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PART V
CRIMINOLOGY 54
[Police Ethics, Values and Community Relation]

POLICE - Simply mean the public officials with the extraordinary powers of arrest who performs the direct police
services of patrol, criminal investigation, and/or traffic control. With the definition, we can dissect the police into three
elements, namely: 1) public official; 2) extraordinary power of arrest; and 3) direct police services.

POLICE ETHICS – A philosophical study of morality, of the foundation on which morality is based, and of the
practical implications of a systematic moral outlook as applied to law enforcement.

Ethics and Morality, Distinguished.

In fact there is no distinction between ethics and morality since the two words, ethics came from Greek word
“ethos” which Greek word “mos” or “moris” which also means custom.

PNP Philosophy PNP Core Values

1. Service 1. Makadios (God-Fearing)

2. Honor 2. Makabayan (Nationalistic)
3. Justice 3. Makatao (Humane)

Standards of Police Behavior:

1. Ethical standards are reflected in code of ethics of professional policeman.

2. Organizational and political standards include those established by individual police departments; those created
by what are called statute affecting the police like Republic Act No. 6975, as amended by RA 8551.
3. Legal standards are derived primarily from substantive and procedural criminal laws.

R.A. No. 6713 – The law that provides the Code of Ethics for public officials, officers and employees.

R.A. 3019 – The Anti-graft and corrupt practices act.

NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 93-023 (Section 17, Rule 1) –

It established the duties and responsibilities of policemen. It provides also the policemen code of
professional conduct and ethical standards.

PNP Stand on Basic Issues:

1. PNP Image—all members of the PNP should conduct themselves in a manner that would not place the PNP in
bad light. Instead, they should live in accordance with the PNP core values and posses the following virtues:
honor, integrity, valor, justice, honesty, humility, charity and loyalty to the service.
2. Career Management—its proper implementation will greatly enhance personal and professional advancement
to wards police professionalism.
3. Police Management Leadership—the effectiveness of law enforcement is reflective of the managerial
capabilities arid competent leadership of the men and women in the PNP.
4. Equality the tile service—there shall be judicious and equitable distribution of opportunity to prove one’s worth
in the police service.
5. Delicadeza—is consonance with the requirements of honor and integrity in the PNP, all members must have the
moral courage to sacrifice self-interest in keeping with the time-honored principle of delicadeza.
6. Police Lifestyle—the PNP shall endeavor to promote a life for every member of’ the PNP that is acceptable to
the eyes of the public. Further, its members should set good example to the subordinate and follow good
example from the superiors.
7. Human Rights—all PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and man’s inalienable rights to life,
liberty and property.

Professional Conduct of the Police:

1. Commitment to Democracy—uniformed members of the PNP commit themselves to the democratic way of
life and values and maintain the principle of public accountability. They shall at all times uphold the
Constitution and be loyal to our country, people and the police organization.
2. Commitment to Public Interest—members will al ways uphold public interest over and above personal
interest. All government parties, resources and power of their respective offices must be employed and used
effectively, honestly and efficiently, particularly to avoid wastage of public funds and revenues.
3. Non -Partisanship—PNP members shall provide services to everyone without discrimination regardless of
party affiliation in accordance with existing laws and regulations.

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4. Physical Fitness and Health—all PNP members shall strive to be physically and mentally fit and in good
health at all times. Towards this end, they shall undergo regular physical exercise and manual medical
examination I any PNP hospital or medical facility.
5. Secrecy Discipline—all PNP members shall guard the confidentiality of classified documents and
information against unauthorized disclosure.
6. Social Awareness—all PNP members and their immediate family members shall be encouraged to actively
get involved in the religious, social and civic activities to enhance the image.
7. Non-Solicitation of Patronage—all PNP members shall seek self-improvement through career
development and shall not directly or indirectly solicit influence or recommendation from politicians, high-
ranking government officials, prominent citizens, persons affiliated with civic or religious organizations with
regard to their assignments, promotions, transfer or those of other members of the force, nor shall they
initiate any petition to be prepared and presented by citizens in their behalf.
8. Proper Care and Use of Public Property—members shall be responsible for the security, proper care and
use of public property issued to them and/or deposited under their care and custody. Unauthorized use of
public property for personal convenience or gain and that of their families, friends or relatives are strictly
prohibited.
9. Devotion to Duty—policemen shall perform their duties with devotion, and manifest concern for public
welfare, and shall refrain from engaging in any activity which shall be in conflict with their duties as public
servants.
10. Conservation of Natural Resources—policemen shall help in the development and conservation of our
natural re sources for ecological balance and posterity as these are inalienable heritage of our people.
11. Discipline—they shall conduct themselves at all times in keeping with the rules and regulations of the Philip
pines.
12. Loyalty—above all, policemen must be loyal to the Constitution and to the police service as manifested by
their loyalty to their superiors, peers and subordinates as well.
13. Obedience to Superior—policemen of lower ranks must be always courteous and obedience to their
superior officers.
14. Command Responsibility—supervisor or immediate superior shall be responsible for the effective
supervision, control and direction of their personnel and shall see to it that all government resources shall be
managed, expanded or utilized in accordance with law and regulations and safe guarded against losses thru
illegal and improper disposition.

Ethical Standards of Policemen

1. Morality—policemen shall adhere to high standard of morality and decency and shall set food examples for
others to follow. Hence, among others, and in no instance during their terms of office shall they be involved
as owners, operators, managers, or inventors in any illegal gambling den or houses of ill-repute or other
placed devoted to vices; nor shall they patronize such places unless on official duty, and tolerate operations
of such establishment in their respective areas of responsibilities.
2. Judicious Use of Authority - policemen shall exercise proper and legitimate use of authority in the
performance of duty.
3. Integrity—policemen shall not allow themselves to be victim of corruption and dishonest practices in
accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 6713 and other applicable laws.
4. Justice—policemen shall strive constantly to respect their rights as human beings, parents, children,
citizens, workers, leaders or in other capacities and to see to it that others do likewise.
5. Humility—policemen shall recognize the fact that they are public servants and not the masters of the people
and toward this end; they should perform their duties without arrogance. They should also recognize their
own inadequacies, inabilities and limitations as individuals and perform their duties without attracting
attention or expecting the applause of others.
6. Orderliness—policemen shall follow procedures in accomplishing their tasks assigned to them to minimize
waste in the use of time, money and effort.
7. Perseverance—once a decision is made, all PNP members shall take legitimate action or means to achieve
the goals even in the face of internal or external difficulties, and despite anything which might weaken their
resolve in the course of time.

Customs and Traditions of Policemen

1. Customs are established usages or social practices carried on by tradition that have obtained the force of
law; whereas,
2. Traditions are bodies of beliefs, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to generation
with the effect of unwritten law.

Courtesy is a manifestation or expression of consideration and respect for others. Social decorum is a set of norms
and standards practiced by policemen during social and other functions.

Police Customs on Courtesy

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1. Salute—the usual greetings rendered by uniformed members upon meeting and recognizing persons
entitled to a salute.
2. Salute to National Color and Standard - PNP members must stand at attention and salute the national
color and standard as it pass by them or when the national color is raised or lowered during ceremonies.
3. Address/Title—junior in rank addresses senior member who are entitled to salute with the word “sir.”
Courtesy Calls

1. Courtesy Call on Newly Assigned/Promoted/Appointed Member—a policeman who is newly appointed,

promoted or assigned in a unit or command must first report or call on the Chief of the same or other key
officials for accounting, orientation and for other purposes.
2. Christmas Call—PNP members pay a Christmas call on their local executives in their respective areas of
responsibility. This call remembers does not include call on the businessmen and gambling lord.
3. New Year’s Call—PNP members pay New Year’s call on their Chiefs or key officials in their areas of
responsibility.
4. Exit Call—PNP members pay an exit call on their superiors when relieved or reassigned to another unit or
destination.

Police Customs on Ceremonies

1. Flag Raising Ceremony—policemen must honor the flag by raising it and singing the National Anthem
before the start of official work.
2. Flag Retreat Ceremony—at the end of the official day’s work, PNP members pause for a moment to salute
the lowering of the flag.
3. Half-Mast—the flag is raised at half-mast in adherence to deceased uniformed member of the unit or
command.
4. Funeral Service and Honors—departed uniformed member, retiree, war veteran or former PNP member is
given vigil, neurological services and graveside honors as a gesture of farewell.
5. Ceremony Tendered to Retiree—in recognition of their long, faithful and honorable service to the PNP, a
testimonial activity is tendered in his honor.
6. Honor Ceremony —arrival and departure honor ceremony is tendered to visiting dignitary, VIP, PNP officer
with the grade of Chief Superintendent and above and AFP officers of equivalent grade unless waived.
7. Turn-Over Ceremony—the relinquishment and assumption of command or key position is publicly
announced in a turn-over ceremony by the outgoing and incoming officers.
8. Wedding Ceremony—during marriage of PNP members, a ceremony is conducted with participants in
uniform and swords drawn.
9. Anniversary—the birth of institutional establishment of a command or unit is commemorated in an
anniversary ceremony.

Police Customs on Social Decorum

1. Proper Attire—policemen always wear appropriate and proper attire in conformity with the occasion.
2. Table Manners—PNP members observe table etiquette at all times.
3. Social Graces—Policemen conduct themselves properly in dealing with people during social functions.

Police Uniform Appearance

1. Wearing of prescribed uniform.
2. Wearing as part of the uniform, awards and decorations earned in accordance with the prescribed rules and
regulations.
3. Adherence to haircut prescribed by rules and regulation
4. Manner of walking—every policeman is expected to walk with pride and dignity.
5. To be added is the maintenance of 34 inches waist line adopted during the time of the erstwhile PNP Chief,
for the purpose of seeing policemen neat and trims in their uniforms.

Other Police Customs

1. Courtesy of the Post—the host unit extends hospitality to visiting personnel who may respect the
command or unit.
2. Rank has-Its-Own Privilege (RHIP)—m embers recognize the practice that different rank carry with them
corresponding privileges.
3. Visiting the Sick—PNP member who is sick in the hospital, in his residence or in any place of confinement
is visited by his immediate superior or other available officers of the unit in order that his needs are attended
to.
4. Survivor Assistance to Heirs of Deceased Members— when PNP members dies, a survivor officer is
designated to render maximum assistance to their bereaved families until all benefits due shall have been
received.
5. Visiting the Religious Leaders—PNP members visit religious leaders in their areas of assignment to
establish or maintain rapport and cooperation between the different religious leaders and the PNP.
6. Athletics—all PNP members indulge in physical fitness activities to insure that their proper physical
appearance are maintained with the waistline measurement always smaller than the size of the chest and in
conformity with the standard set forth by the organization.

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7. Happy hours—usually on Friday or in any other day suitable for the occasion, PNP members gather
together at their PNP club for a light-hearted jesting or airing of minor gripes.

Police Traditions:

1. Spiritual beliefs—the PNP members are tradition ally religious and God-loving persons. They attend
religious services together with the members of their family.
2. Valor —history attests that the Filipino law-enforcers have exemplified the tradition of valor in defending the
country from aggression and oppression. They sacrificed their lives and limbs for the sake of their
countrymen whom they have pledged to serve.
3. Patriotism—PNP members are traditionally patriotic l)y nature. They manifest their love of country with a
pledge of allegiance to the flag and a vow to defend the Constitution.
4. Discipline—-it is manifested by instinctive obedience to lawful orders and through spontaneous actions
towards attainment of organizational objectives guided by moral, ethical ad legal norms.
5. Gentlemanliness—policeman is bright in character, polite in manner, dignified in appearance and sincere in
his concern to his fellowmen.
6. Word of Honor—a policeman’s word is his bond. He stands by it and commits to uphold it.
7. Duty—the PNP members have historically exemplified themselves as dedicated public servants who
perform their tasks with a deep sense of responsibility and self- sacrifice.
8. Loyalty—policemen are traditionally loyal to the organization, country and people as borne by history and
practice.
9. Camaraderie—the binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation in the police organization, ex
tending to the people they serve manifested by members deep commitment and concern to one another.

POLICE ETHICAL ISSUES

POLICE CORRUPTION

1. Corruption of Authority - This kind of corruption is tolerable, but because policeman must act beyond
reproach and with impartiality, it is expected that policeman must be free from possible temptation from evil.
This corruption includes receiving free meals, services, discount, gratuities, etc.

2. Kickbacks - If clients are numerous or composing of a long queue like procuring police clearance, the man
in the last gave money to the police to be given first ahead of the other is an example of this kind of
corruption. A traffic policeman who allows a motorist who passes in reverse a one-way thoroughfare by
giving something in return of the favor is kickback. Or a policeman who phoned the funeral parlor about a
dead man in a crime, and in return received a percentage is kickback.

3. Opportunistic Theft - Taking of advantage of situation, like taking of properties left in the crime scene and
without reporting to the authority. Stealing money from person arrested or even victims of crime are also
included in this kind of pattern of corruption. The best example of this kind is the advantage taken by a
fireman who responded to a fire accident who took properties found in the bedroom of the building gutted by
fire.

4. Shakedowns - This is an act of extortion usually committed by police men who caught in the act criminals
like pusher, drug user, gambling bet collector, etc. Most who committed this kind of corruption are traffic
policemen who caught traffic violators.

5. Protection of Illegal Activities - This is collusion between the police and criminals, like gambling operators,
owners of nightclubs which are showing nude models to insure they can operate freely without risk because
of their good relationship with the police. This also includes dealing with those in legal business operation.
For example owner of Bus Company, who in order to operate outside of his franchise will give protection
money to the police to assure the police would not touch or mind his operation.
6. Fixes - This involves mediating in criminal cases or problems involving traffics. A policeman will confer first
to the complainant about the possible filing of a criminal. Then, he went to the Respondent and tell what they
have talk about the case, and that the complainant is willing to settle the case for a certain amount of
money. At the end, the case will not be filed or a case is dismissed because of settlement money which
large portion of the amount goes to the pocket of the policeman.

7. Direct Criminal Activities - This is a worst behavior of a police. A policeman is directly involved in criminal
activities like robbery, kidnapping, drug trafficking, etc. You can just imagine if our policemen are having this
kind of behavior.

8. Internal Payoffs - This is a pattern of corruption common to policemen. They sell work assignment,
promotion, etc. Example, a Patrolman accosted his superior and request for an assignment he wants and he
gave money in exchange thereof. Or an official who is authorized to sign a promotion was approached by
one who was desirous to be promoted and suggested a money figure. This kind of corruption mostly
happened inside the organization.

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Category of Corrupt Policemen (Accdng. to Hunter & Rush)

1. Grass Eaters—are police officers who engage in relatively minor type of corruption opportunities as they
present themselves; and
2. Meat Eaters—are police officers who actively seek out corruption opportunities and engaged in both minor
and major patterns of corruption.

Other category of Corrupt Policemen

1. Vegetarian cops – they are like grass eaters who are policemen who just keep on waiting for the
opportunities. These are the cops who say, “I don’t demand, neither have I rejected.”
2. Carnivorous cops or “Rotten Eggs” – they are like the meat eaters. These are worst because they came
out of the headquarters to look for the opportunities. They have no pity as they extort money from lowly
sidewalk vendors.
3. Corrupt Police Unit
4. White Knights—these policemen are straightforward fellow. They are honest to a fault. They often take an
extreme position on ethical issues. They are idealistic and often render strict decisions in accordance with
law. A white knight is considered a loner and deviant to the eyes of the colleagues who are corrupt. They are
disgusted of the corrupt behaviors of fellow policemen but on the other hand, they are killjoy to the others.
5. Straight Shooters—these are honest policemen who are ready to hide the corrupt practices of their
comrades as part of camaraderie. They observe the principle of “omerta” or hiding the secret of fellow
policemen. They suffer in silence and most of them seek assignment to a corrupt-free unit or office.
6. Grass Eaters or Vegetarian Cops
7. Meat Eaters or Carnivorous Cops
8. Rogues—are policemen who are considered having all the deviant behaviors of a corrupt policeman. They
engaged in activities normally defined as dirty money by the police peer group. They are considered bad to
the bone.

Police Misconduct
1. Malfeasance is the doing of an act by a public officer who has without authority to do the same.
2. Misfeasance is the doing of an act by a public officer in a wrong way or with wrong result
3. Nonfeasance is the failure to perform an act which a public officer has a duty to do.

Other Forms of Police Misconduct:

1. Brutality—police brutality refers to unnecessary and unreasonable use of force in effecting arrest or abuse
in the manner of conducting search and seizure.
2. Sexual Misconduct—is a kind of police misconduct which is commonly committed by policeman who
sexually molested female or male clients who have transaction with the police office. It is a sexual
harassment behavior of police men.
3. Police Lying—police lying and other deceptive practices are in fact part of working environment. Lies and
deception vary as to whether or not they should be considered ethical violations or are necessary for the
police to accomplish their tasks. To amplify what are lies, they are categorized as follows:
4. Accepted Lying—this is to be considered part of police working environment, like for example in a discreet
operation. Lying as a deceptive ploy is allowed and is advisable.
5. Tolerated Lying—are those which are recognized as lies but tolerated as necessary to explain inadequacy
or inefficiency of the police organization. For example, in a certain crime where there was neither witness
nor evidence as it was really made perfect. The police officers may lie to the victim rather than to reveal that
the crime is impossible to solve.
6. Deviant Lying—this involves lies that violate substantive or procedural laws and police office rules and
regulations.
7. Use of Drugs—policemen who are assigned in Narcotic Command are those who are susceptible to
induced to taste drug for recreational purpose or just to experience using it. Without their knowing, they are
already hooked in it.

POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS

Basic Terms:

1. Police - Is a group persons established, maintained and organized for keeping order, safety, protection of
lives and properties and for prevention and detection of crimes.
2. Community - Refers to the civilian populace in cities, municipalities or Public in general, and shall be used
interchangeably with public, citizenry, society, or private sector.
3. Police Ideal - Is the expected essence of perfection, sympathetic, courteous intelligent, honest, and in
control of his emotions and temper, at all times. It is also includes courage and highest sense of dedication
to duty.
4. Personal Media - Implies the use of rallies, meetings, speeches and house to house visits to the
community.

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5. Barangay - Is the basic political unit of the Filipino nation that implements the policies of the national and
local governments.
6. Propaganda – It is a well-planned use of Public or mass communication for public purpose.
7. Police Community Relation - Is the sum total of dealings between the police and the people it serve and
whose goodwill and cooperation it craves for the greatest possible efficiency in the service.

INTERNAL REFORM AND GAINING SUPPORT

Net Working Operations. The following institutions shall be the priority target:

1. Congress - Congress being the law making body is one of the vital governmental institutions that can
support the PNP. The PNP must master enough support from Congress so that laws needed to enhance its
capabilities to safeguard peace and order of the community and ensure public safety as well as laws on
organizational development and modernization maybe enacted.
2. Liaison Office - Organization Level Liaison: The Directorate for PCR. Shall maintain a liaison office with
Congress whose main task is monitor, get the pulse, actively interact and possibly influence lawmakers on
matters affecting the PNP.
3. The Media - The media is unquestionably most powerful instrument in forming public opinion. There is a
need to generate support from this institution.
4. The Church - The opinion of church leaders carries much weight among the religious. It need not
underscored that a pastoral letter read through out the country carry great impact.
5. The Students and the School - Another big and important institution of society whose support, sympathy
and empathy when properly exploited will provide the PNP a potent ally is the school and the students.
6. The Non-Government Organizations - This is another institution target that play a vital role in enhancing
the PNP image. They are composed of society of people having common rights and privileges, common
interest and aspirations formally organized but at times most determinative of the outcome of an issue.

INDIVIDUAL PUBLIC RELATIONS

1. Domestic Relations - This consist of a person’s dealing with his family, parents and immediate relatives,
with whom he has to have good relationship in order to develop a respectable family prestige as well as
cordial community relations.
2. Neighborhood Relations - This consist of a person’s dealing with neighbor who constitute a vital link to
good reputation in the community
3. Community Relations - This is made up of a person’s dealing with the citizens of the community, city or
town where a person likes, his membership or contributions to civil undertakings and his membership or
contribution to the civic organization or community associations in the locality.
4. Church Relation - This consists of a person’s dealing with religious affiliation that is necessary for the
stability of moral principles.
5. Government Relations - This is made up of the dealings, which a person has with the government and its
various instrumentalities. The recognition of government authorities, its laws and ordinance, as well as other
public responsibilities, are significant phases of an individuals public relations.

PROFESSIONAL PUBLIC RELATION

1. Inter Departmental Relation - This is made up of the peace officers relations with the officers and men of
his own department, his supervisor, the station commander, as well as the city/municipal mayor where he is
assigned.
2. Citizen’s Relation - This includes all dealings or contact with the citizens in relations to the enforcement of
the law and the maintenance of peace and order, together with the giving of information to the public or
criminal and non-criminal activities.
3. Complaint Relations - This includes how officer deals with complaints, the techniques of interview he uses,
the manner of approach he adopts, the treatment of witnesses as well as informers.
4. Relations with Accused Persons - This covers the proper treatment of suspects, the recognition of their
constitutional rights during custodial investigation and the handling of accused persons during confinement.
5. Relations with Prosecutor - This includes a police officer’s duty to cooperate during preliminary
investigations and the gathering of further evidences once the fiscal files the case.
6. Judicial Relations - This consists of the peace officer’s duties toward the courts when appearing as a
witness and the honesty of his testimony.

FILIPINO VALUES
1. Fear of the Lord (Pagkatakot sa Diyos). 6. Love for Others/Fellowmen (Pakikipagkapwa/Pakikisama)
2. Faith (Pananalig) 7. Knowledge (Karunungan)
3. Close Family Ties (Makapamilya) 8. Love for Country or Patriotism (Pagmamahal sa Bayan)
4. Community Spirit (Bayanihan) 9. Responsible Citizenship (Mabuting Mamayan)
5. Solidarity (Pakikibaka) 10. Courage (Lakas or Tibay ng Loob)

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THE PNP CORE VALUES

The police service is a noble profession which demands from its members specialized knowledge and skills, as
well as high standards of ethics and morality. Hence, the members of the PNP must adhere to and internalize
the enduring core values of love of God, respect for authority, selfless love and service for people, sanctity of
marriage, and family life, responsible dominion and stewardship over material things, and truthfulness.

THE POLICE OFFICER’S CREED

I believe in God, The Supreme Being, The Great Provider, and The Creator of all men and everything dear to
me. In return, I can do no less than love Him above all obeying His word, seek His guidance in the performance
of my sworn duties and honor Him at all times.

I believe that respect for authority is a duty. I respect and uphold the Constitution, the laws of the land and the
applicable rules and regulations. I recognize the legitimacy and authority of the leadership, and obey legal
orders of my superior officers. I believe in selfless love and service to people. Towards this end, I commit myself
to the service of my fellowmen over and above my personal interest.

I believe in the sanctity of marriage and family life. I shall set the example of decency and morality, shall have
high regard for family life and value of marital fidelity. I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over
material things. I shall inhibit myself from extravagance and ostentatious display of material things. I shall help
protect the environment and conserve nature to maintain ecological balance. I believe in the wisdom of
truthfulness. I must be trustworthy and I shall uphold the truth at all.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ‒ arises when a public official or employee is a member of a board, an officer, or a
substantial stockholder of a private corporation or owner or has a substantial interest in a business, and the interest
of such corporation or business, or his rights or duties therein, may be opposed to or affected by the faithful
performance of official duty.

CORRUPTION – is the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner designed to produce personal gain for
himself or others; an impairment of integrity, virtue or moral principle; inducement (as an official) by means of
improper considerations (as bribery) to commit a violation of duty.

DHRDD – refers to the Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development; the primary training and
education directorate in the PNP.

DISHONESTY – the concealment or distortion of truth in a manner of a fact relevant to one’s office or connected
with the performance of his duties.

DISLOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT – Consist of abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the

government of the Philippines, or advocating the overthrow of the government.

ETHICS - is the capacity to determine right conduct and the knowledge of what is right from wrong; specific moral
choices to  be made by the individual in his relationship with others; the moral quality of a course of action, fitness
and propriety.

ETHICAL STANDARD – refers to the conduct and behavior governing a group, a class, or organization.

ETHICS AND VALUES COUNSELING CENTER – A facility for spiritual and behavioral intervention established in
every Police Regional Office to provide adequate counseling and assistance to police officers

ETHICS AND VALUES FORMATION PROGRAM - This program contains policies, principles, guidelines and
sanctions, all geared towards the internalization of moral values and service dedication through the implementation
of a systematic values-integration and Intervention program.

GIFT – Refers to the thing or right disposed gratuitously, or any act of liberty in favor of another who accepts it, and
shall include a simulated sale or ostensibly onerous disposition thereof. It shall not include an unsolicited gift of
nominal or insignificant value not given in anticipation of, or exchange for a favor.

INCOMPETENCY – It is the manifested lack of adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of
police duties. This refers to any physical and intellectual quality, the lack of which substantially incapacitates one to
perform the duties of peace

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MALFEASANCE – It is the performance of some act which ought not to be done. It is the doing either through
ignorance, inattention or malice, of that which the officer had no legal right to do at all, as when he acts without any
authority whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores or abuse his powers. Or the performance of some act which is unlawful or
wrongful or which one has specially contracted not to perform or it is sometimes called official misconduct.

MISCONDUCT – This is generally premeditated, obstinate or intentional purpose. It usually refers to transgression
of some established and definite rule of action, where no discretion is left except what necessity may demand. It
does not necessarily means corruption or criminal intention but implies wrong intention and not mere error of
judgment.
MISFEASANCE ‒ or Irregularities in the Performance of a Duty – It is the improper performance of some act which
might lawfully be done or the performance of a lawful act in an unlawfully or culpably negligent manner.

MORALS AND MORALITY – It refers to what is judged as good conduct. The term moral is also used to describe
someone who has the capacity to make value judgments and discernment from wrong.

MOONLIGHTING – An act of a member of the PNP pursuing or following any calling or occupation or the act of
engaging in any business, which includes but not limited to all activities, jobs, work, and similar functions,
performed, engaged in or undertaken by him, in or off duty hours with or without compensation, which is inconsistent
or incompatible with the PNP duties and/or functions.

MORALE – refers to a person’s state of mind and emotions, affecting the personnel/employee and the police force
to perform assigned tasks willingly and enthusiastically with confidence, cheerfulness and discipline to work, which
in turn affects the individual performance and organizational goals and objectives.

MORALITY – quality of human acts that leads man to observe “moral behavior”, to be obedient to a system of moral
rules, “rules of right conduct”.

MORAL RECOVERY PROGRAM - The Moral Recovery Program is a  movement which aims to mobilize all
Filipinos for nation-building  through the practical exercise of human values in our daily lives as citizens. It is
empowered through Executive Order 319 signed  by President Fidel V Ramos on April 03, 1996, which
institutionalizes the MRP in all government departments, offices, agencies, and government-owned and controlled
corporations
POLICE DISCRETION – the inherent ability and privilege of a police officer to test and use the limits of his power in
making a choice  among possible courses of action or inaction (i.e. to arrest or not to arrest).

PRO - Police Regional Office which constitute seventeen (17) Regional Offices of the PNP to include ARMM, CAR
and NCRPO

POLICE OFFICER – a public servant who represents the disciplinary and discretionary power of the state to enforce
laws
OPPRESSION – Imports an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful execution, or excessive use of authority.
POLICE CUSTOMS AND SOCIAL DECORUM – A set of norms and standards practiced by members during social
and other functions.
POLICE ETHICS – It is the practical science that treats the principle of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement.
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT – It refers to the set of behavioral standard governing particular profession or
professionals.
PUBLIC OFFICIAL – Includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary, whether in
the career or non- career service, including military and police personnel, whether they receive compensation or not,
regardless of amount.

PUBLIC OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE – Any persons holding any public office or employment by virtue of an
appointment, election, contract and any persons holding any office or employment, by appointment or contract in
any state-owned or controlled corporation.

NONEFEASANCE OR NEGLECT OF DUTY – It is omission of some act, which ought to be performed. It is the
omission or refusal without sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which is a peace officers legal obligation to
perform

VIOLATION OF LAW – Presupposes conviction in court of any crime or offense penalized under RPC or any
special law or ordinances.

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Criminal Sociology, Ethics & Human Relations