1.list Out Trouble Shooting Techniques For Transformer Transformer
1.list Out Trouble Shooting Techniques For Transformer Transformer
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns
Ip/Is = Ns/Np
where
• Vp and Vs are the voltages across the primary
winding and secondary winding,
• Np and Ns are the numbers of turns in the primary
winding and secondary winding,
dΦP / dt and dΦS / dt are the derivatives of the flux with
respect to time of the primary and secondary windings
construction:-
Breather of Transformer
When the temperature changes occur in transformer insulating
oil, the oil expands or contracts and there an exchange of air also
occurs when transformer is fully loaded. When transformer gets
cooled, the oil level goes down and air gets absorbed within. This
process is called breathing and the apparatus that pass through
the air is called breather. Actually, silica gel breathers controls the
level of moisture, entering electrical equipment during the change
in volume of the cooling medium and/or airspace caused by
temperature increasing.
Conservator Tank of a Transformer
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the
roof of the transformer’s main tank. When transformer is loaded,
the temperature of oil increases and consequently the volume of
oil in the transformer gets increased. Again; when ambient
temperature is increased, the volume of oil is also increased. The
conservator tank of a transformer provides adequate space for
expansion of oil. Conservator tank of transformer also acts as a
reservoir of oil.
Explosion Vent of Transformer
The purpose of the explosion vent in a transformer is to prevent
damage of the transformer tank be releasing any excessive
pressure generated inside the transformer.
Efficiency
V no-load =RMS voltage across the load terminals
without load
9)Classificataion cables:-
There are several ways of classifying cables. These
includes classification of cables on the basis of :
10)components of cables:-
Cores or Conductors: A cable may have one or more than
one core (conductor) depending upon the type of service
for which it is intended. For instance, the 3-conductor
cable shown in the figure is used for 3-phase service. The
conductors are made of tinned copper or aluminium and
are usually stranded in order to provide flexibility to the
cable.
Munukutla.N.C_EEA_EEE
Lighting controls.
Replace T12 tubes by T8 tubes.
Replace mercury lights with metal halide or high pressure
sodium
lights.
Replace metal halide (HID) with high intensity fluorescent
lights.
Replace magnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts.
Optimization of plant lighting (Lux optimization) in
production
and nonproduction departments.
Optimum use of natural sunlight.
Working:- When we switch ON the supply, full voltage comes across the
lamp and as well as across the starter through the ballast. But at that instant, no
discharge happens, i.e., no lumen output from the lamp.
At that full voltage first the glow discharge is established in the starter. This is
because the electrodes gap in the neon bulb of starter is much lesser than that of
the fluorescent lamp.
Then gas inside the starter gets ionized due to this full voltage and heats the
bimetallic strip. That causes to bend the bimetallic strip to connect to the fixed
contact. Now, current starts flowing through the starter. Although the ionization
potential of the neon is more than that of the argon but still due to small electrode
gap, a high voltage gradient appears in the neon bulb and hence glow discharge
gets started first in the starter.
As soon as the current starts flowing through the touched contacts of the
neon bulb of the starter, the voltage across the neon bulb gets reduced since the
current, causes a voltage drop across the inductor(ballast). At reduced or no voltage
across the neon bulb of the starter, there will be no more gas discharge taking place
and hence the bimetallic strip gets cool and breaks away from the fixed contact. At
the time of breaking of the contacts in the neon bulb of the starter, the current gets
interrupted, and hence at that moment, a large voltage surge comes across the
inductor(ballast).
This high valued surge voltage comes across the fluorescent lamp (tube light)
electrodes and strikes penning mixture (mixture argon gas and mercury vapor).
Gas discharge process gets started and continues and hence current again
gets a path to flow through the fluorescent lamp tube (tube light) itself. During
discharging of penning gas mixture the resistance offered by the gas is lower than
the resistance of starter.
The discharge of mercury atoms produces ultraviolet radiation which in turn
excites the phosphor powder coating to radiate visible light.
Starter gets inactive during glowing of fluorescent lamp (tube light) because
no current passes through the starter in that condition.
17) What is the main purpose of using pumps and static and
friction head
1. Transfer of liquid from one place to another.
2. Circulate liquid around the system.
Static head:
It is the difference in height between the source and
destination of the pumped liquid.
The static head is independent of flow.
Static head consists of
1. Static suction head (hs)
2. Static discharge head (hd)
The energy efficient motors are more efficient and also exhibit
relatively flatter efficiency curves versus load. It can be seen that the
difference between the efficiency at rated load and the operating
(partial load) efficiency is less significant. The energy efficient motors
run at lower temperatures than standard motors. The energy efficient
motor gives better performance during variable voltage supply. lowest
current consumption during starting and full load operation of energy
efficient motor. In the age when conservation of natural resources and
energy saving is considered so important, the leading manufacturers of
induction motors have contributed by progressively making available
environmental friendly products. Thus by improving the efficiency of
the induction motor we can also contribute in making the environment
clean for all living-beings and today when global warming i.e. pollution
is increasing day by day
Energy-efficient motors offer additional benefits. Because they are
constructed with improved manufacturing techniques and superior
materials, they usually have higher service factors, longer
insulation and bearing lives, lower waste-heat output, and less
vibration — all of which increase reliability. Most motor
manufacturers also offer longer warranties for their most efficient
models.
speed, n
V/K1
armature current, Ia
We
V Ia Ra
had: n
K1
V K 1n
Ia
Ra
K2
T [V - K 1n]
Ra
The torque-speed curve shows that shunt motors can be used to drive
fairly constant speed from no load to full torque