Nagpur. MAnufacture of Acetic Anhydride
Nagpur. MAnufacture of Acetic Anhydride
1. Introduction :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Markets :-
Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM) :-
It is the largest consumer of acetic anhydride and constitutes nearly 40% of the
demand. VAM is usually used in the downstream products such as adhesives,
textiles, and paints.
Drugs/ Pharma :-
Drugs and pharmaceuticals constitute 18% of the total production. It is used in the
manufacturing of Aspirin. About 0.8 tons of anhydride is required to produce 1 ton
of Aspirin. This constitutes 3% of the total production. Manufacturing 0.9 ton of
Paracetamol requires 1 ton of acetic anhydride and it constitutes 9% of the total
demand. Vitamins constitute nearly 1% of the total demand and intermediates like
MCA account for 5% of total demand.
Cellulose acetate :-
These account for nearly 9 % of the total demand for anhydride. Cellulose acetate.
is used in the downstream products such as cigarette filters. About 1 ton of
anhydride is required to produce 1 ton of the cellulose acetate.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Capacity structure :-
VAM organics is the largest producer with an installed capacity of 33,000 ton per
annum. Ashok organic, Mysore acetate and IOL have smaller capacities. The total
installed capacity is around 62,000 ton per annum whereas the demand hovers
around 42000 ton per annum. Most of the consumption is captive.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Outlook
The demand is expected around 55000 tonnes this year. However, with the
reducing of import duty the flexibility of the local manufacturers will be eroded.
The declining international prices of acetic acid have resulted in the reduction of
the prices of the anhydride. This has resulted in the reduction of the
competitiveness among domestic producers.
Import :-
Market estimated at Rs. 90 crs. Import not high - around 3%
Price :-
Historical (1994 - 1999): 45 Rs./kg , Current: 50 Rs/kg.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Acetic Acid :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Acetic Anhydride :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
It undergoes hydrolysis slowly with water but rapidly hydrolysed with alkali to
(CH3CO)2O + H2 O → 2CH3COOH
Acetic anhydride Acetic acid
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
1.7. Applications :-
with nitric acid as a nitrating agent. Here the solvent and dehydrating properties
of acetic anhydride are used.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
It is used in the food industry, mainly in the acetylation of animal & plant fats
in order to obtain the desired solubilities, in the production of acetostearin, in
the edible packing materials & to clarify plant oils.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Small % of acetic anhydride in acetic acid or cold water solutions are used as
powerful fungicides & herbicides.
CH3CHO + O2 → CH3COOOH
Acetaldehyde peracetic acid
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
(CH3CO)2O + H2 O → 2CH3COOH
Acetic anhydride Acetic acid
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
3. Process Selection :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
4. Process Description :-
(i) Principle :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
absolute. The liquid leaving the absorption stage contains more than 90% acetic
anhydride. It is sent to the purification system.
Purification takes place by distillation in a series of
two distillation columns, the first column separates acetic acid from the top
which is sent to the recovery section and acetic anhydride of about 99% purity
from the bottom, the heavier components are collected at the bottom of the final
fractionation.
The recovered acetic acid ( unconverted acetic acid)
is reconcentrated in a distillation column which removes water from the top and
acetic acid of 95% purity at the bottom.
5. Thermodynamics :-
Thermodynamic properties of raw materials &
product are as given below :-
Property A B C D
Specific -18.944 1.0971 2.8921 ×10-3 2.9275 ×10-6
Heat(Cp), J/mol
K
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
(ii) Ketene :-
Property A B C D
∆Hf (KJ/mol) -44.988 -0.00983 2.46×10-6 -
(iii) Water :-
Property A B C D
Specific 92.053 -3.9953×10-2 -2.1103×10-4 5.3469×10-7
Heat(Cp), J/mol
K
∆Hf (KJ/mol) -238.41 -0.01226 2.77×10-6 -
Property A B C D
Specific 71.831 8.8879 ×10-1 -2.6534 ×10-3 3.3501 ×10-6
Heat(Cp), J/mol
K
∆Hf (KJ/mol) -44.988 -0.00983 2.46×10-6 -
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Reaction 1 :-
CH3COOH → CH2=CO + H2 O
Acetic acid Ketene
a) Heat of Reaction :-
Ketene :-
Therefore. at 298K
Acetic acid :-
Therefore. at 298K
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
And at 973K
Water :-
∆H0 = A + BT + CT2 (KJ/mol)
And at 973K
Therefore, At 298K
= 118.977 KJ/mol
And at 973K
= (-51.23-246.4) – (-408.3)
= 110.09 KJ/mol
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Ketene :-
Acetic acid :-
Water :-
Thus,
Therefore, at 298K
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
= 79.63 KJ/mol
ln K1 = (-79.63×1000)/(8.314 × 298)
= -32.14
Now,
dlnK ΔH o
=
dT RT
= 33.314
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
= -26.15 KJ/mol
Reaction 2 :-
Ketene :-
Acetic acid :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Therefore, at 323K
Acetic Anhydride :-
And at 323K
= -109.485 KJ/mol
Ketene :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Acetic acid :-
Acetic Anhydride :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Thus,
Hence, at 323K
= –49.194 KJ/mol
ln K = (-∆G0323) / (RT)
= 18.32
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
6. Material Balance :-
= (50 × 1000)/ 24
= 2083.33 Kg/ hr
= 21.446 Kmol/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
% yield base on acetic acid required = acetic anhydride formed / acetic acid
required
= 25.23 Kmol/h
% yield based on acetic acid required = 0.9 = ketene formed / acetic acid required
% conversion based on acetic acid = 0.88 = acetic acid required / acetic acid fed
0.33 = (fed-reacted)/fed
= 77.18 Kmol/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
= 3.6857 Kmol/hr
= 0.0553 Kmol/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Considering overall 0.1% loss of ketene, 0.5% loss of acetic acid & 0.2% loss of
(ii) Separator :-
Hence, acetic acid in the bottom product = 0.35 × 3.612 = 1.2565 Kmol/hr
And, acetic acid in the top product = 0.65 × 3.612 = 2.3478 Kmol/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Hence, acetic anhydride in the top product = 0.12 × 22.41 = 2.6892 Kmol/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Hence, acetic anhydride in the top product = 0.01 × 2.6892 = 0.0268 Kmol/hr
Hence, acetic acid in the top product = 0.05 × 19.368 = 0.097 Kmol/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Considering 0.2% loss of Acetic acid, 0.1% loss of acetic anhydride and 0.5% loss
of
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
= 44.459 Kmol/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
F= D + W
F Xf= D Xd +W Xw
For Water :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
= 24.563 Kmol/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
F= D + W
F Xf= D Xd +W Xw
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Hence, acetic acid in the top product = 0.9 × 5.164 = 4.6476 Kmol/hr = 278.856
Kg/hr
And, Acetic anhydride in the top product =0.1 × 5.164 = 0.5164 Kmol/hr =
52.6728 Kg/hr
Acetic acid in the bottoms product = 0.01 × 19.398 = 0.194 Kmol/hr = 11.64 Kg/hr
Acetic anhydride in the bottoms product = 0.99 × 19.398 = 19.2 Kmol/hr = 1958.4
Kg/hr
7. Energy Balance :-
Heat to be supplied by the fuel gas = Heat required to raise the temperature of
acetic
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
acid
+
Q1 = n × ∫ CpdT
Tref
973
= 30.1637× ∫ (−18.944 + 1.0971× T + 2.8921× 10− 3 × T 2 )dT
383
= 3.32 × 106
Therefore, ∆Hf (theoretical) = Q1 + Q2
= (12.9 + 3.32) × 106
= 16.22 × 106/0.65
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Texit
773
973
= 885.4 Kg/hr
(iii) Cooler :-
Texit
473
773
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
= 1021.012 Kg/hr
(iv) Chiller :-
Texit
273
473
ammonia flowrate = ?
= 1615.7 Kg/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Above reaction is exothermic and the amount of heat released = -109.485 KJ/mol
This is the amount of heat released when one mole of acetic anhydride is formed.
Hence, for the formation of 22.41 Kmol acetic anhydride, the amount of heat
released wil be :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Texit Texit
382
+
382
23.827 × ∫ (92.053 − 3.9953× 10− 2 T − 2.1103× 10− 4 T 2 )dT
273
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Texit Texit
373
+
373
21.6 × ∫ (92.053 − 3.9953× 10− 2 T − 2.1103× 10− 4 T 2 )dT
273
Texit Texit
392
273
+
392
1.0225× ∫ (92.053 − 3.9953× 10− 2 T − 2.1103× 10− 4 T 2 )dT
273
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Average Latent heat ( Lavg ) = Lacetic acid × Xacetic acid + Lwater × Xwater
= 18 × 2200 × 0.9 + 60 × 96.8 × 4.184 × 0.1
= 78 × 38.07 × 103
= 2969.46 × 103 KJ/hr
= 1388.67 Kg/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Texit Texit
403
+
403
19.7208× ∫ (71.831+ 8.8879× 10−1 T − 2.6534× 10−3 T 2 )dT
273
Texit Texit
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
392
+
392
0.5164× ∫ (71.831+ 8.8879× 10−1 T − 2.6534× 10− 3 T 2 )dT
273
Texit Texit
413
273
+
413
19.2 × ∫ (71.831+ 8.8879× 10−1 T − 2.6534× 10−3 T 2 )dT
273
Average Latent heat ( Lavg ) = Lacetic acid × Xacetic acid + Lanhydride × Xanhydride
= 60 × 96.8 × 4.184 × 0.9 + 102 × 93 × 4.184 × 0.1
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
= 281.91 Kg/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
8. Equipment Design :-
= 24.563 Kmol/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
F= D + W
F Xf= D Xd +W Xw
Hence, acetic acid in the top product = 0.9 × 5.164 = 4.6476 Kmol/hr = 278.856
Kg/hr
And, Acetic anhydride in the top product =0.1 × 5.164 = 0.5164 Kmol/hr =
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
52.6728 Kg/hr
Acetic acid in the bottoms product = 0.01 × 19.398 = 0.194 Kmol/hr = 11.64 Kg/hr
Acetic anhydride in the bottoms product = 0.99 × 19.398 = 19.2 Kmol/hr = 1958.4
Kg/hr
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
y 0.225 0.41 0.56 0.66 0.735 0.795 0.85 0.9 0.94 1.0
we get, α = 2.613
from graph :-
(xd/R+1)min = 0.26
(0.9/R+1)min = 0.26
R = Ln/ D
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
R x
yn = x n +1 + d
R +1 R +1
3.6915 0.9
yn = x n +1 +
4.6915 4.6915
LM Wx w
y m +1 = xM −
VM VM
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
∴ y m +1 = 1.8 x m − 0.7926
Take 100 mm of water as the pressure drop per plate in the column.
Therefore, column pressure drop = 100 × 10−3 × 1000 × 9.81× 23
= 20601 Pa = 20.601 KPa.
Therefore, Top pressure = 101.325 KPa.
Bottom pressure = 101.325 + 20.601= 127.926 KPa.
At the bottom of the distiilation column vapor density can be calculated as follows;
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
P × M avg
( ρ v ) bottom =
RT
∴ ( ρ v ) bottom = 1.995 Kg / m 3 .
The density of liquid at the bottom of the column can be calculated by multiplying
the density of each component with the mole fraction.
∴ ( ρ l ) top = 1083.65Kg / m 3 .
At the top of the distiilation column vapor density can be calculated as follows;
P × M avg
( ρ v ) top =
RT
∴ ( ρ v ) top = 3.782 Kg / m 3 .
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
The density of liquid at the bottom of the column can be calculated by multiplying
the density of each component with the mole fraction.
∴ ( ρ l ) top = 1052.5 Kg / m 3 .
Surface tension :-
4
P × ( ρ L − ρV )
σ top = × 10 −12
M
4
143.56 × (1052.5 − 1.995 )
∴ σ top = × 10
−12
Similarly :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
4
P × ( ρ L − ρV )
σ bottom = × 10 −12
M
∴ σ top = 0.03406 N / m
Ln ρV
∴ FLV (top ) =
Vn ρL
19.063 1.995
= = 0.0342.
24.227 1052.5
ρV
L
FLV ( bottom ) = m ρL
Vm
= 0.1063
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
0 .2
σ
K 1 (bottom ) = 0.086
0.02
= 0.1067
0 .2
σ
K 1 (TOP ) = 0.096
0.02
= 0.0935
ρ L − ρV 1052.5 − 1.995
Top: u f = k1 = 0.0935 = 2.145m / s.
ρV 1.995
Now we will design the column for 70% flooding, therefore the velocities will be
given by;
Bottom: uf = 1.8 × 0.7 = 1.26 m/s.
Top: uf = 2.145 × 1.5015 m/s.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Lm × M 1555.372
Bottom Q = = = 0.1143m 3 / s.
ρ V × 3600 3.782 × 3600
1555.372
Top Q = = 0.2165m 3 / s.
1.995 × 3600
Now area at the bottom and at the top of the tower can be calculated as follows:
Q 0.1143
Net area(An) bottom = = = 0.0907m 2 .
uv 1.26
Q 0.2165
Net area(An) top = = = 0.144m 2 .
u v 1.5015
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
0.0907
Therefore, Bottom area = = 0.1067 m 2 .
0.85
0.144
Top area = = 0.1694m 2 .
0.85
π
× di .
2
Now, area =
4
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
3525.88
= = 9.04 × 10 − 4 m 3 / sec .
1083.65 × 3600
Check Weeping :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
3525.88
LW = = O.9794kg / sec .
3600
At 70% turndown the liquid rate is,
= 0.7 × 0.9794 = 0.6856 kg/sec.
The height of the liquid crest over the weir can be estimated using the Francis weir
formula. For a segmental downcomer this can be written as:
Lw 2 / 3
how = 750( )
ρ Llw
Where, lw = weir length, m,
how = weir crest, mm liquid,
Lw = liquid flow-rate, kg/s.
At the maximum flow rate of liquid the liquid crest over the weir can be calculated
using the maximum liquid flow rate calculated above, while for the conditions at
minimum flowrate are assumed to be the 70% turndown conditions.
0.9794
Maximum how = 750( ) 2 / 3 = 13.31 mm.
1083.65 × 0.38
0.6856
Minimum how = 750( ) 2 / 3 = 10.53 mm.
1083.65 × 0.38
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
[ K 2 − 0.9(25.4 − d h )]
uh =
ρV
Where, uh = minimum vapour velocity through the holes(based on the
hole area), m/s,
dh = hole diameter, mm,
K2 = a constant, dependent on the depth of clear liquid on the plate
30.4 − 0.9(25.4 − 5)
uh = = 6.14m / sec .
3.782
0.7 × 0.1143
uh = = 6.747 m / sec .
0.011858
This is well above the weeping velocity(minimum vapor velocity), therefore the
design is acceptable.
Vmax 0.1143
u h (max) = = = 9.64m / sec .
hole area 0.011858
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Co = 0.84
The pressure drop through the dry plate can be estimated using expressions derived
for flow through orifices.
u h 2 ρV
hD = 51[ ]
Co ρ L
9.64 2 3.782
= 51[ ] × = 23.44mm. ……..(bottom)
0.84 1083.65
Residual Head :-
12.5 × 10 3
hr =
ρL
= 11.53 mm.
Total Head :-
ht = hD + (hw + how ) + hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
This is less than the assumed per plate pressure drop of 100 mm, thus the design is
acceptable.
The height above the bottom edge of the apron is calculated as follows:
hap = hw − 10 = 50 − 10 = 40mm.
Thus the clearance area under the apron is given by,
Aap = haplw = 0.04×0.38 = 0.0152 m2.
This is less than the area of the downcomer Ad.
Thus use Aap in the equation given below :-
Lwd 2
hdc = 166[ ]
ρ L Am
0.9794
∴ hdc = 166[ ]2 = 0.586m
1083.65 × 0.0152
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
= 0.156 m.
The residence time of the liquid over the downcomer is given by;
Entrainment :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
uv 0.79375
% flooding = = × 100 = 62.996%
u f (bottom ) 1.26
Trial Layout :-
0.38m 0.4644m
Number Of Holes :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
MECHANICAL DESIGN
Design of shell :-
Taking material of construction as Stainless Steel
Maximum allowable stress f = 1420 kg/cm2
Operating pressure = 101.325 KN/m2 = 101325/(9.81 x 10000)
= 1.033 Kg/cm2
Design pressure is 10% excess of operating pressure = 1.033 x 1.1
= 1.1363 kg/cm2
Thickness of shell (ts) = (P x Di)/(2fJ –P)
= (1.1363 x 46.44)/(2 x 1420 x 0.85 – 1.1363)
= 0.218 mm
Taking allowance = 3 mm
Shell thickness = 3.218
Use thickness of 3.5 mm
Therefore, Outer diameter of the column (Do) = Di + 2t
= 0.4714m
Design of heads :-
Elliptical heads are used
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
th = (P DiV)/(2fJ)
Where,
Di = internal diameter of the column
P = design pressure = 1.1363 kg/cm2
th = thickness of head
=0.0218 cm
= 0.218 mm
Taking allowance = 3 mm
Gaskets are used for making leak proof joint between two surfaces
Gasket: Asbestos with suitable binder (3mm thick)
Gasket factor m = 2.0
Minimum design sitting stress for asbestos with suitable binder (3 mm
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
thick) is
Ya = 112 kg / cm2
Gi = 46.44 + 2 x 0.0816
= 46.6 cm
Go = 1.010 x 46.6
= 47.07 cm
Mean gasket diameter G = (Go + Gi)/2
= 46.835 cm
Basic gasket sitting width
bo = ( Go - Gi )/4
= 0.1175 cm
= 1.2 mm
Taking it as 1 mm.
Effective gasket sitting width as bo is less than 6.3 mm
b = bo
b = 1.2 mm
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Am1 = 1977.514/545
= 3.628 cm2
Am2 = 2037.85/545
= 3.74 cm2
Therefore, minimum bolting area is taken as 3.74 cm2
No. of bolts = mean diameter of gasket/2.5
= 46.835/2.5
= 18.734
Since the total no. of bolts must be a multiple of 4
No. of bolts = 20
If Am is the area of one bolt then,
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Am x 20 = 3.74
Am = 0.187 cm2
Flange design :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
tf = 46.835 x (1.1363/0.736x1420)0.5
= 1.544 cm
The stresses due to vessel dead weights, wind load and seismic load
are taken into account while the column is designed to withstand
maximum values of tensile or compressive stresses.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Therefore, B = 7638.05 kg
W = 5323.42 kg
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Dsk = Gi = 46.6 cm
PLW = K1 x K2 X P x H x Do
K2 = 1
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
PLW = K1 x K2 x P x H x Do
= 0.7 x 1 x 152 x 0.4714 x 12.968
= 581.67 kg
Mw = PLW x H/2
= 581.67x 12.968/2
= 3372.813 kg-m
fw = Mw / Z
= 3372.813/[(3.14 D2sk tsk)/4]
= 19785.67/tsk kg / m2
= 0.528138/tsk kg /cm2
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
= 44.459 Kmol/hr
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
F= D + W
F Xf= D Xd +W Xw
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Hence, acetic acid in the top product = 0.1 × 24 = 2.4 Kmol/hr = 144 Kg/hr
And, water in the top product =0.9 × 24 = 21.6 Kmol/hr = 388.8 Kg/hr
Acetic acid in the bottoms product = 0.95 × 20.45 = 19.4275 Kmol/hr = 1165.65
Kg/hr
water in the bottoms product = 0.05 × 20.45 = 1.0225 Kmol/hr = 18.405 Kg/hr
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
y 0.173 0.32 0.447 0.557 0.654 0.74 0.815 0.883 0.944 1.0
we get, α = 1.89
from graph :-
(xd/R+1)min = 0.36
(0.9/R+1)min = 0.36
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
R = Ln/ D
Vn = Ln + D = 54 + 24 = 78 Kmol/hr
R x
yn = x n +1 + d
R +1 R +1
2.25 0.9
yn = x n +1 +
3.25 3.25
LM Wx
y m +1 = xM − w
VM VM
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
∴ y m +1 = 1.262x m − 0.013
9. Material of Construction :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
condenser silver coils are used. In general stainless steel of composition 33%
chromium, 1.5% aluminium, 1.5% silicon is used.
For storage & transportation of pure acetic
anhydride tanks made of aluminium, stainless steel ( 18% Cr, 8% Ni & 2% Mo ) or
poly-ethylene are generally used. Although glass or enamel containers also may be
employed. Iron is highly resistant to acetic anhydride, provided moisture is
excluded. Hence it is possible to use iron in the production & workup in certain
instances for example in pumps & tanks.
Nickel is avoided in the alloys for a high
temperature applications, since it is reported to accelerate the coking on heater tube
walls unless pacified periodically by special pretreatment or injection of sulfur
compounds.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
+
volume of elliptical heads
Therefore, V =
(
π DO − DI
2 2
) +
πD 3
= 3.14 ×
( 0.4744 2 − 0.4644 2 ) + 3.14 × 0.46443
4 12 4 12
= 0.118 m
Hence, weight of the material used for the column = 8000 × 0.118
= 944 kg
Hence, total weight of the material used for the column = 1094 kg
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Therefore, the cost of the material for the column = (606.5 × 192 × 1094)/432
= 294893.778/- Rs
= 442340.67 /- Rs.
Hence, total cost of the column along with the accessories = 642340.67 /- Rs.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
For a fluid processing plant the following quantities must be added to the PEC to
get the physical plant cost or the PPC.
Installation charges = 50% of PEC.
= 3255170.335
Piping = 70% of PEC = 4557238.469
Instrumentation = 20% of PEC = 1302068.134
Electrical 10% of PEC = 651034.067
Site development = 5% of PEC = 325517.0335
Buildings and land cost = 1 Crore.
Therefore total Physical plant costs (PPC) = 26601368.71 .
Design and engg. = 30% of PPC = 7980410.613
Contractor’s fees = 5% of PPC = 1330068.436
Contingency = 10% of PPC = 2660136.871
Total indirect costs = 56250000.
Fixed capital investment(FCI) = Total direct costs + Total indirect costs
= 26601368.71 + 11970615.92
= 38571984.63
Working capital(WC) = 40% of FCI
= 15428793.85
Total Capital investment(TCI) = FCI + WC = 50400000
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Production Costs :-
FIXED CHARGES
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
GENERAL EXPENSES
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
in turn regulates the steam pressure in the reboiler. The pneumatic signal from the
electro-pneumatic transducer in the transmission line used for inlet feed flowrate
measurement acts on the diaphragm actuator of the pneumatic control valve which
in turn regulates the reflux ratio. The signals are carried through the transmission
lines. The steam pressure in the reboiler and the reflux ratio are the manipulated
variables.
SCADA Configuration :-
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Marketing Area :-
Acetic anhydride is widely used in the production
of dyes as an intermediate. Hence, it is necessary to locate the plant near to dye
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
factories. From this prospective Mumbai is the ideal place for acetic anhydride
plant since many dye factories are located close to Mumbai.
Raw Materials :-
The raw material for the plant is acetic acid. As Most
of the acetic acid is produced from petroleum, hence it can be obtained very easily
from the refineries. Hence it is advised that the site of the plant should be nearer to
the refineries, so that the transportation cost is reduced. From this prospective
Mumbai or any place nearer to Mumbai is the most suitable region for the plant.
Transport :-
The transport of materials and products to and from the
plant will be an overriding consideration in site selection. If practicable, a site
should be selected that is close to at least two major forms of transport: road, rail,
waterway (canal or river), or a sea port. Road transport is being increasingly used,
and is suitable for local distribution from a central warehouse. Rail transport will
be cheaper for the long-distance transport of bulk chemicals. Air transport is
convenient and efficient for the movement of personnel and essential equipment
and supplies, and the proximity of the site to a major airport should be considered.
All these facilities of transport are very easily available in a place like Mumbai,
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
hence from the prospective transportation facilities Mumbai is the ideal place for
the project.
Availability Of Labour :-
Labour will be needed for construction of the plant
and its operation. Skilled construction workers will usually be brought in from
outside the site area, but there should be an adequate pool of unskilled labour
available locally; and labour suitable for training to operate the plant. Skilled
tradesmen will be needed for plant maintenance. Local trade union customs and
restrictive practices will have to be considered when assessing the availability and
suitability of the local labour for recruitment and training.
Utilities (services)
Chemical processes invariably require large
quantities of water for cooling and general process use, and the plant must be
located near a source of water of suitable quality. Process water may be drawn
from a river, from wells, or purchased from a local authority. At some sites, the
cooling water required can be taken from a river or lake, or from the sea; at other
locations cooling towers will be needed.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Climate :-
Adverse climatic conditions at a site will increase
costs. Abnormally low temperatures will require the provision of additional
insulation and special heating for equipment and pipe runs. Stronger structures will
be needed at locations subject to high winds (cyclone/hurricane areas) or
earthquakes.
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Maintain
Future
-ance Storage
Building
Expa- Building
Main Plant
nsion gg
Scrap
Research Yard
and
Develo-
pment
Centre
Sec-
Quality Fire Medical
Control urity
Station Centre
Laboratory
Cooling
Control towers
ETP
Room
Tank Yard
Power Wash and Utilities
Changing
Station Room Genera-
L.I.T. Nagpur tion
Sec- Garden
urity
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
Training Administration
Parking
Centre Building
Space
Canteen
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
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Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur
Manufacture of acetic anhydride
L.I.T. Nagpur