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Lecture 2 - Internal Combussion
Lecture 2 - Internal Combussion
Agricultural
Mechanization &
Irrigation
Topic 2:
Internal Combustion
Engines
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Learning Outcome
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Internal vs External Combustion Engines
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Gasoline Engine
Diesel Engine
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Diesel Engine
In-line fuel injection
pump
Valves
Cylinders
Connecting rods
Main bearings
Oil tank
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Engine structure
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Main Engine Components
Cylinder
Space where piston moves
Gas and air mixture is brought into the
space
petrol - gas + compressed air, burn
diesel - compressed air, diesel, burn
Cooled by circulating water in spaces
around cylinder air cooled
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Cylinder head
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Crank case
Part under the cylinder block
Contains crankshaft, cam shaft, etc
Oil pan
Under the crankcase
Where the engine oil is held
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Piston
Moves, transmit power from combustion of fuel air mix through
connecting rod
Shape – cylindrical, closed at the top and open at bottom
There is clearance between cylinder wall and piston skin, avoid
Jamming or too loose – loss of power and cause excessive smoke
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Connecting rod
fixed at lower end by pin
function, transmit power by oscillation motion
Convert linear motion becomes rotary motion
is fixed to connecting rod below by split bearing
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Piston ring
pressure ring – to maintain pressure and reduce gap between cylinder
wall and piston surface, reduce wear and the loss of power
oil ring – for ensuring oil is evenly applied
lubricate and transfer heat
slightly larger then the size of piston
Crank pin
connects connecting rod to bottom of piston
allow the connecting rod to move along its rotation
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Crankshaft
Includes crank pin, crank arm journal
bearing and counter weight.
Counter weight is positioned opposite to
crank pin such that it will balance up the
weight of connecting rod and piston.
Connecting rod is fixed to crank pin.
Journal bearing support crank shaft to
cylinder block.
Results in steady rotary motion.
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Flywheel
It is a heavy metal disk at one end of the crankshaft, its inertia
is used to smooth out speed fluctuations in the revolving
crankshaft.
Teeth around it, that is where your starter motor "engages" to
start your engine.
When the piston do not receive power it drives the piston to
complete its oscillation.
If the engine have multiple pistons / cylinder the flywheel is
smaller in size.
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Timing gear
It is to ensure that the motion of every
components is well timed, e.g. the valve opens
when piston is at top of motion.
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PETROL/DIESEL ENGINE
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Engine used for commercial
vehicles, tractor and fishing
boats.
The source of power for most
tractor since fuel is cheaper,
durable despite the cost of
engine is more expensive.
Petrol or diesel engines operates
by two methods 2 strokes or 4
strokes.
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4-stroke engine
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Operating cycles - Carburetor
Compression
1/5 to 1/6 of original volume
Operating cycles-valve opening
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Intake Stroke
Piston moves down from top
dead center
Volume increases, pressure
drops
Intake valve opens
Air moves in from outside,
picking up petrol at
carburetor
Ends when piston reaches
bottom dead center
Compression Stroke
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Continued upward piston motion causes compression of
fuel air mix. Intake valve closes. Mix is compressed in
small combustion chamber at cylinder head.
Spark plug fires by electric sparks which ignites
compressed fuel air mix causing explosion and expansion
of gasses.
Piston is limited to only moves downward. This is the
Power stroke.
Exhaust stroke. The last event in the cycle. Exhaust valves
opens. Piston moves upward force in burnt gas out from
cylinder to exhaust manifold.
The cylinder is ready for next cycle with the intake stroke.
The combustion sequence (see ignition section)
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Diesel Engine
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Diesel Engine
The main difference with petrol engine is that there is no spark plugs
instead it is replaced by diesel injector and on intake stroke only air is
drawn into the cylinder.
Events during four stroke diesel engine cycle
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Spray-Atomization by the fuel injector
The temperature rises to 1000o F (538 deg. C). Diesel is sprayed by injector into the
cylinder, the mist explodes.
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2-stroke engine
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The Two Stroke Engine
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Two stroke petrol engines
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In Figure (above) the fuel, air and lubrication oil is brought
into the engine crank case.
Carburetor mixes fuel and air that feeds to the crankcase
input valve which open when pressure becomes low as the
piston moves upward.
Under differences in air pressure the mixture moves into
the cylinder.
Light duty lubricating oil (2T) is mixed with petrol either in
petrol tank or on its way to carburetor.
In the Figure (above) compression strokes occur when
piston moves upward, all holes are closed that causes fuel,
air and oil mix become compressed. At the same time fresh
mix is supplied from carburetor to engine crankcase.
At that optimum compression the spark plug fires.
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Power Stroke. Gas explodes and expands
causing the piston to move downward. As it
moves all holes are opened. Fresh fuel, air
and oil mix replace the burnt gasses inside
the cylinder from the engine crankcase.
At the same moment spent gasses and
unburn oil and fuel escape through the
exhaust.
Construction of 2 stroke engine
No valves
Crankcase airtight
Fuel-air mixture first
Transfer duct
drawn into crankcase
via 1-way reed valve
Crankcase connected to
intake port by transfer
duct
Intake-compression Stroke
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Differences
Parameter 2-stroke petrol 4-stroke petrol 4-stroke Diesel
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QUESTIONS
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Group Discussion
Name the machine suitable based on the engine type (2 or
4 stroke engine) for each operation below;
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Thank you.
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