Leadership and Management closely controlled

1. Ms. Caputo is newly-promoted to a patient care manager C. Leaders rely heavily on visioning and inspire members to achieve
position. She updates her knowledge on the theories in results
management and leadership in order to become effective in her new D. Leadership is shared at the point of care.
role. She learns that some managers have low concern for services 9. Ms. Caputo learns that some leaders are transactional leaders.
and high concern for staff. Which style of management refers to Which of the following does NOT characterize a transactional
this? leader?
A. Organization Man A. Focuses on management tasks
B. Impoverished Management B. Is a caretaker
C. Country Club Management C. Uses trade-offs to meet goals
D. Team Management D. Inspires others with vision
2. Her former manager demonstrated passion for serving her staff 10. She finds out that some managers have benevolent-authoritative
rather than being served. She takes time to listen, prefers to be a style of management. Which of the following behaviors will she
teacher first before being a leader, which is characteristic of exhibit most likely?
A. Transformational leader A. Have condescending trust and confidence in their subordinates
B. Transactional leader B. Gives economic or ego awards
C. Servant leader C. Communicates downward to the staff
D. Charismatic leader D. Allows decision making among subordinates
3. On the other hand, Ms. Caputo notices that the Chief Nurse 11. Henry is a Unit Manager I the Medical Unit. He is not satisfied
Executive has charismatic leadership style. Which of the following with the way things are going in his unit. Patient satisfaction rate is
behaviors best describes this style? 60% for two consecutive months and staff morale is at its lowest. He
A. Possesses inspirational quality that makes followers gets attracted decides to plan and initiate changes that will push for a turnaround
of him and regards him with reverence in the condition of the unit. Which of the following actions is a
B. Acts as he does because he expects that his behavior will yield priority for Henry?
positive results A. Call for a staff meeting and take this up in the agenda.
C. Uses visioning as the core of his leadership B. Seek help from her manager.
D. Matches his leadership style to the situation at hand. C. Develop a strategic action on how to deal with these concerns.
4. Which of the following conclusions of Ms. Caputo about D. Ignore the issues since these will be resolved naturally.
leadership characteristics is TRUE? 12. He knows that there are external forces that influence changes
A. There is a high correlation between the communication skills of a in his unit. Which of the following is NOT an external force?
leader and the ability to get the job done. A. Memo from the CEO to cut down on electrical consumption
B. A manager is effective when he has the ability to plan well. B. Demands of the labor sector to increase wages
C. Assessment of personal traits is a reliable tool for predicting a C. Low morale of staff in his unit
manager’s potential. D. Exacting regulatory and accreditation standards
D. There is good evidence that certain personal qualities favor 13. After discussing the possible effects of the low patient
success in managerial role. satisfaction rate, the staff started to list down possible strategies to
5. She reads about Path Goal theory. Which of the following solve the problems head-on. Should they decide to vote on the best
behaviors is manifested by the leader who uses this theory? change strategy, which of the following strategies is referred to this?
A. Recognizes staff for going beyond expectations by giving them A. Collaboration
citations B. Majority rule
B. Challenges the staff to take individual accountability for their own C. Dominance
practice D. Compromise
C. Admonishes staff for being laggards. 14. One staff suggests that they review the pattern of nursing care
D. Reminds staff about the sanctions for non performance. that they are using, which is described as a:
6. One leadership theory states that “leaders are born and not A. job description
made,” which refers to which of the following theories? B. system used to deliver care
A. Trait C. manual of procedure
B. Charismatic D. rules to be followed
C. Great Man 15. Which of the following is TRUE about functional nursing?
D. Situational A. Concentrates on tasks and activities
7. She came across a theory which states that the leadership style is B. Emphasizes use of group collaboration
effective dependent on the situation. Which of the following styles C. One-to-one nurse-patient ratio
best fits a situation when the followers are self-directed, experts and D. Provides continuous, coordinated and comprehensive nursing
are matured individuals? services
A. Democratic 16. Functional nursing has some advantages, which one is an
B. Authoritarian EXCEPTION?
C. Laissez faire A. Psychological and sociological needs are emphasized.
D. Bureaucratic B. Great control of work activities.
8. She surfs the internet for more information about leadership C. Most economical way of delivering nursing services.
styles. She reads about shared leadership as a practice in some D. Workers feel secure in dependent role
magnet hospitals. Which of the following describes this style of 17. He raised the issue on giving priority to patient needs. Which of
leadership? the following offers the best way for setting priority?
A. Leadership behavior is generally determined by the relationship A. Assessing nursing needs and problems
between the leader’s personality and the specific situation B. Giving instructions on how nursing care needs are to be met
B. Leaders believe that people are basically good and need not be
C. Controlling and evaluating the delivery of nursing care 26. Joey orients his staff on the patterns of reporting relationship
D. Assigning safe nurse: patient ratio throughout the organization. Which of the following principles refer
18. Which of the following is the best guarantee that the patient’s to this?
priority needs are met? A. Span of control
A. Checking with the relative of the patient B. Hierarchy
B. Preparing a nursing care plan in collaboration with the patient C. Esprit d’ corps
C. Consulting with the physician D. Unity of direction
D. Coordinating with other members of the team 27. He emphasizes to the team that they need to put their efforts
19. When Henry uses team nursing as a care delivery system, he and together towards the attainment of the goals of the program. Which
his team need to assess the priority of care for a group of patients, of the following principles refers to this?
which of the following should be a priority? A. Span of control
A. Each patient as listed on the worksheet B. Unity of direction
B. Patients who needs least care C. Unity of command
C. Medications and treatments required for all patients D. Command responsibility
D. Patients who need the most care 28. Joey stresses the importance of promoting ‘esprit d corps’
20. He is hopeful that his unit will make a big turnaround in the among the members of the unit. Which of the following remarks of
succeeding months. Which of the following actions of the staff indicates that they understand what he pointed out?
Henry demonstrates that he has reached the third stage of change? A. “Let’s work together in harmony; we need to be supportive of one
A. Wonders why things are not what it used to be another”
B. Finds solutions to the problems B. “In order that we achieve the same results; we must all follow the
C. Integrate the solutions to his day-to-day activities directives of Julius and not from other managers.”
D. Selects the best change strategy C. “We will ensure that all the resources we need are available when
21. Joey is a newly-appointed nurse manager of The Holy needed.”
Spirit Medical Center, a tertiary hospital located within the heart of D. “We need to put our efforts together in order to raise the bar of
the metropolis. He thinks of scheduling planning workshop with his excellence in the care we provide to all our patients.”
staff in order to ensure an effective and efficient management of the 29. He discusses the goal of the department. Which of the following
department. Should he decide to conduct a strategic planning statements is a goal?
workshop, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of this A. Increase the patient satisfaction rate
activity? B. Eliminate the incidence of delayed administration of medications
A. Long-term goal-setting C. Establish rapport with patients.
B. Extends to 3-5 years in the future D. Reduce response time to two minutes.
C. Focuses on routine tasks 30. He wants to influence the customary way of thinking and
D. Determines directions of the organization behaving that is shared by the members of the department. Which
22. Which of the following statements refer to the vision of the of the following terms refer to this?
hospital? A. Organizational chart
A. The Holy Spirit Medical Center is a trendsetter in tertiary health B. Cultural network
care in the next five year C. Organizational structure
B. The officers and staff of The Holy Spirit Medical Center believe in D. Organizational culture
the unique nature of the human person 31. He asserts the importance of promoting a positive organizational
C. All the nurses shall undergo continuing competency training culture in their unit. Which of the following behaviors indicate that
program. this is attained by the group?
D. The Holy Spirit Medical Center aims to provide a patient-centered A. Proactive and caring with one another
care in a total healing environment. B. Competitive and perfectionist
23. The statement, “The Holy Spirit Medical Center aims to provide C. Powerful and oppositional
patient-centered care in a total healing environment” refers to D. Obedient and uncomplaining
which of the following? 32. Stephanie is a new Staff Educator of a private tertiary hospital.
A. Vision She conducts orientation among new staff nurses in her department.
B. Goal Joseph, one of the new staff nurses, wants to understand the
C. Philosophy channel of communication, span of control and lines of
D. Mission communication. Which of the following will provide this
24. Joey plans to revisit the organizational chart of the department. information?
He plans to create a new position of a Patient Educator who has a A. Organizational structure
coordinating relationship with the head nurse in the unit. Which of B. Policy
the following will likely depict this organizational relationship? C. Job description
A. Box D. Manual of procedures
B. Solid line 33. Stephanie is often seen interacting with the medical intern
C. Broken line during coffee breaks and after duty hours. What type of
D. Dotted line organizational structure is this?
25. He likewise stresses the need for all the employees to follow A. Formal
orders and instructions from him and not from anyone else. Which B. Informal
of the following principles does he refer to? C. Staff
A. Scalar chain D. Line
B. Discipline 34. She takes pride in saying that the hospital has a decentralized
C. Unity of command structure. Which of the following is NOT compatible with this type of
D. Order model?
A. Flat organization Charismatic leaders make the followers feel at ease in their
B. Participatory approach presence. They feel that they are in good hands whenever the leader
C. Shared governance is around.
D. Tall organization 4. Answer: C. Assessment of personal traits is a reliable tool for
35. Centralized organizations have some advantages. Which of the predicting a manager’s potential. 
following statements are TRUE? It is not conclusive that certain qualities of a person would make him
1. Highly cost-effective become a good manager. It can only predict a manager’s potential of
2. Makes management easier becoming a good one.
3. Reflects the interest of the worker 5. Answer: A. Recognizes staff for going beyond expectations by
4. Allows quick decisions or actions. giving them citations 
A. 1 & 2 Path Goal theory according to House and associates rewards good
B. 2 & 4 performance so that others would do the same
C. 2, 3& 4 6. Answer: C. Great Man 
D. 1, 2, & 4 Leaders become leaders because of their birth right. This is also
36. Stephanie delegates effectively if she has authority to act, which called Genetic theory or the Aristotelian theory
is BEST defined as: 7. Answer: C. Laissez faire 
A. having responsibility to direct others Laissez faire leadership is preferred when the followers know what
B. being accountable to the organization to do and are experts in the field. This leadership style is
C. having legitimate right to act relationship-oriented rather than task-centered.
D. telling others what to do 8. Answer: D. Leadership is shared at the point of care. 
37. Regardless of the size of a work group, enough staff must be Shared governance allows the staff nurses to have the authority,
available at all times to accomplish certain purposes. Which of these responsibility and accountability for their own practice.
purposes is NOT included? 9. Answer: D. Inspires others with vision 
A. Meet the needs of patients Inspires others with a vision is characteristic of a transformational
B. Provide a pair of hands to other units as needed leader. He is focused more on the day-to-day operations of the
C. Cover all time periods adequately. department/unit.
D. Allow for growth and development of nursing staff. 10. Answer: A. Have condescending trust and confidence in their
38. Which of the following guidelines should be least considered in subordinates 
formulating objectives for nursing care? Benevolent-authoritative managers pretentiously show their trust
A. Written nursing care plan and confidence to their followers
B. Holistic approach 11. Answer: A. Call for a staff meeting and take this up in the
C. Prescribed standards agenda. 
D. Staff preferences This will allow for the participation of every staff in the unit. If they
39. Stephanie considers shifting to transformational leadership. contribute to the solutions of the problem, they will own the
Which of the following statements best describes this type of solutions; hence the chance for compliance would be greater.
leadership? 12. Answer: C. Low morale of staff in his unit 
A. Uses visioning as the essence of leadership. Low morale of staff is an internal factor that affects only the unit. All
B. Serves the followers rather than being served. the rest of the options emanate from the top executive or from
C. Maintains full trust and confidence in the subordinates outside the institution.
D. Possesses innate charisma that makes others feel good in his 13. Answer: B. Majority rule 
presence. Majority rule involves dividing the house and the highest vote wins.
40. As a manager, she focuses her energy on both the quality of 1/2 + 1 is a majority.
services rendered to the patients as well as the welfare of the staff 14. Answer: B. system used to deliver care 
of her unit. Which of the following management styles does she A system used to deliver care. In the 70’s it was termed as methods
adopt? of patient assignment; in the early 80’s it was called modalities of
A. Country club management patient care then patterns of nursing care in the 90’s until recently
B. Organization man management authors called it nursing care systems.
C. Team management 15. Answer: A. Concentrates on tasks and activities 
D. Authority-obedience management Functional nursing is focused on tasks and activities and not on the
Answers and Rationale holistic care of the patients
Answers and rationale are given below for this exam. Check your 16. Answer: A. Psychological and sociological needs are emphasized. 
correct answers and read the rationales for additional learning. Tell When the functional method is used, the psychological and
us your scores on the comments section. sociological needs of the patients are neglected; the patients are
1. Answer: A. Country Club Management  regarded as ‘tasks to be done ‘
Country club management style puts concern for the staff as number 17. Answer: A. Assessing nursing needs and problems 
one priority at the expense of the delivery of services. He/she runs This option follows the framework of the nursing process at the
the department just like a country club where everyone is happy same time applies the management process of planning, organizing,
including the manager. directing and controlling
2. Answer: C. Servant leader  18. Answer: B. Preparing a nursing care plan in collaboration with
Servant leaders are open-minded, listen deeply, try to fully the patient 
understand others and not being judgmental The best source of information about the priority needs of the
3. Answer: A. Possesses inspirational quality that makes followers patient is the patient himself. Hence using a nursing care plan based
gets attracted of him and regards him with reverence  on his expressed priority needs would ensure meeting his needs
effectively.
19. Answer: D. Patients who need the most care 
In setting priorities for a group of patients, those who need the most Providing a pair of hands for other units is not a purpose in doing an
care should be number-one priority to ensure that their critical effective staffing process. This is a function of a staffing coordinator
needs are met adequately. The needs of other patients who need at a centralized model.
less care ca be attended to later or even delegated to assistive 38. Answer: D. Staff preferences 
personnel according to rules on delegation. Staff preferences should be the least priority in formulating
20. Answer: C. Integrate the solutions to his day-to-day activities  objectives of nursing care. Individual preferences should be
Integrate the solutions to his day-to-day activities is expected to subordinate to the interest of the patients.
happen during the third stage of change when the change agent 39. Answer: A. Uses visioning as the essence of leadership. 
incorporate the selected solutions to his system and begins to create Transformational leadership relies heavily on visioning as the core of
a change. leadership.
21. Answer: C. Focuses on routine tasks  40. Answer: C. Team management 
Strategic planning involves options A, B and D except C which is Team management has a high concern for services and high concern
attributed to operational planning for staff.
22. Answer: A. The Holy Spirit Medical Center is a trendsetter in SET 2
tertiary health care in the next five years  1. Katherine is a young Unit Manager of the Pediatric Ward. Most
A vision refers to what the institution wants to become within a of her staff nurses are senior to her, very articulate, confident and
particular period of time. sometimes aggressive. Katherine feels uncomfortable believing
23. Answer: B. Goal  that she is the scapegoat of everything that goes wrong in her
24. Answer: C. Broken line  department. Which of the following is the best action that she
This is a staff relationship hence it is depicted by a broken line in the must take?
organizational structure A. Identify the source of the conflict and understand the points of
25. Answer: C. Unity of command  friction
The principle of unity of command means that employees should B. Disregard what she feels and continue to work independently
receive orders coming from only one manager and not from two C. Seek help from the Director of Nursing
managers. This averts the possibility of sowing confusion among the D. Quit her job and look for another employment.
members of the organization 2. As a young manager, she knows that conflict occurs in any
26. Answer: B. Hierarchy  organization. Which of the following statements regarding conflict
Hierarchy refers to the pattern of reporting or the formal line of is NOT true?
authority in an organizational structure. A. Can be destructive if the level is too high
27. Answer: B. Unity of direction  B. Is not beneficial; hence it should be prevented at all times
Unity of direction means having one goal or one objective for the C. May result in poor performance
team to pursue; hence all members of the organization should put D. May create leaders
their efforts together towards the attainment of their common goal 3. Katherine tells one of the staff, “I don’t have time to discuss the
or objective. matter with you now. See me in my office later” when the latter
28. Answer: A. “Let’s work together in harmony; we need to be asks if they can talk about an issue. Which of the following conflict
supportive of one another”  resolution strategies did she use?
The principle of ‘esprit d’ corps’ refers to promoting harmony in the A. Smoothing
workplace, which is essential in maintaining a climate conducive to B. Compromise
work. C. Avoidance
29. Answer: A. Increase the patient satisfaction rate  D. Restriction
Goal is a desired result towards which efforts are directed. 4. Kathleen knows that one of her staff is experiencing burnout.
30. Answer: D. Organizational culture  Which of the following is the best thing for her to do?
An organizational culture refers to the way the members of the A. Advise her staff to go on vacation.
organization think together and do things around them together. It’s B. Ignore her observations; it will be resolved even without
their way of life in that organization intervention
31. Answer: A. Proactive and caring with one another  C. Remind her to show loyalty to the institution.
32. Answer: A. Organizational structure  D. Let the staff ventilate her feelings and ask how she can be of help.
Organizational structure provides information on the channel of 5. She knows that performance appraisal consists of all the
authority, (i.e., who reports to whom and with what authority) the following activities EXCEPT:
number of people who directly reports to the various levels of A. Setting specific standards and activities for individual
hierarchy and the lines of communication whether line or staff. performance.
33. Answer: B. Informal  B. Using agency standards as a guide.
This is usually not published and oftentimes concealed. C. Determine areas of strength and weaknesses
34. Answer: D. Tall organization  D. Focusing activity on the correction of identified behavior.
Tall organizations are highly centralized organizations where 6. Which of the following statements is NOT true about
decision making is centered on one authority level. performance appraisal?
35. Answer: A. 1 & 2  A. Informing the staff about the specific impressions of their work
Centralized organizations are needs only a few managers hence they help improve their performance.
are less expensive and easier to manage B. A verbal appraisal is an acceptable substitute for a written report
36. Answer: C. having legitimate right to act  C. Patients are the best source of information regarding personnel
Authority is a legitimate or official right to give command. This is an appraisal.
officially sanctioned responsibility D. The outcome of performance appraisal rests primarily with the
37. Answer: B. Provide a pair of hands to other units as needed  staff.
7. There are times when Katherine evaluates her staff as she makes C. Compatible with computerization
her daily rounds. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of D. Promotes better interpersonal relationship
conducting an informal appraisal? 17. Aubrey thinks about primary nursing as a system to deliver
A. The staff member is observed in natural setting. care. Which of the following activities is NOT done by a primary
B. Incidental confrontation and collaboration is allowed. nurse?
C. The evaluation is focused on objective data systematically. A. Collaborates with the physician
D. The evaluation may provide valid information for compilation of a B. Provides care to a group of patients together with a group of
formal report. nurses
8. She conducts a 6-month performance review session with a staff C. Provides care for 5-6 patients during their hospital stay.
member. Which of the following actions is appropriate? D. Performs comprehensive initial assessment
A. She asks another nurse to attest the session as a witness. 18. Which pattern of nursing care involves the care given by a
B. She informs the staff that she may ask another nurse to read the group of paraprofessional workers led by a professional nurse who
appraisal before the session is over. take care of patients with the same disease conditions and are
C. She tells the staff that the session is manager-centered. located geographically near each other?
D. The session is private between the two members. A. Case method
9. Alexandra is tasked to organize the new wing of the hospital. B. Modular nursing
She was given the authority to do as she deems fit. She is aware C. Nursing case management
that the director of nursing has substantial trust and confidence in D. Team nursing
her capabilities, communicates through downward and upward 19. St. Raphael Medical Center just opened its new Performance
channels and usually uses the ideas and opinions of her staff. Improvement Department. Ms. Valencia is appointed as the
Which of the following is her style of management? Quality Control Officer. She commits herself to her new role and
A. Benevolent –authoritative plans her strategies to realize the goals and objectives of the
B. Consultative department. Which of the following is a primary task that they
C. Exploitive-authoritative should perform to have an effective control system?
D. Participative A. Make an interpretation about strengths and weaknesses
10. She decides to illustrate the organizational structure. Which of B. Identify the values of the department
the following elements is NOT included? C. Identify structure, process, outcome standards & criteria
A. Level of authority D. Measure actual performances
B. Lines of communication 20. Ms. Valencia develops the standards to be followed. Among
C. Span of control the following standards, which is considered as a structure
D. Unity of direction standard?
11. She plans of assigning competent people to fill the roles A. The patients verbalized satisfaction of the nursing care received
designed in the hierarchy. Which process refers to this? B. Rotation of duty will be done every four weeks for all patient care
A. Staffing personnel.
B. Scheduling C. All patients shall have their weights taken recorded
C. Recruitment D. Patients shall answer the evaluation form before discharge
D. Induction 21. When she presents the nursing procedures to be followed, she
12. She checks the documentary requirements for the applicants refers to what type of standards?
for staff nurse position. Which one is NOT necessary? A. Process
A. Certificate of previous employment B. Outcome
B. Record of related learning experience (RLE) C. Structure
C. Membership to accredited professional organization D. Criteria
D. Professional identification card 22. The following are basic steps in the controlling process of the
13. Which phase of the employment process includes getting on department. Which of the following is NOT included?
the payroll and completing documentary requirements? A. Measure actual performance
A. Orientation B. Set nursing standards and criteria
B. Induction C. Compare results of performance to standards and objectives
C. Selection D. Identify possible courses of action
D. Recruitment 23. Which of the following statements refers to criteria?
14. She tries to design an organizational structure that allows A. Agreed on level of nursing care
communication to flow in all directions and involve workers in B. Characteristics used to measure the level of nursing care
decision making. Which form of organizational structure is this? C. Step-by-step guidelines
A. Centralized D. Statement which guide the group in decision making and problem
B. Decentralized solving
C. Matrix 24. She wants to ensure that every task is carried out as planned.
D. Informal Which of the following tasks is NOT included in the controlling
15. In a horizontal chart, the lowest level worker is located at the process?
A. Left most box A. Instructing the members of the standards committee to prepare
B. Middle policies
C. Right most box B. Reviewing the existing policies of the hospital
D. Bottom C. Evaluating the credentials of all nursing staff
16. She decides to have a decentralized staffing system. Which of D. Checking if activities conform to schedule
the following is an advantage of this system of staffing? 25. Ms. Valencia prepares the process standards. Which of the
A. greater control of activities following is NOT a process standard?
B. Conserves time
A. Initial assessment shall be done to all patients within twenty four C. level of satisfaction
hours upon admission. D. degree of acceptance
B. Informed consent shall be secured prior to any invasive procedure 35. He checks if his instruments meet the criteria for evaluation.
C. Patients’ reports 95% satisfaction rate prior to discharge from the Which of the following criteria refers to the consistency or the
hospital. ability to yield the same response upon its repeated
D. Patient education about their illness and treatment shall be administration?
provided for all patients and their families. A. Validity
26. Which of the following is evidence that the controlling process B. Reliability
is effective? C. Sensitivity
A. The things that were planned are done D. Objectivity
B. Physicians do not complain. 36. Which criteria refer to the ability of the instrument to detect
C. Employees are contended fine differences among the subjects being studied?
D. There is an increase in customer satisfaction rate. A. Sensitivity
27. Ms. Valencia is responsible to the number of personnel B. Reliability
reporting to her. This principle refers to: C. Validity
A. Span of control D. Objectivity
B. Unity of command 37. Which of the following terms refer to the degree to which an
C. Carrot and stick principle instrument measures what it is supposed to be measure?
D. Esprit d’ corps A. Validity
28. She notes that there is an increasing unrest of the staff due to B. Reliability
fatigue brought about by shortage of staff. Which action is a C. Meaningfulness
priority? D. Sensitivity
A. Evaluate the overall result of the unrest 38. He plans for his sampling method. Which sampling method
B. Initiate a group interaction gives equal chance to all units in the population to get picked?
C. Develop a plan and implement it A. Random
D. Identify external and internal forces. B. Accidental
29. Kevin is a member of the Nursing Research Council of the C. Quota
hospital. His first assignment is to determine the level of patient D. Judgment
satisfaction on the care they received from the hospital. He plans 39. Raphael is interested to learn more about transcultural nursing
to include all adult patients admitted from April to May, with because he is assigned at the family suites where most patients
average length of stay of 3-4 days, first admission, and with no come from different cultures and countries. Which of the following
complications. Which of the following is an extraneous variable of designs is appropriate for this study?
the study? A. Grounded theory
A. Date of admission B. Ethnography
B. Length of stay C. Case study
C. Age of patients D. Phenomenology
D. Absence of complications 40. The nursing theorist who developed transcultural nursing
30. He thinks of an appropriate theoretical framework. Whose theory is
theory addresses the four modes of adaptation? A. Dorothea Orem
A. Martha Rogers B. Madeleine Leininger
B. Sr. Callista Roy C. Betty Newman
C. Florence Nightingale D. Sr. Callista Roy
D. Jean Watson Answers and Rationale
31. He opts to use a self-report method. Which of the following is Here are the answers and rationales for the exam. This exam is out
NOT TRUE about this method? of this world difficult so don’t feel bad if you got a low score but be
A. Most direct means of gathering information sure to read the rationales below. If you need clarifications, direct
B. Versatile in terms of content coverage them to the comments below.
C. Most accurate and valid method of data gathering 1. Answer: A. Identify the source of the conflict and understand the
D. Yields information that would be difficult to gather by another points of friction 
method This involves a problem solving approach, which addresses the root
32. Which of the following articles would Kevin least consider for cause of the problem.
his review of literature? 2. Answer: B. Is not beneficial; hence it should be prevented at all
A. “Story-Telling and Anxiety Reduction Among Pediatric Patients” times 
B. “Turnaround Time in Emergency Rooms” Conflicts are beneficial because it surfaces out issues in the open
C. “Outcome Standards in Tertiary Health Care Institutions” and can be solved right away. Likewise, members of the team
D. “Environmental Manipulation and Client Outcomes” become more conscientious with their work when they are aware
33. Which of the following variables will he likely EXCLUDE in his that other members of the team are watching them.
study? 3. Answer: C. Avoidance 
A. Competence of nurses This strategy shuns discussing the issue head-on and prefers to
B. Caring attitude of nurses postpone it to a later time. In effect the problem remains unsolved
C. Salary of nurses and both parties are in a lose-lose situation.
D. Responsiveness of staff 4. Answer: D. Let the staff ventilate her feelings and ask how she
34. He plans to use a Likert Scale to determine can be of help. 
A. degree of agreement and disagreement Reaching out and helping the staff is the most effective strategy in
B. compliance to expected standards
dealing with burn out. Knowing that someone is ready to help makes 21. Answer: A. Process 
the staff feel important; hence her self-worth is enhanced. Process standards include care plans, nursing procedure to be done
5. Answer: D. Focusing activity on the correction of identified to address the needs of the patients.
behavior.  22. Answer: D. Identify possible courses of action 
Performance appraisal deal with both positive and negative This is a step in a quality control process and not a basic step in the
performance; is not meant to be a fault-finding activity control process.
6. Answer: C. Patients are the best source of information regarding 23. Answer: B. Characteristics used to measure the level of nursing
personnel appraisal.  care 
The patient can be a source of information about the performance Criteria are specific characteristics used to measure the standard of
of the staff but it is never the best source. Directly observing the care.
staff is the best source of information for personnel appraisal. 24. Answer: A. Instructing the members of the standards
7. Answer: C. The evaluation is focused on objective data committee to prepare policies 
systematically.  Instructing the members involves a directing function.
Collecting objective data systematically can not be achieved in an 25. Answer: C. Patients’ reports 95% satisfaction rate prior to
informal appraisal. It is focused on what actually happens in the discharge from the hospital. 
natural work setting. This refers to an outcome standard, which is a result of the care that
8. Answer: D. The session is private between the two members.  is rendered to the patient.
The session is private between the manager and the staff and 26. Answer: A. The things that were planned are done 
remains to be so when the two parties do not divulge the Controlling is defined as seeing to it that what is planned is done.
information to others. 27. Answer: A. Span of control 
9. Answer: B. Consultative  Span of control refers to the number of workers who report directly
A consultative manager is almost like a participative manager. The to a manager.
participative manager has complete trust and confidence in the 28. Answer: B. Initiate a group interaction 
subordinate, always uses the opinions and ideas of subordinates and Initiate a group interaction will be an opportunity to discuss the
communicates in all directions. problem in the open.
10. Answer: D. Unity of direction  29. Answer: C. Age of patients 
Unity of direction is a management principle, not an element of an An extraneous variable is not the primary concern of the researcher
organizational structure. but has an effect on the results of the study. Adult patients may be
11. Answer: A. Staffing  young, middle or late adult.
Staffing is a management function involving putting the best people 30. Answer: B. Sr. Callista Roy 
to accomplish tasks and activities to attain the goals of the Sr. Callista Roy developed the Adaptation Model which involves the
organization. physiologic mode, self-concept mode, role function mode and
12. Answer: B. Record of related learning experience (RLE)  dependence mode
Record of RLE is not required for employment purposes but it is 31. Answer: C. Most accurate and valid method of data gathering 
required for the nurse’s licensure examination. The most serious disadvantage of this method is accuracy and
13. Answer: B. Induction  validity of information gathered
This step in the recruitment process gives time for the staff to 32. Answer: B. “Turnaround Time in Emergency Rooms” 
submit all the documentary requirements for employment. The article is for pediatric patients and may not be relevant for adult
14. Answer: B. Decentralized  patients.
Decentralized structures allow the staff to make decisions on 33. Answer: C. Salary of nurses 
matters pertaining to their practice and communicate in downward, Salary of staff nurses is not an indicator of patient satisfaction, hence
upward, lateral and diagonal flow. need not be included as a variable in the study.
15. Answer: C. Rightmost box  34. Answer: A. degree of agreement and disagreement 
The leftmost box is occupied by the highest authority while the Likert scale is a 5-point summated scale used to determine the
lowest level worker occupies the rightmost box. degree of agreement or disagreement of the respondents to a
16. Answer: D. Promotes better interpersonal relationship  statement in a study.
Decentralized structures allow the staff to solve decisions by 35. Answer: B. Reliability 
themselves, involve them in decision making; hence they are always Reliability is repeatability of the instrument; it can elicit the same
given opportunities to interact with one another. responses even with varied administration of the instrument
17. Answer: B. Provides care to a group of patients together with a 36. Answer: A. Sensitivity 
group of nurses  Sensitivity is an attribute of the instrument that allow the
This function is done in team nursing where the nurse is a member respondents to distinguish differences of the options where to
of a team that provides care for a group of patients. choose from
18. Answer: B. Modular nursing  37. Answer: A. Validity 
Modular nursing is a variant of team nursing. The difference lies in Validity is ensuring that the instrument contains appropriate
the fact that the members in modular nursing are paraprofessional questions about the research topic
workers. 38. Answer: A. Random 
19. Answer: B. Identify the values of the department  Random sampling gives equal chance for all the elements in the
Identify the values of the department will set the guiding principles population to be picked as part of the sample.
within which the department will operate its activities 39. Answer: B. Ethnography 
20. Answer: B. Rotation of duty will be done every four weeks for Ethnography is focused on patterns of behavior of selected people
all patient care personnel.  within a culture
Structure standards include management system, facilities, 40. Answer: B. Madeleine Leininger 
equipment, materials needed to deliver care to patients. Rotation of Madeleine Leininger developed the theory on transcultural theory
duty is a management system.