9

TLE -Carpentry
Quarter 1 - Module 2:
Identifying Wood Properties
and Wood Defects
TLE Carpentry 9
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Identifying Wood Properties and Wood Defects
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Anafe P. Sardido T-I
Editors: Salvador Movilla
Reviewers: Orland L. Padilla
Illustrator: Jaime A. De Vera
Layout Artist: Jim Ryan S. Dela Cruz
Cover Art Designer: Ian Caesar E. Frondoza
Management Team: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV – Regional Director
Fiel Y. Almendra, CESO V – Assistant Regional Director
Leonardo M. Balala- Schools Division Superintendent
Gilbert B. Barrera – Chief, CLMD
Arturo D. Tingson Jr. – REPS, LRMS
Peter Van C. Ang-ug – REPS, ADM
Gilda Orendain- REPS, EPP/TLE
Ismael M. Ambalgan- Chief, CID
Sheryl L. Osano- EPS, LRMS
Josevic F. Hurtada- EPS, ADM Coordinator
Arnulfo D. Dinero – EPS, EPP/TLE

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN Region

Office Address: Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 9

TLE- Carpentry
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Identifying Wood Properties
and Wood Defects
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the TLE-Carpentry Grade 9 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on

Identifying wood Properties and Wood Defects!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the TLE-Carpentry Grade 9 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on

Identifying Wood Properties and Wood Defects!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

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 What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

Good day! This is another learning opportunity to explore future carpenter!

Are you excited to have your carpentry skills improved? Well, be inspired because
you will be expecting activities to learn and enjoy at the same time. Welcome to the
First Quarter Module 2 on Identifying Wood Properties and Wood Defects. This
module was designed and written for you.

Have you tried observing the physical appearance of lumbers? Perhaps you
are aware that there are several physical features of wood. If not, it is a good
chance for you to learn new things. We are glad to help you get familiar with this
topic. Are you now ready?
This module contains lesson about structure and properties of wood which
is one of the commonly used materials for staking out building lines. Why is it
important? What will happen when you do not know the structure and properties
of wood? How might it affect your work or project if you happen to buy a defective
wood? As you go through this module, your knowledge on woods or lumber will
broaden. How to make it happen? It depends on your commitment to learning.
This module was written and designed intended for you. It is here to help you
master your basic skills. To have a good grasp in the wise use of wood in
construction, a good understanding of its structure and properties is helpful.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify different properties of wood.
2. Determine different wood defects.

(TLE_IACP9-12BL-Ia-h-1).

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 What I Know

This time, you will be tested how far you can recall your prior knowledge before
exploring the new topic. Read the instruction very carefully. The use of context
clues may help you answer the questions.
Pre-Test
Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer
and write your answer on the answer sheet provided.

1. Which of the following refers to the outer skin of the wood?

a. bark c. heartwood
b. sapwood d. cambium
2. Which of the following is the most important material in staking out building
lines?
a. gravel c. sand
b. lumber d. plywood
3. Which of the following belongs to the mechanical properties of wood?
a. electrical c. vibration
b. shrinkage d. density
4. Which of the following wood properties occurs when wood loses moisture
below the fiber saturation point?
a. shrinkage c. moisture content
b. permeability d. mass
5. Which refers to the ratio of the mass of water contained in the mass of the
same sample of dry wood?
a. moisture content c. density
b. permeability d. mass
6. Which statement is TRUE about hardwood?
a. Hardwoods are coniferous.
b Hardwoods come from evergreen trees.
c. Hardwoods are gymnosperms.
d. Hardwoods are used in making fine furniture and decorative woodwork.

7. Which refers to the darkening of the wood due to the overheating by the
machine knives or rolls?
a. split c. machine burn
b. blue stain d. wood pitch

8. Which of the following defects cannot be relied upon to remain in place in

the piece and is caused by dead branch that was not fully integrated into the
tree before cutting down?
a. loose knot c. tight knot
b. wood bore d. none of the choices

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 9. Which refers to the holes in the wood caused by insects and beetles?
a. wood bore c. pitch
b. split d. wane
10.Which type of wood is derived from broad- leaved (deciduous) trees?

a. hardwood c. sapwood
b. Softwood d. heartwood
11.Which comes next after the outer bark of the wood?

a. Inner bark c. sapwood

b. cambium d. annual ring
12.Which of the following wood structure descriptions DOES NOT necessarily
refer to annual rings?
a. It is a cambium growing each year.
b. It tells us how old the tree is.
c. It makes up the cross-section of the tree trunk.
d. It is formed by a xylem tube.
13.Which structure helps a tree pipe water and nutrients up from roots to
leaves?

a. phloem c. cambium
b.xylem d. heartwood
14.Which is much darker, harder part of the tree trunk where xylem tubes
have blocked up with gums?

a. machine burn c. heartwood

b. grains d. sapwood
15.Which of the following statements IS NOT TRUE about softwoods?

a. Softwoods are coniferous.

b. Softwoods come from evergreen trees.
c. Softwoods are gymnosperms.
d. Softwoods are used in making fine furniture and decorative woodwork.

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Lesson
Properties of Wood
1

What’s In

Good day! How are you today? Can you still remember your lesson in your
previous module? As you have learned, one of the materials for staking out building
lines is lumber. In this lesson, you will get yourself acquainted with identifying
wood main structure, properties and its defects. Before you proceed, test yourself
how much you can recall on your previous lesson.
Activity 1: Match me!
Directions: Match column A with column B and write your answer on the activity
sheet provided.

Column A Column B
_____1. It is used for laying out measurements. a. nylon string
_____2. It is used to drive pegs for stakeout. b. nails
_____3. It is used to fasten woods/lumber. c. cross cut saw
_____4. It is a sawn timber or processed piece of d. plumb bob
wood ready for use e. L- square
_____5. It is used to cut pegs for stake out. f. water hose level
_____6. It is used to cut lumber across the grain g. pull push rule
of the wood. h. sledge hammer
_____7. It is used to indicate the sides of the i. bolo
building j. claw hammer
_____8. It is used for driving and pulling out k. lumber
nails.
_____9. It is used to check the straightness from
top to bottom.
____10. It is another term for steel square.

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 Notes to the Teacher
This module contains engaging activities where learners could do
a self-pace learning. Guide the learners to do the learning tasks in
the allotted time. Remind them that the secret of learning is
having fun while loving what they are doing. Remind the parents
as well to monitor their children’s learning using this module.

What’s New

You are a bit close to your goal! I know you have mastered your previous
lesson. In this lesson, for sure new discovery and new experience will be added to
your bucket of knowledge. Enjoy!

One of the widely used materials in the world is wood. Wood is a fibrous
substance which composes the trunk and branches of a tree that lies between the
pith and the bark. Its versatility has lifted it to its present importance and high
demand in almost all types of construction. Imagine how a certain construction
would work without woods? Wood is a traditional building material, as popular
today as ever. Basic understanding on structures and properties of wood would
help you in choosing good quality lumber.

Activity 2: Compare and Contrast!

Directions: Look at the images inside the box. Compare and contrast the two
pictures. Write your answer in activity sheet provided.

A B
YYou

Don’t you know that woods are classified into two distinguished type; that
wood has its parts; and has physical and mechanical properties? Well, you
will find out as you go through this module.

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 What is It

A carpenter is a master of wood! It has to be. And as such you need this
lesson. Take your time to learn this and you will find out its importance and
discover how it will give you in-depth knowledge about woods.

Types of wood

There are two types of wood, hardwood and softwood. Hardwoods typically
come from broad- leaved trees (deciduous or those trees that drop their leaves each
fall) they are commonly known as angiosperms because their seeds are encased in
fruits or pods. The second type of wood is the softwood, typically softwood come
from evergreen (coniferous) trees, those that have needles and cones and retain
them all year-round, also called gymnosperms.

Generally true, hardwoods are harder than softwoods but not always. There
are hardwoods that are actually very soft.

Structures of Wood
The inner structure of a tree makes wood what it is, what it looks like, how it
behaves, and what can we use it for. For you to be able to understand the structure
of wood, take a look at the figure below:

Wood Vocabulary
Bark –the outer skin of a tree which comprises the outer bark and inner bark.
Outer bark is the one you actually see outside the tree trunk. Next layer is
the inner bark which stores the nutrients and transports them down through the
tree.

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Sapwood- a moist living layer packed with tubes called xylem that help a tree pipe
water and nutrients up from its roots to its leaves. Inside the sapwood there’s a
much darker, harder part of the tree called heartwood.

Heartwood- a much darker, harder part of the tree inside the sapwood.

Cambium- a thin active layer where the tree around the outer edge of the sapwood
and the trunk that is actually growing outward by a little bit each year.

Annual rings – formed by a growing cambium outward a little bit each year that
tell us how old a tree is.

Grain – inner structure line running parallel to the trunk formed by the xylem
tubes

Pith- the central core of the tree. It is formed by the stem which pushes growth
upward each year.

A. Physical Properties of Wood

1. Moisture Content is the ratio of the mass of water contained in the mass of the
same sample of dry wood.

2. Density of wood is determined by the amount of cell wall substance and the
volume of voids by the cell cavities (lumens) of the fibers.

3. Permeability is influenced by the anatomy of the wood cells.

4. Mass properties of wood that are conductivity, heat, and coefficient of thermal
expansion.

5. Shrinkage occurs when wood losses moisture below the fiber saturation point.
Swelling on the other hand occurs when it gains moisture above the fiber
saturation point.

B. Mechanical Properties of Wood

1. Elasticity of wood depends on grain orientation, moisture, species, temperature,

and rate of loading.

2. Strength is dependent upon rate of loading, species, moisture, contents,

orientation, temperature, size, and location of natural characteristics such as
knots, and specimen size.

3. Vibration damping and sound velocity are two primary vibration phenomena of
interest in structural application.

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C. Wood Defects

In the construction of formworks, wood is the most important material

needed. You will be selecting the appropriate lumber for every part of the forms.
You also need to learn how to identify the different defects of wood which may
cause failures in the assembling process.

Defects Description Illustration

1. Bow a curve along the face of a
lumber that usually runs from
end to end.

2. Cupping the warping along the face of a

board. This often occurs when
one side dries faster thanthe
other.

3. Checking a crack in the wood structure

of a piece, running lengthwise
usually caused by rapid
seasoning.

4. Split a longitudinal separation of the

fibers which extends to the
opposite face of a sawn timber.

5. Crook the warping along the edge from

end to the other. This is most
common in wood that was cut
from the center of the tree near
the pith.

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6. Twist the warping in lumber where
the ends twist in opposite
directions.

7. Wane the presence of bark or

absence of wood on corners of a
piece of lumber.

8. Blue Stain the discoloration that

penetrates the wood fiber. It
can be any color other than the
natural color of the piece in
which it is found. It is classified
as light, medium or heavy and
is generally blue or brown.

9. Machine Burn the darkening of the wood due

to overheating by the machine
knives or rolls when pieces are
stopped in a machine.

10. Pitch an accumulation of resinous

material on the surface or in
pockets below the surface of
wood. It is also called gum or
sap.

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11. Loose Knot cannot be relied upon to remain
in place in the piece. It is
caused by a dead branch that
was not fully integrated into the
tree before it was cut down.

12. Tight Knot a knot fixed by growth or

position in the wood structure
so that it firmly retains its place
in the surrounding wood.

13. Wood Bores are the holes in the wood

caused by insects and beetles.

Defects of wood was clearly defined and described. What would happen if you
bought a defective wood for the construction project? It can definitely affect the
project’s funding: waste of material, time and energy as well. I hope you can make
use of these learnings in the future.

Activity 3: Know me!

Directions: Name what is being described. Choose your answer from the choices
inside the box. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided.

bow check sapwood

split pitch bores
tight knot wane cupping
twist strength loose knot
density grain permeability

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 1. a knot fixed by growth or position in the wood structure
2. determined by the amount of cell wall substance and the volume of voids by
the cell cavities (lumens) of the fibers.
3. inner structure lines running parallel to the trunk formed by the xylem
tubes
4. a moist living layer packed with tubes called xylem that help a tree pipe
water and nutrients up from its roots to its leaves.
5. a longitudinal separation of the fibers which extends to the opposite face of a
sawn timber.
6. the presence of bark or absence of wood on corners of a piece of lumber.
7. an accumulation of resinous material on the surface or in pockets below the
surface of wood. It is also called gum or sap.
8. a crack in the wood structure of a piece, running lengthwise usually caused
by rapid seasoning.
9. a curve along the face of a lumber that usually runs from end to end.
10. the warping in lumber where the ends twist in opposite directions.
11. the warping along the face of a board
12. dependent upon rate of loading, species, moisture, contents, orientation,
temperature, size, and location of natural characteristics such as knots, and
specimen size
13. influenced by the anatomy of the wood cells.
14. the holes in the wood caused by insects and beetles.
15. caused by a dead branch that was not fully integrated into the tree before it
was cut down.

What’s More

Good day everyone! Do you believe that practice makes perfect? Well, if you
do, it’s time for you to solidify your understanding of the topic. Are you now ready?
You got to keep going!

Activity 4: Word Search!

Directions: Find the following words inside the puzzle. Write your answer on the
answer sheet provided.
1. Hardwood 6. bow
2. Cambium 7. pitch
3. Xylem 8. split
4. Grains 9. strength
5. Checking 10.density

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 Amazing you did it! I guess you are more than ready for the next challenging
activity.

What I Have Learned

How did you find your previous activity? Easy, right? Well, it is just a matter
of reading, understanding and practicing. Now, answer the following exercises
which will measure how much you have learned about the lesson.

Activity 5: Complete the Table!

Direction: The table has three columns, the Property, Physical or Mechanical,
and the Definition. Each row contains one blank for you to complete depending on
what column it belongs. Read and think carefully. Write your answer on your
Activity Notebook. Good luck!

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 Property Physical or Definition
Mechanical?

It depends on grain orientation,

moisture, species, temperature,
Elasticity and rate of loading.
(1) _________________

It occurs when wood loses

Shrinkage moisture below the fiber
(2) _________________ saturation point

(3) It has two phenomena: vibration

Mechanical
_______________ damping and sound velocity

It is dependent upon rate of

loading, species, moisture,
Strength (4) ___________________ contents, orientation,
temperature, size and location

It is determined by the amount of

cell wall substance and the
(5) _____________ Physical
volume of voids by the cell
cavities of the fibers

Job well done, carpenter! You are now getting nearer into deepening your
skills in comprehending the wood and its properties. and the wood. This time, be
excited of the next activity ahead of you. Let us see if you have already the clear
ability to distinguish defective woods from not.

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Activity 5.2: Know and Tell!
Direction: Study the illustration presented in each item. In the first column are the
illustrations of lumber; in the second column, you need to write the type of wood
defect and in the third column write its description.

Lumber Type of Defect Description

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Great job everyone! You are about to finish your Module 2.

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 What I Can Do

Hello my dear students. How are you? Are you excited to answer your upcoming
activities? Now, let us see how well are you in self-paced learning. Good luck future
carpenters!

Activity 6: Draw and Label!

Directions: Draw a wood and label its structures.

I hope you are enjoying! You are not just learning, you are also sharpening your
skills in drawing!

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 Assessment

Are you still enjoying your Module? If yes, congratulations to you! You are still
eager to learn despite this new normal situation. Assess yourself now how much
you have learned from the previous activities.

Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer
and write your answer on the answer sheet provided.
1. Which of the following statements IS NOT TRUE about softwoods?

a. Softwoods are coniferous.

b. Softwoods come from evergreen trees.
c. Softwoods are gymnosperms.
d. Softwoods are used in making fine furniture and decorative woodwork.

2. Which of the following is the most important material in staking out building
lines?

c. gravel c. sand
d. lumber d. plywood
3. Which of the following belongs to the mechanical properties of wood?

e. electrical c. vibration
f. shrinkage d. density
4. Which of the following wood properties occurs when wood loses moisture below
the fiber saturation point?

g. shrinkage c. moisture content

h. permeability d. mass
5. Which refers to the ratio of the mass of water contained in the mass of the same
sample of dry wood?

i. moisture content c. density

j. permeability d. mass
6. Which statement is TRUE about hardwood?

a. Hardwoods are coniferous.

b. Hardwoods come from evergreen trees.
c. Hardwoods are gymnosperms.
d. Hardwoods are used in making fine furniture and decorative
woodwork.
7. Which of the following refers to the outer skin of the wood?

a. bark c. heartwood
b. sapwood d. cambium

16
8. Which of the following defects cannot be relied upon to remain in place in the
piece and is caused by dead branch that was not fully integrated into the tree
before cutting down?

c. loose knot c. tight knot

d. wood bore d. none of the choices
9. Which refers to the holes in the wood caused by insects and beetles?

e. wood bore c. pitch

f. split d. wane
10. Which type of wood is derived from broad- leaved (deciduous) trees?

a. hardwood c. sapwood

b. Softwood d. heartwood
11. Which comes next after the outer bark of the wood?

g. Inner bark c. sapwood

h. cambium d. annual ring
12. Which of the following wood structure descriptions DOES NOT necessarily refer
to annual rings?

e. It is a cambium growing each year.

f. It tells us how old the tree is.
g. It makes up the cross-section of the tree trunk.
h. It is formed by a xylem tube.
13. Which structure helps a tree pipe water and nutrients up from roots to
leaves?

a. phloem c. cambium

b. xylem d. heartwood
14.Which is much darker, harder part of the tree trunk where xylem tubes
have blocked up with gums?

a. machine burn c. heartwood

b. grains d. sapwood
15. Which refers to the darkening of the wood due to the overheating by the
machine knives or rolls?

a. split c. machine burn

b. blue stain d. wood pitch

17
 Additional Activities

Do it and learn it! Keep doing! You are to challenge yourself and prove your worth.

Activity 7: Directions: Look for wood defects around you and gather, then identify
the defects and explain them based on the descriptions you have previously
learned.

18
 19
Regulations/ Carpentry NC II, Civil Works (Construction Sector).
The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). Training
Course Grade 7 & 8. Department of Education
Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module: Carpentry Exploratory
Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Blanco, Jr., Antonio, & Verano, Roderick C., 2018. Department of Education:
References
Assessment What I have learned? What’s in?
1. D
Activity 5.1 1. G
2. B 2. H
3. C 1. Mechanical 4. mechanical 3. B
4. A 2. Physical 5.density 4. K
3. Vibration 5. I
5. A
Activity 5.2 6. C
6. D
1. Loose knot- caused by a dead 7. A
7. A
branch 8. J
8. A 9. D
2. Machine burn- darkening of
9. A 10.E
wood due to overheating
10.A 3. Wood bores- holes caused by
11.C insects and beetles
12.D 4. Pitch- accumulation of What I
13.B resinous materials
know?
5. Wane- presence of bark or
14. C 1. A
absence of wood on corners of
15.C lumber 2. B
3. C
What’s more? What’s new? 4. A
1. Hardwood Possible answers 5. A
2. Cambium (answers may vary) 6. D
3. Xylem 7. C
Image A
4. Grains 8. A
5. Checking 1. Cylindrical 9. A
6. Bow 2. Rough
7. Pitch 10.A
3. Cross cut sawn
8. Split Image B. 11.C
9. Strength 12.D
10.Density 1. Rectangular
2. Smooth 13.B
3. Both cross-cut 14. C
and rip sawn. 15.D
Answer Key
 DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd
SOCCSKSARGEN with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing
the new normal. Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary material
to be used by all learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY
2020-2021. The process of LR development was observed in the production
of this module. This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback,
comments, and recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN

Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893

Email Address: [email protected]