it.
The ability which the Indus people showed in building their cities is rare. Among
ancient civilizations we have no such examples.
The Indus cities whether Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan or Kalibangan, Lothal
or Sarkotada in India shows Town planning of a truly amazing nature. In both the
places the cities were built on a uniform plan.
To the west of each was a ‗citadel‘ mound built on a high podium of mud-brick and
to the east was the town proper the main hub of the residential area.
The citadel and the town were further surrounded by a massive brick wall.
In fact careful planning of the town, fine drainage system, well arranged water
supply system prove that all possible steps were carefully adopted to make the town
ideal and comfortable for the citizenry.
The street lights system, watch and ward arrangement at night to outwit the law
breakers, specific places to throw rubbish and waste materials, public wells in every
street, well in every house etc. revealed the high sense of engineering and town
planning of the people.
Roughly 4,500 years ago, as many as 35,000 people lived and worked in the massive
city, which occupies 250 acres along Pakistan‘s Indus River.
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Mohenjo-Daro became better known because it was the one of the largest
settlement of the Indus civilization.
The city was divided into two main parts. The higher and upper portion of the city was
protected by a construction which looks like a fort. The ruling class of the towns
perhaps lived in the protected area.
The other part of the towns was lower in height than the former and common men
lived in this area. The lower area of the towns generally spread over one square mile.
The main streets some as wide as 30 to 34 feet were laid out with great skill dividing
the cities into blocks within which were networks of narrow lanes.
The streets were quite broad varying from 9 feet to 34 feet in breadth.
The corners of the street rounded off perhaps to enable the heavy carts to take turn
easily.
The streets intersected in right angles and so arranged that the prevailing winds could
work as a sort of suction pump and thereby clean the atmosphere automatically.
No building was allowed to be constructed arbitrarily and encroaching upon a
public highway.
The owners of the pottery kilns were not allowed to build the furnaces within the town
obviously to save the town from air pollution.
The drainage system of Mohenjo-Daro is so elaborate and scientific that similar
advanced System was not found in any town of same antiquity.
House drains connected in the main drains running under the main streets and below
many lanes.
Drains were made of gypsum, lime and cement, covered with portable stabs.
In regular intervals, there were inspection traps and man-holes for inspection.
The small drains were connected with the main drains which helped to pull water
speedily out of the town.
Every house had an independent soak-pit which collected all sediments and allowed
water to flow to the main drains passing underneath the main streets of the town.
The people of Indus valley had generally constructed three types of buildings.
Such as dwelling houses, public halls and public baths.
Burnt bricks were used and fixed skillfully with the help of mud and mortar for the
construction of houses and other different structures of the towns.
Buildings were of different sizes but generally were single or double storied.
From the existence of a stair case it is evident that double storied dwelling houses
were widely prevalent.
The houses were furnished with paved floors and were provided with doors and
windows.
The roofs were made of mud, reed and wood.
Every house possessed a well, bath room, courtyard, kitchen and first class drainage
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The houses were more or less typified the same plan, a square courtyard round of
which a number of rooms.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
The most interesting construction of Mohenjo-Daro was its Great Bath. It is considered
a remarkable feature of Indus Civilization.
The house which contains the Great Bath is 180 feet or 55 meters in length and 108
feet or 33 meters in width.
The Bath itself is 39 feet or 12 meters in length and 23 feet or 7 meters in width.
It is 8 feet or 2.5 meters in depth.
There were steps from both sides to enter into the Bath.
The walls and the floor of the Bath were very strongly constructed for preservation of
water. There was outlet to drain out water in order to clear the bath.
Fresh water was brought in from a huge well nearby.
A number of small and big rooms were there around the bath.
On one side alone, there were 8 small rooms. Those rooms were perhaps used to
change dress after bath.
Verandahs were there around the Bath.
Behind the verandahs were the galleries for people to sit and see.
The Great Bath was the most attractive of all buildings discovered at Mohenjo-Daro.
CHIEF FEATURES:
The long and broad streets, clean and simple dwelling houses, covered drains, huge
granaries, the Great Bath, public buildings, and walls around the cities with towers
were the chief features of the cities of Mahenjo-daro and Harappa.
They create surprise that many thousand years before the Christian era, the
inhabitants of the Indus Valley lived such an excellent city life.
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GREAT BATH OF
MOHENJO-DARO
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GRANARY OF MOHENJO-DARO
3. Explain with a building example how Greek builders made use of optical illusions to
achieve perfection in their buildings.
In the Parthenon however, architects and artists combined forces to produce the
most refined and perfect example of a Greek temple known to date.
The Parthenon temple is built on a rectangular plan 71m long and 32m wide.
It stands on crepidoma, a platform of three steps with tread 70cm and rise 50cm.
Smaller steps are also provided at the centre of east and west ends.
The temple is designed in octa-style i.e. eight columns in front and back, which lean
inward.
There are seventeen columns on either side.
The intermediate columns are about 1.88m whereas the corner columns are 1.90m in
dia at base.
The corner columns are not only made stouter,
but also set closer to the adjacent columns.
OPTICAL REFINEMENT:
This doming of the temple base was reputedly done to avoid an optical ―sagging‖ of
the building‘s middle that would have been perceived along its east and west ends
and especially along its long north and south sides, if its lines were actually designed
and built to be perfectly straight.
Additional refinements in the Parthenon include the slight inward leaning of all the
columns in the Doric colonnade surrounding the building.
The corner columns are slightly larger in diameter than the others and lean inward in
two directions; that is, diagonally to the corner. They also are set in such a way that
there exists a smaller space, or intercolumniation, between them and the next
column.
Meanwhile, the columns themselves are not straight along their vertical axes, but
swell in their middles. This phenomenon, called ―entasis,‖ intended to counteract
another optical effect in which columns with straight sides appear to the eye to be
slenderer in their middles and to have a waist.
Furthermore, the whole superstructure of the outer facades of the temple, above the
level of the columns (the ―entablature‖), also curves downward at the corners, to
mirror the stylobate and carry upward the temple‘s overall domed curvature.
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All these have undergone ravages of time and now remained in the ruin state.
After the fall of Greeks, it was under the Romans but still it received the same status
and it did during the Greek‘s control.
The temple at its glory stood as a miracle of architecture with its shining marble,
sensous sculptures in glowing colours.
It has influenced number of writers, artists and architects.
Poet Emerson paid the highest compliment in the following lines:
“Earth Proudly wears the Parthenon
As the best gem upon her Zone”
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Lava was used for firm foundation, tufa and bricks for walls, pumic stone for huge
vaults in order to reduce their weight whereas marble was used for columns and
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seats.
They also used the orders skillfully, in the four storeys, the robust Doric order in the first
storey 12.4 m high, then slender Ionic in the second storey 11.8m high and ornate
Corinthian Order in the third storey 12 m high while Corinthian plasters in the topmost
storey 11.8m high.
The columns spaced at 6.8m centre to centre were superimposed produced with its
grand effect awe and admiration.
The structure was enormously thick and weighty. The radiating concrete vaults were
hidden support and formed the indestructible foundation of the four storeys.
Thus the entire gigantic edifice based on a unique set of highly developed technique
of great strength was very difficult to destroy.
It was therefore rightly said “When the Colosseum, Rome falls shall fall”
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A general plan of the Colosseum from a recent survey; image courtesy of MIBACT
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5. With an example, explain in detail the concept and planning of Basilica church. Draw
basic plan, section and label them.
By the beginning of the fourth century Christianity was a growing mystery religion in
the cities of the Roman world.
In 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious toleration. Although
Christianity would not become the official religion of Rome until the end of the fourth
century, Constantine's imperial sanction of Christianity transformed its status and
nature.
Rome would become Christian, and Christianity would take on the aura of imperial
Rome.
The transformation of Christianity is dramatically evident in a comparison between
the architecture of the pre-Constantinian church and that of the Constantinian and
post-Constantinian church.
THE BASILICA
4) NAVE- the great central space in a church. In longitudinal churches, it extends from
the entrance to the apse (or only to the crossing if the church has one) and is usually
flanked by side aisles.
5) SIDE AISLE- one of the corridors running parallel to the nave of a church and
separated from it by an arcade or colonnade.
6) CROSSING- the area in a church where the transept and the nave intersect.
7) TRANSEPT- in a cruciform church, the whole arm set at right angles to the nave. Note
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that the transept appears infrequently in Early Christian churches. Old St. Peter's is one of
the few example of a basilica with a transept from this period. The transept would not
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become a standard component of the Christian church until the Carolingian period.
8) APSE- a recess, sometimes rectangular but usually semicircular, in the wall at the end
of a Roman basilica or Christian church. The apse in the Roman basilica frequently
contained an image of the Emperor and was where the magistrate dispensed laws. In
the Early Christian basilica, the apses contained the "cathedra" or throne of the bishop
and the altar.
9) NAVE ELEVATION- term which refers to the division of the nave wall into various levels.
In the Early Christian basilica the nave elevation usually is composed of a nave
colonnade or arcade and clerestory.
10) CLERESTORY- a clear story, i.e. a row of windows in the upper part of a wall. In
churches, the clerestory windows above the roofs of the side aisles permit direct
illumination of the nave.
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Present day St. Peter‘s in Vatican City – a rebuilding of a totally different design and
on a substantially enlarged scale.
Built over the historical site of the Circus of Nero under the rule of Emperor
Constantine I in C.320AD.
The original church survived without much change until towards the end of 15th
Century and the nave for another century.
Remains of old foundation are present below the present flooring but details of
atrium are obscure.
Dimensions: 110.0m long x 64.0m wide with double aisles on both sides.
The nave was divided from aisles by 22 varied (size and color), huge and antique
marble columns with equally varied capitals supporting the nave walls on a
horizontal entablature, while similar numbers of shorter columns carrying arcades
divided aisle from aisle.
It was built in the shape of Latin cross, with a gable roof, timbered on inside and at
30m high at center.
An atrium known as garden of paradise stood at the entrance with 5 doors.
The nave ended with an arch and the walls had parallel windows each with frescoes.
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6. Give an example of a centralized church plan from Byzantine architecture with sufficient
sketches.
In the mid sixth century, the architectural style of churches began to diverge sharply.
The long, narrow basilica, which had been Constantine's favored form of church,
continued to be the dominant form of church in the West, while rounder, domed,
central-plan styles of churches, like the early Christian circular baptisteries, became
more popular in the Byzantine East.
The central plan style reached its apex in the Hagia Sophia, which is indisputably the
greatest work of Byzantine architecture.
Hagia Sophia is a former Christian basilica (church), later an imperial mosque, and
now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey.
From the date of its construction in 537 until 1453, it served as an Orthodox cathedral
and seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it
was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire.
The building was a mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931.
It was then secularized and opened as a museum on 1 February 1935.
Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine
architecture and is said to have ―changed the history of architecture‖.
It remained the world‘s largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, until Seville
Cathedral was completed in 1520.
The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 on
the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I and was the third Church of the Holy
Wisdom to occupy the site, the previous two having both been destroyed by rioters.
It was designed by the Greek geometersIsidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles.
Hagia Sophia is covered by a central dome 102 feet (31m) across, slightly smaller
than the Pantheon‘s.
The dome is carried on pendentives.
The weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the
corners.
Between them the dome seems to float upon four great arches.
These four concave triangular sections of masonry solved the problem of setting the
circular base of a dome on a rectangular base.
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On both ends are two large hemi-cycles covered with semi-domes, forming an oval
nave 68.6m long and 32.6m wide.
The hemi-cycles are flanked by exedrae covered with semi-domes which act as
buttresses to the central dome.
The central dome 33m cross appears like a canopy in the centre and hung by a
golden chain from the sky.
The dome collapsed due to an earthquake in 558A.D. and had to be rebuilt.
The interiors are decorated with colored mosaics which shine brilliantly under the light
of the clere-storey formed by 40 windows in the lower part of the dome.
Judged from its grandeur it is similar to the Parthenon of Greeks and Pantheon of
Romans.
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The Church of San Vitale —though it is not of architectural basilica form — is a church
in Ravenna, Italy, one of the most important examples of early Christian Byzantine Art
and architecture in western Europe.
The church was begun by Bishop Ecclesia‘s in 527, when Ravenna was under the rule
of the Ostrogoth‘s, and completed by the 27th Bishop of Ravenna, Maximian in 548
during the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.
MOSAIC ART
The cross-ribbed vault in the presbytery is richly ornamented with mosaic festoons of
leaves, fruit and flowers, converging on a crown encircling the Lamb of God.
The crown is supported by four angels, and every surface is covered with a profusion
of flowers, stars, birds and animals, including many peacocks.
Above the arch, on both sides, two angels hold a disc and beside them a
representation of the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem.
All these mosaics are executed in the Hellenistic-Roman tradition: lively and
imaginative, with rich colors and a certain perspective, and with a vivid depiction of
the landscape, plants and birds.
The apse is flanked by two chapels.
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Jesus Christ appears, seated on a blue globe in the summit of the vault, robed in
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purple, with his right hand offering the martyr's crown to Saint Vitale.
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A new style of architecture emerged in Europe during the middle Ages. Some common
traits of these medieval churches included:
The most complete example of Early English is without a doubt at Salisbury Cathedral.
Salisbury is unique in that it was built within a short time span (c1200-1275), thus its
architectural style, with the exception of the 14th century tower and spire, is fairly
uncluttered by later additions and alterations.
The Cathedral was built in an unusual way, because it was built from one side to the
other side, instead from the bottom to the top.
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In this Cathedral there is the oldest clock of the world, which is still working.
The ground-plan of the Cathedral has the form of a cross.
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Choir
Nave
Aisles
INTERIORS:
Originally consisted of 4 levels
An arcade of columnar piers
A Triforium gallery originally covered with transverse barrel vaults and lit by round
windows
Decorative oculi opening into tribune roof spaces
Small clerestory windows
CLERESTORY:
The clerestory is the space, lit by colored glass, where elevation and vaulting meet.
The bundle of slender columns which flank each stained glass window supports the
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ALTAR:
The chevet of the cathedral is composed of a choir, which separates the high altar
from the nave, and a double ambulatory flanked by chapels.
The choir was isolated by a rood screen, a partition often ornamented with openwork
VAULTING:
FLYING BUTTRESSES:
Notre Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying
buttress (arched exterior supports).
The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the
choir and nave.
After the construction began and the thinner walls (popularizedin the Gothic style)
grew ever higher, stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward.
In response, the cathedral's architects built supports around the outside walls, and
later additions continued the pattern.
Of a single thrust, they permit greater natural light in the chapels by transferring
structural support to the outside walls, thus leaving more interior space and allowing
larger windows.
TOWER:
The south tower houses the great bell, which weighs 13 tons
FAÇADE:
The facade is divided into nine equal portions - vertically by the buttresses, which
indicate the interior divisions of the nave, and horizontally by a row of statuary and a
series of arcades.
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The former marks the transition between the portals and the rose, the latter frames
the rose
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This triple stratification also reflects the divisions of the elevation into grand arcade,
triforium gallery, and clerestory.
The windows of the nave, which were enlarged, and the numerous chapels added
between the buttresses.
In the 13th century clerestory windows were expanded downwards swallowing the
decorativeoculi of the 3rd storey
Tribunes built later with larger windows and ordinary quadripartite vaults
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The skyline of Florence, Italy is dominated by an impressive building, the Cathedral of Santa
Maria del Fiore. Also known as Florence Cathedral, it is one of the most relevant examples of the
Italian Gothic style and early Renaissance architecture. This structure has become a landmark of
Italian architecture. Proud of their city, the Florentines began to build a glorious cathedral,
reserving enough space in its design for a huge dome. But there was one problem: no one knew
how to erect a dome that would be nearly 150 feet wide and that would begin 180 feet above
the ground, atop the existing walls.
Brunelleschi's plan for the Dome of the Cathedral of Florence was seen as an
architectural impossibility at the time and it forced him to perfect his engineering and
structural skills.
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However, his fresh ideas allowed him to overcome the many challenges he faced
during the construction.
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Reducing the weight of the dome was a priority, to avoid additional reinforcements
to the existing walls of the cathedral.
Brunelleschi designed a double shell, consisting of one interior and one exterior dome
with an empty space between them.
The structure was conceived using pointed arches in an octagonal array, following
the layout of the existing walls.
The arches were reinforced by horizontal rings, making the structure rigid and
distributing the weight. The outer marble arches are decorative.
The arches, the rings and the dome were built mostly out of brick.
The exterior bricks were placed using a herringbone pattern, which the designer
ordered to remain visible. These innovative design significantly reduced the weight of
the dome, making its construction possible.
The city was concerned there wouldn't be enough timber in Tuscany to build the
scaffolding needed for building a dome so high.
Brunelleschi's design eliminated the need of a bulky centering and scaffolding.
In order to lift the tons of material needed for the construction, Brunelleschi
created hoisting machines with an intricate system of gears and pulleys, driven by
oxen, which greatly improved the construction process.
Brunelleschi's masterpiece is over 1300 (42 meters) feet wide, almost the size of the
Roman Pantheon. This size is so impressive that it continues to be one of the largest
cathedrals in Europe and it's even bigger than the metallic dome of the Capitol in
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Washington, D.C.
The height from the floor up to the lantern on top of the dome is about 375 feet
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10. Explain the architectural characteristics of the cathedral designed by the English
architect Sir Christopher Wren with neat sketches.
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THE EXTERIOR
Exterior features of interest include the 180 foot long west front, with its main entrance
and columned portico surrounded by an upper colonnade as well as the statue of
St.Paul above the pediment, and the two flanking statues of St. James and Peter.
On either side of the portico are two Baroque towers – the West Towers one of which
houses a peal of 12 bells the other the largest bell in England.
THE INTERIOR
The Baroque interior is just as imposing as the exterior of the church. The design is
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STRUCTURAL FEATURES
The exterior dome reaches a height of 111 meters and weight about 66,000 tons.
Eight arches support the dome. On top of the dome is a large lantern.
560 steps lead visitors along three galleries all the way to the top of the dome
The large crossing dome is composed of three layers: the first triple dome ever to be
constructed.
The inner and outer layers are catenary curves, but the structural integrity to support
the heavy stone structure atop the dome is provided by intermediary layer which is
much steeper and more conical in shape.
The dome is restrained around its base by a wrought iron chain to prevent it
spreading and cracking.
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WHISPERING GALLERY
The whispering gallery runs around the inside of the dome 99ft above the cathedral
floor.
It is reached by 259 steps from the ground level. It gets its name because of the
acoustic effects peculiar to domes; a whisper against its wall at any point is audible
to a listener with an ear held to the wall at any other point around the gallery. A low
murmur is equally audible.
WEST TOWER/FACADE
The details of the tower at west end and their dark voids are boldly scaled, in order to
read well from the street below and from a distance, for the towers have always
stood out in the urban skyline.
They are composed of two complimentary elements, a central cylinder rising through
tiers in a series of stacked drums and CORINTHIAN COLUMNS at the corners, with
BUTTRESSES above them, which serve to unify the drum shape with the square block
plinth containing the clock.
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(DECEMBER/JANUARY-2019)……………………………………………………………………………………
11. Summarize the architectural characteristics of Neolithic shelters, highlighting its response
to the culture and context.
A SETTLED LIFE
When people think of the Neolithic era, they often think of Stonehenge, the iconic
image of this early era.
Dating to approximately 3000 B.C.E. and set on Salisbury Plain in England, it is a
structure larger and more complex than anything built before it in Europe.
Stonehenge is an example of the cultural advances brought about by the
Neolithic revolution—the most important development in human history.
The way we live today, settled in homes, close to other people in towns and cities,
protected by laws, eating food grown on farms, and with leisure time to learn,
explore and invent is all a result of the Neolithic revolution, which occurred
approximately 11,500-5,000 years ago.
The revolution which led to our way of life was the development of the technology
needed to plant and harvest crops and to domesticate animals.
Before the Neolithic revolution, it's likely you would have lived with your extended
family as a nomad, never staying anywhere for more than a few months, always
living in temporary shelters, always searching for food and never owning anything
you couldn‘t easily pack in a pocket or a sack.
The change to the Neolithic way of life was huge and led to many of the pleasures
(lots of food, friends and a comfortable home) that we still enjoy today.
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12. Explain in detail, the evolution of Egyptian Tomb architecture with examples and
sketches.
THE EGYPTIAN TOMBS
Pit graves in desert cemeteries: sand heap A surrounded by circle of stones B over
grave C
Pit graves transformed into tombs by brick lining and flat wooden or arched brick
roofs.
Walls of the pit graves was built by stone masonry and even the flat or arched roof of
the pit graves was also built by stones.
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MASTABAS
STEPPED PYRAMID
BENT PYRAMID
TRUE PYRAMID
MASTABAS
STEPPED PYRAMID
Djoser (c. 2670 BCE) was the first king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt and the first to
build in stone.
Prior to Djoser's reign, Mastaba tombs were the customary form for graves:
rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick which covered underground
passages where the deceased was entombed.
For reasons which remain unclear, Djoser's vizier, Imhotep (c. 2667 BCE), conceived of
building a more impressive tomb for his king by stacking mastabas on top of one
another, progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the
Step Pyramid.
BENT PYRAMID
This was the second attempt by Sneferu to build a smooth-sided true pyramid.
Sneferu‘s builders were still learning and planned to build the huge structure with a
steep inclination 54 degrees on each side.
This proved unstable and caused them to abruptly change the plan in the middle of
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construction.
The Bent Pyramid gets its name from the fact that the angle of its sides shifts suddenly
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about one-third of the way up from 54 degrees to the gentler slope of 43 degrees.
All of this effort went to creating a grand tomb for the king who, as mediator
between the gods and the people, was thought to be deserving of the finest of
tombs.
The Great pyramid of Cheops at Giza (2723-2563BC).
The pyramid is built outside the Memphis‘s city.
The plan of pyramid is square of about 230.5m x 230.5m (758‘x758‘) and height of
146m (480‘).
The four faces form roughly equilateral triangles and their sides make an angle of 51
deg 52 sec with the ground.
The four corners are oriented with the cardinal point of the compass.
(i)King‘s chamber
(ii)Grand Gallery
(iii)Queen‘s chamber
(iv)Subterranean chamber.
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The latter device occurs over both queen‘s chamber and pyramid entrance.
Two shafts lead from the king‘s chamber to the outer face of pyramid.
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These may have been for ventilation or to allow a free passage to the ―KA‖.
13. Enumerate the salient feature of the Acropolis of Athens with neat sketches.
The term ―acropolis‖ means ―high city‖ in Greek and can refer to one of many
natural strongholds constructed on rocky, elevated ground in Greece, but the
Acropolis of Athens is the best known.
The Acropolis of Athens is one of the most famous ancient archaeological sites in the
world.
Located on a limestone hill high above Athens, Greece, the Acropolis has been
inhabited since prehistoric times.
Over the centuries, the Acropolis was many things: a home to kings, a citadel, a
mythical home of the gods, a religious center and a tourist attraction.
It has withstood bombardment, massive earthquakes and vandalism yet still stands as
a reminder of the rich history of Greece.
Around 490 B.C., the Athenians started building a majestic marble temple known as
the Old Parthenon.
If the Acropolis was impressive during the Mycenaean Civilization, it was nothing short
of spectacular during the Golden Age of Athens (460 B.C. to 430 B.C.) under the rule
of Pericles when Athens was at its cultural peak.
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Site plan of the Acropolis at Athens showing the major archaeological remains
1. Parthenon
2. Old Temple of Athena
3. Erechtheum
4. Statue of Athena Promachos
5. Propylaea
6. Temple of Athena Nike
7. Eleusinion
8. Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia or Brauroneion
9. Chalkotheke
10. Pandroseion
11. Arrephorion
12. Altar of Athena
13. Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus
14. Sanctuary of Pandion
15. Odeon of Herodes Atticus
16. Stoa of Eumenes
17. Sanctuary of Asclepius or Asclepieion
18. Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
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21. Aglaureion
THE PARTHENON: An enormous Doric-style temple that remains the star attraction of
the Acropolis. It featured ornate sculptures and housed a spectacular statue of the
goddess Athena.
THE PROPYLAEA: A monumental entryway to the Acropolis that included a central
building and two wings, one of which was covered with elaborately painted panels.
THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE: A small Ionic-style temple located to the right of the
Propylaea built as a shrine to Athena Nike.
THE ERECHTHEION: A sacred Ionic temple made of marble which honored Athena
and several other gods and heroes. It‘s best known for its porch supported by six
Caryatid maiden statues.
THE STATUE OF ATHENA PROMACHOS: A gigantic (almost 30 feet tall) bronze statue of
Athena that stood next to the Propylaea.
THE THEATRES: These are open air structures containing orchestra, auditorium and the
scene-building. The first theatres consisted of a large circle known as orchestra (the
dancing circle).
HIPPODROME: In Greek ―hippos‖ means ―horse‖ and ―dromos‖ means ―race‖. A
hippodrome was specially designed to hold horse and chariot-racing. It had a wider
track than the stadium, allowing several chariots to race around the central axis
called ―spina‖. During antiquity, the hippodrome was the main place for exhibiting
wealth and political strength.
PALAESTRA: This was used as wrestling school or sport centre. The palaestra was often
attached to the Gymnasium, where the atheletes conducted events such as
running, jumping wrestling etc. It contained also large open air swimming pool,
dressing room, toilet room resting hall, club room.
STOA: It was a long colonnaded building as shelter at religious shrines. It provided
space for shops and shelter against the sun or rain. The stoa sometimes had a second
storey.
AGORA: The agora was a large open square area, surrounded by a colonnade, at
the heart of the city. In early Greek times it was used as place of public assembly.
Later it functioned as a marketplace and for commercial intercourse. It was also used
for festivals, exhibitions and as an open air meeting place. Its boundaries were
defined by the public buildings that surrounded It such as civic halls, council halls and
stoas.
PRYTANEION: It was a senate house for chief dignitaries of the city. It was also used as
a place to entertain distinguished guests. It contained the feast or dinner room and
also a hearth where the sacred fire associated with Hestia, goddess of hearth was
burnt continuously. Such Prytaneions were built at Olympia, Athens.
ASSEMBLY HALLS: These were used by all the citizens in general and were known by
different names
Thersilion at Megalopolis
Telesterion at Eleusis
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BOULEUTERION: This was a council hall and used as a meeting place by the elected
councillors.
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ODEION: This was similar to theatre where the musicians carried their performance to
get appreciation and prizes from the public.
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14. Interpret the significance of Roman city planning with necessary sketches.
under control.
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These urban rules were developed during nearly 10 centuries in order to create the
different cities.
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In these cities, kinds of housing could be divided into house, domus, insula and villa.
There also were casae or housings for slaves and low classes.
Because of their weak systems of building they have all disappeared in our days.
Indeed, there were also great communitary buildings as basilicae, thermae and the
very important social and cultural systems called forums.
Notable Example: TIMGAD
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ROMANUM FORUM
A forum was a public square in a roman cities reserved primarily for the vending of
goods; i.e., a marketplace, along with the buildings used for shops and the stoas
used for open stalls.
Many fora were constructed at remote locations along a road by the magistrate
responsible for the road, in which case the forum was the only settlement at the site
and had its own name, such as Forum Popili or Forum Livi.
At the cross of both streets are the city's forum and the market. These components
were necessary for the design of public buildings: amphitheater -two components
long and one-and-a-half wide-, theatre -one component-, market -one component-,
the whole forum -two components-, and so on.
In addition to its standard function as a marketplace, a forum was a gathering place
of great social significance, and often the scene of diverse activities, including
political discussions and debates, rendezvous, meetings, etc.
In new Roman towns the forum was usually located at, or just off, the intersection of
the main north-south and east-west streets (the Cardo and Decumanus).
All fora would have a Temple of Jupiter at the north end, and would also contain
other temples, as well as the Basilica; a public weights and measures table, so
customers at the market could ensure they were not being sold short measures; and
would often have the baths nearby.
At election times, candidates would use the steps of the temples in the forum to
make their election speeches, and would expect their clients to come to support
them.
The Forum Romanum, despite being a relatively small
space, was central to the function and identity of the city
of Rome (and the wider Roman Empire).
15. Explain the salient features of Early Christian basilica with relevant examples.
REFER to question 3 of Page Number 2
16. Illustrate the characteristics of Carolingian Renaissance architecture, with case
examples.
CAROLINGIAN CHURCHES
Carolingian churches show some distinct differences from early Christian churches.
The delicate columns that graced the naves of early Christian basilicas gave way to
heavier, bulkier piers, providing greater structural strength and allowing for ever-
grander churches.
The transept, or bema, a section that crossed the eastern end of a church to form a
cross, went from an occasional addition to an established form in Western church
building.
The addition of a choir, or square area between the transept and the apse, was
another invention of the Carolingian renaissance.
Yet the most distinguishing feature of Carolingian architecture is the birth of the west
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Just look at the Palace Chapel. Here we see that the early Christian narthex has
been transformed into a single tower-like entrance, called a west work.
Over time, the single tower would become two towers flanking the entrance. We can
already see this transition taking place in the Church of San Riquier, which sadly did
not survive to modern times.
The closest Carolingian architecture got to this two-towered west work was in the
Abbey Church of Corvey. These initial west works would inspire the two-tower
facades of later medieval churches.
Example of west work at the Aachen Palace, Chapel Carolingian piers provided better
structural strength in churches
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Floor plan of Aachen Cathedral with Charlemagne's palace chapel highlighted in the center
17. Interpret how the structural system of Gothic churches acts as an architectural symbolism
with a relevant example.
These features had both existed in Romanesque architecture, but they were used
more extensively and in more innovative ways to make Gothic cathedrals higher,
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Focus on verticality
Pointed Arches
Rib vaults
Flying Buttresses
Large stained glass windows
Ornaments and Pinnacles
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POINTED ARCH
LANCET ARCH
Simplest shape
Usually group
Narrow and steep
Two-centered arches whose radii are larger
Than arch‘s span.
DEPRESSED ARCH
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RIBBED VAULT
Weight of vaults
Tend to force the walls outward ‗Thrust‘
Higher building is more thrust from the arches
Support walls with buttresses
Sloping arch, reaching up from the buttresses
Pressing against the outside of a higher wall
Curvature of vaults and arches, Lightening of mass, Afforded greater ease of vertical
construction.
FLYING BUTTRESSES
Flying buttresses are an architectural feature mainly seen used in medieval cathedral
designs.
First developed in Romanesque architecture and later perfected in Gothic
architecture, flying buttresses are built projecting from the walls of a structure down
to the foundation in an half arched shape.
The purpose of such projections is to support the weight and horizontal thrust of the
high arches and domes spanning the interior space.
The flying buttress serves as a bridge, carrying the lateral thrust produced at the base
of the arches and domes due to their weight, across to the outer buttress, which is
massive enough to absorb the pressure.
The stability of the entire building depends upon the balance of pressures and with
the existence of flying buttresses, cathedrals were able to be built taller and more
glorious than ever before.
The flying buttress originally helped bring the idea of open space and light to the
cathedrals through stability and structure, by supporting the clerestory and the
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Renaissance architecture had some distinct features that were fairly common to major
construction:
Coarseness in execution
HOUSE CHURCH
The first church is where the disciples of jesus met together in the ―upper room‖ of a
house.
For the first three centuries of the church, known as early Christianity, Christians
typically met in homes as did not allow the erection of public church buildings.
ATRIUM
When early Christian communities began to build Churches they drew on one
particular feature of the houses that preceded them, the atrium, or courtyard with
the colonnade surrounding it.
Most of these atriums have disappeared.
BASILICA
Is a rectangular early Christian or medieval church, usually having a nave with
clerestories, two or four aisles, one or more vaulted apses and a timber roof.
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MAUSOLEUM
Mausoleum is a house of the dead, although it is often as much a symbol as a
church. This term has been employed for large, monumental and stately tombs
usually erected for distinguished or prominent individuals.
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22. Explain the any four types of structural systems that were used in cathedrals with relevant
examples.
One of the most important features of a Gothic cathedral is its often innovative and
daring structure, visible within and without the building fabric.
Gothic cathedrals are built with durable, sustainable, strong, and locally sourced
materials.
Gravity load path and lateral load path diagrams of the section of Paris‘s
Notre Dame Cathedral.
Gravity loads are described as the vertical applied loads acting on a building.
Gravity loads (such as the weight of a structure) act in a downward direction due to
gravitational forces and must be transmitted to the base or ground supporting the
structure.
Lateral loads are the forces acting on a structure in a horizontal direction or parallel
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transmit the applied loads to the base or ground supporting the structure.
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Since lintels are heavy, the interior spaces of buildings could only be limited in size.
Much of the interior space had to be devoted to supporting heavy loads.
Roman architecture differed fundamentally from this tradition because of the
discovery, experimentation and exploitation of concrete, arches and vaulting (a
good example of this is the Pantheon, c. 125 C.E.).
Thanks to these innovations, from the first century C.E. Romans were able to create
interior spaces that had previously been unheard of.
Romans became increasingly concerned with shaping interior space rather than
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Long before concrete made its appearance on the building scene in Rome, the
Romans utilized a volcanic stone native to Italy called tufa to construct their
buildings.
Although tufa never went out of use, travertine began to be utilized in the late 2nd
century B.C.E. because it was more durable.
Also, its off-white color made it an acceptable substitute for marble.
Augustus had famously claimed in his funerary inscription, known as the Res Gestae,
that he ―found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble‖ referring to his
ambitious building campaigns.
Roman concrete (opus caementicium), was developed early in the 2nd c. BCE. The
use of mortar as a bonding agent in ashlar masonry wasn‘t new in the ancient world;
mortar was a combination of sand, lime and water in proper proportions.
The major contribution the Romans made to the mortar recipe was the introduction
of volcanic Italian sand (also known as ―pozzolana‖).
The Roman builders who used pozzolana rather than ordinary sand noticed that their
mortar was incredibly strong and durable.
It also had the ability to set underwater.
Brick and tile were commonly plastered over the concrete since it was not
considered very pretty on its own, but concrete‘s structural possibilities were far more
important.
The invention of opus caementicium initiated the Roman architectural revolution,
allowing for builders to be much more creative with their designs.
Since concrete takes the shape of the mold or frame it is poured into, buildings
began to take on ever more fluid and creative shapes.
BUILDING TYPES
Roman cities were typically focused on the forum (a large open plaza, surrounded by
important buildings), which was the civic, religious and economic heart of the city.
It was in the city‘s forum that major temples (such as a Capitoline temple, dedicated
to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva) were located, as well as other important shrines.
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Also useful in the forum plan were the basilica (a law court), and other official
meeting places for the town council, such as a curia building.
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Quite often the city‘s meat, fish and vegetable markets sprang up around the
bustling forum.
Surrounding the forum, lining the city‘s streets, framing gateways, and marking
crossings stood the connective architecture of the city: the porticoes, colonnades,
arches and fountains that beautified a Roman city and welcomed weary travelers to
town.
Pompeii, Italy is an excellent example of a city with a well preserved forum.
The wealthy could own a house (domus) in the city as well as a country farmhouse
(villa), while the less fortunate lived in multi-story apartment buildings called insulae.
The House of Diana in Ostia, Rome‘s port city, from the late 2nd c. C.E. is a great
example of an insula.
Even in death, the Romans found the need to construct grand buildings to
commemorate and house their remains, like Eurysaces the Baker, whose elaborate
tomb still stands near the Porta Maggiore in Rome.
The Romans built aqueducts throughout their domain and introduced water into the
cities they built and occupied, increasing sanitary conditions.
A ready supply of water also allowed bath houses to become standard features of
Roman cities, from Timgad, Algeria to Bath, England.
A healthy Roman lifestyle also included trips to the gymnasium.
Quite often, in the Imperial period, grand gymnasium-bath complexes were built and
funded by the state, such as the Baths of Caracalla which included running tracks,
gardens and libraries.
Aqueducts supplied Rome with clean water brought from sources far from the city. In
this view, we see an aqueduct carried on piers passing through a built-up
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neighborhood.
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Entertainment varied greatly to suit all tastes in Rome, necessitating the erection of
many types of structures.
There were Greek style theaters for plays as well as smaller, more intimate odeon
buildings, like the one in Pompeii, which were specifically designed for musical
performances.
The Romans also built amphitheaters—elliptical, enclosed spaces such as the
Colloseum—which were used for gladiatorial combats or battles between men and
animals. The Romans also built a circus in many of their cities.
The circuses, such as the one in Lepcis Magna, Libya, were venues for residents to
watch chariot racing.
The Romans continued to perfect their bridge building and road laying skills as well,
allowing them to cross rivers and gullies and traverse great distances in order to
expand their empire and better supervise it.
Colosseum, the Markets of Trajan, the Baths of Caracalla and the Basilica of
Maxentius are just a few of the most impressive structures to come out of the
architectural revolution in Rome.
27. With reference to a gothic cathedral, explain the planning and elements used in the
cathedral.
REFER to question 8 of Page Number 48
28. With a neat section, explain the architectural and structural features of Hagia Sophia,
Constantinople.
REFER to question 6 of Page Number 41
29. Explain with any two examples, how renaissance brought about an ocean change in arts
and architecture
REFER to question 9 of Page Number 51
30. Explain the characteristic features of St. Paul’s cathedral, London with neat plan and
section
REFER to question 10 of Page Number 53
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