CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Glue is an adhesive material that is widely used worldwide. From schools to offices, from

homes to buildings, this material is always present to help in individuals in their daily lives. It

can be used in simple works or as an emergency utensil; from torn books to stripped parts of

paper works. It can stick two or more things together. It can be made from plant or animal parts, or it

can be made from oil-based chemicals. The first glues known may have been natural liquids that come

out of trees when they are cut. Later people learned to make glue by boiling animal feet, cartilage or

bones. Some very strong glue is made from fish bones, rubber or milk. Simple glue can be made at home

by mixing wheat flour and water. This glue will stick pieces of paper together. Many kinds of art can be

made using glue. A collage is a work of art made by using glue to stick colored things onto paper.

Breadfruit tree are one of the highest yield food plants known. A single tree an produce

between 50 to 150 fruits per year (yield varies between wet and dry areas) and their round, oval

or oblong fruits an weight as much as 12 pounds. It was discovered that the Antipolo and

Breadfruit tree produces a natural sticky sap that can be used as glue. The sap of Antipolo is

placed on tall trees that can capture small birds because of it stickiness. And breadfruit latex is

also sticky that can be make as glue as well (Aloha Nui, 2019).

the researchers conducted this study to promote an alternative way of making a glue with

the use of a natural source of products (Breadfruit and Antipolo tree) instead of hazardous
chemical products. This glue will come on handy to the students with problems about toxins and

is also easy to organize in times of financial crisis. This study focuses on the potential of

Breadfruit and Antipolo tree as renewable product that is significant for purposes.

Objectives

This study aimed to produce an alternative glue that is cheap and ecofriendly with the

used of Breadfruit tree (Artocarpus altilis) and Antipolo tree (Artocarpus blancoi) sap.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. Determine the efficacy/ durability of the alternative glue to stick to the paper.

2. Determine if there is a significant difference on the effectiveness between Breadfruit

tree (Artocarpus altilis) and Antipolo tree (Artocarpus blancoi) sap as an alternative glue and a

commercial stick glue.

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference on the effectiveness between Breadfruit tree (Artocarpus altilis)

and Antipolo tree (Artocarpus blancoi) sap as an alternative glue and a commercial stick glue.

Significance of the study

the study focused on the making of an alternative glue with the used of the sap of the

Breadfruit tree and Antipolo tree. The accomplishment of this study would be useful to the

students who could not afford to buy it. It could also be used by the indigent sector of the
community to improve their productivity and profitability of having Breadfruit tree and Antipolo

tree. This would also provide additional information about the potential of the sample plants.

Scope and Limitation

This study will only focus on using Breadfruit tree (ArtocarpusAltilis) and Antipolo tree

(ArtocarpusBlancoi) sap as our main ingredient, alongside ash. This study is to be carried out

within 30 days. This will be conducted in Malalis' Residence, Alano Broca, Sta. Maria District,

Pagadian City. The product will then be tested on plastics, cartons or any kind of papers.

Definition in Terms

Adhesive Glue.Adhesive, also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or paste, is any

nonmetallic substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that binds

them together and resists their separation.

Alternative. It refers to the possibility of Breadfruit tree (ArtocarpusAltilis) and Antipolo

tree (ArtocarpusBlancoi) sap as an alternative adhesive glue.

Antipolo tree (ArtocarpusBlancoi). It is a large tree that grows up to 30 meters tall. Its

stem, which has short and stout buttresses, grow up to 60 centimeters or more in

diameter. The outer bark of an antipolo tree is grayish-black; its inner bark exudes white

latex. The sap of Antipolo is placed on tall trees that can capture small birds because of it

stickiness

Breadfruit tree(ArtocarpusArtilis). A single tree can produce between 50 to150 fruits per

year (yield varies between wet and dry areas) and their round, oval or oblong fruits can

weigh as much as 12 pounds. It produces a natural sticky sap that can be used as glue
Ecofriendly. Literally means earth-friendly or not harmful to the environment.

Fatal. Causing death or leading to failure or disaster.

Latex. A milky fluid found in many plants, such as poppies and spurges, which exudes

when the plant is cut and coagulates on exposure to the air. The latex of the rubber tree is

the chief source of natural rubber.

Sap. The fluid part of a plant or a tree, chiefly water with dissolved sugars and mineral

salt, that circulates in the vascular system of a plant.

Toxic. It is something poisonous, or something very harmful or bad.

CHAPTER II
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section focuses on Breadfruit and Antipolo tree and it's significance to our study.

Breadfruit Tree

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Genus: Artocarpus
Species: camansi

Breadfruit (Kamansi) is a large tree, 10 to 15 meters high, similar in habit to Artocarpus

altilis. Leaves are large, leathery, ovate to oblong-ovate, 40 to 60 centimeters long, 25 to 45

centimeters wide, with deeply incised margins, 4- to 5-lobed. Male spikes are cylindric, greenish-

yellow, 15 to 25 centimeters long, and 3 to 4 centimeters in diameter. Fruit is green, ovoid or

somewhat rounded, 10 to 15 centimeters long, 7 to 12 centimeters in diameter, with a spiny

surface, with little pulp. Tips of the anthocarps are narrowly conical, prolonged, 5 to 8

millimeters long, and 5 thick or less at the base. Seeds are numerous, light brown, ovoid or

somewhat rounded, about 2.5 centimeters in diameter (www.stuartexchange.com. accessed,

February 2020).

In a study by Sandra Avant (2013), breadfruit flowers contains chemicals which excel at

repelling flying insects like mosquitoes. To prove the effectiveness of these natural chemicals,

flowers from a diverse selection of breadfruit tree were sun dried to prepare for the testing. The

scientists collected smoke samples as they burned the flowers in the traditional method. The

scientist identified more than 30 compounds in the smoke including fatty acids and aromatics.
The compounds’ effectiveness was then tested at a laboratory against mosquitoes (Aedes

Aegypti) using a blood feeding membrane system that mosquitoes feast upon as if it were a

human. The breadfruit compounds passed the tests, proving to be significantly more effective at

repelling mosquitoes than deet, the primary insecticide used against biting insects.

Antipolo Tree

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Genus: Artocarpus
Species: blancoi

Antipolo is a large tree, growing up to 30

meters tall. Its habit, size, and leaf characteristics are similar to Artocarpus altilis (Rimas).

Leaves are simple, spirally arranged, with one to three pairs of lobes. Hairy petioles are about 8

centimeters long. Hairy stipules are about 10 centimeters long. Male inflorescence is smooth and

cylindric, 5 to 8 centimeters long, flexuous, with spine-like structures. Fruit is ellipsoid, 10

centimeters long, 7 centimeters in diameter, ripening to yellow and orange-brown. Anthocarps

are extended into 1-centimeter long, spiculate appendages. Seeds are ellipsoid, about 1

centimeter long, embedded in the fleshy part of the flesh (www.stuartexchange.com. accessed,

February 2020).

Antipolo tree is considered as an endemic species. It is found throughout the Philippines,

in thickets and forests, at low and medium altitudes. Its bark extract is considered to be

antimicrobial.

Star apple sap as an alternative glue

construction. Cambridge Dictionary defines glue as a “sticky substance that is used for joining

things together permanently, produced from animal bones and skins or by a chemical process”.

Glue came into being when ancient tribes discovered that the bone, hides, skin, sinew, and other

connective tissues from animals could be processed to remove collagen, the protein in these

tissues (Mazur, 2013).

The extract in the Star apple (Chrysophyllumcainito) can make stuff because it consists

of an alkaloid, resin, resinic acid and substances which can be used as glue.

In 2016 (N.A.), a study about star apple sap as an alternative glue was conducted. The researcher

extracted the sap from the fruit and put it in a closed container. After a day, the researcher tested

the product in different kinds of paper and it was proven that the star apple sap is a feasible

alternative component glue.