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  • Meaning, Thought, and Reality

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    Adriana Vargas
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    This document contains a summary of semantic theories including: 1. Referential theories which discuss whether nominal expressions refer to or denote entities. Students were asked to identify examples as referring or denoting. 2. Description theory where students rewrote sentences using alternative descriptions instead of nominal expressions. 3. Representational theories where students established sets of attributes to distinguish words in groups and suggested characteristic attributes for prototypes of concepts. Students also provided examples of category members and assessed their typicality.

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    Semantica 1

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    This document contains a summary of semantic theories including: 1. Referential theories which discuss whether nominal expressions refer to or denote entities. Students were asked to identify examples as referring or denoting. 2. Description theory where students rewrote sentences using alternative descriptions instead of nominal expressions. 3. Representational theories where students established sets of attributes to distinguish words in groups and suggested characteristic attributes for prototypes of concepts. Students also provided examples of category members and assessed their typicality.

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    203 views3 pages

    Meaning, Thought, and Reality

    Uploaded by

    Adriana Vargas
    This document contains a summary of semantic theories including: 1. Referential theories which discuss whether nominal expressions refer to or denote entities. Students were asked to identify examples as referring or denoting. 2. Description theory where students rewrote sentences using alternative descriptions instead of nominal expressions. 3. Representational theories where students established sets of attributes to distinguish words in groups and suggested characteristic attributes for prototypes of concepts. Students also provided examples of category members and assessed their typicality.

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    of 3

    Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    Departamento de Lingüística
    Semántica- Tarea 2 (individual)

    MEANING, THOUGHT, AND REALITY

    I. REFERENTIAL THEORIES

    1. REFERENTIAL AND NON-REFERENTIAL USES

    Imagine the sentences below being spoken. Decide, for each of the nominal expressions in bold, whether the speaker would
    be using the nominal to refer OR to denote (see slides 3-8). (Write the words refer OR denote accordingly)

    a. We waited for twelve hours at Nairobi airport. ___________referir_____________


    b. They had no food. __________denotar______________
    c. Edward opened the cupboard and a pair of shoes fell out. ___________referir_____________
    d. Henry is going to make a cake. ____________denotar____________
    e. The Colombian oldest guerrilla and the government signed a peace agreement ____________referir____________
    f. Doris passed through the office like a whirlwind. _________ denotar____________
    g. He was run over by a bus in Donnybrook. __________referir___________
    h. What we need is an army of volunteers. __________denotar__
    i. María quiere una casa que tenga balcón __________denotar______
    j. María quiere una casa que tiene balcón ___________referir________

    2. DESCRIPTION THEORY

    Try to devise alternative descriptions for the referents of the nominals in bold below (see slides 3-12). (Rewrite the sentence
    using the alternative description instead of the nominals)

    a. The Senator paid a visit to the Ukrainian capital.

    El senador realizó una visita a Kiev

    b. The British Prime Minister refused to comment.

    Boris Johnson se negó a comentar

    c. They arrived on Christmas Day.

    Ellas llegaron el 25 de Diciembre

    d. The president would have signed any travel ban approved by the Supreme Court

    Iván Duque habría firmado cualquier prohibición de viaje firmada por la Corte Suprema

    e. Craig took a bus to Washington, DC.

    Craig tomó un bus a la capital de Estados Unidos.

    f. He had reached the summit of the tallest mountain in the world.

    Él había alcanzado la cima del monte Everest

    g. The Colombian oldest guerrilla and the government signed a peace agreement

    Las FARC y el gobierno firmaron un acuerdo de paz

    h. Aún no he visitado La Perla del Otún

    Aún no he visitado Pereira

    II. REPRESENTATIONAL THEORIES


    3. We discussed the traditional proposal that a concept can be defined by a set of necessary and sufficient conditions,
    where the right set of attributes might define a concept exactly. If words are labels for concepts, these attributes might also
    define word meaning. Choose one of the groups below (a, b, or c) and try to establish sets of attributes that would
    distinguish each word from its companions in the group chosen (follow the examples on slides 20-21, 31-32).

    a. colt, horse, boy, man, girl, woman


    b. dog, cat, horse, hen, canary, hamster
    c. stallion, mare, foal

    B. Perro gato caballo gallina canario hamster

    PERRO GATO CABALLO


    +Animado +Animado +Animado
    -Humano -Humano -Humano
    +Domestico +Domestico +domestico
    +Omnivoro +Omnivoro -Omnivoro
    +Cuadrupedo +Cuadrupedo +Cuadrupedo

    GALLINA CANARIO HAMSTER


    +Animado +Animado +Animado
    -Humano -Humano -Humano
    +domestico +domestico +domestico
    +Omnivoro +Omnivoro -Omnivoro
    -Cuadrupedo -Cuadrupedo +Cuadrupedo

    4. We discussed the prototype theory of concepts. Assume that each of the following is a label for a concept and suggest a
    list of characteristic attributes for one of the concepts’ prototype (i.e. choose only one of the concepts and follow the
    examples on slides 31-32). Write or draw some actual examples of members of the category and assess them for typicality.
    Write the members’ names OR draw pictures and label them (follow the model on slides 24-25).

    a. FRUIT
    b. MAMMAL
    d. TOY
    e. SPORT
    KIWII
    COCO
    BANANO
    CIRUELA

    PERA
    Durazno
    MORA

    MANZANA

    AGUACATEW
    FEIJOA

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