Chapter V

Sketching the Crime Scene

and Evidence
 Sketch is the graphic representation of the scene of the crime with complete
measurements of the relative distances of relevant object and conditions obtaining therein.
 Sketching refers to the process of recording of information with respect to its location,
position, measurement, orientation and details of findings, in a sketch pad through symbols, arts
and figures.

The General Kinds of Sketch

1. Rough Sketch is the Sketch made by the investigator at the crime scene which is full of
important details but without the scale of proportion. This is used as the basis for the finished
sketch.
2. Finished sketch is the sketch with a scale of proportion and drawn by a draftsman which can
be used for court presentation. Rough and finished sketches if requested by the court shall be
presented by the draftsman to clear doubts of the jury.

Reasons of Making Sketch

1. To refresh the memory of the investigators.
2. To express the precise location of objects and their relationship to other objects and its
surroundings.
3. To assist the prosecutor and the judge in understanding conditions at the crime scene;
4. To supplement photographs;
5. To assist in questioning of witnesses and suspects.
Parts of Sketch
The following are parts of sketch that is usually practiced by the Philippine National
Police (PNP). This may vary depending on the sketcher and purpose of sketch.
1. Title - it refers to the crime committed or the incident happened such as vehicular accident,
homicide case, drowning, rape case and others.
2. Body - refers to the sketch proper to include the position of the victim and other items in the
crime scene. It includes proper measurements of distances of object in the crime scene.
3. Compass direction (orientation) - a standard arrow to indicate the north direction.

To find the north without compass, determine the east where the sun rises. Facing east,
your LEFT SIDE is the north direction.

4. Nature of case - refers to the status of the case whether currently committed or days have
passed after its discovery.

5. Location of incident - refers to the place where the incident happened.

6. Date/time of incident - refers to the exact time and date of the incident. This can be gathered
trough interview from eyewitnesses and other persons in the area.

7. Name of victim - the part of the sketch where the name of the victim is written.

8. Name of suspect - refers to the part of the sketch where the name of the suspect is written.

9. Legend - this is usually placed at the bottom of sketch outside the sketch of the scene.
Numbers represent the objects in the crime or letters in order not to unnecessarily crowd by
graphic presentation. Their descriptions are found in the legend.

Example, No, 3 in the sketch is explained in the legend is a pistol, caliber 45, serial No.
1234, loaded in the chamber, with five rounds of live ammunitions in the magazine.
10. Signatory - the part of the sketch where the name of the sketcher and the team leader or the
officer in charge are written and signed.
11. Date and time -refers to the exact time the sketch was made.
Some Essential Elements of Sketch

1. Measurements - this is the element of sketch wherein measurements are shown in the
sketch to show accurate spaces and distances of relevant objects to their point of
reference.
2. Essential Items - all items in the scene must be included, never decide outright that some
items are irrelevant. As you proceed in the investigation, these seemingly irrelevant items
will become relevant or material in the investigation.
3. Scale of Proportion - it is the element of the finished sketch. It is the essential of the
finished sketch to the actual size or measurements at the scene. The scale of 1:50 means
that one inch in the sketch measurement is 50 inches in the actual scene measurement.
4. Victim and suspect identification - this includes the name of the victim. Other
identification data may be included if available such as: birthdate and birthplace.
5. Time and date - it includes the exact time of the preparation of the sketch but most
importantly the time and date of the occurrence of the crime should be recorded.

The Specific Kinds of Sketch

1. Sketch of Locality - it deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation to the environs, to
include neighboring buildings, structures, or means of access leading to the scene. This kind of
sketch is applied in conflagrations, suspected to be arson, indicating the origin of the fire and
how is spread naturally or unnaturally against the wind.
2. Sketch of Grounds - this is the kind of sketch which illustrates the scene of the crime with the
nearest physical surroundings, such as the room adjacent or opposite the room of the crime
scene, the number of floors of a building or house, the yard and the other natural structures.
3. Sketch of Details - it includes the positions and exact locations of the physical evidence in the
crime scene. It describes the immediate scene only like the room which the crime was committed
and the details of items in the room.

EVIDENCE
What is Evidence
Is the means, sanctioned by these rules, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth
respecting a matter of fact (Sec 1, Rule 128, Rules of Court)
 EVIDENCE is any material which tends to persuade the court of the truth or probability
of some facts asserted before it (Murphy, A Practical Approach). It is the means by which any
alleged matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted to investigation, is established or disproved
(carter, treatise Cases and Statutes on Evidence).

Weight and Sufficiency of Evidence;

1. Proof beyond reasonable doubt
 Does not mean such degree of proof as, excluding possibility of error, produces absolute
certainty
 Moral certainty only is required, or that degree of proof which produces conviction in an
unprejudiced mind.
2. Circumstantial evidence to sustain conviction must;
a. More than one circumstances
b. Facts from which inferences are derived are proven.
c. Combination of all circumstances such as to produce conviction beyond reasonable
doubt.

3. Substantial evidence
 That amount of relevant evidence which a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to
justify a conclusion.

Kinds of Physical Evidence

1. Corpus delicti - objects/substances which are essential parts of the body of the crime.
2. Associate evidence - evidence which links the suspect to the crime scene or offense such as
fingerprints and shoe prints.
3. Tracing Evidence - article w/c assist the investigation in locating the suspect such as ID and
other personal documents (birth certificate, diary) that may identify the person concerned.
4. Circumstantial evidence - identification is being established indirectly by proving other facts
or circumstances from which, either alone or in connection with other facts. The identity of the
perpetrator can be inferred.

Classification of Evidence;
A. Object (real)
 That which is directly addressed to the senses of the court and consists of tangible things
exhibited or demonstrated in open court, in an ocular inspection, or at a place designated by the
court for its view or observation of an exhibition, experiment or demonstration; always relevant
regardless of contents.
Documentary
 Evidence supplied by written instruments or derived from conventional symbols, such as
letter, by which ideas are represented on material substances.
Testimonial
 That which is submitted to the court through the testimony or deposition of a witness.
B. Relevant
 Evidence having any value in reason as tending to prove any matter provable in an action
 Relevancy - logical relation of evidentiary fact to fact issue.
Material
 Evidence directed to prove a fact in issue competent
 One that is not excluded by law in particular case.
C. Direct
 That which proves the fact in dispute without the aid of any inference or presumption
Circumstantial
 the proof of the facts other than the fact in issue from which, taken either singly or
collectively, the existence of the particular fact in dispute may be inferred as a necessary or
probable consequence.
D. Cumulative
 Evidence of the same kind and to the same state of facts.
Corroborative
 Additional evidence of a different character to the same point for higher probative value.
E. Prima facie
 That which standing alone, unexplained or uncontradicted is sufficient to maintain a
proposition.
Conclusive
 Class of evidence which the law does not allow to be contradicted
F. Primary or best
 That which the law regards affording greatest certainty of the fact in question.
Secondary substitutionary
 That which is inferior to the primary evidence and is permitted by law only when the best
evidence is not available.
G. Positive
 The witness affirms that a fact did or did not occur
Negative
 The witness states that he did not see or know of the occurrence of a fact

Examine yourself; the following are questions that test the intellect and readiness of
criminology students in area of criminal detection and investigation in the subject of
fundamentals of investigation and intelligence.
Instruction: write only the correct answer before the number in a CAPITAL LETTER. NO
ERASURE is allowed.
1. Simple inquiry or conversation type elicitation before information (s) from a willing
victim or witness (es) relevant to a certain crime, incident, event under investigation.
a. Interrogation b. instrumentation
c. Interview d. information
2. The following are the purpose of criminal investigation, which is NOT?
a. To know the crime b. to know the truth
c. To know the motive d. All of the above
3. Known also as indirect evidence.
a. Prima facie b. Corroborative
c. Circumstantial d. Associative
4. As a rule, criminal Investigation starts at the…..
a. Precinct b. Crime Scene
c. Hide of the offender d. Place of Investigator
5. Which of the following should be the first step to be done upon responding at the crime
scene.
a. Secure the area b. protect the victim
c. Attend to emergency d. Collect evidence
6. In this type of search, the investigator divides the area into quadrants and each quadrant,
a searcher is assigned.
a. Strip b. Spiral
c. Zone d. Wheel
7. In order to get an idea of what was the appearance of the crime scene before the
commission of the crime, the procedure to adopt either mental or physical is…
a. Refreshing b. reconstructing
c. Recalling d. Reviewing
8. The most accurate means in showing actual measurement of each piece of evidence
located at the scene.
a. Cartograph b. Photograph
b. Sketch d. drawing
9. The following are the kinds of physical evidence except…..
a. Corpus delicti b. associative evidence
c. statement d. traced evidence
10. Chain of custody simply means….
a. Proper transportation of evidence
b. Proper way of collecting evidence
c. Proper transmittal of evidence
d. Proper marking of evidence
11. Which one is the purpose of interrogation?
a. Obtain confession b. induce admission
c. discover pertinent details d. all of the above
12. Good description of the interrogation room.
a. There must be privacy B. it must be simple
c. No obstruction D. all of the above
13. Miranda warning is translated in the Philippine legal system as….
a. Constitutional rights
b. Continuing rights
c. Custodial rights
d. Concomitant to Arizona rights
14. An early group of English criminal investigator who operated from court located in
London.
a. Bow street runners b. La Costa Nostra
c. Robert Peel Runners d. Sicilian Mafia
15. Using machine to record conversations within room without the consent of those
involved.
a. bugging b. wiretapping
c. Eavesdropping d. check kiting
16. A judgement based on reasoning is….
a. Inductive b. deductive
b. Inference d. reference
17. The cardinals of investigators are….
a. The method inquiry and the process how the facts developed.
b. The 3 I’s
c. The application of a particular instrument in order to extract particular result.
d. All of the above
18. In police operation, a surprise occupation of a certain territory…
a. Arrest b. operation
c. Raid d. Ambush
19. Disinterment of a body from the grave…..
a. Necropsy b. autopsy
c. exhumation d. all of them
20. The father of criminalistics now forensic science.
 a. Alphonse Bertillon b. Dr. Hans Gross
c. August Vollmer d. O.W.Wilson

21. One of these is not in any manner part of forensic science.

a. Odontology b. Victimology
c. Medicine d. Photography
22. Decisions maybe appealed in any of the following courts, except…
a. Supreme court
b. Intermediate appellate court
c. RTC
d. MTC
23. Kind of dismissal whereby the description and characteristics maybe vague that
identification difficult.
a. Professional Criminal b. Ordinary Criminal
c. Known Fugitives d. Unknown Fugitives
24. A public officer or employee when NOT being authorized by judicial order, shall enter
a dwelling against the will of the owner thereof is committing;
a. Legal entry b. Violation of domicile
c. Illegal entry d. trespassing
25. It is the investigator’s responsibility to ensure that every precaution is exercised to
preserve physical evidence in the state in which it was recovered/obtained until it is
released to the evidence custodian.
a. Tagging of evidence
b. Preservation of evidence
c. Evaluation of evidence
d. Releasing of evidence
26. Is a sworn written statement charging a person with an offense subscribed by the
offended, party, any peace officer or other employee of the government or government
institution in charge of the enforcement or execution of the law violated.
a. Deposition b. Police blotter
c. Compliant d. Information
27. Evidence is admissible when it is relevant to the issue and is NOT excluded by these
rules.
a. Real evidence
b. Admissibility of evidence
c. Secondary evidence
d. Relevancy of evidence
28. The fundamental responsibility of the officer in charge of protecting the crime scene is;
a. Interrogating the witnesses
b. Engaging in the search for traces Left by the criminal
c. Removal of evidence which may be prone important to the cased.
d. Preserving the site of the crime in the same physical condition as it was left by
the perpetrator.
29. A person undergoing criminal investigation enjoys is three constitutional rights.
 a. The right to oppose whatever the accusation on him.
b. The right to plea guilty and not guilty.
c. The right to oppose whatever accusation on him based on his constitutional
rights.
d. The right to remain silent, the right to counsel, and the right to be informed of
the nature of the accusation.
30. The adjudication by the court that the defendant is guilty or is NOT guilty of the offense
charged and the imposition of the penalty provided by law of the defendant who pleads
or is found guilty thereof.
a. Judgement b. Confession
c. Information d. Admission
31. A type of information reveals information usually of no consequences of staff connected
thin air.
a. Mercenary informant
b. Frightened informant
c. False informant
d. Double crosser informant
32. Which of the following is NOT among the rules to observe in questioning?
a. Simplicity of the question
b. Accept implied answer
c. One question at a time
d. Saving faces
33. It is an offense under the law existing at the time of its commission and the time of the
application to be admitted to bail, maybe punished with death is;
a. Minor offense b. light offense
c. Capital offense d. serious offense
34. Is an art which deals with the identity and location of the offender and provides evidence
of his guilt through criminal proceedings.
a. Information b. Interrogation
c. Instrumentation d. Criminal Investigation
35. When an investigator finds a tool at the crime scene, he should first of all:
a. Pick it up for closer examination taking care not to jar it.
b. Compare the cutting edge of the tool with the impressions to determine if this was
the tool used in the crime.
c. Immediately collect it and always send it to the crime laboratory for scientific
examination.
d. Wait until the crime scene has been sketched or photographed and measurements
taken before he collects the evidence.
36. The purpose of bail is:
a. To protect the accuse rights under the fourth amendment
b. To keep the accused in jail until trial
c. To punish the accused for the crime
d. To release the accuse until trial
37. A declaration made under a consciousness of an impending death.
 a. Res geste
b. Dying declaration
c. Declaration against interest
d. All of the above
38. A police officer testifying to the fact that he observed the defendant assault the victim is
to the court……………….
a. Circumstantial evidence b. direct evidence
c. Artificial evidence d. real evidence
39. Investigator must be patient to obtain accurate and complete information, especially with
uncooperative subjects.
a. Logical mind b. Perseverance
c. Power of self-control d. Integrity

40. Articles and materials which are found in connection with the investigation and which aid
in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances under which the crime
was committed or which, in general assist in the prosecution of the criminal.
a. Material or physical evidence
b. Corpus delicti
c. Associative evidence
d. Tracing evidence
41. A Declaration made under a consciousness of an impending death.
a. Part of res gestae
b. Statements
c. Dying declaration
d. Against personal interest
42. A standard arrow to designate the north must be indicated to facilitate proper orientation
is;
a. Map b. Compass Direction
b. Whirlwind d. Window
43. For offenses falling under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Trial Court and Municipal
circuit Trial Courts, prosecution is instituted.
a. By filing a complaint with the Regional Trial Court
b. By filing a complaint directly with the court
c. By filing a complaint with the Chief of Police in the Municipality.
d. By filing a complaint with the fiscal for preliminary investigation
44. The profession and scientific discipline directed to the recognition, identification,
individualization and evaluation of physical science by application of natural science in
matters of law and science.
a. chemist b. toxicologist
c. Scientist d. criminalistic
45. The number of person who handle the evidence from the scene of the crime and between
the time of the commission of the crime up to the final disposition of the case.
a. Time of deposition b. chain of custody
 c. Time of custody d. time of disposal

46. “A” wanted to kill “C” the former pointed his gun to the latter. As “A” pressed the
trigger, the gun jammed and “C” managed to escape. This is an example of:
a. Frustrated felony
b. Consummated and frustrated
c. Attempted felony
d. Consummated felony
47. The complete process of proving guilt in criminal investigation is described in the
phase…..
a. Establishing the elements of the offense
b. There exists a certain state of facts
c. The existence of criminal agency
d. The fact proving his guilt is gathered
48. The following are the elements of the offense, EXCEPT;
a. Form b. Accused and alleged acts
c. Intent d. Motive
49. It is asking question to person who is believed to possess knowledge that of official
interest to the investigator.
a. Interview b. information
c. Interrogation d. instrumentation
50. This type of interviewee is uncooperative, in different, and you should be flattered to first
to develop a pride ability to supply information.
a. Know-nothing type b. Drunken type
c. Disinterested type d. Suspicious type
51. The investigator should subtly lead this type of interviewees back to relevant matters, by
interspersing remarks that switch the subject’s mind back on the desire track.
a. Talkative type b. deceitful witness
c. Honest witness d. timid witness
52. He is potentially an excellent witness because of his drive toward self-expression.
a. Boasting witness b. egotistic witness
c. Egocentric witness d. all of the above
53. The methods of recording interview are as follows. EXCEPT:
a. Notes b. Sound recording
b. Motion pictures d. Sworn statement
54. It is the skillful questioning of persons who are uncooperative in the conduct of
investigation.
a. Interrogation b. Interview
c. Questioning d. Investigation
55. It is an Act defining Certain Rights of a person Under Custodial Investigation.
a. RA 9262 b. RA 7438
c. RA 7659 d. RA 8553
56. The following are the rights of the person under custodial investigation.
a. Right to remain silent b. right to a lawyer
c. All of the above d. none of the above
57. It is a person, other than that a suspect, who is requested to give information concerning
an incident.
a. Victim b. Investigator
c. Witness d. Accused
58. It is a person whose guilt is considered on reasonable grounds to be a practical
possibility.
a. Accused b. Suspect
c. Respondent d. Suspect
59. It represent the person, whether witness or suspect, who is being interviewed or
interrogated.
a. Accused b. Subject
c. Victim d. All of these
60. It is a technique in interrogation wherein the investigator creates a mood that is conducive
to a confession.
a. Emotional appeal b. Anxiety
c. Friendliness d. Stern
61.
62. Which among the following refers to a warrant containing no specific person to be
arrested but only descriptions based from the testimonies of the victim/s or the
witnesses/es. It contains the physical description of the accused as well as other factors to
be considered for the identification of the accused?
a. Richard doe b. Jane doe
c. John doe d. all of the above
63. The questioning of a person by law enforcement officers after that person has been taken
into custody.
a. Preliminary investigation
b. Custodial investigation
c. Interrogation
d. Cross examination
64. As a general rule, a warrant of arrest can be served at…
a. Day time
b. Night time
c. Any day at any time of the day or night
d. Weekdays
65. Measures through which police seek to detect crimes, or attempts to be present when they
are committed, through the use of the undercover agents, electronic devices for
wiretapping or bugging and stakeouts.
a. Preventive Measures b. Countermeasures
c. Pro-active Measures d. Tape Measures
66. A police activity directed toward the identification and apprehension of alleged criminals
and the accumulation, preservation, and presentation of evidence regarding their alleged
crimes.
a. Police Patrol b. Criminal Procedure
c. Police Intelligence d. Criminal Investigation
67. To obtain admission and confession of guilt is the primary purpose of….
a. Interview b. Investigation
c. Surveillance d. Interrogation
68. Such facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to
believe that an offense has been committed and that the object sought in connection with
the offense are in the place sought to be searched.
a. Prima Facie evidence b. Prejudicial question
c. Probable Cause d. Res Ipsa Loquitur
69. A search warrant shall be valid for____ days from its date. Thereafter, it shall be void.
a. 10 b. 30
c. 15 d. 45
70. It means that a specific crime was committed at a specified time, date and place, and that
the person named in his report committed the crime.
a. Corpus delicti b. Stare Decisis
c. Sufficiency of Evidence d. Pares Patriae
71. Police seek to prevent crime by being present in places where crimes might be
committed and by alerting citizens to refrain from practices that make them or their
property vulnerable.
a. Opportunity Denial b. Criminal Investigation
c. Order Maintenance d. Police Intelligence
72. A statement of the suspect directly acknowledging his guilt.
a. Admission b. Deposition
c. Confession d. Accusation
73. It may be a direct acknowledgement of the truth of the guilty fact as charge or of some
essential part of the commission of the criminal act itself.
a. Admission b. Deposition
c. Confession d. Accusation
74. It may be a self-incriminatory statement by the subject falling short of an
acknowledgement of guilt.
a. Admission b. Deposition
c. Confession d. Accusation
75. The simplest type of interview which concerns with the gathering of information
regarding the personal circumstances of a person who is the subject of investigation.
a. Background Interview b. Personal Interview
c. Intimate Interview d. Pre-game Interview
76. It means method of operation.
a. Corpus Delicti b. Stare Decisis
c. Parens Patriae d. Modus Operandi
77. It is one which induces the criminal to act and need to be shown in order to obtain
conviction.
a. Intent b. Opportunity
c. Motive d. Inducement

78. The three tools in criminal investigation, whereby their application varies in proportion
on their necessity to establish the guilt of the accused in a criminal case.
a. Information, interrogation, instrumentation
b. Detection, apprehension, conviction
c. Inquiry, observation, conclusion
d. Magnifying glass, pencil, tape measure
79. The simple questioning of a person who is cooperating in the investigation.
a. Interview b. Inquiry
c. Interrogation d. Instrumentation
80. It involves a number of persons who might have handled evidence between the time of
the commission of the alleged offense and the disposition of the case, should be kept to a
minimum.
a. Chain of command b. evidence tracking
c. Chain of custody d. tracing evidence
81. kind of evidence which may link the suspect to the crime scene or offense. Examples are
fingerprints, impressions, blood etc.
a. Physical evidence b. tracing evidence
c. Associative evidence d. factual evidence
82. Articles and materials which are found in connection with an investigation and which
may help in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances under which
the crime was committed or which in general, assist in the prosecution of the criminal.
a. Physical evidence b. Tracing evidence
c. Documentary evidence d. Testimonial evidence
83. The following are different techniques in interrogation except one:
a. Sympathetic approach b. Financial assistance
c. Emotional appeal d. Friendliness
84. This may be applicable to a crime scene which is approximately circular or oval. The
searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes.
a. Strip method b. Spiral method
c. Wheel method d. Zone method
85. The area to be searched is divided into quadrants and each searcher is assigned to one
quadrant.
a. Strip method b. Spiral method
c. Wheel method d. Zone method
86. The searcher follows each other in the path of a crime scene beginning in the outside and
circling around a central point.
a. Strip method b. Spiral method
c. Wheel method d. Zone method
87. It is an act providing for the constitutional rights of persons under custodial
investigation.
a. RA 5487 b. RA 7438
c. RA 9262 d. RA 7610

88. These are the three-fold aims of the criminal investigator, EXPECT:
a. To identify the guilty party
b. To provide evidence of his guilt
c. To locate the guilty party
d. To file charges at the proper court.
89. This refers to the element of sketch wherein it shown in the sketch accurate spaces and
distances of relevant objects to their point of reference.
a. Measurement b. Scale of proportion
c. Essential items d. Time and date
90. It is the element of the finished sketch. It is the essential of the finished sketch to the
actual also or measurements at the scene.
a. Measurement b. Scale of proportion
c. Essential items d. Time and date
91. Which among the following refers to the all items in the scene must be included. Never
decide outright that some items are irrelevant. As you proceed in the investigation, these
seemingly irrelevant items will become relevant or material in the investigation.
a. Measurement b. Scale of proportion
c. Essential items d. Time and date
92. It deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation to the environs, to include
neighboring buildings, structures, or means of access leading to the scene.
a. Sketch of locality b. Sketch of details
c. Sketch of the ground d. Cross projection
93. It includes the positions and exact locations of the physical evidence in the crime scene. It
describes the immediate scene only like the room which the crimes was committed and
the details of items in the room.
a. Sketch of locality b. Sketch of details
c. Sketch of the ground d. Cross projection
94. This kind of sketch is applied in conflagrations, suspected to be arson, indicating the
origin of the fire and how is spread naturally or unnaturally against the wind.
a. Sketch of locality b. Sketch of details
c. Sketch of the ground d. Cross projection
95. This kind of sketch which illustrates the scene of the crime with the nearest physical
surroundings, such as the room adjacent or opposite the room of the crime scene, the
number of floors of a building or house, the yard and the other natural structures.
a. Sketch of locality b. sketch of details
c. Sketch of the ground d. Cross projection
96. Is the means, sanctioned by these rules, of `ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth
respecting a matter of fact?
a. Evidence b. Testimonial Evidence
c. Physical evidence d. Documentary evidence

97. Which among the following the most common form of evidence obtained by interview
and interrogation of which witnesses smell, hear, taste and touch are being described
through oral and written testimony.
a. Evidence b. Testimonial Evidence
c. Physical evidence d. Documentary evidence
98. Which among the following may be collected through voluntary relinquishment or by a
Subpoena Duces Tecum (court of order) which compels the party to bring the records to
the court.
a. Evidence b. Testimonial Evidence
c. Physical evidence d. Documentary evidence
99. Which among the following are physical objects used as evidence w/c are obtained
through searches at the scene of the crime. Articles and material found in connection with
investigation, which aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator.
a. Real evidence b. testimonial evidence
c. Associative evidence d. documentary evidence
100. Which among the following evidence which links the suspect to the crime scene
or offense such as fingerprints and shoe prints.
a. Real evidence b. testimonial evidence
c. Associative evidence d. documentary evidence