Plant and Animal Nutrition
Plant and Animal Nutrition
PROCUREMENT
AND PROCESSING
CALORIE
- is a unit of energy that indicates the amount
of energy contained in food
-It specifically refers to the amount of heat
energy required to raise the temperature of 1
kg (2.2 lb.) of water by 1oC (1.8oF)
-The greater the number of in a
quantity of food, the greater energy it contains
(Johnson and Raven, 1996)
NUTRITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
1. CARBOHYDRATES
- it is the major energy source of the cells in the
body and also important for energy storage
- contain 4 Calories per gram.
2. PROTEINS
- provide structural support for tissues, act as
chemical messengers, and move muscles
- contain 4 Calories per gram
NUTRITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
3. FATS
-also called triglycerides can be solid or liquid at
room temperature. Those that are solid are
classified as fats, while those that are liquid are
known as oils.
-used to build cell membranes, steroid hormones,
and other cellular structures
-contain 9 Calories per gram
NUTRITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
4. ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS- nutrient required for
normal animal body functioning that can not be
synthesized by the body
a. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS- needed for
synthesis of proteins and enzymes; among the
20 amino acids, eight could not be synthesized
by humans: lysine, tryptophan, threonine,
methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine
and valine
b. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS- used for making
special membrane lipids and the proper
development of brain. E.g. Linoleic acid
NUTRITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
c. VITAMINS- organic molecules required
in small amounts for normal metabolism
Endocytosis
the process of
capturing a
substance or particle
from outside the cell
by engulfing it with
the cell membrane,
and bringing it into
the cell.
FOOD UPTAKE IN CELLS
3 TYPES OF
ENDOCYTOSIS:
1. PHAGOCYTOSIS-
ingestion of large
particles such as cell
debris and whole
microorganisms by
means of large
vesicles
FOOD UPTAKE IN CELLS
3 TYPES OF
ENDOCYTOSIS:
2. PINOCYTOSIS-
internalization of
extracellular fluid and
small macromolecules
by means of small
vesicles
FOOD UPTAKE IN CELLS
3 TYPES OF
ENDOCYTOSIS:
3. RECEPTOR-MEDIATED-
when the uptake of
substances by the cell is
targeted to a single type of
substance that binds to the
receptor on the external
surface of the cell
membrane
FEEDING MECHANISMS
FEEDING MECHANISMS
1. SUSPENSION / FILTER
FEEDING – animals
which draw in water and
strain small organisms
and food particles
present in the medium
FEEDING MECHANISMS
2. FLUID FEEDING-
organisms suck
nutrient-rich fluid
from a living host
FEEDING MECHANISMS
3. SUBSTRATE FEEDING-
animals live in or on their
food source
Yellowing is called
Chlorosis
PHOSPHORUS
• Involved in sugar metabolism, component of
nucleic acids, phospholipids, coenzymes
• Promotes early root formation and growth
• Improves quality of fruits, vegetables, and
grains
• Vital to seed formation
• Deficiency signs-
reduced growth,
poor root
systems, reduced
flowering. Also
thin stems and
browning or
purpling of
foliage.
POTASSIUM
· Enzyme activator, involved in starch
formation
· regulates osmotic balance and movement
of guard cells
· Improves quality of seeds and fruit
· Increases disease resistance
Deficiency signs –
reduced growth,
shortened internodes
and some burn,
scorched marks
(brown leaves).
• Too Much (K ) – can
cause nitrogen
deficiency.
MACRONUTRIENTS
(SECONDARY)
CALCIUM
· major component of cell wall
· Involved in nitrogen metabolism
· Reduces plant respiration
· Aids translocation of photosynthesis from leaves to
fruiting organs (2nd messenger)
MAGNESIUM
· Key element of chlorophyll production
· Improves utilization and mobility of phosphorus
· Activator and component of many plant
enzymes
· Directly related to grass tetany
SULFUR
· Integral part of amino acids
· Helps develop enzymes and vitamins
· Promotes nodule formation on legumes
· Aids in seed production
MICRONUTRIENTS
Iron (Fe) Essential to chlorophyll production. Also contributes to the
formation of some enzymes and amino acids.
Boron (B) Essential to overall plant health and tissue growth. Promotes
the formation of fruit and the absorption of water.
Manganese Activator of enzymes; involved in electron transfer,
(Mn) chlorophyll synthesis, and the photosynthetic evolution of
O2
Molybdenum Involved in nitrogen reduction
(Mo)