Appendix

Typical Weights and Live Loads

lib = 0.454 kg = 4.448 N force

llb/ft 2 = 4.88kg/m2 = 47.9N/m2
llb/ft3 = 16.02kg/m3 = 157N/m3

Weights

kN/m 3
Aluminium, cast 26
Asphalt paving 23
Bricks, common 19
Bricks, pressed 22
Clay, dry 19-22
Clay, wet 21-25
Concrete, reinforced 24
Glass, plate 27
Lead 112
Oak 9.5
Pine, white 5
Sand, dry 16-19
Sand, wet 18-21
Steel 77
Water 9.81

kN/m 2
Brick wall, 115 mm thick 2.6
Gypsum plaster, 25 mm thick 0.5
Glazing, single 0.3

407
408 APPENDIX
Floor and roof loads kN/m 2
Classrooms 3.0
Dance halls 5.0
Flats and houses 1.5
Garages, passenger cars 2.5
Gymnasiums 5.0
Hospital wards 2.0
Hotel bedrooms 2.0
Offices for general use 2.5
Flat roofs, with access 1.5
Flat roofs, no access 0.75

Bar Areas and Perimeters

Table A.l Sectional areas of groups of bars (mm 2 )

Bar Number of bars

size
(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6 28.3 56.6 84.9 113 142 170 198 226 255 283
8 50.3 101 151 201 252 302 352 402 453 503
10 78.5 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 566 679 792 905 1020 1130
16 201 402 603 804 1010 1210 1410 1610 1810 2010
20 314 628 943 1260 1570 1890 2200 2510 2830 3140
25 491 982 1470 1960 2450 2950 3440 3930 4420 4910
32 804 1610 2410 3220 4020 4830 5630 6430 7240 8040
40 1260 2510 3770 5030 6280 7540 8800 10100 11300 12600

Table A.2 Perimeters and weights of bars

Bar size (mm) 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40

Perimeter (mm) 18.85 25.1 31.4 37.7 50.2 62.8 78.5 100.5 125.6
Weight (kg/m) 0.222 0.395 0.616 0.888 1.579 2.466 3.854 6.313 9.864

Bar weight based on a density of 7850 kg/m 3 .

 APPENDIX 409
Table A.3 Sectional areas per metre width for various bar spacings
(mm 2)

Bar Spacing of bars

size
(mm) 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 300

6 566 377 283 226 189 162 142 113 94.3

8 1010 671 503 402 335 287 252 201 168
10 1570 1050 785 628 523 449 393 314 262
12 2260 1510 1130 905 754 646 566 452 377
16 4020 2680 2010 1610 1340 1150 1010 804 670
20 6280 4190 3140 2510 2090 1800 1570 1260 1050
25 9820 6550 4910 3930 3270 2810 2450 1960 1640
32 16100 10700 8040 6430 5360 4600 4020 3220 2680
40 25100 16800 12600 10100 8380 7180 6280 5030 4190

Shear Reinforcement

Table A.4 Aswls for varying stirrup diameter and spacing

Stirrup Stirrup spacing (mm)

diameter
(mm) 85 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

8 1.183 1.118 1.006 0.805 0.671 0.575 0.503 0.447 0.402 0.366 0.335
10 1.847 1.744 1.57 1.256 1.047 0.897 0.785 0.698 0.628 0.571 0.523
12 2.659 2.511 2.26 1.808 1.507 1.291 1.13 1.004 0.904 0.822 0.753
16 4.729 4.467 4.02 3.216 2.68 2.297 2.01 1.787 1.608 1.462 1.34

Note: Asw is based on the cross-sectional area of two legs of the stirrup.
410 APPENDIX
Anchorage and Lap Requirements

Table A.S Anchorage and lap lengths (length L = KA x bar size) for
good bond conditions 1. 2 •3

KA for concrete strength, fck (Nimm 2)

20 25 30 35 40

Straight bars
Anchorage in tension 44 (50) 37 (46) 34 (42) 30 (39) 27 (37)
and compression

Curved bars
Anchorage in tension 31 (35) 26 (32) 24 (30) 21 (28) 19 (26)
and compression

Compression and 44 (50) 37 (46) 34 (42) 30 (39) 27 (37)

tension laps 4

Tension laps5 62 (70) 52 (64) 48 (60) 42 (56) 38 (52)

Tension laps6 88 (100) 74 (92) 68 (84) 60 (78) 54 (74)

Notes:
1. The figures given in the table refer to deformed type 2 bars (/yk = 460N/mm 2).
The figure in brackets refer to plain bars (/yk = 250 N /mm 2).
2. For poor bond conditions divide the figures by 0. 7.
3. For type 2 bars greater than 32 mm divide the figures by [(132 - <1>)/100) where <I>
is the bar size.
4. These figures apply when there are less than 30 per cent of the bars lapped at the
section and the clear spacing between bars is greater than 6<1> and the side cover to
the outer bars is greater than 2<1>.
5. These figures apply when there are more than 30 per cent of the bars lapped at the
section or the clear spacing between bars is less than 6<1> or the side cover to the
outer bars is less than 2<1>.
6. These figures apply when there are more than 30 per cent of the bars lapped at the
section and either the clear spacing between bars is greater than 6<1> or the side
cover to the outer bars is greater than 2<1>.
 APPENDIX 411
Maximum and Minimum Areas of Reinforcement

Table A.6 Maximum areas of reinforcement

For a slab or beam, tension or compression reinforcement

100A 5 1Ac ~ 4 per cent, other than at laps

For a column
100A 5 1Ac ~ 8 per cent, including at laps

For a wall, vertical reinforcement

100A 5 1Ac ~ 4 per cent

Table A.7 Minimum areas of reinforcement

Tension reinforcement in beams: As,min > 0.6b 1dlfyk > 0.0015b1d

(for grade 250 steel As.minlb1d > 0.0024
for grade 460 steel As,minlb1d > 0.0015)

Tension reinforcement in slabs: As,min > 0.6b 1dlfyk > 0.0015b1d

(for grade 250 steel As,minlb1d > 0.0024
for grade 460 steel As,minlb1d > 0.0015)
Secondary reinforcement > 20 per cent of main reinforcement

Longitudinal reinforcement in columns: As,min > 0.15Nsd/0.87/yk >

0.003Ac
where Nsd is the axial
compression force

Vertical reinforcement in walls: As.min > 0.004Ac

Note: b1 is the mean width of the tension zone.

412 APPENDIX

"' "
300 32
e
s 250 25
~
::I
~ i
q:: ~-
... 20 3
.e 200
'\ c:
3
I)')
c: i\. 16 ...g
1... 150

"~
"'
j;j"

~ 3"'
'\
100 12
E
::I z.

"'
E
50 --- f---- --- -- 10
~
8
100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Stress in reinforcement under quasi-permanent load (N/mm 2)

(See sections 6.1.3 and 6.1. 7)

Figure A.l Maximum bar sizes and spacing for crack control

Summary of Basic Design Equations for the Design of Reinforced Concrete

(a) Design for Bending

(see chapters 4 and 7)

For a singly reinforced section:

A= M
s 0.87/ykZ
z = d{0.5 + (0.25 - K/1.134) 112 }
K = Mlbd 2fck
For a doubly reinforced section (K > KbaJ)- see figure A.3:
A' = (K- Kbal)fckbd 2
s 0.87/yk(d- d')

As = Kbadckbd2 + A's
0.87/ykZbal
for concrete grades C12/15 to C35/45
Zbal = 0.82d; Kbal = 0.167
for concrete grades greater than C35/45
Zbal = 0.86d; Kbal = 0.136
 u
~
~
~
.S: .......
~ ~
ii "":
>-II")
u
~
~
~
t:; ~
u
t.)
~
~liP.
~ &I')
-
·-c 0v 2:::-
II")
• 2:::- 1\
~

5~
z
~ 8
~
~
~

1 = Simply supported beam or one-way or two-way 45 l I

I
~
I
simply supported slab ! I
40
~
~
2= End span of continuous beam or one-way continuous I i
0
slab or two-way spanning continuous over one long :;:::;
!!! ~ ~ I l >
:a
edge 35
I I ""C
3= Interior span of beam or one-way or two-way
spanning slab ~ 30
IO f' ~ [\ L</) ""C
tTl
r- r- z
4= Slab supported on columns without beams (flat slab) ~
.<!:: i' ~ ~ t- 1"---
29.6-....
r- t- ~ 0
.......
t:: ::::.~)::: ::::-
tJ ~ -

" - -r---r-r---
25 ~
based on longer span t- r- ]:::: ><
5= Cantilever ~ G5 r- 21.7
c
UJ
20 20.0
~ 18.3
1----- 15.6
·lil 15
~ ~
10 I"""- I~
I I
6.1
5
0 0.1 0.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.21.31.41.5
Steel percentage

Figure A.2 Basic span/effective depth ratios (fyk = 460 Nlmm 2 )

+:-
,_.
(j.)
414 APPENDIX

0.95

'tJ
J;i :ill
II G ::!I
-~ 0.90 ::! --~ Compression
10 VI
(\')
v II I reinforcement
6 required (at Mba,)

I
~I

I~\'
0.86 -~ - ~.L
0 01
(\')
0.85 ~I
I
' o;;C35/45 only
0.82
0.136 0.167
0.05 0.10 0.15

K = Mltxflfck
Figure A.3 Lever-arm curve. The 30% values on the K-axis mark the limits for singly
reinforced sections with moment redistribution applied (see section 4. 7)

When moment redistribution has been applied then the above equations
must be modified - see table 4.2.

(b) Design for Shear (Standard Method)

(see chapters 5 and 7)

VRdl = [rRdk(1.2 + 40pt))bwd

Pt = Aslfbwd < 0.02
k = (1.6 - d) {>1} or 1 where more than 50 per cent
of tension reinforcement is curtailed
Vsd < VRd2 = 0.3vfckbwd

-Asw = 1.28(Vsd -
---'--==---=~
VRdl)
s d[yk

Table A.8 Values of rRd (N/mm 2) for different concrete grades, fck

12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.44 0.48
 APPENDIX 415
(c) Design for Torsion
(see chapters 5 and 7)

Tsd < TRdl = 1.33vfcktAkl(cotO + tanO)

Aswls = Tsd/(2Ak X 0~87/yk X cot 0)
Ast = (Tsduk/2Ak) cot 0/(0.87/ytk)
Asw is the cross-sectional area of a single leg of a link.

(d) Design for Punching Shear in Slabs

(see chapter 8)

Vsd < 0.9utd(fck) 112

VRdl = [rRdk(l.2 + 40pt)]bwu
When VRdl < Vsd ::s:; 1.6VRdl:
l:Aswsina > (Vsd- VRdl)/0.87/yk
When 1.6VRdl < Vsd ::s:; 2.0VRdl:
l:Aswsina < (Vsd- 1.4VRdt)I0.29[yk
416 APPENDIX

~--------------------~r-~r---r---r---r---ro-.--,---,--,§
'jj
.,;:
I

•
• •
1..

"'"'d ~ii

!il
~it
"~
d

"'
;;

0
q ,._ :g
": :3 ~
..-; gj "'d d ~ ~ "'d "'d d

~li

Figure A.4 Rectangular columns (d'/h = 0.05) {Reproduced with permission of British
Cement Association)
 APPENDIX 417

0
~

--j"f-- 0
"'"'d

• '
"'N

~
d

"'"'d

"'
0

"'d ~~-~
N

0
N
d

0
co
"'.-' "' "! ~
0 "l
0 d
1'-
d ~ :2 "'d "'d "'d ;;
<:I~~

Figure A.S Rectangular columns (d'lh = 0.10) [Reproduced with permission of British
Cement Association]
418 APPENDIX

0
"'b

_, r- 'o

"'b...

•
·tl"'
•
-.:"1"' .Q 0 ~
"jj b
,z
• •
"'g

0
<':!
0

"'0"' ~~~jj

Figure A. 6 Rectangular columns (d'/h = 0.15) [Reproduced with permission of British

Cement Association]
 APPENDIX 419

~
d

_,'br- "'...d

~·IN
• • ~·IN .Q
~
d

• •
I· .c: ·I
q
'ii
»f:N
a

::!: ~ "! ~
q
"'d co
d
.....
d
co
d "'d a d

<=li

Figure A.7 Rectangular columns (d'lh = 0.20) [Reproduced with permission of British
Cement Association]
420 APPENDIX

r-----------------------.----.---.---.---,----,---r---~--,~

--r' r- ~--+---4---1---~---+---+---1---1~

•
..:"IN
•
..:"IN .Q
~

•
d

•
I· ·I a"'

a
0
q
'ii
>.<"

~ii

.., q
:§ ..... co .... ;;
"' <'1 "!
"'d d d d ~

~li

Figure A.S Rectangular columns (d' lh = 0.25) [Reproduced with permission of British
Cement Association]
Further Reading
(a) British Standards and EuroCodes

BS1881 Methods of testing concrete

BS4449 Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of
concrete
BS4466 Specification for bending dimensions and scheduling of
reinforcement for concrete
BS4482 Cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete
BS4483 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete
BS5057 Concrete admixtures
BS5896 Specification for high tensile steel wire and strand for the
prestressing of concrete
BS6399 Design loading for buildings
BS8110 Structural use of concrete, Parts 1, 2 and 3
CP3 Code of basic data for the design of buildings
Chapter V Loading
Part 2 Wind Loads
CP8004 Foundations
DD ENV 1992-1-1
EuroCode 2; Design of concrete structures. Part 1
DD ENV206 Concrete - performance, production, placing and com-
pliance criteria
Draft prEN 10080
Steel for the reinforcement of concrete

(b) Textbook and Other Publications

A. W. Beeby and R. S. Narayanan, Designers Handbook to EuroCode

2. Thomas Telford, London, 1995.
J. H. Bungey and S. G. Millard, The Testing of Concrete in Structures,
3rd edn. Chapman & Hall, London, 1995.

421
422 FURTHER READING
R. Hulse and W. H. Mosley, Reinforced Concrete Design by Computer.
Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1986.
R. Hulse and W. H. Mosley, Prestressed Concrete Design by Computer.
Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1987.
M. K. Hurst, Prestressed Concrete Design. Chapman & Hall, London,
1988.
F. K. Kong and R. H. Evans, Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete.
Chapman & Hall, London, 1988.
T. Y. Lin and N. H. Burns, Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures.
J. Wiley, Chichester, 1983.
T. J. MacGinley and B.S. Choo, Reinforced Concrete Design Theory and
Examples. E & F N Spon, London, 1990.
A. M. Neville, Properties of Concrete, 3rd edn. Longman Scientific and
Technical, Harlow, 1986.
A.M. Neville and J. J. Brooks, Concrete Technology. Longman Scientific
and Technical, Harlow, 1987.
A. H. Nilson and G. Winter, Design of Concrete Structures. McGraw-
Hill, Maidenhead, 1991.
C. E. Reynolds and J. C. Steedman, Reinforced Concrete Designer's
Handbook, lOth edn. E & F N Spon, London, 1988.
Concise EuroCode for the Design of Concrete Buildings. British Cement
Association, Crowthorne, Berks, 1993.
Worked Examples for the Design of Concrete Buildings. British Cement
Association, Crowthorne, Berks, 1994.
Index

Age factors 4, 7 reinforcement details 142-8,

Analysis of structures 202-5,410-11
beams 33-42 singly reinforced 68-73, 191-3,
column moment 50 412
damaged structure 184 sizing 187-90, 367
frames 33, 42-56, 286 Bearing pressures 312, 313, 343
lateral loads 33, 51-6 Bending moments
retaining walls 341-4 coefficients 42,217,228,243,251
Analysis of the section envelopes 41, 48, 203, 215
bending 65, 68-87 redistribution 56-61, 87-92, 194-9
elastic 106-12, 168. 358 Bending with axial load 92-103,
flanged 80-7 285-301
uncracked 110-12 Bends and hooks 128, 181
with axial load 92-103 Bent-up bars 121-5
Anchorage bond 125-9 Biaxial bending 301-4
Anchorage bond lengths 128, 202, Bond, anchorage 125-9
410 Bond lengths 126, 202, 410
Areas of bars 408-9 Braced columns 42, 276-8
Bundled bars 147
Balanced failure 96-7
Bars see Reinforcement Cantilever beams 163, 221
Bases see Footings Cantilever retaining walls 340, 342-9
Beams Characteristic loads 21, 30, 407-8
analysis of moments and shears Characteristic material strengths 15,
35-42 16,20
analysis of sections 65-85 Circumference of bars 408
cantilever 163, 221 Coefficients of bending moments and
continuous 35-42, 214-21 shears 42, 217, 228, 243, 251
deflections 148, 150-64, 385-90 Columns
design 185-226 analysis of section 93-103
design charts 69, 76, 108, 192, 414 axially loaded 92
doubly reinforced 73-9, 193-9, biaxial bending 301-4
412 braced 42, 276-8
effective spans 187 design 276- 310
one span 34, 188-90, 206, 211 design charts 95-103,287,415-19
prestressed 350-406 effective height 279

423
424 INDEX
loading arrangements 276, 278, 289 Diagonal tension 114
moments 43,49-56,276,281-2, Distribution steel 144-5, 199, 234,
285-309 411
non-rectangular section 100-3, Doubly reinforced beams 73-9,
297-301 193-9
non-sway 278 Dowels 284, 317
reinforcement details 283-4 Durability 14, 175-7
short 280-304
simplified design 295-7, 299-301 Earth-bearing pressures 312-13
slender 279-83, 304-9 Effective depth 67, 187
substitute frame 43-4, 50-3 Effective flange width 199
unsymmetrically reinforced Effective height of a column 279
98-100, 291-7 Effective span 187, 235, 239
Combined footings 322-7 Elastic analysis of a section 106-12,
Compression reinforcement 73-9, 168,358
193-9 Elastic modulus
Concrete concrete 5, 154, 388
age factor 4, 7 steel 7, 64
characteristic strength 4, 15 End blocks 390-3
cover 129-30, 140-3, 314 Envelopes, bending moment and shear
cracking 12, 164-74, 344 force 41,48,203,205,216
creep 13, 153-4, 381-8 Equivalent rectangular stress block
durability 14, 175-7 65-8
elastic modulus 5, 154, 388
shrinkage 8-13, 154-5, 171-4,382 Factors of safety
stress-strain curve 3, 63 global 24
thermal expansion 2, 9, 12, 171-4 partial 21-4, 31-3, 341-3
Continuous beams Fire resistance 143, 177-8
analysis 35-42 Flanged section see T-beams
curtailment of bars 202-4 Flat slab 248-57
design 214-21 Floors see Slabs
envelopes 41, 48, 203, 204 Footings
loading arrangements 32-3 allowable soil pressures 312
moment and shear coefficients combined 322-7
40-2,217 horizontalloads 341-3
Counterfort retaining walls 339-40 pad 314-22
Cover to reinforcement 129-30, piled 333-7
140-3,314 raft 332-3
Cracking strap 327-9
control 12, 170, 344, 364 strip 329-32
flexural 164-70, 350 Foundations see Footings
thermal and shrinkage 8, 12-13, Frames
171-4,344 analysis 43-56
Creep 13, 153-4, 381-8 braced 42
Creep coefficients 154, 382 laterally loaded 51-6
Critical section 117, 229, 317-20 loading arrangements 43, 51, 53,
Curtailment of bars 202-4 179, 278, 289
Curvatures 151-4 non-sway 42, 278
unbraced 42
Deflections 148, 150-64, 385-90
Design charts 6 Gravity retaining walls 338-49
beams 69, 76, 108, 192, 414
columns 95-103,287,415-19 Hooks and bends 128, 181
 INDEX 425
Lap lengths 129, 410 Partial safety factors 21-4,31-3,
Laps 129 341-3
L-beams see T -beams Permissible bearing pressures 312
Lever arm 68, 192 Permissible stresses 18, 25, 363
Lever-arm curve 69, 192, 414 Piled foundations 333-7
Limit state design 18-28, 350-1 Prestressed concrete
Limit states analysis and design 350-406
serviceability 19, 139-77, 357 cable zone 376-9
ultimate 19, 393 deflections 385-90
Links 115-17, 188,208-11,222-6, end block 390-3
283,391 losses 352, 379-85
Load combinations 23,31-3 Magnel diagram 372-5
Loading arrangements 23, 31-3 post-tensioning 356
Loads pretensioning 354-5
characteristic 21, 30, 407-8 shear 400-6
frequent 364 transfer stress 379
permanent 30 ultimate strength 393-400
quasi-permanent 150, 164, 363, Punching shear 229-33,255,317-18
371,386
typical values 407-8
Raft foundations 332-3
variable 30
Rectangular stress block 65, 67, 394
Long-term deflection 150-61, 386-90 Rectangular-parabolic stress block
Loss of prestress 352, 379-85 65, 103-6
Redistribution of moments 56-61,
Magnel diagram 372-5 87-92, 194-9
Material properties 1-17, 63-4, 394 Reinforcement
Maximum bar sizes 146, 412
areas 408-9
Maximum bar spacing 142-4,209,
bond lengths 126, 202, 410
234, 283, 412
characteristic strengths 16
Maximum steel areas 146, 283, 411
circumference 408
Minimum bar spacing 144, 234
lap lengths 129, 410
Minimum steel areas 144, 200, 234,
maximum and minimum areas 144,
411
146,209,234,283,411
Modular ratio 107, 380 properties 7, 16-17, 64
Modulus of elasticity see Elastic
side face 147
modulus
spacing 142-4, 209, 214, 234, 283,
Moment coefficients 42, 217, 228,
412
243,251
surface 147
Moment envelopes 41, 48, 203, 215
torsion 131-8, 222-6
Moment redistribution 56-61, 87-92, untensioned 397-400
194-9
Retaining walls
Moments in columns 43, 49-56, 276,
analysis and design 338-49
281-2, 285-309
cantilever 340, 342-9
counterfort 339-40
Neutral-axis depth 66-8, 88-90
gravity 332-9, 341
Nominal reinforcement 144-5, 411
Non-rectangular section 100-3,
297-301 Serviceability limit state
cracking 164-74, 363-71
Overturning 27, 33, 313, 339, 341 deflections 148, 150-64, 385-90
durability 14, 175-7
Pad footings 314-22 factors of safety 21-3, 343
Parabola, properties of 105 fire resistance 143, 177-8
426 INDEX
Shear permissible 18, 25, 363
beams 113-25,207-14,400-6,414 shear 116, 414
concrete stresses 116, 414 steel, characteristic 16
footings 317-22 Stress-strain curves 3, 7, 63, 64, 394
prestressed beams 400-6 Strip footings 329-32
punching 229-33, 255, 317-18 Strip method 273-5
reinforcement 117, 119, 121, Substitute frame
209-14,230-3,255,400-6 braced 43-51
slabs 229-33, 255-7 column 44, 50-1
standard design method 114, continuous beam 45-9
121-5,201,224,400-6
torsion 131-8, 222-6 T-beams
variable strut inclination method analysis 80-7, 123
117, 122 design 148, 199-202
Short columns 280-304 flange reinforcement 123, 199
Shrinkage 8-13, 154-5, 171-4, 382 flange width 199
Slabs span-effective depth ratio 148
continuous, spanning one direction Tendons 352-6
239-41 Thermal cracking 8, 12-13, 170-4
flat 248-57 Thermal movement 8, 12-13
hollow block 257-61 Tie forces 178-84
one span, spanning one direction Torsion
235-9 analysis 131-8
ribbed 257-61 design 222-6
spanning two directions 242-8 Transfer stresses 379
stair 261-6 Transmission length 356
strip method 273-5 Triangular stress block 65, 106-12
yield lines 266-73
Slender column 279-83,304-9 Ultimate limit state
Spacing of reinforcement 142-4, 209, factors of safety 21-4, 30-3, 341-3
214, 234, 283, 412 loading arrangements 32-3, 276,
Span-effective depth ratios 148, 161, 278,289
205,233 prestressed concrete 393-406
Stability 27, 178, 313, 339, 341 stability 27, 178, 313, 339, 341
Stairs 261-6 Uncracked section 110, 152
Steel Untensioned steel in prestressed
characteristic stresses 16 concrete 397-400
stress-strain curve 7, 64, 395
yield strains 7, 64 Walls 309-10
Stirrups see Links Weights of materials 407-8
Strap footings 327-9 Wind loading 23, 31-3, 51-6, 312-
Stress blocks 65, 67, 103-6 13
Stresses
anchorage 125-9 Yield lines 266-73
bond 125-9 Yield strains 3, 7, 16, 64
concrete, characteristic 4, 15 Young's modulus see Elastic modulus