"Billiards" redirects here. For other uses, see Billiard (disambiguation).

Cue sports

Engraving from Charles Cotton's 1674 book, The

Compleat Gamester
Highest governing World Confederation of
body Billiard Sports
15th-century Europe, with
First played
roots in ground billiards
Characteristics
Contact No
Single opponents, doubles or
Team members
teams
Yes, sometimes in separate
Mixed gender
leagues/divisions
Categorization Indoor, table
Billiard ball, billiard table, cue
Equipment
stick
Billiard hall or home billiard
Venue
room

Cue sports (sometimes written cuesports), also known as billiard sports,[1][2] are a wide variety
of games of skill generally played with a cue stick which is used to strike billiard balls, moving
them around a cloth-covered billiards table bounded by rubber cushions.

Historically, the umbrella term was billiards. While that familiar name is still employed by some
as a generic label for all such games, the word's usage has splintered into more exclusive
competing meanings in various parts of the world. For example, in British and Australian
English, "billiards" usually refers exclusively to the game of English billiards, while in American
and Canadian English it is sometimes used to refer to a particular game or class of games, or to
all cue games in general, depending upon dialect and context.

There are three major subdivisions of games within cue sports:

 Carom billiards, referring to games played on tables without pockets, typically 10 feet in
length, including balkline and straight rail, cushion caroms, three-cushion billiards,
artistic billiards and four-ball;
 Pool, covering numerous pocket billiards games generally played on six-pocket tables of
7-, 8-, or 9-foot length, including among others eight-ball (the world's most widely
played cue sport), nine-ball, ten-ball, straight pool, one-pocket and bank pool; and
 Snooker and English billiards, games played on a billiards table with six pockets called a
snooker table (which has dimensions just under 12 ft by 6 ft), that are classified entirely
separately from pool based on a separate historical development, as well as a separate
culture and terminology that characterize their play.

More obscurely, there are games that make use of obstacles and targets, and table-top games
played with disks instead of balls.

Billiards has a long and rich history stretching from its inception in the 15th century, to the
wrapping of the body of Mary, Queen of Scots, in her billiard table cover in 1586, through its
many mentions in the works of Shakespeare, including the famous line "let's to billiards" in
Antony and Cleopatra (1606–07), and through the many famous enthusiasts of the sport such as:
Mozart, Louis XIV of France, Marie Antoinette, Immanuel Kant, Napoleon, Abraham Lincoln,
Mark Twain, George Washington, French president Jules Grévy, Charles Dickens, George
Armstrong Custer, Theodore Roosevelt, Lewis Carroll, W.C. Fields, Babe Ruth, Bob Hope, and
Jackie Gleason.

Contents
 1 History
 2 As a sport
 3 Equipment
o 3.1 Billiard balls
o 3.2 Tables
o 3.3 Cloth
o 3.4 Rack
o 3.5 Cues
o 3.6 Mechanical bridge
o 3.7 Chalk
 4 Major games
o 4.1 Games played on a carom billiards table
 4.1.1 Straight rail or straight billiards
 4.1.2 Balkline
  4.1.3 Three-cushion billiards
o 4.2 Games played on a pool table
 4.2.1 Two-player or -team games
 4.2.2 Speed pool
o 4.3 Games played on a snooker table
 4.3.1 English billiards
 4.3.2 Snooker
 5 List of cue sports
o 5.1 Carom billiards games
o 5.2 Pool (pocket billiards) games
o 5.3 Snooker games
o 5.4 English billiards
o 5.5 Other European games
o 5.6 Obstacle and target billiards games
o 5.7 Developments without cue or balls, or both
 6 See also
 7 Notes
 8 References

History

Inset from School of Recreation, 1710. "We perceive from the engraving of the Billiards of the
seventtenth century, that the game was altogether different from what it is now."[3]

All cue sports are generally regarded to have evolved into indoor games from outdoor stick-and-
ball lawn games (retroactively termed ground billiards),[4] and as such to be related to trucco,
croquet and golf, and more distantly to the stickless bocce and balls. The word "billiard" may
have evolved from the French word billart or billette, meaning "stick", in reference to the mace,
an implement similar to a golf club, which was the forerunner to the modern cue; the term's
origin may have also been from French bille, meaning "ball".[5] The modern term "cue sports"
can be used to encompass the ancestral mace games, and even the modern cueless variants, such
as finger billiards, for historical reasons. "Cue" itself came from queue, the French word for a
tail. This refers to the early practice of using the tail of the mace to strike the ball when it lay
against a rail cushion.[5]

A recognizable form of billiards was played outdoors in the 1340s, and was reminiscent of
croquet. King Louis XI of France (1461–1483) had the first known indoor billiard table.[5] Louis
XIV further refined and popularized the game, and it swiftly spread amongst the French nobility.
[5]
While the game had long been played on the ground, this version appears to have died out in
the 17th century, in favor of croquet, golf and bowling games, while table billiards had grown in
popularity as an indoor activity.[5] Mary, Queen of Scots, claimed that her "table de billiard" had
been taken away by those whom eventually became her executioners (and who covered her body
with the table's cloth).[5] In 1588, the Duke of Norfolk, owned a "billyard bord coered with a
greene cloth... three billyard sticks and 11 balls of yvery".[5] Billiards grew to the extent that by
1727, it was being played in almost every Paris cafe.[5] In England, the game was developing into
a very popular activity for members of the gentry.[5]

By 1670, the thin butt end of the mace began to be used not only for shots under the cushion
(which itself was originally only there as a preventative method to stop balls from rolling off),
but players increasingly preferred it for other shots as well. The cue as it is known today was
finally developed by about 1800.[5]

Initially, the mace was used to push the balls, rather than strike them. The newly developed
striking cue provided a new challenge. Cushions began to be stuffed with substances to allow the
balls to rebound, in order to enhance the appeal of the game. After a transitional period where
only the better players would use cues, the cue came to be the first choice of equipment.[5]

The demand for tables and other equipment was initially met in Europe by John Thurston and
other furniture makers of the era. The early balls were made from wood and clay, but the rich
preferred to use ivory.[5]

Early billiard games involved various pieces of additional equipment, including the "arch"
(related to the croquet hoop), "port" (a different hoop) and "king" (a pin or skittle near the arch)
in the 1770s, but other game variants, relying on the cushions (and eventually on pockets cut into
them), were being formed that would go on to play fundamental roles in the development of
modern billiards.[5]
Illustration of a three-ball pocket billiards game in early 19th century Tübingen, Germany, using
a table much longer than the modern type.

The early croquet-like games eventually led to the development of the carom or carambole
billiards category – what most non-Commonwealth and non-US speakers mean by the word
"billiards". These games, which once completely dominated the cue sports world but have
declined markedly in many areas over the last few generations, are games played with three or
sometimes four balls, on a table without holes (and without obstructions or targets in most
cases), in which the goal is generally to strike one object ball with a cue ball, then have the cue
ball rebound off of one or more of the cushions and strike a second object ball. Variations
include three-cushion, straight rail and the balkline variants, cushion caroms, five-pins, and four-
ball, among others.

Over time, a type of obstacle returned, originally as a hazard and later as a target, in the form of
pockets, or holes partly cut into the table bed and partly into the cushions, leading to the rise of
pocket billiards, including "pool" games such as eight-ball, nine-ball, straight pool and one-
pocket; Russian pyramid; snooker; English billiards and others.

In the United States pool and billiards had died out for a bit, but between 1878 and 1956 pool
and billiards became very popular. Players in annual championships began to receive their own
cigarette cards. This was mainly due to the fact that if was a popular pastime for troops to take
their minds off from battle. However, by the end of World War II pool and billiards began to die
down once again. It wasn’t until 1961 when the film "The Hustler" came out that sparked a new
interest in the game. Now the game is generally a well-known game and has many players of all
different skill levels.[6]

There are few more cheerful sights, when the evenings are long, and the weather dull, than a
handsome, well-lighted billiard room, with the smooth, green surface of the billiard table; the
ivory balls flying noiselessly here and there, or clicking musically together.[7]

—Charles Dickens Jr., (1889)

As a sport
At least the games with regulated international professional competition have been referred to as
"sports" or "sporting" events, not simply "games", since 1893 at the latest.[8] Quite a variety of
particular games (i.e., sets of rules and equipment) are the subject of present-day competition,
including many of those already mentioned, with competition being especially broad in nine-ball,
snooker, three-cushion and eight-ball.

Snooker, though technically a pocket billiards variant and closely related in its equipment and
origin to the game of English billiards, is a professional sport organized at the international level,
and its rules bear little resemblance to those of modern pool, pyramid and other such games.
A "Billiards" category encompassing pool, snooker and carom was featured in the 2005 World
Games, held in Duisburg, Germany, and the 2006 Asian Games also saw the introduction of a
"Cue sports" category.

Equipment
Main category: Cue sports equipment

Billiard balls

Main article: Billiard ball

Cue balls from (left to right):

 Russian pool and kaisa—68 mm (2 11⁄16 in)

 Carom—61.5 mm (2 7⁄16 in)
 American-style pool—57 mm (2 1⁄4 in)
 British-style pool (largish) —56 mm (2 3⁄16 in)
 Snooker—52.5 mm (2 1⁄15 in)
 Scaled-down pool—51 mm (2 in) for children's smaller tables

Not shown: half-scale children's miniature pool—approximately 28.5 mm (1 1⁄8 in).

Billiard balls vary from game to game, in size, design and quantity.

Russian pyramid and kaisa have a size of 68 mm (2 11⁄16 in). In Russian pyramid there are sixteen
balls, as in pool, but fifteen are white and numbered, and the cue ball is usually red.[9] In Kaisa,
five balls are used: the yellow object ball (called the kaisa in Finnish), two red object balls, and
the two white cue balls (usually differentiated by one cue ball having a dot or other marking on it
and each of which serves as an object ball for the opponent).

Carom billiards balls are larger than pool balls, having a diameter of 61.5 mm (2 7⁄16 in), and
come as a set of two cue balls (one colored or marked) and an object ball (or two object balls in
the case of the game four-ball).

American-style pool balls are 57 mm (2 1⁄4 in), are used in many pool games found throughout
the world, come in sets of two suits of object balls, seven solids and seven stripes, an 8 ball and a
cue ball; the balls are racked differently for different games (some of which do not use the entire
ball set). Blackball (English-style eight-ball) sets are similar, but have unmarked groups of red
(or blue) and yellow balls instead of solids and stripes, and at 56 mm (2 3⁄16 in) are smaller than
the American-style; they are used principally in Britain, Ireland, and some Commonwealth
countries, though not exclusively, since they are unsuited for playing nine-ball.

Snooker balls are smaller than American-style pool balls with a diameter of 52.5 mm (2 1⁄15 in),
and come in sets of 22 (15 reds, 6 "colours", and a cue ball). English billiard balls are the same
size as snooker balls and come in sets of three balls (two cue balls and a red, an object ball).
Other games, such as bumper pool, have custom ball sets.

Billiard balls have been made from many different materials since the start of the game,
including clay, bakelite, celluloid, crystallite, ivory, plastic, steel and wood. The dominant
material from 1627 until the early 20th century was ivory. The search for a substitute for ivory
use was not for environmental concerns but based on economic motivation and fear of danger for
elephant hunters. It was in part spurred on by a New York billiard table manufacturer who
announced a prize of $10,000 for a substitute material. The first viable substitute was celluloid,
invented by John Wesley Hyatt in 1868, but the material was volatile, sometimes exploding
during manufacture and was highly flammable.[10][11]

Tables

Main article: Billiard table

Pool table with equipment.

There are many sizes and styles of pool and billiard tables. Generally, tables are rectangles twice
as long as they are wide. Most pool tables are known as 7-, 8-, 8 1⁄2(sometimes called a Pro 8)-,
or 9-footers, referring to the length of the table's long side. Full-size snooker and English billiard
tables are 12 feet (3.7 m) long on the longest side. Pool halls tend to have 9-foot (2.7 m) tables
and cater to the serious pool player. Pubs will typically use 7-foot (2.1 m) tables which are often
coin-operated. Formerly, 10-foot (3 m) tables were common, but such tables are now considered
antique collectors items; a few, usually from the late 19th century, can be found in pool halls
from time to time. Ten-foot tables remain the standard size for carom billiard games. The slates
on modern carom tables are usually heated to stave off moisture and provide a consistent playing
surface.

The length of the pool table will typically be a function of space, with many homeowners
purchasing an 8-foot (2.4 m) table as a compromise. High quality tables are mostly 4.5 by 9 ft
(2.7 m). (interior dimensions), with a bed made of three pieces of thick slate to prevent warping
and changes due to humidity. Smaller bar tables are most commonly made with a single piece of
slate. Pocket billiards tables of all types normally have six pockets, three on each side (four
corner pockets, and two middle or side pockets).

Cloth

Main article: Baize

Women playing on an elaborately decorated green-covered table in an early 1880s advertising

poster.

All types of tables are covered with billiard cloth (often called "felt", but actually a woven wool
or wool/nylon blend called baize). Cloth has been used to cover billiards tables since the 15th
century. In fact, the predecessor company of the most famous maker of billiard cloth, Iwan
Simonis, was formed in 1453.

Bar or tavern tables, which get a lot of play, use "slower", more durable cloth. The cloth used in
upscale pool (and snooker) halls and home billiard rooms is "faster" (i.e., provides less friction,
allowing the balls to roll farther across the table bed), and competition-quality pool cloth is made
from 100% worsted wool. Snooker cloth traditionally has a nap (consistent fiber directionality)
and balls behave differently when rolling against versus along with the nap.

The cloth of the billiard table has traditionally been green, reflecting its origin (originally the
grass of ancestral lawn games), and has been so colored since the 16th century, but it is also
produced in other colors such as red and blue.[12]

The cloth was earlier said to be the most important part of the game, most likely because of the
reflection of the game's origin. The players were stubborn in the fact that the cloth should not be
ripped. They even made women continue to use maces after cues were invented, for fear that
they would rip the cloth with the sharper cues.

Rack

Main article: Rack (billiards)

Aluminium billiard rack that is used for 8-ball, 9-ball, and straight pool.

A rack is the name given to a frame (usually wood, plastic or aluminium) used to organize
billiard balls at the beginning of a game. This is traditionally triangular in shape, but varies with
the type of billiards played. There are two main types of racks; the more common triangular
shape which is used for eight-ball and straight pool and the diamond shaped rack used for nine-
ball.

There are several other types of less common rack types that are also used, based on a "template"
to hold the billiard balls tightly together. Most commonly it's a plastic piece with diamond
shaped cut-outs that hold the balls that is placed on the table with the balls set on top of the rack.
The rack is used to set up the "break" and removed before the "break shot" occurs.

Cues

Main article: Cue stick

Billiards games are mostly played with a stick known as a cue. A cue is usually either a one
piece tapered stick or a two piece stick divided in the middle by a joint of metal or phenolic
resin. High quality cues are generally two pieces and are made of a hardwood, generally maple
for billiards and ash for snooker.

The butt end of the cue is of larger circumference and is intended to be gripped by a player's
hand. The shaft of the cue is of smaller circumference, usually tapering to an 0.4 to 0.55 inches
(10 to 14 mm) terminus called a ferrule (usually made of fiberglass or brass in better cues),
where a rounded leather tip is affixed, flush with the ferrule, to make final contact with balls. The
tip, in conjunction with chalk, can be used to impart spin to the cue ball when it is not hit in its
center.

Cheap cues are generally made of pine, low-grade maple (and formerly often of ramin, which is
now endangered), or other low-quality wood, with inferior plastic ferrules. A quality cue can be
expensive and may be made of exotic woods and other expensive materials which are artfully
inlaid in decorative patterns. Many modern cues are also made, like golf clubs, with high-tech
materials such as woven graphite. Skilled players may use more than one cue during a game,
including a separate generally lighter cue for the opening break shot (because of cue speed
gained from a lighter stick) and another, shorter cue with a special tip for jump shots.
Mechanical bridge

The mechanical bridge, sometimes called a "rake", "bridge stick" or simply "bridge", and in the
UK a "rest", is used to extend a player's reach on a shot where the cue ball is too far away for
normal hand bridging. It consists of a stick with a grooved metal or plastic head which the cue
slides on. Many amateurs refuse to use the mechanical bridge based on the perception that to do
so is unmanly. However, many aficionados and most professionals employ the bridge whenever
the intended shot so requires.

Some players, especially current or former snooker players, use a screw-on cue butt extension
instead of or in addition to the mechanical bridge.

Bridge head design is varied, and not all designs (especially those with cue shaft-enclosing rings,
or wheels on the bottom of the head), are broadly tournament-approved.

In Italy a longer, thicker cue is typically available for this kind of tricky shot.

For snooker they are normally available in three forms, their use depending on how the player is
hampered; the standard rest is a simple cross, the 'spider' has a raised arch around 12 cm with
three grooves to rest the cue in and for the most awkward of shots, the 'giraffe' (or 'swan' in
England) which has a raised arch much like the 'spider' but with a slender arm reaching out
around 15 cm with the groove.

Chalk

Billiard chalk is applied to the tip of the cue.

Chalk is applied to the tip of the cue stick, ideally before every shot, to increase the tip's friction
coefficient so that when it impacts the cue ball on a non-center hit, no miscue (unintentional
slippage between the cue tip and the struck ball) occurs. Cue tip chalk is not actually the
substance typically referred to as "chalk" (generally calcium carbonate, also known as calcite or
carbonate of lime), but any of several proprietary compounds, with a silicate base. It was around
the time of the Industrial Revolution that newer compounds formed that provided better grip for
the ball. This is when the English began to experiment with side spin or applying curl to the ball.
This was shortly introduced to the American players and is how the term “putting English on the
ball” came to be. "Chalk" may also refer to a cone of fine, white hand chalk; like talc (talcum
powder) it can be used to reduce friction between the cue and bridge hand during shooting, for a
smoother stroke. Some brands of hand chalk actually are made of compressed talc. (Tip chalk is
not used for this purpose because it is abrasive, hand-staining and difficult to apply.) Many
players prefer a slick pool glove over hand chalk or talc because of the messiness of these
powders; buildup of particles on the cloth will affect ball behavior and necessitate more-frequent
cloth cleaning.

Cue tip chalk (invented in its modern form by straight rail billiard pro William A. Spinks and
chemist William Hoskins in 1897)[13][14] is made by crushing silica and the abrasive substance
corundum or aloxite[14] (aluminium oxide),[15][16] into a powder.[14] It is combined with dye
(originally and most commonly green or blue-green, like traditional billiard cloth, but available
today, like the cloth, in many colors) and a binder (glue).[14] Each manufacturer's brand has
different qualities, which can significantly affect play. High humidity can also impair the
effectiveness of chalk. Harder, drier compounds are generally considered superior by most
players.

Major games

Carom billiards table in a Parisian café.

There are two main varieties of billiard games: carom and pocket. The main carom billiards
games are straight rail, balkline and especially three cushion billiards. All are played on a
pocketless table with three balls; two cue balls and one object ball. In all, players shoot a cue ball
so that it makes contact with the opponent's cue ball as well as the object ball. Others of
multinational interest are four-ball and five-pins.

The most globally popular of the large variety of pocket games are Pool and snooker. English
billiards, with some features of carom billiards, was one of the two most-competitive cue sports,
along with balkline, at the turn of the previous century and is still enjoyed today especially in
Commonwealth countries. Russian pyramid and its variants like kaisa are popular in the former
Eastern bloc.
Man playing billiards with a cue and a woman with mace, from an illustration appearing in
Michael Phelan's 1859 book, The Game of Billiards.

Games played on a carom billiards table

Main article: Carom billiards

Straight rail or straight billiards

Main article: Balkline and straight rail

In straight rail, a player scores a point and may continue shooting each time his cue ball makes
contact with both other balls.

Although a difficult and subtle game, some of the best players of straight billiards developed the
skill to gather the balls in a corner or along the same rail for the purpose of playing a series of
nurse shots to score a seemingly limitless number of points.

The first straight rail professional tournament was held in 1879 where Jacob Schaefer, Sr. scored
690 points in a single turn[12][page  needed] (that is, 690 separate strokes without a miss). With the balls
repetitively hit and barely moving in endless "nursing", there was little for the fans to watch.

Balkline

Main article: Balkline and straight rail

In light of these phenomenal skill developments in straight rail, the game of balkline soon
developed to make it impossible for a player to keep the balls gathered in one part of the table for
long, greatly limiting the effectiveness of nurse shots. A balkline (not to be confused with baulk
line, which pertains to the game of English billiards) is a line parallel to one end of a billiards
table. In the games of balkline – 18.1 and 18.2 (pronounced "eighteen-point-two") balkline,
among other more obscure variations – the players have to drive at least one object ball past a
balkline set at 18 inches (460 mm) from each rail, after one or two points have been scored,
respectively.

Three-cushion billiards

Main article: Three-cushion billiards

A more elegant solution was three-cushion billiards, which requires a player to make contact
with the other two balls on the table and contact three rail cushions in the process. This is
difficult enough that even the best players can only manage to average one to two points per turn.

Games played on a pool table

Main article: Pool (cue sports)

There are many variations of games played on a standard pool table. Popular poll game include
eight-ball, nine-ball, straight pool and one-pocket. Even within games types (e.g. eight-ball),
there may be variations, and people may play recreationally using relaxed or local rules. A few
of the more popular examples of pool games are given below.

In eight-ball and nine-ball, the object is to sink object balls until one can legally pocket the
winning eponymous "money ball". Well-known but waning in popularity is straight pool, in
which players seek to continue sinking balls, rack after rack if they can, to reach a pre-
determined winning score (typically 150). Related to nine-ball, another well-known game is
rotation, where the lowest-numbered object ball on the table must be struck first, although any
object ball may be pocketed (i.e., combination shot). Each pocketed ball is worth its number, and
the player with the highest score at the end of the rack is the winner. Since there are only 120
points available (1 + 2 + 3 ⋯ + 15 = 120), scoring 61 points leaves no opportunity for the
opponent to catch up. In both one-pocket and bank pool, the players must sink a set number of
balls; respectively, all in a particular pocket, or all by bank shots. In snooker, players score points
by alternately potting red balls and various special "colour balls".

Two-player or -team games

 Eight-ball: The goal is to pocket (pot) all of one's designated group of balls (either stripes
vs. solids, or reds vs. yellows, depending upon the equipment), and then pocket the 8 ball
in a called pocket.
 Nine-ball: The goal is to pocket the 9 ball; the initial contact of the cue ball each turn
must be with the lowest-numbered object ball remaining on the table; there are numerous
variants such as seven-ball, six-ball, and the older forms of three-ball and ten-ball, that
simply use a different number of balls and have a different money ball.
 Straight pool (a.k.a. 14.1 continuous pool): The goal is to reach a predetermined number
of points (e.g. 100); a point is earned by pocketing any called ball into a designated
pocket; game play is by racks of 15 balls, and the last object ball of a rack is not
pocketed, but left on the table with the opponent re-racking the remaining 14 before game
play continues.
 Bank pool: The goal is to reach a predetermined number of points; a point is earned by
pocketing any called ball by banking it into a designated pocket using one or more
cushion.[17][unreliable source?]

Speed pool
Speed pool is a standard billiards game where the balls must be pocketed in as little time as
possible. Rules vary greatly from tournament to tournament. The International Speed Pool
Challenge has been held annually since 2006.

Games played on a snooker table

English billiards

Main article: English billiards

Dating to approximately 1800, English billiards, called simply billiards[5] in many former British
colonies and in Great Britain where it originated, was originally called the winning and losing
carambole game, folding in the names of three predecessor games, the winning game, the losing
game and the carambole game (an early form of straight rail), that combined to form it.[18] The
game features both cannons (caroms) and the pocketing of balls as objects of play. English
billiards requires two cue balls and a red object ball. The object of the game is to score either a
fixed number of points, or score the most points within a set time frame, determined at the start
of the game.

Points are awarded for:

 Two-ball cannons: striking both the object ball and the other (opponent's) cue ball on the
same shot (2 points).
 Winning hazards: potting the red ball (3 points); potting the other cue ball (2 points).
 Losing hazards (or "in-offs"): potting one's cue ball by cannoning off another ball (3
points if the red ball was hit first; 2 points if the other cue ball was hit first, or if the red
and other cue ball were "split", i.e., hit simultaneously).

Snooker

Main article: Snooker

Snooker is a pocket billiards game originated by British officers stationed in India during the
19th century, based on earlier pool games such as black pool and life pool. The name of the
game became generalized to also describe one of its prime strategies: to "snooker" the opposing
player by causing that player to foul or leave an opening to be exploited.

In the United Kingdom, snooker is by far the most popular cue sport at the competitive level, and
major national pastime along with association football and cricket. It is played in many other
countries as well. Snooker is uncommon in North America, where pool games such as eight-ball
and nine-ball dominate, and Latin America, where carom games dominate. The first International
Snooker Championship was held in 1927, and it has been held annually since then with few
exceptions. The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) was
established in 1968 to regulate the professional game, while the International Billiards and
Snooker Federation (IBSF) regulates the amateur games.
List of cue sports
Carom billiards games

Main category: Carom billiards

 Artistic billiards
 Balkline games (18.1, 18.2, etc.)
 Four-ball (yotsudama, sagu)
 Straight-rail
 Three-cushion billiards

Obstacle and target games

 Five-pin billiards
 Goriziana or nine-pin billiards

Pool (pocket billiards) games

Main category: Pool (cue sports)

 1-Pocket
 2-ball (Shootout) (also called "duel")
 3-Ball (Straight)
 4-Ball (also called American 4-ball, "cowboy" pool, or 4-ball caroms)
 6-Ball (Rotation)
 7-Ball (Rotation)
 8-Ball (also called stripes & solids, or highs & lows)
 8-Ball Kiss (also called "Chinese" 8-ball)
 9-Ball (Rotation)
 9-Ball Banks
 9-Ball Kiss (also called "carom-nine")
 10-Ball (Rotation)
 10-Ball Straight (also called "bowlliards")
 11-Ball (Rotation) (using the new "magic rack")
 15-Ball Cribbage
 15-Ball Rotation "61"
 15-Ball Rotation "Chicago"
 15-Ball Rotation "Kelly"
 15-Ball Shootout "Cutthroat"
 15-Ball Shootout "Killer"
 15-Ball Straight "14.1"
 15-Ball Straight "Equal Offense"
 3-5-8 Bank Pool
  21-Ball Straight
 Blackball (also called British 8-ball)
 Speedball (also called speed pool)
 Trickshot Shootout (also called "artistic" pool)
 CutThroat, 3 player game in which players are assigned 1 of 3 sets of balls.(1-5)(6-10)
(11-15) each player must avoid his or her assigned balls and make an effort to pocket the
other two players sets of balls in order to eliminate them from the match. The player that
has at least one or more of their assigned balls on the table after eliminating all of the
other players assigned balls wins the game!

Hybrid games

 Bottle pool
 Poker pool

Obstacle and target games

 Skittle pool variants (pin pool)

Snooker games

Main category: Snooker

 Snooker
 Six-red snooker
 American snooker
 Brazilian snooker
 Volunteer snooker
 Snooker plus
 Golf billiards (and its variant, around-the-world)

English billiards

 English billiards

Other European games

 Russian pyramid
 Kaisa

Obstacle and target billiards games

Main category: Obstacle billiards

 Bagatelle
  Bar billiards
 Bumper pool
 Danish pin billiards and other pin billiards games
 Devil's pool and victory billiards
 Bottle pool, skittle pool (pin pool), and Italian five-pin billiards are vestigially classifiable
here as well

Developments without cue or balls, or both

 Boccette
 Hand billiards and finger pool (no cues)
o Crud
 Carrom (uses small disks instead of balls; some versions use miniature cues, others no
cues at all)
o Novuss (a variant that uses full-size cues)
o Crokinole (some variants of this combination of carrom and shuffleboard use
miniature cues)