","This code snippet tells the web browser to interpret everything within the script tags as
JavaScript, which the browser then interprets by writing the text “Hello World. Today is ” to the
current document, along with the date, by using the JavaScript function Date. The result will look
something like this:","Hello World. Today is Thu Jan 01 2015 01:23:45","As previously mentioned, JavaScript was originally developed to offer dynamic control over the various elements
within an HTML document, and that is still its main use. But more and more, JavaScript is being used for Ajax. This is
a term for the process of accessing the web server in the background. (It originally meant “Asynchronous JavaScript
and XML,” but that phrase is already a bit outdated.)","Ajax is the main process behind what is now known as Web 2.0 in which web pages have started to
resemble standalone programs, because they don’t have to be reloaded in their entirety. Instead, a
quick Ajax call can pull in and update a single element on a web page, such as changing your
photograph on a social networking site or replacing a button that you click with the answer to a
question.","Using CSS","With the emergence of the CSS3 standard in recent years, CSS now offers a level of dynamic
interactivity previously supported only by JavaScript. For example, not only can you style any
HTML element to change its dimensions, colors, borders, spacing, and so on, but now you can also
add animated transitions and transformations to your web pages, using only a few lines of CSS.","Using CSS can be as simple as inserting a few rules between tags in the head
of a web page, like this:","","These rules will change the default justification of the
tag so that paragraphs contained in it
will be fully justified and will use the Helvetica font.
there are many different ways you can lay out CSS rules, and you can also include them directly
within tags or save a set of rules to an external file to be loaded in separately. This flexibility lets
you do more than style your HTML precisely; you will also see how it can (for example) provide"," Chapter 3
SYSTEM DESIGN
\f 3.1 Process Flow Diagram
Process Flow Diagram or Flowchart is a diagram which uses geometric symbols and arrows to
define the relationships. It is a diagrammatic representation of the algorithm. The Process
flow Diagram of our application is shown below:
\f 3.2 Use Case Diagram
A use case diagram at its simplest is a representation of a user's interaction with the system and depicting
the specifications of a use case. A use case diagram can portray the different types of users of a system and
the various ways that they interact with the system. This type of diagram is typically used in conjunction
with the textual use case and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as well.
Always structure and organize the use case diagram from the perspective of the actor.
Use cases should start off simple and at the highest view possible. Only then can they be refined and
detailed further.
Use case diagrams are based upon functionality and thus should focus on the \"what\" and not the \"how\".","So in brief, the purposes of use case diagrams can be as follows:"," Used to gather requirements of a system."," Used to get an outside view of a system."," Identify external and internal factors influencing the system."," Show the interacting among the requirements are actors."," 3.3 ENTITY RELATION DIAGRAM","Entity relationship diagrams are useful for illustrating the relationships between different elements in a
database. With the help of entity relationship diagrams, the structure of a database is made clear, and it is
possible to see exactly how the different elements are interlinked. You can use entity relationship diagrams
to plan a database you are going to build, or to maintain an existing database structure.","An ER model is an abstract way of describing a database. In the case of a relational database, which stores
data in tables, some of the data in these tables point to data in other tables - for instance, your entry in the
database could point to several entries for each of the phone numbers that are yours. The ER model would
say that you are an entity, and each phone number is an entity, and the relationship between you and the
phone numbers is 'has a phone number'. Diagrams created to design these entities and relationships are
called entity–relationship diagrams or ER diagrams.
\fER Diagram is a visual representation of data that describes how data is related to each other. In ER Model,
we disintegrate data into entities, attributes and setup relationships between entities, all this can be
represented visually using the ER diagram.
For example, in the below diagram, anyone can see and understand what the diagram wants to
convey: Developer develops a website, whereas a Visitor visits a website."," 3.4 Components of ER Diagram","Entity, Attributes, Relationships etc. form the components of ER Diagram and there are defined symbols and","shapes to represent each one of them.","Let's see how we can represent these in our ER Diagram.","Entity
Simple rectangular box represents an Entity.","Relationships between Entities - Weak and Strong","Rhombus is used to setup relationships between two or more entities.","\fAttributes for any Entity","Ellipse is used to represent attributes of any entity. It is connected to the entity.","Weak Entity
A weak Entity is represented using double rectangular boxes. It is generally connected to another entity.","Key Attribute for any Entity","To represent a Key attribute, the attribute name inside the Ellipse is underlined.","Derived Attribute for any Entity","Derived attributes are those which are derived based on other attributes, for example, age can be derived","from date of birth.","To represent a derived attribute, another dotted ellipse is created inside the main ellipse.","Multivalued Attribute for any Entity","Double Ellipse, one inside another, represents the attribute which can have multiple values.","Composite Attribute for any Entity","A composite attribute is the attribute, which also has attributes.","\f 3.5 Diagram: Relationship","A Relationship describes relation between entities. Relationship is represented using diamonds or rhombus."," There are three","types of relationship that exist between Entities.","1. Binary Relationship
2. Recursive Relationship
3. Ternary Relationship"," 3.6 Activity Diagram","Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions with","support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams are","intended to model both computational and organizational processes","\fBasic Activity Diagram Notations and Symbols","Initial State or Start Point","A small filled circle followed by an arrow represents the initial action state or the start point for any activity","diagram. For activity diagram using swim lanes, make sure the start point is placed in the top left corner of","the first column.","\fActivity or Action State","An action state represents the non-interruptible action of objects. You can draw an action state in SmartDraw","using a rectangle with rounded corners.","Action Flow
Action flows, also called edges and paths, illustrate the transitions from one action state to another. They are
usually drawn with an arrowed line.","Object Flow
Object flow refers to the creation and modification of objects by activities. An object flow arrow from an
action to an object means that the action creates or influences the object. An object flow arrow from an
object to an action indicates that the action state uses the object.","Decisions and Branching","A diamond represents a decision with alternate paths. When an activity requires a decision prior to moving","on to the next activity, add a diamond between the two activities. The outgoing alternates should be labeled","with a condition or guard expression. You can also label one of the paths \"else.\"","Guards
In UML, guards are a statement written next to a decision diamond that must be true before moving next to
the next activity. These are not essential, but are useful when a specific answer, such as \"Yes, three labels
are printed,\" is needed before moving forward.
\fSynchronization
A fork node is used to split a single incoming flow into multiple concurrent flows. It is represented as a
straight, slightly thicker line in an activity diagram.
A join node joins multiple concurrent flows back into a single outgoing flow.
A fork and join mode used together are often referred to as synchronization.","Time Event
This refers to an event that stops the flow for a time; an hourglass depicts it.
\fMerge Event
A merge event brings together multiple flows that are not concurrent.","Sent and Received Signals","Signals represent how activities can be modified from outside the system. They usually appear in pairs of","sent and received signals, because the state can't change until a response is received, much like synchronous","messages in a sequence diagram. For example, an authorization of payment is needed before an order can be","completed.","Interrupting Edge
An event, such as a cancellation, that interrupts the flow denoted with a lightning bolt.","Final State or End Point","An arrow pointing to a filled circle nested inside another circle represents the final action state."," 3.7 Inventory Activity","4","\f Fig.Inventory Activity"," 3.8 CLASS DIAGRAM","What is a Class Diagram?","A class diagram models the static structure of a system. It shows relationships between classes, objects,","attributes, and operations.","\fBasic Class Diagram Symbols and Notations Classes","Classes represent an abstraction of entities with common characteristics. Associations represent the","relationships between classes.","Illustrate classes with rectangles divided into compartments. Place the name of the class in the first partition","(centered, bolded, and capitalized), list the attributes in the second partition (left-aligned, not bolded, and","lowercase), and write operations into the third.","Active Classes
Active classes initiate and control the flow of activity, while passive classes store data and serve other
classes. Illustrate active classes with a thicker border.","Visibility
Use visibility markers to signify who can access the information contained within a class. Private visibility,
denoted with a - sign, hides information from anything outside the class partition. Public visibility, denoted
with a + sign, allows all other classes to view the marked information. Protected visibility, denoted with a #
sign, allows child classes to access information they inherited from a parent class.","Associations
\fAssociations represent static relationships between classes. Place association names above, on, or below the
association line. Use a filled arrow to indicate the direction of the relationship. Place roles near the end of an
association. Roles represent the way the two classes see each other.","Multiplicity (Cardinality)
Place multiplicity notations near the ends of an association. These symbols indicate the number of instances
of one class linked to one instance of the other class. For example, one company will have one or more
employees, but each employee works for just one company","Constraint
Place constraints inside curly braces {}.
\fComposition and Aggregation
Composition is a special type of aggregation that denotes a strong ownership between Class A, the whole,
and Class B, its part.
Illustrate composition with a filled diamond. Use a hollow diamond to represent a simple aggregation
relationship, in which the \"whole\" class plays a more important role than the \"part\" class, but the two classes
are not dependent on each other.
The diamond ends in both composition and aggregation relationships point toward the \"whole\" class (i.e.,
the aggregation).","Class Diagram
\f Fig.Class Diagram
Generalization
Generalization is another name for inheritance or an \"is a\" relationship. It refers to a relationship between
two classes where one class is a specialized version of another. For example, Honda is a type of car. So the
class Honda would have a generalization relationship with the class car.","In real life coding examples, the difference between inheritance and aggregation can be confusing. If you
have an aggregation relationship, the aggregate (the whole) can access only the PUBLIC functions of the
\fpart class. On the other hand, inheritance allows the inheriting class to access both the PUBLIC and
PROTECTED functions of the superclass."," 3.9 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM","A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in
what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart."," A sequence diagram shows object interactions arranged in time sequence. It depicts the objects and classes
involved in the scenario and the sequence of messages exchanged between the objects needed to carry out
the functionality of the scenario."," Sequence diagrams are typically associated with use case realizations in the Logical View of the system
under development. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called inventory diagram.","A sequence diagram shows, as parallel vertical lines (lifelines), different processes or objects that live
simultaneously, and, as horizontal arrows, the messages exchanged between them, in the order in which they
occur."," Visual
Notation Description
Representation
\fActor
A type of role played by an entity that interacts with the subject (e.g., by
exchanging signals and data)
external to the subject (i.e., in the sense that an instance of an actor is not
a part of the instance of its corresponding subject).
represent roles played by human users, external hardware, or other
subjects.
Note that:
An actor does not necessarily represent a specific physical entity but
merely a particular role of some entity
A person may play the role of several different actors and, conversely, a
given actor may be played by multiple different person.","Lifeline
A lifeline represents an individual participant in the Interaction.","Activations
A thin rectangle on a lifeline) represents the period during which an
element is performing an operation.
The top and the bottom of the of the rectangle are aligned with the
initiation and the completion time respectively","Call Message
A message defines a particular communication between Lifelines of an
\f Interaction.
Call message is a kind of message that represents an invocation of
operation of target lifeline.","Return Message
A message defines a particular communication between Lifelines of an
Interaction.
Return message is a kind of message that represents the pass of
information back to the caller of a corresponded former message.","Self Message
A message defines a particular communication between Lifelines of an
Interaction.
Self message is a kind of message that represents the invocation of
message of the same lifeline.","Recursive Message
A message defines a particular communication between Lifelines of an
Interaction.
Recursive message is a kind of message that represents the invocation of
message of the same lifeline. It's target points to an activation on top of
the activation where the message was invoked from.
\fCreate Message
A message defines a particular communication between Lifelines of an
Interaction.
Create message is a kind of message that represents the instantiation of
(target) lifeline.","Destroy Message
A message defines a particular communication between
Lifelines of an Interaction.
Destroy message is a kind of message that represents the
request of destroying the lifecycle of target lifeline.","Duration Message
A message defines a particular communication between
Lifelines of an Interaction.
Duration message shows the distance between two time
instants for a message invocation.
\fNote
A note (comment) gives the ability to attach various remarks to elements. A
comment carries no semantic force, but may contain information that is useful to
a modeler.
\f\f 3.10 UML DIAGRAM","The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-purpose,","developmental, modeling language in the field of software engineering, that is","intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system.[1]","The creation of UML was originally motivated by the desire to standardize the","disparate notational systems and approaches to software design. It was","developed by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh","at Rational Software in 1994–1995, with further development led by them","through 1996.","In 1997 UML was adopted as a standard by the Object Management","Group (OMG), and has been managed by this organization ever since. In 2005","UML was also published by the International Organization for","Standardization(ISO) as an approved ISO standard. Since then the standard","has been periodically revised to cover the latest revision of UML.","UML offers a way to visualize a system's architectural blueprints in a diagram, including elements such as:[4]"," any activities (jobs);"," individual components of the system;"," and how they can interact with other software components."," how the system will run;"," how entities interact with others (components and interfaces);"," external user interface.
\fStructuring Use Cases
UML defines three stereotypes of association between Use Cases:","<
system, modeling its process aspects. Often they are a preliminary step used to create an overview of the
system which can later be elaborated. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing
(structured design).","A DFD shows what kinds of information will be input to and output from the system, where the data will
come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the timing of
processes, or information about whether processes will operate in sequence or in parallel (which is shown on
a flowchart."," What is a data flow diagram (DFD)?","Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) A data flow diagram can also be used for the visualization of Data Processing.","It is common practice for a designer to draw a context-level DFD first which shows the interaction between","the system and outside entities. This context-level DFD is then \"exploded\" to show more detail of the system","being modeled.","A DFD represents flow of data through a system. Data flow diagrams are commonly used during problem
analysis. It views a system as a function that transforms the input into desired output. A DFD shows
movement of data through the different transformations or processes in the system."," Dataflow diagrams can be used to provide the end user with a physical idea of where the data they input
ultimately has an effect upon the structure of the whole system from order to dispatch to restock how any
system is developed can be determined through a dataflow diagram. The appropriate register saved in
database and maintained by appropriate authorities.
\fWe usually begin with drawing a context diagram, a simple representation of the whole system. To
elaborate further from that, we drill down to a level 1 diagram with additional information about the major
functions of the system. This could continue to evolve to become a level 2 diagram when further analysis is
required. Progression to level 3, 4 and so on is possible but anything beyond level 3 is not very common.
Please bear in mind that the level of detail asked for depends on your process change plan.","Diagram Notation","Now we'd like to briefly introduce to you a few diagram notations which you'll see in the tutorial below.","1. External Entity","An external entity can represent a human, system or subsystem. It is where certain data comes from or goes
to. It is external to the system we study, in terms of the business process. For this reason, people use to draw
external entities on the edge of a diagram.","Process","A process is a business activity or function where the manipulation and transformation of data takes place. A
process can be decomposed to finer level of details, for representing how data is being processed within the
process.","3.Data Store","A data store represents the storage of persistent data required and/or produced by the process. Here are some
examples of data stores: membership forms, database table, etc."," 4. Data Flow
A data flow represents the flow of information, with its direction represented by an arrow head that shows at
the end(s) of flow connector.","Data flow diagram symbol","\f Symbol Description"," Data Flow – Data flow are pipelines through the packets of information"," flow."," Process : A Process or task performed by the system."," Entity : Entity are object of the system. A source or destination data of a"," system."," Data Store : A place where data to be stored.","\f\f Chapter 4","ANALYSIS AND DESIGN","\f4.1 Background Research","We started research by identifying the need of IMS in the organization. Initially we bounded our","research to find the general reasons that emerged the needs of Inventory Management System. We","used different techniques to collect the data that can clearly give us the overall image of the","application. The techniques we used were interview with the developers, visiting online websites that","are presented as the templates and visiting some organization to see their IMS application.","Basically the following factors forced us to develop IMS application:"," Cost and affordability"," Lack of stock management."," Effective flow of stock transfer and management."," Difficulty in monitoring the stock management.","4.2 Requirement Analysis","We collected a number of requirements for project from our primitive research, website visits,","and interview to the concerned personnel and their experiences regarding the concepts of its","development. We have even visited some organization in Kathmandu valley and analyze its","importance and try to develop the project by fulfilling all the weakness that were found in the","application. We then decided to build same type of application with different logic flow and new","language which will be suitable for the small organization.","4.3 IMS Requirement","The goal for the application is to manage the inventory management function of the organization. Once","it is automated all the functions can be effectively managed and the organization can achieve the","competitive advantage. Business requirement are discussed in the Scope section, with the following","additional details:"," Helps to search the specific product and remaining stock."," Details information about the product sales and purchase."," Brief Information of the organization todays status in terms of news, number of present inventory as"," per the date entered."," It helps to identify the total presented inventory in the company."," To know the balance and details of sales distributed in specific date."," There is proper transaction management of inventory."," All transaction have specific entry date along with quantity and rate."," Only admin can login in the page.","\f4.4 Users Requirement","User requirement are categorized by the user type"," Admin
Able to create new godwom along with date.
Able to edit the entry as per entry.
Able to add, modify and delete the stock entry.","Inventory management
Able to check the stock available.
Able to check the balance payment.
Able to view the remaining sales stock."," Feasibility Analysis
This software has been tested for various feasibility criterions from various point of views."," Economic Feasibility
The system is estimated to be economically affordable. The system is medium scale desktop
application and has affordable price. The benefits include increased efficiency, effectiveness,
and the better performance. Comparing the cost and benefits the system is found to be economically
feasible.
Technical Feasibility
Development of the system requires tools like:
MySQL,
Which are easily available within the estimated cost and schedule."," Operational Feasibility
The system provides better solution to the libraries by adding the typical requirement and necessities.
The solution provided by this system will be acceptable to ultimate solution for the stock management.
Schedule Feasibility
The organized schedule for the development of the system is presented in the schedule sub-
section. The reasonable timeline reveals that the system development can be finished on desired
time framework.
\f 4.5 Gantt chart
It is one of the popular way to illustrate project schedule. A Gantt chart is a graphical representation
of a project that shows each activity task as a horizontal bar whose length is proportional to
its time for completion. A Gantt chart for the project
deliverables within time frame. This project Gantt chart is shown below:"," GANTT CHART"," JUN(2019) JUN(2019)- JULY(2019) AUG(2019)- OCT(2019)"," Month JULY(2019) -AUG(2019) SEPT(2019) NOV(2019)"," Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks"," 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4"," Planning","Requirement
gathering"," Analysis"," Design"," EXPECTED TIME ACTUAL TIME"," Actual Time Taken Time"," JAN(2020)-
NOV(2019) DEC(2019)- DEC(2020)- FEB(2020)
FEB(2020)
\f Month JAN(2020) FEB(2020) MAR(2020
)"," Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks"," 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4"," Coding"," Testing","Implementatio
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