MODULE 1 - Introduction to Construction Materials Headquarters for ASTM is located at what state?

and ASTM Standard Pennsylvania

For Nonferrous material, ASTM classification starts at
letter __? How many standards does ASTM have as of today?
B 12,800+

For cementitious material, ASTM classification starts at Limit for materials engineer II for one project only
letter __? No limit
C
Accredited Materials Engineer I who applied for
For Miscellaneous material, astm classification starts at upgrading but failed to be upgraded to Materials
letter __? Engineer II after two (2) successive attempts is barred
D from taking the Practical Examination for year and
should take a refresher course related to Materials
For Miscellaneous subjects, ASTM classification starts at Quantity Control.
letter __? 1
E
The blue book from DPWH is from what bureau?
For Material specific application material, ASTM Bureau of Research and Standards
classification starts at letter __?
F PNS stands for?
Philippine National Standard
For Corrosion of materials, ASTM classification starts at
letter __? What do we call the reinforced used for reinforced
G concrete?
Deformed Bar
Ninety Percent of Tall Buildings in the Philippines is
made of? The thickest concrete hollow block available in the
Reinforced Concrete market is?
8”
Tall building in the Philippines is usually made from what
material? Limit for materials engineer I for one project only
A and B (Steel and RC) P150 Million

Masonry in the Philippines is usually called? How many countries adopted ASTM Standard as of
Hollow Blocks today?
110
Most sustainable material in the choices?
Wood The least size of reinforcing bar in the Philippines in
accordance with PNS is?
PNS Specification for Portland Cement 10mm
PNS 7:2005
Item 100 to 107 in the bluebook is for?
Why is reinforcement necessary in reinforced concrete? Earthworks
All of the above (Steel prevents cracking, Steel adds
confinement in the concrete, Concrete is weak in In upgrading materials engineer I to II, a type of exam
tension) needed to pass?
Practical
ASTM stand for?
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM stands for?
American Society for Testing Material
Why is steel usually used for large area structure?
Higher bending capacity to weight ratio Passing percentage for DPWH accreditation for
materials engineer?
Sub-standard materials for construction mean? 60
All of the Above (Illegal to sell, Not conforming to the
minimum standard set, Weaker in strength)

Limit for materials engineer II for two projects only

Aggregate cost of not more than P300 Million
 MODULE 2 - Laboratory Apparatus, Equipment and The ratio of the diameter of slump cone at top to bottom
Standards is
Apparatus for self-compacting concrete in order to 0.5
measure its passing ability
J-ring Electric stove and hot air gun can be used for
Both A and B (Drying of coarse aggregates and drying of
What is the area of the needle in the vicat apparatus? fine aggregates)
1sq.mm
Marshall Stability Test is for
Standard concrete mold diameter for compressive Asphalt
strength is?
6 inches The steel ball in the Abrasion test should be ___mm
diameter
The height of the slump cone is? 47
300mm
The slump cone is to determine the?
Abrasion Machine is for? Workability of the concrete
To test the strength of aggregates
Can measure the strength of concrete without
UTM can be used for? destruction
All of the above (Compressive strength test, Tensile Rebound Hammer
strength test, Shear test)
Why did we use glass as the material for plate in the
The movement of Los Angeles Abrasion machine vicat apparatus?
Rotational Non-absorbent

Abrasion test machine is also called The opening diameter of slump cone on bottom
Los Angeles Machine 8’’

Steel ball in the Abrasion Machine is called

Charges

UTM means
Universal testing machine

Universal testing machine can be used for:

All of the above (Tensile strength of rebar, Compressive
strength of concrete, Split tensile strength of concrete)

Use to determine the homogeneity of the material

UPV

Use to segregate materials to different sizes

Sieve

What is the equivalent size of in mm of 5 micron?

0.025mm

The diameter of the plunger in the vicat apparatus is?

10mm

The last sieve at the bottom is?

Pan

Storage for curing concrete specimen

Curing Tank

Length of the beam mold for flexural strength is?

550mm
 MODULE 3 - Material Properties Permeability is the?
High early strength cement is type? Ability to permits liquid
Type 3
Process that takes place when water is added to the
The type of cement for massive structures cement
Type 4 Hydration

Low C3S content It increases the strength of concrete

Type 4 All of the above (Use admixture, Reduce the water
content, Use high density aggregates)
High early strength concrete
Type 3 Workability of normal concrete can be determined
using?
High level of sulfate ions Slump test
Type 5
Grading of rebar is based on?
Low C3A content Yield strength of rebar
Type 2
The longest available length of rebar is?
The type of cement for general construction is? 15m
Type 1
The smallest available diameter of rebar in the market in
High sulfate resistance accordance with PNS
Type 5 10 mm

Fairly high C3S content Grade 415 bar is colored?

Type 1 Green

For rapid construction Reinforced concrete structure is designed using the __

Type 3 of the rebar.
Yield Strength
The amount of entrained air in the concrete is?
4-7 percent Grade 40 rebar is equivalent to ___ in PNS.
275
The effect of superplasticizer last for about?
30 to 60 minutes Strain hardening is from __ to __.
Yield strength to ultimate strength
Chemical admixture for cold-weather
Accelerator The first letter in the rebar tag symbolizes
Producing mill
Type 1P means?
Blended cement with Pozzolan The shortest length of rebar in accordance with PNS
standard
The concrete is weak in? 6m
Tension
The last number in the rebar tag is?
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, gravel and ____. Grade
Water
The most common material for cement manufacturing is:
Geopolymer concrete is a combination of highly alkaline Limestone
solution, aggregates and ___.
Flyash The product of heating limestone, sand and clay is
called?
Aggregates is approximately ___ percent of the volume Clinker
of concrete.
60-75% Material(s) needed for the production of cement
All of the above (Calcium, Iron, Aluminum)
Type of concrete suitable for interior walls and
non-structural members. This composition of concrete can easily crack
Light weight Excess cement paste
Effect of coarse aggregate to the concrete MODULE 4 - Aggregates
All of the above (Improves impact resistance, Improves According to ASTM C128, the mass of the pycnometer
durability, Improves shear capacity) filled to its calibrated capacity with water shall be in what
temperature?
The chemical reaction of cement and water is called? 23.0±2.0dC
Hydration
Aggregates should be dried before sieving.
The ultimate test for water that can be added to True
concrete?
Drinkable ASTM C131 method covers a procedure for testing of
coarse aggregates with a maximum size smaller than
The suitable type of steel bars for reinforcement? mm.
Deformed bar 37.5mm

The density of 12 mm diameter bar is ASTM C131 or the abrasion test for coarse aggregates
0.888 kg/m measure the resistance of coarse aggregates to?
Degradation
Grade 33 rebar is colored?
White ASTM C29 is applicable only for aggregates not
exceeding ___ mm in nominal size.
The first step in cement production is: 125
Quarry of limestone
Balance for determining the bulk density of aggregates
Chemical admixture for reducing the water content should be accurate to ___% or at least __kg.
Superplasticizer 0.1%/0.05kg

To achieve self-compacting concrete, _____ can be Balance powered by batteries is allowed to be use.
added to the mixture True
Superplasticizer
Balance should be accurate to 0.1% of the test load or
Among all choices, what material does significantly ___kg.
affect the strength of concrete 0.05kg
Water (among Coarse aggregates, Fine aggregates,
Mineral additive) Coarse aggregate is also known as?
Graba
Plastic state of rebar is up to?
Maximum load Concrete with lower FM is easier to finish.
True
Machine used to test the tensile strength of rebar
UTM Density is equal to___ over_____ .
Mass over volume

Density of the material is equal to mass over ___?

Volume

Drying the sample materials in oven with constant mass

at a temperature of ___±5 degrees Celsius.
110

Equipment needed to get the moisture content of

aggregates?
All of the above (Balance, Oven, Container)

Fineness modulus of the aggregates affect the

workability of concrete.
True

Fineness modulus affects the water content of the

concrete
True
Higher value of fineness modulus means the aggregate Oven is allowed as the drying machine for determination
is coarser. of moisture content.
True True

How many layers of coarse aggregates needed for the Sieving duration must be sufficient so that not more than
determination of bulk density? by mass of the material retained on any individual sieve
3 will pass that sieve in 1 minute of sieving.
1%
How many strokes needed for each layer of aggregates
for compaction in determining the bulk density? Shape of coarse aggregate most suitable for
25 self-compacting concrete.
Rounded
Igniting the alcohol is allowed to fasten the drying
process SSD means
True The surface is dried and the moisture inside is retained

Importance of specific weight of aggregates. The acronym OD means?

All of the above (Used for Design Mixture Calculation; Oven dry
Used for purchase Agreements; Used for Computation
of Percentages of Voids) The apparatus needed for ASTM C127 are given except
of one.
Is it allowed to wash the materials after abrasion is Le Chatelier
performed?
Yes The ASTM standard for checking the grading of
aggregates used for concrete is?
In accordance with ASTM C131, grading A should have ASTM C136
a sample weight ____ of to sieves opening of 37.5, 25,
19 and 12.5? The coarsest grading considered in ASTM C131 is.
1250g A

In the formula given, what is B The density of the water if the its temperature is 15.6
relativeDensity(SpecificGravity)/(OD)=[A/(B+S-C)] degrees Celsius in __ kg per cubic meter?
Mass of pycnometer filled with water 999.01

Minimum sample mass for nominal maximum size of The density of the water if the its temperature is 21.1
aggregate of 25mm. degrees Celsius in __ kg per cubic meter?
4 997.97

Minimum sample mass for nominal maximum size of The finals sample shall be weighed to the nearest __g.
aggregate of 150mm. 1
50
The finest grading considered in ASTM C131 is.
Moisture content of aggregates is important in concrete D
design mix.
True The first method for ASTM C131 test is?
Washing of samples
Moisture content of aggregate is limited to 5%.
False The first method in checking the grading of aggregates
is?
Moisture content of aggregates will affect. Reduction of sample size
All of the above (Concrete's workability; Concrete's
Strength; Concrete's Porosity) The formula A(B-C) were A is the mass of OD test
sample in air, B is the mass of SSD test sample in air
Number of strokes needed for each layer of aggregates and C is the apparent mass of saturated test sample in
in accordance with ASTM C29. water.
25 Relative density (OD)

Obtaining the sample should be based on ASTM. The length of tamping rod is mm.
D75 600

The maximum number of charges needed is?

12
The maximum temperature of aggregates for sage To determine the volume of the container, it is filled with
handling is Celsius? density, and weight, volume can be calculated.
50 Water

The moisture content of the sample is 100 multiplied by Using the Le chatelier Flask, the amount of fine
(mass of the original sample minus mass of the dried aggregated needed is ___ plus or minus 5?
sample) divided by. 55
Mass of the dried sample
When sieving, the bottom of the sieve should be.
The rejected sample after the abrasion test is considered Pan
those passing No. __ sieve.
12 Which of the following is the formula for relative density
(OD) using volumetric procedure?
The rotation of the drum of Los Angeles Apparatus is S1_ (A/S)/(0.9975(R2-R1 ) )
__?
30-33rpm Why it is important to test the moisture content?
All of the above (Affect the workability of concrete mix;
The safe minimum temperature of aggregates for Affect the water-cement ratio needed for concrete; Affect
handling is? the strength of concrete)
50 degrees Celsius
To calculate the fineness modulus, it is equal to
The sample is thoroughly dry when further heating cumulative percent from 9.5mm to 150um divided by?
causes, or would cause, less than __% additional loss in 100
mass.
0.1 A sample with initial weight of 10.6g has a mass of 9.8g
after drying, calculate the moisture content.
The sample size required for sample with nominal 8.163
maximum size of 6 inches is?
50kg Filipino term for fine aggregates
Buhangin
The sample size required for sample with nominal
maximum size of No.4 sieve is? A container with a volume of 0.01374 cu.m. has a weight
0.5kg of 7.4kg, if the weight of the container and the aggregate
is 31kg, determine the bulk density.
The samples should be immersed in water for 24 hours 1717.612
plus or minus __hours.
4 A sample with initial weight of 500g has a mass of 490g
after drying, calculate the moisture content.
The standard test method for relative density and 2.04
absorption of coarse aggregates is?
ASTM C127 Lightweight aggregates is considered ____ in terms of
strength?
The standard test method for relative density and Weaker
absorption of fine aggregates is?
ASTM C128 A sample with initial weight of 512g has a mass of 472g
after drying, calculate the moisture content.
The standard test method for total evaporable moisture 8.47
content of aggregate by drying is based on ASTM.
C566 The sample size required for sample with nominal
maximum size of 3/8 inches is?
The time needed for Los Angeles Apparatus to perform 1.5 kg
abrasion test is approximately?
15 minutes Reduction of sample size for ASTM C29 shall be based
on ASTM _____
The total mass of charge needed for sample grading A is C702
5000g
A container with a volume of 0.01374 cu.m. has a weight
The water volume in the pycnometer shall be of 7.4kg, if the weight of the container and the aggregate
approximately__% before agitating. 90 is 29kg, determine the bulk density in kg/cu.m.
1572.05
To compact the aggregates, the tool used is?
Tamping rod
Type of alcohol that can be used to help dry the MODULE 5 - Cement and Concrete
aggregates Initial setting time of cement is necessary to design mix
Anhydrous denatured alcohol of normal concrete
True
In ASTM C566, the water in ________ is not being
considered Initial Setting of cement: Determine the initial setting time
Chemically combined in the minerals E = 27.25 minutes
H = 33.5 minutes
C = 26mm
D= 22mm
28.81

In accordance with C187 Standard method for normal

consistency of hydraulics cement, what is the tolerance
for the depth of penetration
± 1mm

The approximate distance of hand when tossing the

sample in accordance with C191
150mm

Why it is necessary to use gloves in the preparation of

cement paste for the determination of setting time?
Both A and B (No moisture will be absorbed by the
hands, To protect the hands from the cement chemicals)

The required time of penetration in ASTM C197 is?

30sec

The depth in mm required for the needle in testing the

initial setting time of cement
25

Determine the penetration of the 1-mm needle at this

time and every ___ minutes when getting the initial
setting time
15

The mass of cement needed for testing using the vicat

apparatus
650g

If the result is target slump is 4” and actual slump is 6",

the possible reason is/are?
All of the above (Aggregates are wet, Concrete has
higher water content, Too much mixing time)

Before placing the concrete, the slump cone should be

Moisten

The height of the slump cone is?

300mm

Slump test quantifies the ____ of fresh concrete

Workability

Workability of concrete can be determine using the

slump cone test
True
The slump test is necessary because? The standard test for flexural strength of concrete in
All of the above (It determines the workability of the accordance with ASTM
concrete, Slump test is the basis for applicability of the C78
fresh concrete to the specified application, The result is
one of the justifications of strength of hardened Capping helps the cylindrical specimen to have?
concrete) Smooth, parallel and perpendicular surface

On the succeeding layers of concrete in slump test, how Machine used to test the compressive strength is?
much is the allowable penetration depth on the previous UTM
layer?
25mm Machine used to test the flexural strength is?
UTM
Moist is necessary for the effective release of the slump
cone A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm
True and length of 525mm, calculate the flexural strength of
the concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is
How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in third point load.
accordance ASTM standard for slump test 4.67 Mpa
25
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 28days
Rodding the concrete inside the slump cone will ± 20.0h
eliminate the pockets of air
True A sample with diameters of 150.23 and 151.02 tested for
compressive strength has an axial load of 600kN,
How many layers of concrete needed for casting the calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.
cylindrical specimen? 33.67 Mpa
3
A sample with an average diameter of 6" tested for
Immediately after casting the specimen, it is necessary compressive strength has an axial load of 490kN,
_____ to prevent early evaporation calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.
Spray with Water 27.73Mpa

How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in The standard test for compressive strength of concrete
casting the beam specimen? in accordance with ASTM
63 C39

When casting cylinder with diameter of 225mm, the Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.2
number of layers should be 0.93
4
Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.75
The ASTM standard for the preparation of specimen for 0.98
curing
ASTM C192 Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 24h
± 0.5h
Tamping of mold using the rubber mallet for the
preparation of concrete specimen is allowed The following are tools needed for testing the
True compressive strength of masonry except?
Rod
The length of beam mold for flexural strength test
530mm The correction factor for specimen with height to least
lateral dimension ratio equal to 1.5
Paper is allowed for tagging the specimen for curing 0.86
True
Initial curing period for masonry before full curing should
Manual mixing of concrete is allowed to in the be how many days?
preparation of concrete specimen 2
True
Is the grout included in the net area?
The dimensions of the cross section of beam specimen Yes
for flexural strength test
150mm x 150mm
Maintaining temperature for masonry for curing The sample should be place in the cabinet for about
24±8 degrees Celsius minute in accordance with C191
30
Material that can be used as capping agent for masonry
Both A and B (Sulfur and Gypsum) ASTM standard for testing the slump of concrete
C143
Thickness of bag should be equal or greater than
______ for storing masonry specimen The penetration test shall have a distance of ___ mm
0.0051mm form any previous penetration on the outer side of the
mold
Standard test method for testing the compressive 5
strength of masonry in accordance with ASTM
C1314 Sand should be measure up to the nearest 0.1 grams in
the determination of setting time of hydraulic cement
The correction factor for specimen with height to least True
lateral dimension ratio equal to 3.0
1.07 ASTM C187 is the standard procedure for testing the
setting time of hydraulics cement
The masonry prism should be removed from the curing TRUE
tank ____ days before testing
2 The allowed time to settle the needle for the initial setting
time test is?
For hydraulically operated machines, the load shall be 30 seconds
applied at a rate of movement (platen to crosshead
measurement) corresponding to a loading rate on the How many times you need to toss the sample from one
specimen within the range of _______? hand to another in accordance with C191
0.15 to 0.35 Mpa/s 6

Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 7days Glass can be used as non-absorbent plate in the vicat
± 6.0h apparatus
True
A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm
and length of 525mm, calculate the flexural strength of The area of the needle of the vicat apparatus is in
the concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is sq.mm.
center point load. 1
7.0 Mpa
How many layers should the concrete be placed on the
The diameter of cylindrical specimen? slump cone?
150mm 3

Curing of specimen will improve the hydration of cement The allowed time of lifting the slump cone for the slump
True test?
5±2 seconds
How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete
when casting the cylindrical specimen Vibration is required as mode of consolidation for
25 cylinders with diameter?
Greater than 225
Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter
of a cylinder differs from any other diameter of the same The target penetration of the needle is
cylinder by more than _ %. 25mm
2
In the determination of slump of concrete, it is necessary
Why it important to have a 5mm distance in testing the to measure the diameter of the specimen after testing.
penetration in accordance with ASTM C197. False
Both A and B (To remove biases, To eliminate disturbed
specimen) Complete the entire test from the start of the filling
through removal of the mold without interruption and
The penetration test shall have a distance of ____ mm complete it within an elapsed time of ____ seconds.
form any previous penetration on the inner side of the 150seconds
mold
10
The height of the cylindrical specimen for compressive MODULE 6 - Wood and Steel
strength The length of the specimen for axial tensile strength test
12” Clear distance of the grip plus required length for full
contact on the grips
Proper preparation of specimen is necessary in the
determination of strength of specimen In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
True stress of bar is 88.5kN and the rebar diameter is 20mm.
Determine the grade of bar.
It is allowed to slight tamp the mold using? 281.71Mpa
Rubber mullet or Tamping rod
In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the
tensile strength is 80.5kN and yield stress of bar is
69.2kN and the rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine the
grade of bar.
344.18Mpa

The nominal weight in kg/m of bar No.5

1.552

Equivalent grade for 40,000 psi steel bars in Mpa

280Mpa

The grade of the rebar should be based on?

Yield strength

ASTM A615 is?

Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon
steel bars

Machine used to test the tensile strength of rebar

UTM

In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield

stress of bar is 39.2kN and the rebar diameter is 12mm.
Determine the grade of bar.
346.61 Mpa

The tensile strength of grade 60 bars is approximately?

90,000psi

In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield

stress of bar is 22.4kN and the rebar diameter is 10mm.
Determine the grade of bar.
285.21Mpa

The orientation of lumber in the modulus of elasticity test

is?
Flatwise

The ASTM Standard for determining the axial

compressive strength of stress-graded lumber?
D4761

75,000 psi is equivalent to ___ksi

75

Bar size No.3 is equivalent to __mm

10
In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
stress of bar is 47500lb and the rebar diameter is 1".
Determine the grade of bar.
Grade 60

The axial tensile strength of wood shall be based on?

Maximum load

In getting the modulus of elasticity of wood, the basis for

deflection will be?
Dial reading

The dial indicator in testing the bending strength of wood

shall be accurate up to at least _____mm.
25

What is the recommended distance of clamping device

for axial tensile strength test for wood?
25 times width of the specimen

The aspect-depth ratio (1/d) should be approximately

___ for modulus of elasticity test.
100

The total weight of load for testing the modulus of

elasticity is
____lbs.
25

In accordance with ASTM D4761, the required length of

specimen for axial compressive strength is ____ times
the larger cross-sectional dimension
2.5

In testing the axial compressive strength of wood, how

long should it take?
Less than a minute

Device used to measure the diameter of rebar

Caliper
1. For Material specific application material, ASTM classification starts at letter ______?
Ans: F
2. Ninety Percent of Tall Buildings in the Philippines is made of?
Ans: Reinforced Concrete
3. Tall building in the Philippines is usually made from what material?
Ans: A and B
4. Masonry in the Philippines is usually called?
Ans: Hollow Blocks
5. Most sustainable material in the choices?
Ans: Wood
6. PNS Specification for Portland Cement
Ans: PNS 7:2005
7. Why is reinforcement necessary in reinforced concrete?
Ans: All of the above
8. ASTM stand for?
Ans: American Society for Testing and Materials
9. Why is steel usually used for large area structure?
Ans: Higher bending capacity to weight ratio
10. Sub-standard materials for construction mean?
Ans: All of the Above
11. Limit for materials engineer II for two projects only
Ans: Aggregate cost of not more than P300 Million
12. Headquarters for ASTM is located at what state?
Ans: Pennsylvania
13. How many standards does ASTM have as of today?
Ans: 12,800+
14. Limit for materials engineer II for one project only
Ans: No limit
15. Accredited Materials Engineer I who applied for upgrading but failed to be upgraded to Materials
Engineer II after two (2) successive attempts is barred from taking the Practical Examination for
_____ year and should take a refresher course related to Materials Quantity Control.
Ans: 1
16. For cementitious material, ASTM classification starts at letter ______?
Ans: C
17. The blue book from DPWH is from what bureau?
Ans: Bureau of Research and Standards
18. PNS stands for?
Ans: Philippine National Standard
19. What do we call the reinforced used for reinforced concrete?
Ans: Deformed Bar
20. The thickest concrete hollow block available in the market is?
Ans: 8”
21. For Nonferrous material, ASTM classification starts at letter ______?
Ans: B
22. Limit for materials engineer I for one project only
Ans: P150 Million
23. How many countries adopted ASTM Standard as of today?
 Ans: 110
24. For Miscellaneous subjects, ASTM classification starts at letter ____?
Ans: E
25. The least size of reinforcing bar in the Philippines in accordance with PNS is?
Ans: 10mm
26. Item 100 to 107 in the bluebook is for?
Ans: Earthworks
27. For Corrosion of materials, ASTM classification starts at letter _____?
Ans: G
28. In upgrading materials engineer I to II, a type of exam needed to pass?
Ans: Practical
FA 2
1. Storage for curing concrete specimen
Ans: Curing Tank
2. Length of the beam mold for flexural strength is?
Ans: 550mm
3. The ratio of the diameter of slump cone at top to bottom is
Ans: 0.5
4. The slump cone is to determine the?
Ans: Workability of the concrete
5. Can measure the strength of concrete without destruction
Ans: Rebound Hammer
6. Why did we use glass as the material for plate in the vicat apparatus?
Ans: Non-absorbent
7. Apparatus for self-compacting concrete in order to measure its passing ability
Ans: J-ring
8. What is the area of the needle in the vicat apparatus?
Ans: 1sq.mm
9. Standard concrete mold diameter for compressive strength is?
Ans: 6 inches
10. The height of the slump cone is?
Ans: 300mm
11. Abrasion Machine is for?
Ans: To test the strength of aggregates
12. UTM can be used for?
Ans: All of the above
13. Electric stove and hot air gun can be used for
Ans: Both A and B (Drying of coarse aggregates and drying of fine aggregates)
14. Marshall Stability Test is for
Ans: Asphalt
15. The steel ball in the Abrasion test should be ____ mm diameter
Ans: 47
16. The movement of Los Angeles Abrasion machine is
Ans: Rotational
17. Abrasion test machine is also called
Ans: Los Angeles Machine
18. Steel ball in the Abrasion Machine is called
Ans: Charges
19. UTM means
Ans: Universal testing machine
20. Universal testing machine can be used for:
Ans: All of the above
21. Use to determine the homogeneity of the material
Ans: UPV
22. Use to segregate materials to different sizes
Ans: Sieve
23. What is the equivalent size of in mm of 5 micron?
 Ans: 0.025mm
24. The diameter of the plunger in the vicat apparatus is?
Ans: 10mm
25. The last sieve at the bottom is?
Ans: Pan
 MODULE 1: MATERIALS OF CONTRUCTION AND DPWH Blue Book - This book from Department of
TESTING Public Works and Highways – Bureau of Research and
Standards (DPWH-BRS) is one of the basis for standard
• -It is essential to test all the materials such as (cement,
sand, gravel, concrete, masonry, steel and wood) in specifications for construction of all DPWH related
order to determine its physical and mechanical projects. The bureau of Research and Standard is the
properties. governing body that strictly follow the standards of
construction materials
CONSTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
American Society for Testing and Materials- ASTM is the
• Construction in the Philippines is usually classified by leading organization that standardized the testing of
these techniques/materials: materials specially for construction materials. The
1. Reinforced Concrete - is the typical material Philippines is following most of the methodologies and
technique used for building in the Philippines techniques based on their procedures.
because of its lower cost compared to other
materials. Made from concrete and steel CLASSIFICATIONS
reinforcing bars.
2. Structural Steel - is the usual choice material ● A = Iron and Steel Materials
for construction of warehouses, ● B = Nonferrous Metal Materials
refineries/factories, structures with large ● C = Ceramic, Concrete, and Masonry
area, and sometimes for tall buildings. Materials
Structural Steel (I beams and C Channel) are ● D = Miscellaneous Materials
made from hot rolled steel. ● E = Miscellaneous Subjects
3. Masonry - are usually for bungalows because ● F = Materials for Specific Applications
its weak against lateral forces created by high ● G = Corrosion, Deterioration, and
winds, earthquakes, etc. Most of the time, Degradation of Materials
these structures are considered non- ● H = Joint Committee and District
engineered and have a low construction cost. Recipients
4. Wood/Bamboo - Wood as the main
construction material may vary in cost Laboratory - All necessary equipment needed for all
depending on the type of wood used. Not a experiments can be borrowed from our laboratory
good material for areas with high winds but
during testing/laboratory experiment. Handling of
safer from earthquakes. Wood shall be tested
certain equipment will be discussed on the following
first before using as the main structural
system. presentations
1. Safety is top priority of our school. All unnecessary
task/behavior is prohibited on the laboratory.
Why is Testing of Material Important
2. Turn off all equipment especially electronic
1. Testing of materials will identify potential problems
devices/heat related equipment after usage.
during and after the construction of the project.
2. Ensures the safety of the structure and its occupants. 3. 3. First aid kits are all available in the laboratory.
Usage and selling of sub-standard construction materials 4. Call for help if needed.
is punishable by law.
5. Do not operate UTM and oven without the
Philippine National Standard for Important
Construction Materials supervision of the faculty member or laboratory
assistant.

6. No eating allowed in the laboratory

7. Immediately clean all equipment and tools after

usage.
Why ASTM? 4.0CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACTORS’/CONSULTANTS’
MATERIALS ENGINEERS
• ASTM is the leading organization for standardizing
materials and its testing 4.1 Materials Engineers shall be classified according to
the results of Written and Practical Examinations.
• 12,800+ Standards
4.1.1 Written Examination Applicants who got a score of
• 110 Countries Adopted their standards 60% and above are automatically accredited as Materials
• Available in English and SI Units Engineer I.

DEVELOPMENT OF ASTM STANDARD 4.1.2 Practical Examinations (For upgrading from

Materials Engineer I to Materials II only)
1. Member will identify certain problem, material,
revision of existing standard a. Laboratory The applicants will be required to
demonstrate the actual sampling and testing procedures
2. Members will prepare a draft standard of construction materials in accordance with the existing
3. The parent subcommittee will review the proposed standards to determine their testing capability.
standard b. Field The applicants will be required to demonstrate
the actual implementation of quality control supervision
DPWH - BRS MATERIALS ENGINEER and decision making in the project.

1.0 CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITATION 4.2 Accredited Materials Engineer I may be upgraded to
Materials Engineer II by undergoing only a Practical
The following criteria shall be applied in the evaluation Examination and not a written examination. Applicants
for accreditation of Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials must obtain a total score of at least 75% in the Practical
Engineers: Examination to qualify as Materials Engineer II.
1.1 Minimum Requirement - As a minimum requirement
for accreditation of materials engineers, the applicant
must be a registered and licensed Civil Engineer. This 4.3 Accredited Materials Engineer I who applied for
upgrading but failed to be upgraded to Materials
minimum requirement may be extended to foreign
applicants. Engineer II after two (2) successive attempts is barred
from taking the Practical Examination for one (1) year
1.2 Written Examination - A written examination shall be and should take a refresher course related to Materials
administered to all the applicants. The raw score Quality Control.
obtained in the examination shall be converted to
percentage (100% maximum) to obtain the total score 4.4 An accredited Contractors’/Consultants’
Materials Engineer who enters the government service
for accreditation.
and wishes to be accredited as DPWH Materials Engineer
1.3 Practical Examination - Practical examination shall be may apply for accreditation. His/her score in the written
administered to an accredited Materials Engineer I examination will be considered and he/she must
applying for upgrading to Materials Engineer II. It shall be undergo the practical examination. However, in the case
conducted at the Bureau of Research and Standards of upgraded Materials Engineer II who have undergone
(BRS) Office in Quezon City or at a selected identified practical examination, he/she will be automatically
DPWH Regional Office. conferred the same rank.
1.4 DPWH Engineers and other government engineers
are prohibited from taking the examination for the
accreditation of Contractors Consultants Materials 4.5 DPWH engineers who took the DPWH Materials
Engineers to prevent private entities from engaging the Engineers examination and got a score of 60% and above
services of the former while still employed by the but are separated from government service can be
government accredited as Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials
Engineers I, without undergoing practical examination
for Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials Engineers
 5.0 CRITERIA FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF
CONTRACTORS’ / CONSULTANTS’ MATERIALS
ENGINEERS MODULE 2: APPARATUS IN THE LABORATORY

Accredited materials engineers may be assigned to UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE - Use to test the strength
DPWH projects, subject to the following limits of of different material such as wood, concrete, steel and
assignment: Classification Limits of Assignment masonry

a. Materials Engineer I

● One (1) project costing not more than

P150M,
● Two (2) projects, with an aggregate cost of
not more than P250M,
● Three (3) projects, with an aggregate cost of
not more than P200M.

Accredited materials engineers may be assigned to

DPWH projects, subject to the following limits of
assignment:
SIEVE SHAKER - Use to mechanically shake the sieves.
Classification Limits of Assignment
b. Materials Engineer II

● One (1) project, no cost limit,

● Two (2) projects, with an aggregate cost of
not more than P300M,
● Three (3) projects, with an aggregate cost of
not more than P250M.
● Non-accredited materials engineers may be
assigned to three (3) projects, with an
aggregate cost of P150M or below

OVEN - Use to dry different materials such as aggregates

and wood
Other Drying Equipment - Use to accelerate the drying MARSHALL STABILITY TEST - Use to measure the
of different materials, alternative to oven maximum load sustained by bituminous material.

LOS ANGELES ABRASION/ ABRASION MACHINE - Use to

test the abrasion of the coarse aggregates SIEVE - Use to separate the different sizes of fine and
coarse aggregates

ONE BAGGER CONCRETE MIXER - Use to mix concrete

Max Capacity: 1 bag of cement, water and aggregates. VICAT APPARATUS - Use to determine the initial and
final setting time of hydraulic cement

HALF BAGGER CONCRETE MIXER - Use to mix concrete

Max Capacity: 1/2 bag of cement, water and aggregates
 CONCRETE BEAM MOLD - Use to cast concrete beams
for testing its flexural strength

Concrete Beam Mold, Lightweight, 6" x 6" x 22"

Concrete Beam Molds, Lightweight, 4" x 4" x 14

GRADUATED CYLINDERS - Use to measure the volume

SLUMP CONE – Used for testing the slump of concrete of different liquid such as water, alcohol, oil etc

CURING TANK - Use to store concrete specimens before

testing. Curing will provide moisture to the specimens
CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE MOLD (4” AND 6”) - Use for
molding concrete cylinders for compressive strength
test.
OTHER IMPORTANT TOOLS

ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY APPARATUS - Use to

test the homogeneity of the concrete and other
materials

PENETRATION APPARTUS - Use to determine the

hardness or consistency of the bituminous materials REBOUND HAMMER - Use to measure the strength of
concrete.

L-BOX TEST - Use for testing the filling and passing

ability of the self-compacting concrete.

JRING - Use for testing the passing ability of the self

compacting concrete
(ADDITIONAL MODULE C) CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
BASIC CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
Reasons Why Concrete is the most Widely used Material:
● Concrete possesses excellent resistance to water
● Concrete can be formed into a variety of shapes and
sizes
● Concrete is one of the cheapest and most readily
available materials
What is Concrete?
- A hard compact building material formed when a mixture of
cement, sand, gravel, and water undergoes hydration.
Major Parts of Concrete:
1. Paste
A. Portland Cement GENERAL CATEGORIES OF CONCRETE
B. Water
C. Air voids General categories based on compressive strength:
D. Admixture
2. Aggregates
Components of Concrete:
● Aggregates
● Cement
● Air Voids
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
● Water
● Admixture Creep

Concrete Mixture: Long duration stress produces stress over time and consequently
causes permanent deformation
1. Cement - 4 parts calcined limestone plus 1 part clay Fire Resistance
which are mixed, burned and pulverized, sold in 40
kilos per bags. Concrete is incombustible and somewhat insulative, but long
exposure to fire can be damaging
2. Sand - or fine aggregates, natural sand or crushed
stone well graded. Shrinkage
3. Gravel - or course aggregates, crushed stone or blast Ordinary concrete shrinks during the curing process. This must be
furnace slags. controlled by providing expansion joints and steel reinforcements.
4. Water - clean, potable & free from harmful substances
Hardness
5. Admixture - or additive as required by situations,
ingredients added to concrete or mortar modify its Relative to durability and appearance, accomplished thru troweled or
properties immediately before or after mixing. floated finish to draw more paste to the surface
Porosity
Sizes of pores left during hydration process or created by excessive
evaporation and shrinkage cracks affecting the water-tightness of
concrete
¡Apply compaction techniques
Durability 3 MIXTURES OF CEMENT
- Concrete durability requirements are specified on most major bridge
CEMENT PASTE
and pavement projects
A mixture of cement & water
-Typically the requirements are based on “Rapid Chloride
Permeability Test” CEMENT MORTAR
- This is a surrogate procedure which measures flow of electrical A mixture of cement & sand & water to form a paste
current
-CEMENT CONCRETE
- The lack of better laboratory and field tests has hindered progress A composite product which is obtained by mixing of cement,
in this area water, inert matrix of sand and gravel or crushed stone.
Workability
Workability of fresh concrete depends on its rheological TWO MAJOR KINDS OF CEMENT:
properties ● Pozzolan Cement
This rheological behavior is defined by two characteristics of -The ancient Romans have discovered that the
addition of some volcanic earths (Pozzolenas
the concrete, i.e. yield stress and plastic viscosity
to Lime gave a product, which hardened under
Note! water (hydraulic).
-Derived from Pozzouli, a village near Naples,
Yield stress is the effort needed to initiate movement of the Rome – famous for a particularly effective
fresh concrete, and correlates well with slump volcanic earth.
Plastic viscosity is the flow characteristics of the concrete -Chalks containing siliceous clays when
while moving and for low stiffness concretes can be burnt can be used for concreting
determined by various rheometers currently available
● Portland Cement

MORTAR - Through experiment, experience and practice, man

has made Portland cement by blending materials
What is Mortar? calcium, alumina, iron and silica.
● Mortars are usually named according to the binding
material used in their preparation - Made by mixing substances containing Calcium
● They are essentially required for masonry work, Carbonate such as chalk or limestone, with substances
plastering and pointing etc. containing silica, alumina and iron oxide such as
clay or shale.
Note!
Remember this!
Mortar= cement + sand + water Joseph Aspdin, an English mason who patented the product in
Plaster 1824, named it Portland cement because it produced a concrete
= cement + lime + sand + water that resembled the color of the natural limestone quarried on
Grout the Isle of Portland, a peninsula in the English Channel.
= cement + sand + considerable amount of water
Paste -Made by mixing substances containing Calcium
= cement + water Carbonate such as chalk or limestone, with substances
containing silica, alumina and iron oxide such as
CEMENT clay or shale.
-Popular as building material
-Material with adhesive & cohesive
properties
-To bind the fine & coarse aggregate
together
-To fill voids in between fine & coarse
aggregate particle form a compact mass
-Then the mixture heated and became clinker
-Clinker then grounded to powder
-The hardening Portland cement is a chemical process
during which heat is evolved
 TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

TYPE I AND TYPE IA

Suitable for all general uses such as
pavement, sidewalks, buildings, bridges,
tanks, water pipes, etc.

TYPE II AND TYPE IIA

Used when the acid or sulfate content of
the groundwater or soil in higher than the
normal
It generates heat of hydration at a slower
rate than Type I
Used in large piers, heavy abutments and
retaining wall

TYPE III AND IIIA

Gain strength faster and develop more heat of
hydration than the other Portland cements
May be used if you are in hurry to strip forms
and use them again
Used when you need to put the concrete into
service faster than normal
Used in cold weather to reduce the protection
needed

TYPE IV
Since this type has a low heat of
hydration, it is used in massive structures
Tri-calcium Silicate -3CaO.Si02(C3S) such as large dams where the temperature
-C3S hydrates and hardens rapidly and is largely rise during hardening may cause serious
responsible for initial set and early strength problems
-In general, the early strength of Portland cement
concrete is higher with increased percentages TYPE V
of C3S. This type is used where solids or
groundwater have a high sulfate or acid
Di-calcium Silicate -2CaO.Si02(C2S) content
-C2S hydrates and hardens slowly and contributes Structure exposed to coal mine drainage
largely to strength increase at ages beyond one week. should be consider for type V

Tricalcium Aluminate -3CaO.Al203(C3A) BLENDED HYDRAULIC CEMENT

-C3A liberates a large amount of heat during the first
few days of hydration and hardening. In addition to the five types listed in ASTM
-It also contributes slightly to early development. C150, there are several blended cements
covered by ASTM
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite-4CaO.Al203.Fe203(C4AF) C595
-C4AF reduces the clinkering temperature, thereby
assisting in the manufacture of cement. TwoMost Common Blended Cements
-It hydrates rather rapidly but contributes very little to :
strength. Type IS
Portland
Blast Furnace Slag
Cement
Type IP
Portland Pozzolan Cement
PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
-Fineness of Cement Hardening- is the development of strength
-Soundness over an extended period of time, completed
-Consistency for months or years
-Setting Time
-False Set -Hydration process are gradual and require
-Compressive Strength continuous presence of water
-Heat Hydration
-Loss of Ignition -Adding water to the cement would cause
-Specific Gravity temperature of the mixture rise rapidly due to
-Weight of Cement reaction between Tricalcium Aluminate and
water that is initially quite rapid
SETTING
-Thereafter, setting and gradual hardening take place by the reaction
- When cement is mixed with sufficient water, within 1 of Tricalcium Silicate and Dicalcium Silicate with water
or 2 hr after the mixing, the sticky paste losses its
-Hydration rate depends surface area of clinker expose and fineness
fluidity; within a few hours after mixing, noticeable
stiffening commences
of grinding
-Rate of hydration decreases continuously with age as the resistance
Divided into 2 stage that is: to water penetration of unhydrated cement grains progressively rises
1. Initial Set
2. Final Set
PRESENCE OF LUMPS
- The time taken for a 1-mm diameter needle in the Vicat
-It should free from hard lumps
apparatus to penetrate a depth of 25mm into the cement -It is due to the absorption of moisture from atmosphere
past sample is the initial setting time -If a bag contains lumps it should be If a bag contains lumps it
should be rejected
- The final setting time is reached when in the modified Vicat
apparatus only the needle penetrates the surface, while the Fineness of
Cement
attachment fails to do so.
- Affects heat released and the rate of
The rate of setting is also a measure of the
hydration
rate of heat of hydration
- Greater cement fineness increases the rate at
FACTORS AFFECTING SETTING TIME which cement hydrates and thus accelerates
strength
1.Fineness of cement development
2.Chemical composition
- It is measured by the Blaine Air Permeability
3.Amount of water Test or the 45 microns sieve

-gypsum added to clinker to retard setting and prevent flash set Soundness

Note! -Refers to the ability of a hardened paste to

Flash set is defined as the rapid development of retain its volume after setting
permanent rigidity of the cement paste along with high -Lack of soundness or delayed destructive
heat expansion is caused by excessive amounts of
hard- burned free magnesia.
False set is the rapid development of rigidity without the
evolution of heat
Consistency Loss of Ignition
- Is determined by heating the sample of known
-Refers to the relative mobility of a freshly weight to 900°C to 1000°C until a constant
mixed cement paste or mortar to its ability to weight is obtained
flow
-Both the normal consistency method and flow -Normally, a high loss of ignition is an
test are used to regulate water contents of indication of pre-hydration and carbonation,
paste and mortars respectively, to be used in which maybe caused by improper or
subsequent, both allow comparing dissimilar prolonged storage or adulteration during
ingredients with the same transport and
flow. transfer.

Setting Time Specific Gravity

-To determine if cement sets according to the -The specific gravity of Portland cement is
time limits specified in ASTM C 150, test are generally about 3.15
performed using either the Vicat apparatus
or a Gillmore needle. -Portland blast furnace-slag and Portland-
pozzolan cements may have specific gravity
-Initial set of cement paste must not occur too values of
early, final set must not occur too 2.90
late
-The setting time indicates that the paste is or Tests of Cement:
is not undergoing normal hydration -Consistency test
reactions -Compressive strength test
-Tensile strength test

False Set
(ASTM C451) WATER
- Paste method, and the
ASTM C359 mortar Requirements for Water
method, is evidenced by a significant loss of Almost any water fit to drink can be used for mixing
plasticity without the evolution of much heat
with cement to make the concrete paste.
shortly after
mixing Water that is not fit to drink can still be used.
If there is any doubt about the quality of water, strength & setting time,
Compressive Strength test can be made to compare it with samples made from the water
As specified by ASTM C150, can be obtained
that is suitable for making concrete
from test of standard of standard
2-inch mortar cubes tested in accordance with A good concrete practice!
ASTM C109. Keep the extra water as low as possible but be practical.

-These cubes are made and cured in AIR VOIDS

prescribed manner using sand. Compressive 2 TYPES OF AIR IN CONCRETE
strength is influenced by the cement type, or
Entrapped Air
more precisely, the compound composition
and fineness of cement. 1. Not desirable for concrete
2. Are readily visible to the eye
Heat of Hydration 3. When we place and consolidate concrete, we try to
-A heat generated when cement and water squeeze out all the entrapped air that we possibly can
react

-It results first in setting( the concrete become Entrained Air

solid) and then
● Desirable for concrete
hardening (increase of
● Entrained air bubbles are barely visible to the eye
strength and stiffness)
● The first air-entrained concrete were made
accidentally, took some good detective work to find that
 grease and oil had dripped into some cements during
its manufacture TYPE B
● This soapy materials produced billions of tiny bubbles (RETARDING ADMIXTURE)
when scrubbed against the sand when the concrete - Slows down the early hardening of concrete.
was mixed
● Concrete pavements containing the tiny air bubbles - The initial setting time of the paste can be
were much durable than pavements that contained retarded from one to one-and-a-half hours
entrapped air voids over its normal setting time, but this does not
affect strength gain after the initial set has
occurred
ADMIXTURES
-The retardation of the initial set beyond the
● Air Entraining Admixture normal setting time with the particular
❖ Air-entraining are not as popular now as they used to admixture and cement
be combination
❖ Air-entraining agents (derivatives from oil, soil, fat,
resin, etc.) are added at the mixer TYPE C
❖ It is easier to control the air content of concrete by (ACCELERATING ADMIXTURE)
using non-air-entraining cement and adding and an -This admixture up both the initial and the
entraining admixture when the concrete is batched final set, and causes the concrete to
❖ All concrete exposed to freezing weather should be air- develop strength at a faster rate
entrained -Speeds up the setting of concrete to
reduce the whole curing period or for early
removal of forms
● Chemical Admixture
● Are generally liquid that are dispensed by volume TYPE D (WATER REDUCING
● Dosage rates of these admixtures is used for concrete AND RETARDING ADMIXTURE)
- Reduces the amount of mixing water
Types of Chemical Admixtures required to produce concrete of a given
slump and retards the initial set of
concrete

TYPE E (WATER REDUCING

AND ACCELERATING
ADMIXTURE)
- Reduces the amount of mixing water
needed to produce concrete of a given
slump and accelerates the initial setting
time and strength development of the
concrete
TYPE A
(WATER-REDUCING TYPE F (WATER REDUCING,
ADMIXTURE) HIGH RANGE ADMIXTURE)
-Reduces the amount of water required to produce
a concrete of a given slump or consistency -Reduces the amount of mixing water
required to produce concrete of a given
-a decrease in the water content of a concrete slump by at least 12% and retards the
mixture reduces the water cement ratio which initial set of concrete
increases its - Type F admixture are also known as
strength superplasticizers or fluidizers

- Water reducing admixtures may permit a

reduction in the amount of cement needed
because they reduce the amount of water needed
to obtain the required slump and workability of the
concrete
 Class C
MINERAL ADMIXTURES ● Produced from burning younger lignite and
- Used to modify the properties of concrete, or sub-bituminous coal
as partial cement replacement to lower the ● Higher concentration of alkali and sulfate
cost of producing concrete ● Contains more than 20% lime
- It is important when using these materials that ● Self-cementing properties
you have a good understanding of exactly ● Does not require activator
how they will behave in concrete ● Does not require air entrainer
- -Mineral admixtures within the same group can ● Not for use in high sulfate conditions
vary by source, and it is also important to ● Primarily residential construction
know these variations as it will affect the ● Limitedtolowfly
performance of the concrete

-These admixtures are typically solid materials CLASS C VS CLASS F FLY ASH
that are measured by weight
-While there are many materials that could be 1. Class C fly ash is typically not as effective as
discussed in this Class F fly ash in mitigation of ASR
lecture, we are only going to 2. Class C will generate more heat of hydration
talk about the three most common mineral than Class F
admixtures, namely: 3. Class C will generally not be as resistant to
● Fly Ash sulfate attack. ASTM C 618 prohibits the use of
● Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Class C in high sulfate exposure environments
● Micro Silica 4. Class C will generate more strength at early
ages than Class F
5. Generally Class F can be used for high fly ash
Fly ash- is the widely used mineral content concretes (up to 40% of C.M.) whereas
admixture that has fineness similar to cement Class C is used in low fly ash content concretes
-Specifications have allowed partial cement
replacements with fly ash for a number of BENEFITS OF FLY ASH
years
- With rate of 30-150 kilograms per cubic meter 1. Reduces the water demand
of concrete 2. Reduces the permeability
3. Reduces the heat of hydration
CLASSIFICATION OF FLY ASH 4. Can aid in finishability and pumping
5. Can be used in high strength applications
Class F fly ash 6. Can reduce or eliminate alkali silica reaction
-Primarily pozzolanic in nature, which means it
reacts chemically with the cement hydration Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBF
products to form compounds that the Slag) - is another material that is commonly
cementitious referred to as mineral
admixtures
Class C fly ash - While it is considered a mineral admixture, it is in
-Besides having pozzolanic properties, also has reality hydraulic cement. That is, it gains
some cementitious properties, which means it can considerable strength when mixed with water.
gain strength by itself when mixed with - The chemical properties of these materials are
water. similar to Portland cement. GGBF Slag replaces
cement at a rate generally of 15 to 70 percent.
Class F
-Produced from burning harder, older - GGBF slag is a manufactured material which is
anthracite and bituminous coal derived from a by-product of the manufacture of iron
-Contains less than 20% lime - During the production of iron, the one is fluxed
-Requires cementing agent like PC, quick lime, primarily with limestone which is tapped from the
hydrated lime blast furnace as a molten slag.
-Used in high sulfate exposure conditions - This slag is rapidly quenched and the resulting
-Addition of air entrainer is needed granules are ground to fineness similar to cement.
-Used for structural concretes, HP concretes, - It is blended with Portland cement either at a cement mill, or at a
high sulfate exposure concretes concrete batch plant
-Useful in high fly ash content concrete mixes .-It is rarely used as the sole cementing materials in concrete
 -The specification that covers the production of
these materials is ASTM C 989
- It is classified into one of three grades based
on the strength performance of a blend of
GGBF Slag and Portland
cement.

BENEFITS OF BLENDING

By varying the percentage of the blend of Portland cement and GGBF Slag certain beneficial properties can be achieved in concret
1. Reduces the water demand
2. Greatly reduces permeability
3. Can provide sulfate resistance
4. Reduces the heat of hydration
5. Can aid in finishability
6. Can be used in high strength applications
7. Can reduce or eliminate alkali silica reaction

MICRO SILICA
Micro Silica is a material that is by-product of the production of
silicon metals.
(Known as silica fume)
Micro Silica- is an extremely fine powder that is
finer than cigarette smoke, Because of this, it is handled either
as a slurry mixed with water, or as densified powder.
-Typically, Micro silica is used a rate of 20 to 70
kilograms per cubic meter of concrete
-The specification that covers this material is ASTM C
1240
-The fineness of this material and the high dosage
rate of high range water reducing admixtures
results in a concrete that is generally considered
more difficult to finish
- Concrete that contains micro silica has very little
or no bleed water, which besides contributing to
difficulty in finishing, also makes the concrete
more susceptible to cracking while it is in a plastic
condition
- This type of cracking is referred to as
Plastic shrinkage

OTHER TYPES OF ADMIXTURES

-Pozzolanic Admixture
Used as substitute for cement (35%) for
structures in high temperatures and seawater
installation or as additives to decrease the
weight of a concrete per cubic foot

-Waterproofing
Integrated type in powder form added during
mixing that render surface in decks, basements
and pools water impervious
Coloring Agent SUMMARY
Pigments or dyes mixed into topping to Types of Admixtures:
render/alter color evenly to concrete surface
● Plasticizers (also called water reducers)
-Surface Sealing Agents ● Normal Plasticizers/ water reducers
Liquid waxes sprayed over the surface that is ● Superplasticisers / high range water reducers
easily removed after curing ● Air Entrainers
of concrete surface after it has hardened ● Retarders
● Accelerators
-Set Inhibiting Agent ● Special Purpose Admixtures
In liquid form (applied immediately before Chemical Used for Admixtures:
pouring of concrete) or powder form (applieddirectly after pouring) -Inhibits the setting of cement paste avoidingbonding to surface aggregates an
● Lignosulfonates (Water Reducer, 10%)
● Hydroxycarboxylic acids (Strong retarders)
-Dispersal Agents ● Phosphate/Hydrocarboxylic blends
Prevents bleeding of concrete from concrete ● Napthalene sulfonate formaldehyde polymers (Water Reducers, 20%)
● Melamine sulfonate formaldehyde polymers (Water Reducers, 20%)
-Bonding Agent ● Polycarboxylic Ethers (Extremely Good Water Reducer, 35%)
Either metallic aggregate (bonding thru
Superplasticisers or High Range Water Reducers
oxidation and expansion) or synthetic latex
emulsion (sprayed or painted to coalesce and ● ¡Work in the same way as normal plasticizers
bond) to improve the bond between old and new ● ¡Can be used at higher dosage
concrete ● ¡Are most effective at high dose
● ¡Do not have undesirable side effects at high dosage
-Gas Forming Agent Special Purpose Admixtures
Develops the potential strength of a concrete
● ¡Semi-dry concrete admixtures

-Non-Skid Surfaces ● ¡Shotcrete admixtures

Use abrasive material in topping to produced ● ¡Underwater concrete admixtures

non-skid surface for pavement construction ● ¡Wash water treatment

● ¡Suspension and reactivation of hydration

-Hardener ● ¡Foam concrete admixtures

Chemical/fine metallic aggregate improve the ● ¡Permeability reducers

density of concrete surface subject to impact ● ¡Polymer admixtures

and wear ● ¡Pumping aids

● ¡Ready to use mortar admixture systems
MATERIALS QUALITY CONTROL
“Concrete quality means for all in the construction CONTROL OF CONCRETE MIX
business something different - be it owner, contractor, Concrete is normally specified according
engineer, architect, ready-mix supplier or pre-caster to the compressive strength it develops
QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE depending on the type of cement used,
Strong – proper selection of materials after placement
Durable – correct proportion and mixing process Ordinary Portland-> 7 to 28 days
Uniform Quality – careful transportation and placement High Early Strength->3 to 7 days
Thoroughly Sound – timed curing and provision for
protection
Two methods of testing concrete’s
DIFFERENT PROCESS OF MIXING CONCRETE
compressive strength:
Manual – flat surface with shovels and buggy
1.Slump test
Small Power – a manual mixing rotating drum
2.Compressive Cylinder Test
Bagger Mixer – equipped with diesel engine and pump
operated mechanical mixing drum (1 or 2bags) or rotating
mixing drum at the back of a truck METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
Cast-In Place – concrete deposited, formed and cured
METHODS OF TRANSPORTING A CONCRETE and finished in its final position as a part of structure
Ready Mixed - concrete mixed at batch plant for delivery Slip Form – a form that can be move slowly and
by an agitator to construction site continuously as concrete is being placed during the
construction of concrete pavement or building
Shrink Mixed – concrete partially mixed at the batch plant
then mixed completely in a truck mixed then route to Lift Slab Construction - structural members are
construction site sequentially lifted into final position
Transit Mixed – concrete dry batch at a batch plant & Tilt-Up Construction – structural members are custom
mixed at the truck mixer then route to construction site. pre-casted on site then hoisted into final position
Gunite – or “Shotcrete” for lightweight construction, where Pre-Stressing – pre-tensioning and post-tensioning
concrete mix is pumped through a hose and sprayed at
high velocity over reinforcement until desired thickness is
reached TOOLS IN CONCRETE SOLUTION
Curing Blanket – built covering made of sacks, matting,
burlap, wet earth, sawdust, straw and plastic
CONCRETE TESTS
Scaffolding – or staging a temporary platform structure of
The utilization of advanced test procedures (various wooden poles & planks providing platform for working men
shrinkage tests, air-void analyzer and non-destructive to stand while erecting or repairing buildings and provide
tests) have become widespread access to work areas above ground
Workability test for stiff concrete mixes is being evaluated Formwork – temporary construction to contain wet
by several organizations concrete in the required shape while it is cast & setting
In-situ concrete testing, effective curing practices and Curing – maintaining the humidity and temperature of
utilization of computer software to monitor concrete freshly placed concrete during some definite period
strength development as well as minimizing cracking following, placing, casting or finishing to assure
potential are used on major transportation projects. satisfactory hydration of cementitious materials and proper
hardening of concrete
 CONCRETE FINISHES
Beton brut – concrete left in natural state after formwork
is removed reflecting the texture, joints and fasteners of
board form
Finish – broom, float, exposed aggregate, swirl, bush
hammered
Topping – a layer of high quality concrete or mortar placed
to form a floor surface on a concrete base

ACRONYMS:
● ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
● AASHTO - American Association of State Highways and
Transportation Officials
● ACI - American Concrete Institute
● PNS - Philippine National Standards
 Construction Materials & Testing Different Types and Classification of Cement
Module 3: Material Properties Classification Characteristics Applications
Type I General Purpose Fairly high C3S General
content for good construction (most
Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus cited on this early strength building, bridges,
presentation conforms to the ASTM Standards and development pavements, precast
units, etc.)
Specifications.
Type II Moderate sulfate Low C3A content Structure exposed
resistance (<8%) to soil or water
List of Materials to be Tested containing sulfate
ions
• Aggregates – it is important to test the properties of both fine
Type High early Ground more Rapid construction,
and coarse aggregates since it is one of the key ingredients of III strength finely, may have cold weather
concrete. slightly more C3S concreting
• Cement – the properties of cement powder is essential in Type Low heat of Low content of Massive structures
stablishing the strength of hardened concrete. IV hydration (slow C3S (<50%) and such as dams. Now
reacting) C3A rare.
• Concrete- workability and strength of concrete is essential in
Type V High sulfate Very low C3A Structures exposed
the design of reinforced concrete structures resistance content (<5%) to high levels of
• Steel – same with concrete, the strength of steel is essential sulfate ions
in designing all reinforced concrete structures White White color No C4AF, Low Decorative
MgO (otherwise has
• Wood – strength of wood materials is essential to the design properties similar to
of wood structures. Type I
• Masonry – determining the strength of masonry is a
requirement for safe design of masonry structures. Blended Cement
Type IS, Portland blast-furnace slag cement. Blast-furnace
Cement slag is the residue when steel is heated.
Portland cement is the basic ingredient of concrete. Concrete Types IP and P, Portland pozzolan cement. Common Blended
is formed when Portland cement creates a paste with water Cement in the market
that binds with sand and rock to harden. Type S, slag cement
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical - Blended cements may be used in construction when specific
combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other properties of other types of cements are not required.
ingredients. - The concrete may not gain strength as fast as with ASTM
Common materials used to manufacture cement include C150 cements
limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay,
slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. These
Properties of Cement
ingredients, when heated at high temperatures form a rock-like
substance that is ground into the fine powder that we Physical Properties
commonly think of as cement. - Fineness of Cement
- Soundness
Cement Production - Consistency
- Strength
- Setting Time
- Heat of Hydration
- Loss of Ignition
- Bulk Density
- Specific Gravity
Chemical Properties
- Tricalcium aluminate
- Tricalcium silicate
- Dicalcium silicate
- Ferrite
- Magnesia
- Sulphur trioxide
- Iron oxide
- Alkalis
- Free lime 6. Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty
- Alumina admixture category and are used to slow corrosion of
reinforcing steel in concrete. Corrosion inhibitors can be used
as a defensive strategy for concrete structures, such as marine
Chemical Admixture
facilities, highway bridges, and parking garages, that will be
1. Air-entrained concrete contains billions of microscopic air exposed to high concentrations of chloride. Other specialty
cells per cubic foot. These air pockets relieve internal pressure admixtures include shrinkage-reducing admixtures and alkali-
on the concrete by providing tiny chambers for water to silica reactivity inhibitors. The shrinkage reducers are used to
expand into when it freezes. Air-entrained concrete is control drying shrinkage and minimize cracking, while ASR
produced using air-entraining Portland cement, or by the inhibitors control durability problems associated with alkali-
introduction of air-entraining agents, under careful silica reactivity.
engineering supervision, as the concrete is mixed on the job.
The amount of entrained air is usually between four and seven
percent of the volume of the concrete, but may be varied as Concrete
required by special conditions In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and
2. Water-reducing admixtures usually reduce the required aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of Portland cement
water content for a concrete mixture by about 5 to 10 percent. and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse
Consequently, concrete containing a water-reducing admixture (larger) aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called
needs less water to reach a required slump than untreated hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the
concrete. The treated concrete can have a lower water-cement rock-like mass known as concrete.
ratio. This usually indicates that a higher strength concrete can
be produced without increasing the amount of cement. Recent Proportioning of Concrete
advancements in admixture technology have led to the The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests in the
development of midrange water reducers. These admixtures careful proportioning and mixing of the ingredients. A mixture
reduce water content by at least 8 percent and tend to be more that does not have enough paste to fill all the voids between
stable over a wider range of temperatures. Midrange water the aggregates will be difficult to place and will produce rough
reducers provide more consistent setting times than standard surfaces and porous concrete. A mixture with an excess of
water reducers. cement paste will be easy to place and will produce a smooth
*Lower water = high strength. surface; however, the resulting concrete is not cost-effective
3. Retarding admixtures, which slow the setting rate of and can more easily crack.
concrete, are used to counteract the accelerating effect of hot Portland cement's chemistry comes to life in the presence of
weather on concrete setting. High temperatures often cause an water. Cement and water form a paste that coats each particle
increased rate of hardening which makes placing and finishing of stone and sand—the aggregates. Through a chemical
difficult. Retarders keep concrete workable during placement reaction called hydration, the cement paste hardens and gains
and delay the initial set of concrete. Most retarders also strength.
function as water reducers and may entrain some air in The quality of the paste determines the character of the
concrete. concrete. The strength of the paste, in turn, depends on the
*Commonly used when transporting the concrete from the concrete batching
ratio of water to cement. The water-cement ratio is the weight
plant to the Job site
of the mixing water divided by the weight of the cement. High-
4. Accelerating admixtures increase the rate of early strength
quality concrete is produced by lowering the water-cement
development, reduce the time required for proper curing and
ratio as much as possible without sacrificing the workability of
protection, and speed up the start of finishing operations.
fresh concrete, allowing it to be properly placed, consolidated,
Accelerating admixtures are especially useful for modifying
and cured.
the properties of concrete in cold weather.
A properly designed mixture possesses the desired workability
5. Superplasticizers, also known as plasticizers or high-range
for the fresh concrete and the required durability and strength
water reducers (HRWR), reduce water content by 12 to 30
for the hardened concrete. Typically, a mix is about 10 to 15
percent and can be added to concrete with a low-to-normal
percent cement, 60 to 75 percent aggregate and 15 to 20
slump and water-cement ratio to make high slump flowing
percent water. Entrained air in many concrete mixes may also
concrete. Flowing concrete is a highly fluid but workable
take up another 5 to 8 percent.
concrete that can be placed with little or no vibration or
compaction. The effect of superplasticizers lasts only 30 to 60
minutes, depending on the brand and dosage rate, and is Other Ingredients of Concrete
followed by a rapid loss in workability. As a result of the Almost any natural water that is drinkable and has no
slump loss, superplasticizers are usually added to concrete at pronounced taste or odor may be used as mixing water for
the jobsite. concrete. Excessive impurities in mixing water not only may
*Commonly used in self-compacting concrete affect setting time and concrete strength, but can also cause
efflorescence, staining, corrosion of reinforcement, volume
instability, and reduced durability. Concrete mixture
specifications usually set limits on chlorides, sulfates, alkalis, Bacterial Concrete/ Self-Healing Concrete
and solids in mixing water unless tests can be performed to - When there is a crack, bacteria will fill the void.
determine the effect the impurity has on the final concrete.
Although most drinking water is suitable for mixing concrete, Reinforcing Bar vs. Plain Bar
aggregates are chosen carefully. Aggregates comprise 60 to 75
Deformed bars are frequently used because of the grip
percent of the total volume of concrete. The type and size of
properties
aggregate used depends on the thickness and purpose of the
final concrete product.

Different Types of Concrete

Types Application Composition
Normal Strength Cement, sand, gravel,
General Application
Concrete water
Plain or Ordinary
Finishing Cement, sand, water
Concrete
Structural Members of Cement, sand, gravel,
High-Strength
Tall Buildings, Bridges, less-water, water
Concrete
etc reducing agent
Structural Members Cement, sand, smaller Tensile Strength of Rebar
Self-Consolidated
with congested rebar, gravel sizes, water, The tensile strength of rebar steel and the tensile rebar-
Concrete
building superplasticizer
concrete bond strength are extremely important properties of
Walls, uneven surface, Cement, sand, smaller
Shotcrete Concrete rebar. Tensile tests are the most popular type of test for testing
tunnels etc. gravel sizes, water
rebar. Other tests include bend tests and fatigue tests. Tensile
Cement, sand, gravel,
Pervious Concrete Roads, parking areas testing of rebar is relatively straightforward.
less-water
Prestressed Cement, sand, gravel,
Girders, decks, slabs
Concrete water, admixtures PNS vs. ASTM Standard on Rebar
Cement, lightweight PNS use Metric System while ASTM use English System.
Light – Weight Walls, non-structural
sand, lightweight
Concrete members Based on Yield Stress.
gravel, water
High-Density Cement, sand, high
Dams
Concrete density gravel, water PNS ASTM
Class Color Code
Cement, sand, gravel, Standards Equivalent
Air Entrained
Cold climates water, air entraining
Concrete
admixture
230 33 • (white)
Roller Compacted Cement, sand, gravel, Regular Steel 275 40 •
Roads and Dams
Concrete less water Bar 415 60 •
Rapid Strength
Cement, sand, gravel, - 75 ••
Roads water, admixture for
Concrete
rapid curing
230W - ••
Weldable Steel
Bar
275W - ••
415W 60 ••
Property Test Equipment
Workability of Fresh
Slump Test Slump Cone Test Result for Tensile Strength of Rebar
Concrete
Compressive Strength UTM UTM. Stress = Force/Area; Strain = Deflection/length
Tensile Strength UTM
Hardened Concrete
Flexural Strength UTM
Permeability

New Emerging Types of Concrete

Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Mixture of Normal Concrete and added fiber such as natural,
waste materials, and commercially available.
□ Natural
- Such as pineapple, abaca, bamboo
- Problems for natural fibers: High price, possibility to rot
Geo-Polymer Concrete
- Does not use cement
 Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, gravel and ____.
Answer: Water
Geopolymer concrete is a combination of highly alkaline
solution, aggregates and ___.
Answer: Flyash
Aggregates is approximately ___ percent of the volume of
concrete.
Answer: 60-75%
Type of concrete suitable for interior walls and non-structural
members.
Answer: Light weight
Nominal Weight of Rebar
Nominal Nominal Unit Nominal Weight/Piece (kg)
Permeability is the?
Diameter Area Weight
(mm) (mm2) (kg/m) 6.0m 7.5m 9.0m 10.5m 12.0m 13.0m 15.0m
Answer: Ability to permits liquid
10 78.54 0.617 3.702 4.628 5.553 6.479 7.404 8.330 9.255

12 113.10 0.888 5.328 6.660 7.992 9.324 10.656 11.988 13.320 Process that takes place when water is added to the cement
16 201.06 1.578 9.468 11.835 14.202 16.569 18.936 21.303 23.670
Answer: Hydration
20 314.16 2.466 14.796 18.495 22.194 25.893 29.592 33.291 36.990

25 490.88 3.853 23.118 28.898 34.677 40.457 46.236 52.016 57.795 It increases the strength of concrete
28 615.75 4.834 29.004 36.255 43.506 50.757 58.008 65.259 72.510

32 804.25 6.313 37.878 47.348 56.817 66.287 75.756 85.226 94.695

Answer: All of the above (Use admixture, Reduce the
36 1017.88 7.990 47.940 59.925 71.910 83.895 95.880 107.865 119.850 water content, Use high density aggregates)
Workability of normal concrete can be determined using?
Other Test for Rebar Answer: Slump test
Grading of rebar is based on?
Answer: Yield strength of rebar
The longest available length of rebar is?
Answer: 15m
The smallest available diameter of rebar in the market in
accordance with PNS
Answer: 10 mm
Formative Assessment Grade 415 bar is colored?
High early strength cement is type? Answer: Green
Answer: Type 3 Reinforced concrete structure is designed using the __ of the
The type of cement for massive structures rebar.
Answer: Type 4 Answer: Yield Strength
The amount of entrained air in the concrete is? Grade 40 rebar is equivalent to ___ in PNS.
Answer: 4-7 percent Answer: 275
The effect of superplasticizer last for about? Strain hardening is from __ to __.
Answer: 30 to 60 minutes Answer: Yield strength to ultimate strength
Low C3S content The first letter in the rebar tag symbolizes
Answer: Type 4 Answer: Producing mill
Chemical admixture for cold-weather The shortest length of rebar in accordance with PNS standard
Answer: Accelerator Answer: 6m
Type 1P means? The last number in the rebar tag is?
Answer: Blended cement with Pozzolan Answer: Grade
High early strength concrete The most common material for cement manufacturing is:
Answer: Type 3 Answer: Limestone
High level of sulfate ions The product of heating limestone, sand and clay is called?
Answer: Type 5 Answer: Clinker
Low C3A content Material(s) needed for the production of cement
Answer: Type 2 Answer: All of the above (Calcium, Iron, Aluminum)
The concrete is weak in? This composition of concrete can easily crack
Answer: Tension Answer: Excess cement paste
Effect of coarse aggregate to the concrete
Answer: All of the above (Improves impact resistance,
Improves durability, Improves shear capacity)
The chemical reaction of cement and water is called?
Answer: Hydration
The ultimate test for water that can be added to concrete?
Answer: Drinkable
The suitable type of steel bars for reinforcement?
Answer: Deformed bar
The density of 12 mm diameter bar is
Answer: 0.888 kg/m
Grade 33 rebar is colored?
Answer: White
The first step in cement production is:
Answer: Quarry of limestone
For rapid construction
Answer: Type 3
Chemical admixture for reducing the water content
Answer: Superplasticizer** Retarder**
To achieve self-compacting concrete, _____ can be added to
the mixture
Answer: Superplasticizer
Among all choices, what material does significantly affect the
strength of concrete
Answer: Water (among Coarse aggregates, Fine
aggregates, Mineral additive)
Plastic state of rebar is up to?
Answer: Maximum load
The type of cement for general construction is?
Answer: Type 1
High sulfate resistance
Answer: Type 5
Machine used to test the tensile strength of rebar
Answer: UTM
Fairly high C3S content
Answer: Type 1
Grade 415 rebar is colored?
The amount of entraned air in the concrete is?

Effect if coarse aggregate to the concrete

 Construction Materials and Testing Sample Size
Module 4: Aggregates Fine Aggregates: The size of the test sample, after drying,
shall be 300 g minimum.
Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus cited on this Coarse Aggregates:
presentation conforms to the ASTM Standards and Nominal Maximum Size, Test Sample Size,
Specifications. Square Openings, mm (in.) min, kg (lb)
9.5 (3/8) 1 (2)
Two Types of Aggregates 12.5 (1/2) 2 (4)
19.0 (3/4) 5 (11)
Types of Other Name Picture
Aggregates 25.0 (1) 10 (22)
37.5 (3/2) 15 (33)
Sand, 50.0 (2) 20 (44)
Fine Aggregates
Buhangin
63.0 (5/2) 35 (77)
75.0 (3) 60 (130)
Coarse Aggregates Gravel, Graba 90.0 (7/2) 100 (220)
100 (4) 150 (330)
125 (5) 300 (660)
Types of Course Aggregates

Importance of Testing Aggregates

• Different properties of aggregates are required for the design
mix proportion of concrete
• The properties of aggregates affect the workability and
strength of concrete

Procedure
ASTM C136
This test method covers the determination of the particle size
distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by sieving.
Some specifications for aggregates which reference this
method contain grading requirements including both coarse
and fine fractions. Instructions are included for sieve analysis
of such aggregates.
A sample of dry aggregate of known mass is separated
through a series of sieves of progressively smaller openings
for determination of particle size distribution

Apparatus Needed
1. Balance (Readability – 0.1g – fine, 0.5g – coarse)
2. Sieves
3. Mechanical Sieve Shaker
4. Oven
1. Reduce the amount of sample materials by mechanical
5. Sieve Brush
separator (ASTM C702)
6. Pan
2. Dry the sample materials in oven with constant mass at a
temperature of 110± 5°C.
3. Measure the weight of pan
4. Measure the weight of the pan with sample materials
5. Stack the sieve in order of decreasing opening size. Place evaporable and is not included in the percentage determined
the sample on top of the sieve selected for the sample sizes. by this test method.
Place the sieve on the mechanical sieve shaker based on the
required time in accordance with the ASTM specification Apparatus
6. Sieving duration must be sufficient so that not more than 1. Balance
1% by mass of the material retained on any individual sieve
2. Source of Heat (Oven, Stove etc.)
will pass that sieve in 1 minute of sieving.
3. Sample Container
7. Measure the retained material on each sieve.
8. Check if the total mass is not less than or more than 0.3% of
the original mass of the dry sample. If not, the test is invalid Sample Size

Calculation
1. Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained, or
percentages in various size fractions to the nearest 0.1 % on
the basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample. If the same
test sample was first tested by Test Method C 117, include the
mass of material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) size by
washing in the sieve analysis calculation; and use the total dry
sample mass prior to washing in Test Method C 117 as the
basis for calculating all the percentages
2. Calculate the fineness modulus, when required, by adding
the total percentages of material in the sample that is coarser
than each of the following sieves (cumulative percentages Procedure
retained), and dividing the sum by 100: 150-µm (No. 100), 1. Determine the mass of the sample to the nearest 0.1 %.
300-µm (No. 50), 600-µm (No. 30), 1.18-mm (No. 16), 2.36-
2. Dry the sample thoroughly in the sample container by
mm (No. 8), 4.75-mm (No. 4), 9.5-mm (3⁄8-in.), 19.0-mm
means of the selected source of heat, exercising care to avoid
(3⁄4-in.), 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.), and larger, increasing in the ratio
loss of any particles. Very rapid heating may cause some
of 2 to 1.
particles to explode, resulting in loss of particles. Use a
3. Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained, or controlled temperature oven when excessive heat may alter the
percentages in various size fractions to the nearest 0.1 % on character of the aggregate, or where more precise
the basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample. If the same measurement is required
test sample was first tested by Test Method C 117, include the
3. When a hot plate is used, drying can be expedited by the
mass of material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) size by
following procedure. Add sufficient anhydrous denatured
washing in the sieve analysis calculation; and use the total dry
alcohol to cover the moist sample. Stir and allow suspended
sample mass prior to washing in Test Method C 117 as the
material to settle. Decant as much of the alcohol as possible
basis for calculating all the percentages
without losing any of the sample. Ignite the remaining alcohol
Weight Individual Cumulative Percent ASTM C33
Sieve
Retained Percent Percent Passing Min-Max and allow it to burn off during drying over the hot plate.
9.5 mm 4. The sample is thoroughly dry when further heating causes,
4.75 mm or would cause, less than 0.1 % additional loss in mass.
2.36 mm
5. Determine the mass of the dried sample to the nearest 0.1 %
1.18 mm
600 um
after it has cooled sufficiently not to damage the balance.
300 um
150 um Calculation
75 um
(𝑊 − 𝐷)
pan 𝑝 = 100
𝐷
p = total evaporable moisture content of sample, percent,
ASTM C566 W = mass of original sample, g,
Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture D = mass of dried sample, g
Content of Aggregate by Drying
This test method covers the determination of the percentage of
Importance of Bulk Density
evaporable moisture in a sample of aggregate by drying, both
surface moisture and moisture in the pores of the aggregate. Specific gravity test of aggregates is done to measure the
Some aggregate may contain water that is chemically strength or quality of the material. It is said that if the
combined with the minerals in the aggregate. Such water is not aggregates has higher specific gravity, meaning more dense, it
is stronger. Lightweight aggregates has lesser density W = density of water (998kg/cu.m)
compared to normal aggregates, thus, its weaker.
ASTM Standard
Importance of Specific Weight of Aggregates ASTM C127 - Standard Test Method for Relative Density
• Used for Design Mixture Calculation (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
• Used for Purchase Agreements ASTM C128 - Standard Test Method for Relative Density
• Used for Computation of Percentages of Voids (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate

ASTM C29/C 29M-97 ASTM C127

This test method covers the determination of bulk density This test method covers the determination of the average
(“unit weight”) of aggregate in a compacted or loose density of a quantity of coarse aggregate particles (not
condition, and calculated voids between particles in fine, including the volume of voids between the particles), the
coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination. relative density (specific gravity), and the absorption of the
This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 5 coarse aggregate. Depending on the procedure used, the
in. [125 mm] in nominal maximum size. density (kg/m3(lb/ft3)) is expressed as oven-dry (OD),
saturated-surface-dry (SSD), or as apparent density. Likewise,
relative density (specific gravity), a dimensionless quantity, is
Apparatus Needed
expressed as OD, SSD, or as apparent relative density
• Balance – Accurate within 0.1% of test load or at least (apparent specific gravity). The OD density and OD relative
0.05kg density are determined after drying the aggregate. The SSD
• Tamping rod – Round steel rod 16mm in diameter, 600mm density, SSD relative density, and absorption are determined
in length after soaking the aggregate in water for a prescribed duration.
• Measure – Cylindrical metal measure This test method is used to determine the density of the
essentially solid portion of a large number of aggregate
Procedure particles and provides an average value representing the
1. Obtain Samples in accordance with Practice D 75 and sample. Distinction is made between the density of aggregate
reduce to test sample size accordance with Practice C 702 particles as determined by this test method, and the bulk
density of aggregates as determined by Test Method C 29/C
2. Fill the measure with water and determine the mass of
29M, which includes the volume of voids between the
water. Measure the temperature of the water and calculate for
particles of aggregates.
the density.
3. Calculate for the volume of the measure using the volume
of the water. Summary of Test Method (ASTM C127)
4. Fill the measure with one-third full and level the surface A sample of aggregate is immersed in water for 24 4 h to
with fingers. Rod the layer with 25 strokes evenly distributed. essentially fill the pores. It is then removed from the water, the
Repeat the procedure on the two-third full. water dried from the surface of the particles, and the mass
determined. Subsequently, the volume of the sample is
5. Fill the remaining space to overflowing and rod again.
determined by the displacement of water method. Finally, the
Level the surface with fingers.
sample is oven-dried and the mass determined. Using the mass
6. Determine the mass of the measure. values thus obtained and formulas in this test method, it is
possible to calculate density, relative density (specific
Formula gravity), and absorption.
𝐺−𝑇
𝑀=
𝑉 Apparatus Needed
𝑀 = (𝐺 − 𝑇 )𝐹 1. Balance
M = bulk density of the aggregates, (kg/cu.m) 2. Sample Container
G = mass of the aggregates plus the measure, (kg) 3. Water Tank
T = mass of the measure, (kg) 4. Sieves
V = volume of the measure, (cu.m) 5. Oven
F = factor for the measure, (1/cu.m)
100𝑆𝑊 − 𝑀
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = Procedure
𝑆𝑊
1. Dry the test sample in the oven to constant mass at a
M = bulk density of the aggregate, (kg/cu.m)
temperature of 110± 5 °C, cool in air at room temperature for
S = bulk specific gravity (dry basis) as determined in 1 to 3 h for test samples of 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.) nominal
accordance with Test Method C 127 or Test method C 128 maximum size, or longer for larger sizes until the aggregate
has cooled to a temperature that is comfortable to handle A = mass of oven dry test sample in air (g)
(approximately 50°C). Subsequently immerse the aggregate in B = mass of saturated-surface dry test sample in air (g)
water at room temperature for a period of 24±4 h. C = apparent mass of saturated test sample in water (g)
2. Where the absorption and relative density (specific gravity)
values are to be used in proportioning concrete mixtures in
ASTM C128
which the aggregates will be in their naturally moist condition,
the requirement in 8.1 for initial drying is optional, and, if the This test method covers the determination of the average
surfaces of the particles in the sample have been kept density of a quantity of fine aggregate particles (not including
continuously wet until tested, the requirement in 8.1 for 24±4 the volume of voids between the particles), the relative density
h soaking is also optional. (specific gravity), and the absorption of the fine aggregate.
Depending on the procedure used, the density, in
3. Remove the test sample from the water and roll it in a large
kg/m3(lb/ft3) is expressed as oven-dry (OD), saturated-surface
absorbent cloth until all visible films of water are removed.
dry (SSD), or as apparent density. Likewise, relative density
Wipe the larger particles individually. A moving stream of air
(specific gravity), a dimensionless quality, is expressed as OD,
is permitted to assist in the drying operation. Take care to
SSD, or as apparent relative density (apparent specific
avoid evaporation of water from aggregate pores during the
gravity). The OD density and OD relative density are
surface-drying operation. Determine the mass of the test
determined after drying the aggregate. The SSD density, SSD
sample in the saturated surface-dry condition. Record this and
relative density, and absorption are determined after soaking
all subsequent masses to the nearest 0.5 g or 0.05 % of the
the aggregate in water for a prescribed duration.
sample mass, whichever is greater.
This test method is used to determine the density of the
4. After determining the mass in air, immediately place the
essentially solid portion of a large number of aggregate
saturated-surface-dry test sample in the sample container and
particles and provides an average value representing the
determine its apparent mass in water at 23±2.0 °C. Take care
sample. Distinction is made between the density of aggregate
to remove all entrapped air before determining its mass by
particles as determined by this test method, and the bulk
shaking the container while immersed
density of aggregates as determined by Test Method C 29/ C
5. Dry the test sample in the oven to constant mass at a 29M, which includes the volume of voids between the
temperature of 110±5 °C, cool in air at room temperature 1 to particles of aggregates.
3 h, or until the aggregate has cooled to a temperature that is
comfortable to handle (approximately 50 °C), and determine
the mass. Summary of ASTM C128
A sample of aggregate is immersed in water for 24±4 h to
essentially fill the pores. It is then removed from the water, the
Calculation
water is dried from the surface of the particles, and the mass
𝐴
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝑂𝐷) = determined. Subsequently, the sample (or a portion of it) is
𝐵−𝐶 placed in a graduated container and the volume of the sample
A = mass of oven dry test sample in air (g) is determined by the gravimetric or volumetric method.
B = mass of saturated-surface dry test sample in air (g) Finally, the sample is oven-dried and the mass determined
C = apparent mass of saturated test sample in water (g) again. Using the mass values thus obtained and formulas in
this test method, it is possible to calculate density, relative
𝐵 density (specific gravity), and absorption.
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝑆𝑆𝐷) =
𝐵−𝐶
B = mass of saturated-surface dry test sample in air (g) Apparatus Needed
C = apparent mass of saturated test sample in water (g) 1. Balance
2. Pycnometer
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ) 3. Flask
𝐴 4. Mold and Tamper for Surface Moisture
=
𝐴−𝐶
A = mass of oven dry test sample in air (g) Procedure – Gravimetric (Pycnometer)
C = apparent mass of saturated test sample in water (g) 1. Partially fill the pycnometer with water. Introduce into the
𝑘𝑔 𝐴 pycnometer 500±10 g of saturated surface-dry fine aggregate
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑂𝐷), 3 = 997.5 [ ]
𝑚 𝐵−𝐶 prepared as described in Section 8, and fill with additional
𝑘𝑔 𝐵 water to approximately 90 % of capacity. Agitate the
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑆𝐷), 3 = 997.5 [ ]
𝑚 𝐵−𝐶 pycnometer as described in 9.2.1.1 (manually) or 9.2.1.2
𝑘𝑔 𝐴 (mechanically).
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 3 = 997.5 [ ]
𝑚 𝐴−𝐶 9.2.1.1 Manually roll, invert, and agitate the
pycnometer to eliminate all air bubbles.
 9.2.1.2 Mechanically agitate the pycnometer by S = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the
external vibration in a manner that will not degrade the gravimetric procedure for density and relative density (specific
sample. A level of agitation adjusted to just set gravity), or for absorption with both procedures), g
individual particles in motion is sufficient to promote 𝑆1 = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen (used in the
de-airing without degradation. A mechanical agitator volumetric procedure for density and relative density (specific
shall be considered acceptable for use if comparison gravity)), g c
tests for each six-month period of use show variations
less that the acceptable range of two results (d2s)
Relative Density (Specific Gravity) (SSD)
indicated in Table 1 from the results of manual
agitation on the same material. Gravimetric Procedure:
𝑆
2. After eliminating all air bubbles, adjust the temperature of 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝑆𝑆𝐷) = [ ]
the pycnometer and its contents to 23.0±2.0°C if necessary, by 𝐵+𝑆−𝐶
partial immersion in circulating water, and bring the water Volumetric Procedure:
level in the pycnometer to its calibrated capacity. Determine 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝑆𝑆𝐷)
the total mass of the pycnometer, specimen, and 𝐴
𝑆1 ( 𝑆 )
3. Remove the fine aggregate from the pycnometer, dry to =[ ]
0.9975(𝑅2 − 𝑅1 )
constant mass at a temperature of 110±5°C, cool in air at room
temperature for 1±1⁄2h, and determine the mass.
4. Determine the mass of the pycnometer filled to its
calibrated capacity with water at 23.0±2.0°C. Apparent Relative Density (Apparent Specific Gravity)
Gravimetric Procedure:
Procedure – Volumetric (Le Chatelier Flask) 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)
1. Fill the flask initially with water to a point on the stem 𝐴
between the 0 and the 1-mL mark. Record this initial reading =[ ]
𝐵+𝐴−𝐶
with flask and contents within the temperature range of Volumetric Procedure:
23.0±2.0°C. Add 55±5 g of fine aggregate in the saturated
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)
surface-dry condition (or other measured quantity as 𝐴
necessary). After all fine aggregate has been introduced, place 𝑆1 ( 𝑆 )
=[ ]
the stopper in the flask and roll the flask in an inclined 𝑆
0.9975(𝑅2 − 𝑅1 ) − [ 𝑆1 (𝑆 − 𝐴)
position, or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle so as to
dislodge all entrapped air, continuing until no further bubbles
rise to the surface (Note 4). Take a final reading with the flask Density (Oven Dry)
and contents within 1°C of the original temperature. Gravimetric Procedure:
2. For determination of the absorption, use a separate 500±10- 𝑘𝑔
g portion of the saturated surface-dry fine aggregate, dry to 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑂𝐷), = 997.5𝐴(𝐵 + 𝑆 − 𝐶)
𝑚3
constant mass, and determine the dry mass. Volumetric Procedure:
𝐴
𝑘𝑔 997.5𝑆1 ( 𝑆 )
Relative Density (Specific Gravity) (OD) 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑂𝐷), 3 =
Gravimetric Procedure: 𝑚 0.9975(𝑅2 − 𝑅1 )
𝐴
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝑂𝐷 ) = [ ] Density (Saturated Surface Dry)
𝐵+𝑆−𝐶
Volumetric Procedure: Gravimetric Procedure:
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝑂𝐷) 𝑘𝑔 997.5𝑆
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑆𝐷), 3 =
𝐴 𝑚 (𝐵 + 𝑆 − 𝐶)
𝑆1 ( 𝑆 )
=[ ] Volumetric Procedure:
0.9975(𝑅2 − 𝑅1 )
𝑘𝑔 997.5𝑆1
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑆𝐷), 3 =
A = mass of oven dry specimen, g 𝑚 0.9975(𝑅2 − 𝑅1 )
B = mass of pycnometer filled with water, to calibration mark,
g Apparent Density (SSD)
C = mass of pycnometer filled with specimen and water to Gravimetric Procedure:
calibration mark, g 𝑘𝑔 997.5𝐴
R1 = initial reading of water level in Le Chatelier flask, mL 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑆𝐷 ), 3
=
𝑚 (𝐵 + 𝐴 − 𝐶)
R2 = final reading of water in Le Chatelier flask, mL Volumetric Procedure:
 𝑘𝑔 997.5𝑆1 Procedure
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑆𝑆𝐷), =
𝑚3 0.9975(𝑅 − 𝑅 ) − [𝑆1 (𝑆 − 𝐴) 1. Wash and oven-dry around 5kg of aggregates
2 1 𝑆
2. Separate sample into individual size fraction by sieving
3. Recombine the sieved material to the required grading
ASTM C131
4. Load the aggregates into Los Angeles apparatus and the
This test method covers a procedure for testing of coarse
corresponding charges. Rotate the drum for with a speed of
aggregates with a maximum size smaller than 37.5 mm ([1 1
30-33rpm, which is equivalent to 15 minutes.
/2 in.] for resistance to degradation using the Los Angeles
testing machine (Note 1). 5. Remove the Sample from the machine
NOTE 1: A procedure for testing coarse aggregate larger than 6. Sieve dry the sample
19.0 mm [ 3 /4 in.] is covered in Test Method C535. Thus, 7. If necessary, wash the materials and oven-dry
coarse aggregates with a maximum size between 19 mm [ 3 /4 8. Weigh to nearest 1g
in.] and 37.5 mm [1 1 /2 in.] may be tested by Test Method
C535 or Test Method C131/C131M. Formula
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 − 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
Los Angeles Abrasion %𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = × 1000
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
Measure of resistance of coarse aggregates to degradation:
1. Impact Formative Assessments
2. Abrasion Sieve Weight Individual Cumulative
Percent
3. Grinding (mm) Retained Percent Percent
98.1 - 4 4 96

Significance of this Test 19 - 45 49 51

9.5 - 42 91 9
1. Quality of the coarse aggregates can be determined using
this test. 4.75 - 9 100 0
2.36 - 0 100 0
2. The rocks can be classified as hard rock and soft rock
1.18 - 0 100 0
600 - 0 100 0
Required Apparatus
300 - 0 100 0
1. Los Angeles Machine
150 - 0 100 0
2. Standard Sieves
pan - 0 100 0
3. Scales
Fineness Modulus of the coarse aggregate
4. Oven
4 + 49 + 91 + 100(6)
5. Steel Charges (1-27/32 inches in diameter) (weigh 390 – 𝐹𝑀 =
100
445grams each)
𝑭𝑴 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟒
6. No.12 Sieves
A container with a volume of 0.01374 cu.m. has a weight of
7.4 kg, if the weight of the container and the aggregate is 29
Charge kg, determine the bulk density in kg/cu.m.
Sample Grading No. of Spheres Total Mass of 29 − 7.4
Charge 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
0.01374
A 12 5000g ± 25g 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
B 11 4584g ± 25g Filipino term for fine aggregates
C 8 3330g ± 25g Answer: Buhangin
To compact the aggregates the tool used is?
D 6 2500g ± 25g
Answer: Tamping rod
A is the coarsest grading, D is finest grading
Obtaining the sample should be based on ASTM ___.
Answer: D75
Grading Classification
How many strokes needed for each layer of aggregates for
compaction in determining the bulk density?
Answer: 25
The density of the water if its temperature is 15.6 degrees
Celsius in kg per cubic meter?
Answer: 999.01
The density of the water if its temperature is 21.1 degrees pan 31.5 5.9233 100.0000 0.0000
Celsius in kg per cubic meter? Fineness Modulus of the aggregates
Answer: 999.97 5.9233 + 18.6348 + 36.4807 + 57.6721
Reduction of sample size for ASTM C29 shall be based on 𝐹𝑀 = +69.0485 + 90.7860
ASTM ___. 100
Answer: C702 𝑭𝑴 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟓
The samples should be immersed in water for 24 hours plus or Aggregates should be dried before sieving
minus ___ hours. Answer: True
Answer: 4 A sample with initial weight of 500g has a mass of 490g after
The formula A(B-C) where A is the mass of OD test sample in drying, calculate the moisture content.
air, B is the mass of SSD test sample in air and C is the 500 − 490
𝑤= × 100
apparent mass of saturated test sample in water. 490
Answer: Relative density (OD) 𝒘 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟖%
The water volume in the pycnometer shall be approximately Oven is allowed as the drying machine for determination of
___% before agitating. moisture content.
Answer: 90 Answer: True
Which of the following is the formula for relative density The sample is thoroughly dry when further heating causes, or
(OD) using volumetric procedure? would cause, less than ____% additional loss in mass.
𝑨 Answer: 0.1
𝑺𝟏 ( )
Answer: 𝟎.𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟓(𝑹𝑺 −𝑹
𝟐 𝟏) A sample with initial weight of 1.22 kg has a mass of 1.12 kg
SSD means after drying, calculate the moisture content.
Answer: The surface is dried and the moisture inside is 1.22 − 1.12
𝑤= × 100
retained 1.12
The apparatus needed for ASTM C127 are given except of 𝒘 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟔%
one. A sample with initial weight of 10.6g has a mass of 9.8g after
Answer: Le Chatelier (among Balance, Oven, Sieve) drying, calculate the moisture content.
The standard test method for relative density and absorption of 10.6 − 9.8
𝑤= × 100
coarse aggregates is? 9.8
Answer: ASTM C127 𝒘 = 𝟖. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟑%
The standard test method for relative density and absorption of Type of alcohol that can be used to help dry the aggregates
fine aggregates is? Answer: Anhydrous denatured alcohol
Answer: ASTM C128 The sample size required for sample with nominal maximum
According to ASTM C128, the mass of the pycnometer filled size of No. 4 sieve is?
to its calibrated capacity with water shall be in what Answer: 0.5 kg
temperature? Why is it important to test the moisture content?
Answer: 23.0 ± 2.0 dC Answer: All of the above (Affect the workability of
The acronym OD means? concrete mix, Affect the water-cement ratio needed for
Answer: Oven dry concrete, Affect the strength of concrete)
ASTM C131 method covers a procedure for testing of coarse To determine the volume of the container, it is filled with ___
aggregates with a maximum size smaller than ___ mm. and using the density, and weight, volume can be calculated.
Answer: 37.5 mm Answer: Water
The coarsest grading considered in ASTM C131 is A container with a volume of 0.01374 cu.m. has a weight of
Answer: A 7.4 kg, if the weight of the container and the aggregate is 31
kg, determine the bulk density.
Weight
Individual Cumulative Percent 31 − 7.4
Sieve Retained
(g)
Percent Percent Passing 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
0.01374
4.75 mm 31.5 5.9233 5.9233 94.0767 𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
2.36 mm 67.6 12.7115 18.6348 81.3652 Balance should be accurate to 0.1% of the test load or ___ kg.
1.18 mm 96.5 18.1459 36.4807 63.2193 Answer: 0.05 kg.
600 um 111.1 20.8913 57.6721 42.3279
Fineness modulus of the aggregates affect the workability of
300 um 60.5 11.3765 69.0485 30.9515 concrete
150 um 115.6 21.7375 90.7860 9.2140 Answer: True
75 um 17.5 3.2907 94.0767 5.9233
Sieving duration must be sufficient so that not more than __ Answer: Le Chatelier (apparatus needed: Balance, Oven,
by mass of the material retained on any individual sieve will Sieve)
pass that sieve in 1 minute of sieving. Density of the material is equal to its mass over __?
Answer: 1% Answer: Volume
When sieving, the bottom of the sieve should be In the formula given, what is B
Answer: Pan 𝐴
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)(𝑂𝐷) = 𝐵+𝑆−𝐶 ?
The first method in checking the grading of aggregates is?
Answer: Mass of pycnometer filled with water
Answer: Reduction of sample size
The maximum temperature of aggregates for sage handling is
Concrete with lower FM is easier to finish __ degrees Celsius?
Answer: True Answer: 50
Moisture content of aggregates is important in concrete design The formula A/(B-C) where A is the mass of OD test sample
mix in air, B is the mass of SSD test sample in air and C is the
Answer: True apparent mass of saturated test sample in water.
The safe minimum temperature of aggregates for handling is? Answer: Relative density (OD)
Answer: 50 degrees Celsius The time needed for Los Angeles Apparatus to perform
The sample size required for sample with nominal maximum abrasion test is approximately?
size of 6 inches is? Answer: 15 minutes
Answer: 50 kg The maximum number of charges needed is?
Igniting the alcohol is allowed to fasten the drying process Answer: 12
Answer: True The first method for ASTM C131 test is?
Moisture content of aggregate is limited to 5% Answer: Washing of samples
Answer: False** The finest grading considered as ASTM C131 is
A sample with initial weight of 4.2 kg has a mass of 4.08 g Answer: D
after drying, calculate the moisture content. The finals sample shall be weighed to the nearest ___ g.
4.2 − 4.08 Answer: 1
𝑤% = × 100 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟐%
4.08 The rotation of the drum of Los Angeles Apparatus is ___?
Balance powered by batteries is allowed to be use
Answer: 30-33 rpm
Answer: True**
The total mass of charge needed for sample grading A is
Balance for determining the bulk density of aggregates should
Answer: 5000 g
be accurate to ___% or at least ___ kg.
In accordance with ASTM C131, grading A should have a
Answer: 0.01%, 0.5 kg
sample weight of ___ to sieves opening of 37.5, 25, 19 and
Density is equal to ___ over ___. 12.5?
Answer: Mass over volume Answer: 1250 g
To compact the aggregates, the tool used is? Minimum sample mass for nominal maximum size of
Answer: Tamping rod aggregate of 150mm
Importance of specific weight of aggregates Answer: 50
Answer: All of the above (Used for Design Mixture Moisture content of aggregates will affect
Calculation, Used for Purchase Agreements, Used for Answer: All of the above (concrete’s workability, strength,
Computation of Percentages of Voids) porosity)
ASTM C29 is applicable only for aggregates not exceeding Minimum sample mass for nominal maximum size of
___ mm in nominal size aggregate of 25mm
Answer: 125 Answer: 4
Shape of coarse aggregate most suitable for self-compacting Equipment needed to get the moisture content of aggregates?
concrete
Answer: All of the above (Balance, Oven, Container)
Answer: Rounded
How many layers of coarse aggregates needed for the
According to ASTM C128, the mass of the pycnometer filled determination of bulk density?
to its calibrated capacity with water shall be in what
Answer: 3
temperature?
Coarse aggregate is also known as?
Answer: 23.0±2.0dC
Answer: Graba
The apparatus needed for ASTM C127 are given except of
one. Number of strokes needed for each layer of aggregates in
accordance with ASTM C29
Answer: 25
Is it allowed to wash the materials after abrasion is performed?
Answer: Yes
The rejected sample after the abrasion test is considered those
passing No. __ sieve.
Answer: 12
ASTM C131 or the abrasion test for coarse aggregates
measure the resistance of coarse aggregates to?
Answer: Degradation
The standard test method for total evaporable moisture content
of aggregate by drying is based on ASTM ____
Answer: C566
The moisture content of the sample 100 multiplied by (mass of
the original sample minus mass of the dried sample) divided
by ____.
Answer: Mass of the dried sample
Using the Le chatelier Flask, the amount of fine aggregated
needed is ___ plus or minus 5?
Answer: 55
The ASTM standard for checking the grading of aggregates
used for concrete is?
Asnwer: ASTM C136
Higher value of fineness modulus means the aggregate is
coarser
Answer: True
MODULE 5A: Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of
hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle Molding Test Specimen

ASTM C191 1. Quickly form the cement paste, prepared as described in the
section on preparation of cement paste, into a ball with gloved
These test methods determine the time of setting of
hands and toss six times from one hand to the other, maintaining
hydraulic cement by means of the Vicat needle. Two test the hands about 150 mm (6 in.) apart.
methods are given; Method A is the Reference Test Method 2. Press the ball, resting in the palm of the hand, into the larger
using the manually operated standard Vicat apparatus, while end of the conical ring, held in the other hand, completely filling
Method B permits the use of an automatic Vicat machine that the ring with paste.
has, in accordance with the qualification requirements of this
method, demonstrated acceptable performance. 3. Remove the excess at the larger end by a single movement
of the palm of the hand.

MATERIALS NEEDED 4. Place the ring on its larger end onto a non-absorptive plate,
and slice off the excess paste at the smaller end at the top of
1. Vicat Apparatus the ring by a single oblique stroke of the trowel held at a slight
2. Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Mass 3. angle with the top of the ring.
Glass Graduates
4. Plane non-absorptive plate 5. Smooth the top of the specimen, if necessary, with one or two
5. Flat Trowel light touches of the pointed end of the trowel. During the
6. Conical Ring operation of cutting and smoothing, take care not to compress
7. Mixer, Bowl and Paddle the paste.

6. Immediately after molding, place the test specimen in the

moist closet or moist room and allow it to remain there except
when penetration measurements are being made. The
specimen shall remain in the conical mold, supported by the
non-absorptive plate throughout the test period.

CONSISTENCY DETERMINATION:

Center the paste confined in the ring, resting on the

plate, under the rod B, Fig. 1, the plunger end C of which shall
be brought in contact with the surface of the paste, and tighten
the set-screw E. Then set the movable indicator F to the upper
zero mark of the scale, or take an initial reading, and release the
rod immediately. This must not exceed 30 s after completion of
mixing. The apparatus shall be free of all vibrations during the
ASTM C187: Standard Test Method for Normal Consistency test. The paste shall be of normal consistency when the rod
of Hydraulic Cement settles to a point 10 ±1 mm below the original surface in 30 s
This test method covers the determination of the normal after being released.
consistency of hydraulic cement
Time of Setting Determination
PREPARATION OF CEMENT PASTE 1. Allow the time of setting specimen to remain in the
The cement paste used for the determination of the time of moist cabinet for 30 minutes after molding without being
setting is obtained from one of the following methods: 1. Prepare disturbed.
a new batch of paste by mixing 650 g of cement with the 2. Determine the penetration of the 1-mm needle at this
percentage of mixing water required for normal consistency (T time and every 15 minutes thereafter (every 10 minutes for Type
129), following the procedure described in T 162. III cements) until a penetration of 25 mm or less is obtained.
3. Perform the penetration test by lowering the needle,
2. For Method A, at the option of the tester, use the test of the rod until it rests on the surface of the cement paste.
specimen used for determining normal consistency (Note 2). Tighten the set screw, and set the indicator, at the upper end of
3. At the option of the tester, use the paste remaining from the the scale, or take an initial reading.
batch used for the autoclave specimen (ASTM C 151) or from 4. Release the rod quickly by releasing the set screw,
the normal consistency determination (T 129) and allow the needle to settle for 30 seconds; then take the
reading to determine the penetration. At the option of the tester,
if the paste is obviously quite soft on the early readings, retard A sample of freshly mixed concrete is placed and
the fall of the rod to avoid bending the 1-mm needle, but when compacted by rodding in a mold shaped as the frustum
actual penetration measurements to determine the time of of a cone. The mold is raised, and the concrete allowed
setting are made, release the rod only by the set screw. to subside. The vertical distance between the original
and displaced position of the center of the top surface of
5. Make each penetration test at least 5 mm away from the concrete is measured and reported as the slump of
any previous penetration and at least 10 mm away from the the concrete.
inner side of the mold. Record the results of all penetration tests
and, by interpolation, determine the time when a penetration of
Apparatus Needed
25 mm is obtained. The elapsed time between the initial contact
of cement and water and the penetration of 25 mm is the Vicat 1. Mold
time of setting or Vicat initial time of setting. 2. Tamping Rod
3. Measuring Device (Ruler)
1. Determine the Vicat final time of setting end point to 4. Scoop
be the first penetration measure that does not mark the 5. Pan
specimen surface with a complete circular impression. 6. Metal Plate
2. Verify final set by performing two additional
penetration measurements on different areas of the specimen PROCEDURE
surface. Obtain verification measurements within 90 s of the first 1. Dampen the mold and place it on a rigid, flat,
“final set” measurement. The elapsed time between the initial level, moist, nonabsorbent surface, free of
contact of cement and water and the end point determination vibration, and that is large enough to contain all
above is the Vicat final time of setting. of the slumped concrete. It shall be held firmly in
place during filling and perimeter cleaning by the
(𝑯 − 𝑬)
𝑽𝑰𝑪𝑨𝑻 𝑻𝑰𝑴𝑬 𝑶𝑭 𝑺𝑬𝑻𝑻𝑰𝑵𝑮 = ((
(𝑪 − 𝑫)
) 𝑿(𝑪 − 𝟐𝟓)) + 𝑬 operator standing on the two foot pieces or by a
clamping arrangement to a base plate as
E = time in minutes of last penetration greater than 25 described in 5.1. From the sample of concrete
mm, obtained in accordance with Section 6,
H = time in minutes of first penetration less than 25 immediately fill the mold in three layers, each
mm, approximately one third the volume of the mold
C = penetration reading at time E, and (See Note 5). Place the concrete in the mold
D = penetration reading time at time H using the scoop described in 5.4. Move the scoop
around the perimeter of the mold opening to
Calculate the Vicat final time of setting by determining ensure an even distribution of the concrete with
the elapsed time between the time of the initial contact between minimal segregation.
cement and water and the time when the needle does not sink 2. 2. Rod each layer 25 times uniformly over the
visibly into the paste, rounded to the nearest five minutes. cross section with the rounded end of the rod.
For the bottom layer, this will necessitate
inclining the rod slightly and making
approximately half of the strokes near the
MODULE 5B: Standard Test Method for Slump of
perimeter, and then progressing with vertical
Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
strokes spirally toward the center. Rod the
bottom layer throughout its depth. For each
ASTM C143 -This test method covers determination of
upper layer, allow the rod to penetrate through
slump of hydraulic-cement concrete, both in the
the layer being rodded and into the layer below
laboratory and in the field. The values stated in either SI
approximately 1 in. [25 mm].
units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately
3. 3. In filling and rodding the top layer, heap the
as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in
concrete above the mold before rodding is
brackets. The values stated in each system may not be
started. If the rodding operation results in
exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
subsidence of the concrete below the top edge
independently of the other. Combining values from the
of the mold, add additional concrete to keep an
two systems may result in non-conformance with the
excess of concrete above the top of the mold at
standard.
all times. After the top layer has been rodded,
strike off the surface of the concrete by means of
a screeding and rolling motion of the tamping
 rod. Continue to hold the mold down firmly and •Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result
remove concrete from the area surrounding the is incomplete, and concrete to be retested
base of the mold to preclude interference with
the movement of slumping concrete.
MODULE 5C: Standard Practice for Making and Curing
4. 4. Remove the mold immediately from the
Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
concrete by raising it carefully in a vertical
direction. Raise the mold a distance of 12 in. [300
ASTM C192 - This practice provides standardized
mm] in 5±2 s by a steady upward lift with no
requirements for preparation of materials, mixing
lateral or torsional motion. Complete the entire
concrete, and making and curing concrete test
test from the start of the filling through removal
specimens under laboratory conditions. If specimen
of the mold without interruption and complete it
preparation is controlled as stipulated herein, the
within an elapsed time of 2 1⁄2 min.
specimens may be used to develop information for the
5. Immediately measure the slump by determining
following purposes:
the vertical difference between the top of the
A. Mixture proportioning for project concrete,
mold and the displaced original center of the top
B. Evaluation of different mixtures and materials,
surface of the specimen. If a decided falling away
C. Correlation with nondestructive tests, and
or shearing off of concrete from one side or
D. Providing specimens for research purposes.
portion of the mass occurs, disregard the test
and make a new test on another portion of the
Apparatus Needed (Cylinder)
sample.
1. Cylindrical Mold (150mm diameter by 300mm height)
2. Tamping Rod
3. Rubber Mullet
4. Scoop
5. Tagging Paper/Marker

Procedure
1. After mixing the fresh concrete, and checking its
workability using the slump test, the sampling for
compressive strength can be started.
2. Moist the cylindrical mold with a demolding agent or
used oil including the outside area.
3. Fill the mold up to the third level using the scoop.
Slightly tamp using the tamping rod 25 times on a circular
pattern. Slightly tamp the outside of the mold using the
rubber mallet.
4. Fill the next third level of the mold. Slightly tamp the
concrete up to the surface of the first level of concrete.
Again, Slightly tamp the outside using the rubber mullet.
•True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be
5. Fill the remaining level of concrete and slightly overfill
measured in the test. The measurement is taken
the top. Tamp the concrete using the tamping rod up to
between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete
the last level filled. Use the tamping rod to scrape the
after the cone has been removed as shown in figure-1.
excess concrete on top of the cylinder. Use the concrete
spoon to level the top. Place a tag on top of the specimen
•Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low
6. Place the specimens on the cool place away from
water-cement ratio, which results in dry mixes. These
sunlight and moisture.
type of concrete is generally used for road construction.
7. After a day, demold the specimen, place the specimen
on a curing tank up to the desired duration before
•Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-
testing.
cement ratio is too high, i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it
is a high workability mix, for which a slump test is not
appropriate.
NUMBER OF LAYERS specimens that are not plane within 0.002 in. [0.050 mm]
shall be sawed or ground to meet that tolerance or
capped in accordance with either Practice C 617 or
Practice C 1231. The diameter used for calculating the
cross-sectional area of the test specimen shall be
determined to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] by
averaging two diameters measured at right angles to
each other at about midweight of the specimen.
• The number of individual cylinders measured for
determination of average diameter is not prohibited
from being reduced to one for each ten specimens or
three specimens per day, whichever is greater, if all
cylinders are known to have been made from a single lot
of reusable or single-use molds which consistently
produce specimens with average diameters within a
range of 0.02 in. [0.5 mm]. When the average diameters
DIAMETER OF ROD
do not fall within the range of 0.02 in. [0.5 mm] or when
the cylinders are not made from a single lot of molds,
each cylinder tested must be measured and the value
used in calculation of the unit compressive strength of
that specimen.

PROCEDURE:

1. Compression tests of moist-cured specimens shall be

MODULE 5D: Standard Test Method for Compressive made as soon as practicable after removal from moist
and Flexural Strength of Concrete storage.
2. Test specimens shall be kept moist by any convenient
ASTM C39 - This test method covers determination of method during the period between removal from moist
compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens storage and testing. They shall be tested in the moist
such as molded cylinders and drilled cores. It is limited to condition.
concrete having a unit weight in excess of 50 lb/ft3 [800 3. All test specimens for a given test age shall be broken
kg/m3]. The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units within the permissible time tolerances prescribed as
are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units follows:
are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system
may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in
nonconformance with the standard.

APPARATUS NEEDED
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Capping Machine 4. Placing the Specimen—Place the plain (lower) bearing
3. Alternative to Capping is Rubber Capping block, with its hardened face up, on the table or platen
of the testing machine directly under the spherically
SPECIMEN seated (upper) bearing block. Wipe clean the bearing
• Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter faces of the upper and lower bearing blocks and of the
of a cylinder differs from any other diameter of the same test specimen and place the test.
cylinder by more than 2 %.
• Neither end of compressive test specimens when 5. Rate of Loading—Apply the load continuously and
tested shall depart from perpendicularity to the axis by without shock.
more than 0.5° (approximately equivalent to 0.12 in 12 A. For testing machines of the screw type, the moving
in. [3 in 300 mm]). The ends of compression test head shall travel at a rate of approximately 0.05 in. [1
mm]/min when the machine is running idle. For DIAGRAM OF TESTING
hydraulically operated machines, the load shall be
applied at a rate of movement (platen to crosshead
measurement) corresponding to a loading rate on the
specimen within the range of 20 to 50 psi/s [0.15 to 0.35
MPa/s]. The designated rate of movement shall be
maintained at least during the latter half of the
anticipated loading phase of the testing cycle.
B. During the application of the first half of the
anticipated loading phase a higher rate of loading shall
be allowed.
C. Make no adjustment in the rate of movement of the
platen at any time while a specimen is yielding rapidly
immediately before failure. TESTING
1. The test specimen shall conform to all
6. Apply the load until the specimen fails, and record the requirements of Test Method C 42 or Practices C
maximum load carried by the specimen during the test. 31 or C 192 applicable to beam and prism
Note the type of failure and the appearance of the specimens and shall have a test span within 2 %
concrete. of being three times its depth as tested. The
sides of the specimen shall be at right angles with
CALCULATION the top and bottom. All surfaces shall be smooth
and free of scars, indentations, holes, or
1. Calculate the compressive strength of the specimen by inscribed identification marks. 2. The technician
dividing the maximum load carried by the specimen performing the flexural strength test should be
during the test by the average cross-sectional area certified as an ACI Technician—Grade II, or by an
determined as described in Section 6 and express the equivalent written and performance test
result to the nearest 10 psi [0.1 MPa]. program.
2. If the specimen length to diameter ratio is less than
1.8, correct the result obtained in 8.1 by multiplying by PROCEDURE
the appropriate correction factor shown in the following 1. Flexural tests of moist-cured specimens shall
table. be made as soon as practical after removal from moist
storage. Surface drying of the specimen results in a
reduction in the measured flexural strength.
2. When using molded specimens, turn the test
1. Identification number, specimen on its side with respect to its position as
2. Diameter (and length, if outside the range of 1.8D to molded and center it on the support blocks. When using
2.2D), in inches [millimetres], sawed specimens, position the specimen so that the
3. Cross-sectional area, in square inches [square tension face corresponds to the top or bottom of the
millimeters], specimen as cut from the parent material. Center the
4. Maximum load, in pounds-force [kilonewtons]. loading system in relation to the applied force.
3. Load the specimen continuously and without
ASTM C78 - This test method covers the determination shock. The load shall be applied at a constant rate to the
of the flexural strength of concrete by the use of a simple breaking point. Apply the load at a rate that constantly
beam with third-point loading. The values stated in inch- increases the extreme fiber stress between 125 and 175
pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI psi/min (0.86 and 1.21 MPa/min) until rupture occurs.
equivalent of inch-pound units has been rounded where The loading rate is calculated using the following
necessary for practical application. equation:
𝑺𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝒓=
APPARATUS NEEDED 𝑳
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Measuring Tape/Ruler r = loading rate, lb/min (MN/min),
3. Loading Apparatus S = rate of increase in extreme fiber stress,
psi/min (MPa/ min),
 b = average width of the specimen, in. (mm), MODULE 5E: Standard Test Method for Compressive
d = average depth of the specimen, in. (mm), and Strength of Masonry Prisms
L = span length, in (mm)
ASTM C1314 - Standard Test Method for Compressive
𝑷𝑳 Strength of Masonry Prisms contains provisions for
𝑹=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 determining the compressive strength of a masonry
R = modulus of rupture, psi, or MPa, prism: an assemblage made of representative units,
P = maximum applied load indicated by the mortar and grout (for grouted masonry construction).
testing machine, lbf, or N, Although constructed using materials used in the project,
L = span length, in., or mm, the prism is not intended to be a reduced-scale version
b = average width of specimen, in., or mm, at the of the wall, but rather a quality assurance instrument to
fracture, and demonstrate how the masonry components work
d = average depth of specimen, in., or mm, at the together.
fracture
TYPES OF PRISM
If the fracture occurs in the tension surface
outside of the middle third of the span length by not
more than 5 % of the span length, calculate the modulus
of rupture as follows:

𝟑𝑷𝒂
𝑹=
𝒃𝒅𝟐
R = modulus of rupture, psi, or MPa,
P = maximum applied load indicated by the APPARATUS NEEDED:
testing machine, lbf, or N, 1. Universal Testing Machine
L = span length, in., or mm, 2. Capping Tools
b = average width of specimen, in., or mm, at the 3. Ruler
fracture, and 4. Masonry Test Kit for UTM
d = average depth of specimen, in., or mm, at the
fracture CURING PRISMS
a = average distance between line of fracture and Each prism is constructed in a moisture-tight bag
the nearest support measured on the tension surface of large enough to enclose and seal the completed prism.
the beam, in., (or mm). The bags should have adequate thickness to prevent
tearing; a thickness of 0.0051mm or greater has been
found to work well. After the initial 48 hours of job site
ASTM C293 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength curing in the moisture-tight bag, each prism is carefully
of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Center-Point moved to a location where the temperature is
Loading) maintained at 24±8°C for full curing prior to testing.

This test method covers determination of the flexural PROCEDURE

strength of concrete specimens using a simple beam with 1. Remove the prism 2 days prior to testing date.
center-point loading. It is not an alternative to Test 2. Provide a smooth surface by introducing capping
Method C 78. agent such as gypsum compound or sulfur
3. Determine the prism center of mass.
𝟑𝑷𝑳
𝑹= 4. In placing the specimen, make sure to align the
𝟐𝒃𝒅𝟐 prism’s center of mass to the center of the of thrust of
R = modulus of rupture, psi, or MPa,
the testing machine.
P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing
5. Start the test. Apply the required loading scheme on
machine, lbf, or N,
the sample
L = span length, in., or mm,
6. Determine the compressive strength of the prism.
b = average width of specimen, at the fracture, in., or
mm,
d = average depth of specimen, at the fracture, in., or mm
PRISM NET CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA Module 6A: Compression, Tension and Bending of
To provide accurate an accurate strength Wood
calculation, the laboratory needs to determine the net
area of the prisms. Ungrouted masonry prisms should be ASTM D4761 - This test method provides procedures for
delivered to the testing agency with three additional the determination of the axial compressive strength of
units, identical to those used to construct the prism. If stress-graded lumber and other wood-base structural
reduced-length prisms are used, additional reduced- material
length units should accompany the prisms to the
laboratory for this purpose. The specimen is subjected to an axial compressive
loadapplied at its ends. The specimen is loaded at a
The net cross-sectional area used to calculate prescribed rateuntil failure occurs or a preselected load
compressive strength of a prism depends on whether the is reached. This testmethod permits either tests of
prisms are grouted or ungrouted. For ungrouted full-size commercial lengths or tests of short specimens cut from
prisms, the cross-sectional area is the net cross-sectional commercial lengths.
area of the concrete masonry units determined in
accordance with ASTM C140 on concrete masonry units APPARATUS NEEDED
identical to those used to construct the prisms. When 1. Testing Machine
reduced sized units are used to construct ungrouted 2. Bearing Blocks
prisms, the net cross-sectional area is based on the 3. Lateral Support
reduced sized units.
TEST SPECIMEN
When testing fully grouted prisms, net cross- The length of the specimen shall be at least 2.5 times the
sectional area is determined by multiplying the actual larger cross-sectional dimension
length and width of the prism per ASTM C1314. These
areas are illustrated in Figure. PROCEDURE:
1. Place the specimen on the testing area. Secure the
NET CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA lateral support.
2. Apply the load that ensure failure of the specimen in
less than 1 minute.
3. Record the maximum load

ASTM D4761 - This test method provides procedures for

the determination of the axial tensile strength of stress-
graded lumber and other woodbase structural material.

The specimen is subjected to an axial tensile load

applied near its ends. The specimen is loaded at a
prescribed rate and observation of load is made until
CORRECTION FACTOR
failure occurs or apreselected load is reached.
Since the ratio of height, hp, to least lateral
dimension, tp,—designated the aspect ratio or hp/tp—of
1. Universal Testing Machine
the prism can significantly affect the load carrying
2. Grips or Clamping Devices (recommended distance is
capacity of the masonry prism, ASTM C1314 contains
25 times the width of the specimen)
correction factors for prisms having different aspect
ratios, as outlined in Table below.
TEST SPECIMEN
The length of the specimen shall be at least the clear
distance between grips plus any required length to
achieve contact along the full length of the grips

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure and record the cross-sectional
dimension and the moisture content of the
specimen. 2. Place the specimen on the grip 3.
Start the test by applying a speed that the failure MODULE 6B: Tensile Strength of Reinforcing Bars
occurs within 1 minute. 4. Record the maximum
load.
ASTM A615 - This specification covers deformed
ASTM D4761 - This test method provides and plain carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement in
procedures for the determination of long-span cut lengths and coils. Steel bars containing alloy
modulus of elasticity of lumber and other wood- additions, such as with the AISI and SAE series of alloy
base structural material in flat-wise bending steels, are permitted if the resulting product meets all
under center-point load the other requirements of this specification. The
standard sizes and dimensions of deformed bars and
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY- their number designations are given in Table 1. The text
Long-span modulus of elasticity (E) is defined as of this specification references notes and footnotes
the modulus of elasticity calculated from which provide explanatory material. These notes and
deflection measured in a flat-wise test of lumber footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not
with center point loading and aspan-depth ratio be considered as requirements of the specification.
(l/d) of approximately 100 (90 to 110). Bars are of three minimum yield levels: namely:
A. 40 000 [280 MPa]
A known concentrated load is applied at mid- B. 60 000 [420 MPa]
span of a simply supported piece of lumber C. 75 000 psi [520 MPa] designated as:
oriented flatwise. A dial indicator is used to
determine the deflection of the lumber A. Grade 40 [280]
pieceunder the load. The modulus of elasticity B. Grade 60 [420]
(E) is determined by relating the deflection to the C. Grade 75 [520]
size of lumber and the test span. TENSILE REQUIREMENTS

1. Support System 1. The material, as represented by the test specimens,

2. Dial Indicator - can measure deflections up to shall conform to the requirements for tensile properties
at least 1 in. (25 mm) to the nearest 0.001 in. prescribed in Table 2.
(0.025mm). 2. The yield point or yield strength shall be determined
3. Weight (5lbs) and (10lbs). by one of the following methods: A. The yield point shall
be determined by drop of the beam or halt in the gage of
PROCEDURE the testing machine. B. Where the steel tested does not
1. Place the wood on the testing machine. Place have a well-defined yield point, the yield strength shall
the support at a to provide a pan to depth ratio be determined by reading the stress corresponding to
in a range of 90 – 110. the prescribed strain using an autographic diagram
2. Place the dial indicator midway between the method or an extensometer as described in Test
supports. Methods and Definitions A 370. The strain shall be 0.5 %
3. Apply the preload weight to the center of the of gage length for Grade 40 [280] and Grade 60 [420] and
specimen. shall be 0.35 % of gage length for Grade 75 [520].
4. Apply the load weights to the test specimen at
center of the span. Ideal combination is 3-5lbs
and 1-10lbs.
5. Determine the deflection by reading the dial.

𝑷𝑳𝟑
𝑬=
𝟒𝟖𝒅𝑰
E = modulus of elasticity, psi x 106
P = load, lb,
L = span, in.,
d = deflection, and
I = moment of inertia, in6 .
 7. Determine the elongation by measuring the rebar
(Using the UTM Machine Output or by Measuring).

Number of tests:
For bar sizes No. 3 to 11 [10 to 36], inclusive, one
tension test and one bend test shall be made of the
largest size rolled from each heat. If, however, material
from one heat differs by three or more designation
numbers, one tension and one bend test shall be made
from both the highest and lowest designation number of
the deformed bars rolled. For bar sizes Nos. 14 and 18
[43 and 57], one tension test and one bend test shall be
made of each size rolled from each heat. For all bar sizes
one set of dimensional property tests including bar
weight [mass] and spacing, height, and gap of
deformations shall be made of each bar size rolled from
each heat.
These test methods cover procedures and
definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless
steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests
herein described are used to determine properties
required in the product specifications. Variations in
testing methods are to be avoided, and standard
methods of testing are to be followed to obtain
reproducible and comparable results. In those cases in
which the testing requirements for certain products are
unique or at variance with these general procedures, the
product specification testing requirements shall control.

APPARATUS
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Measuring Tape and Marker

1. Cut the reinforcing bar to the necessary length in

accordance with the code or given specification (1m)
from the universal testing machine.
2. Mark the rebar using marker as the basis for
determining the elongation
3. Measure the diameter using caliper, measure the
weight of each specimen
4. Place the rebar on the machine. Tightly secure the
rebar at both ends.
5. Start the test. Apply the necessary loading in
accordance with the ASTM standard.
6. After the test, determine the yield point given by the
graph.
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS The approximate distance of hand when tossing the
sample in accordance with C191
When casting cylinder with diameter of 225mm, the ANSWER: 150mm
number of layers should be The slump test is necessary because?
ANSWER:4 d. All of the above
The area of the needle of the vicat apparatus is in sq.mm.
ANSWER: 1 sq. mm Complete the entire test from the start of the filling
through removal of the mold without interruption and
The penetration test shall have a distance of ____ mm complete it within an elapsed time of _______seconds.
form any previous penetration on the outer side of the mold ANSWER: 150seconds
ANSWER: 5 mm
The target penetration of the needle is? Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 7days
ANSWER:25mm
The penetration test shall have a distance of ____ mm ANSWER: ± 6.0h
form any previous penetration on the inner side of the
mold How many layers should the concrete be placed on the
ANSWER:10 slump cone?
Why it is necessary to use gloves in the preparation of ANSWER: 3
cement paste for the determination of setting time? Slump of fresh concrete is necessary to design mix of
ANSWER:Both A and B normal concrete
The allowed time to settle the needle for the initial setting ANSWER: True
time test is? In the determination of slump of concrete, it is necessary
ANSWER:30seconds to measure the diameter of the specimen after testing
Glass can be used as non-absorbent plate in the vicat ANSWER: True
apparatus How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in
ANSWER:True accordance ASTM standard for slump test
How many times you need to toss the sample from one ANSWER: 25
hand to another in accordance with C191 Immediately after casting the specimen, it is necessary to
ANSWER:6 _________ to prevent early evaporation
Initial Setting of cement: Determine the initial setting time ANSWER: Cover with plastic
ANSWER30.35 minutes The dimensions of the cross section of beam specimen
for flexural strength test
The required time of penetration in ASTM C197 is? ANSWER: 150mm x 150mm
ANSWER:30sec Vibration is required as mode of consolidation for
Initial Setting of cement: Determine the initial setting time cylinders with diameter?
H = 27.25 minutes
E = 33.5 minutes ANSWER: 225 mm
C = 26mm How many strokes needed for each layer of
D= 22mm concrete in casting the beam specimen?
ANSWER: 28.81 ANSWER: 25 layers
Before placing the concrete, the slump cone should be
_________. The mass of cement needed for testing using the vicat
ANSWER: Moisten apparatus
The allowed time of lifting the slump cone for the slump
test? ANSWER: 650g
ANSWER: 5±2 seconds Proper preparation of specimen is necessary in the
ASTM standard for testing the slump of concrete determination of strength of specimen
ANSWER: C143 ANSWER: True
Slump test quantifies the _______ of fresh concrete
ANSWER: Workability The height of the cylindrical specimen for compressive
strength
ANSWER: 12’’
Tamping of mold using the rubber mallet for the Machine used to test the flexural strength is?
preparation of concrete specimen is allowed ANSWER: UTM
ANSWER: True
The ASTM standard for the preparation of specimen for Machine used to test the compressive strength is?
curing UTM
ANSWER: ASTM C192
It is allowed to slight tamp the mold using? The standard test for flexural strength of concrete in
ANSWER: Rubber mullet accordance with ASTM
How many layers of concrete needed for casting the ANSWER: C78
cylindrical specimen?
ANSWER: 3 Maintaining temperature for masonry for curing
Paper is allowed for tagging the specimen for curing
ANSWER: True ANSWER: 24±8 degrees Celsius
Curing of specimen will improve the hydration of cement
ANSWER: TRUE Thickness of bad should be equal or greater than
Manual mixing of concrete is allowed to in the preparation ____ for storing masonry specimen
of concrete specimen
ANSWER:True ANSWER: 0.0051mm
For hydraulically operated machines, the load shall be
applied at a rate of movement (platen to crosshead Initial curing period for masonry before full curing should
measurement) corresponding to a loading rate on the be how many days?
specimen within the range of ______?
ANSWER: 0.15 to 0.35 Mpa/s ANSWER: 2 DAY
Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.75
ANSWER: 0.98 The correction factor for specimen with height to least
Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.25 lateral dimension ratio equal to 3.0
ANSWER: 0.93
A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm ANSWER: 1.07
and length of 525mm, calculate the flexural strength of
the concrete if the load is 30kN and the loading system is Standard test method for testing the compressive
center point load. strength of masonry in accordance with ASTM
ANSWER: 7.0Mpa
The standard test for compressive strength of concrete in ANSWER: ACTM1314
accordance with
ANSWER:C39
A sample with diameters of 150.23 and 151.02 tested for The following are tools needed for testing the
compressive strength has an axial load of 600kN, compressive strength of masonry except?
calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.
ANSWER: 33.67Mpa ANSWER: ROD

A sample with an average diameter of 6’’ tested for

compressive strength has an axial load of 490kN, Material that can be used as capping agent for masonry
calculate the compressive strength of the concrete. ANSWER: BOTH A AND B
ANSWER: 27.73 Mpa
In accordance with C197 Standard method for normal
A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm consistency of hydraulics cement, What is the tolerance
and length of 525mm, calculate the flexural strength of for the depth of penetration
the concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is
third point load. ANSWER: ±0.1mm
ANSWER: 4.67Mpa
The depth in mm required for the needle in testing the Capping helps the cylindrical specimen to have?
initial setting time of cement
c. Denser
ANSWER: 10 d. All of the above
b. Smooth, parallel and perpendicular surface
Sand should be measure up to the nearest 0.1 grams in a. Higher strength
the determination of setting time of hydraulic cement
Is the grout included in the net area?
ANSWER:TRUE 50%

The sample should be place in the cabinet for about ____ The correction factor for specimen with height to least
minute in accordance with C191 lateral dimension ratio equal to 1.5

ANSWER: 30 ANSWER: 0.86

If the result is target slump is 4’’ and actual slump is 6’’, The masonry prism should be removed from the curing
the possible reason is/are? tank ____ days before testing
Too much mixing time ANSWER: 2
Concrete has higher water content
Aggregates are wet Initial setting time of cement is necessary to design mix of
ANSWER:d. All of the above normal concrete
ANSWER: True
Rodding the concrete inside the slump cone will eliminate
the pockets of air Determine the penetration of 1-mm needle at this time
ANSWER: TRUE and every ____ minutes when getting the initial setting
time
Workability of concrete can be determine using the slump ANSWER: 15
cone test
ANSWER: TRUE Moist is necessary for the effective release of the slump
cone
The opening diameter of slump cone on bottom ANSWER: True
ANSWER: 8”
On the succeeding layers of concrete in slump test, how
The diameter of cylindrical specimen? much is the allowable penetration depth on the previous
ANSWER: 150mm layer?
ANSWER: 0. 25mm
The length of beam mold for flexural strength test
ASTM C187 is the standard procedure for testing the
ANSWER: 530mm setting time of hydraulics cement
ANSWER: False
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 28days
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 7days
ANSWER: ± 20.0h ANSWERS: ± 6.0h

Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 24h Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter
of a cylinder differs from any other diameter of the same
ANSWER: ± 0.5h cylinder by more than ____ %.
ANSWER: 2

The standard test for compressive strength of concrete in

accordance with ASTM
ANSWER: C39
Thickness of bag should be equal or greater than ____
for storing masonry specimen
ANSWER: 0.0051mm In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the
MODULE 6: tensile strength is 80.5kN and yield stress of bar is
69.2kN and the rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine the
grade of bar.
What is the recommended distance of clamping device for ANSWER: 344.18Mpa
axial tensile strength test for wood?
ANSWER: 25 times width of the specimen The grade of the rebar should be based on?
ANSWER: Yield strength
The orientation of lumber in the modulus of elasticity test
is? In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
ANSWER: Flatwise stress of bar is 88.5kN and the rebar diameter is 20mm.
Determine the grade of bar.
The length of the specimen for axial tensile strength test ANSWER: 281.71Mpa
ANSWER: Clear distance of the grip plus required
length for full contact on the grips Equivalent grade for 40,000 psi steel bars in Mpa
ANSWER: 280Mpa
The ASTM Standard for determining the axial tensile Bar size No.3 is equivalent to _____mm
strength of stress-graded lumber? ANSWER: 10
ANSWER: D4761 Machine used to test the tensile strength of rebar
ANSWER: UTM
In accordance with ASTM D4761, the required length of In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
specimen for axial compressive strength is _____ times stress of bar is 22.4kN and the rebar diameter is 10mm.
the larger cross-sectional dimension Determine the grade of bar.
ANSWER: 2.5 ANSWER: 285.21Mpa
The tensile strength of grade 60 bars is approximately?
The dial indicator in testing the bending strength of wood 90,000psi
shall be accurate up to atleast _____ mm. The aspect-depth ratio (l/d) should be approximately ____
ANSWER: 25 for modulus of elasticity test.
ANSWER: 100
The ASTM Standard for determining the axial The total weight of load for testing the modulus of
compressive strength of stress-graded lumber? elasticity is ______ lbs.
ANSWER: C4761 ANSWER: 10
The axial tensile strength of wood shall be based on? In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
ANSWER: Yield strength stress of bar is 47500lb and the rebar diameter is 1’’.
Determine the grade of bar.
In getting the modulus of elasticity of wood, the basis for
deflection will be? ANSWER: Grade 60
ANSWER: Dial reading
The nominal weight of in kg/m of bar No.5
In testing the axial compressive strength of wood, how
long should it take? ANSWER: 1.043
ANSWER: Less than a minute
ASTM A615 is? 75,000 psi is equivalent to _____ksi

ANSWER: Standard specification for deformed and ANSWER: 75

plain carbon steel bars
In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
Device used to measure the diameter of rebar stress of bar is 39.2kN and the rebar diameter is 12mm.
ANSWER: Caliper Determine the grade of bar.
ANSWER: 346.61Mpa

Why it important to have a 5mm distance in testing the

penetration in accordance with ASTM C197
a. To remove biases
D. None of the above
c. Both A and B
b. To eliminate disturbed specimen

The height of the slump cone is?

ANSWER: 300mm

The nominal weight in kg/m of bar No. 5

c. 0.668
b. 0.376
d. 3.400
a. 1.552
 MODULE 5 Workability of concrete can be determine using the slump
Initial setting time of cement is necessary to design mix of cone test
normal concrete True
True
The slump test is necessary because?
Initial Setting of cement: Determine the initial setting time All of the above (It determines the workability of the concrete,
E = 27.25 minutes Slump test is the basis for applicability of the fresh concrete to
H = 33.5 minutes the specified application, The result is one of the justifications
C = 26mm of strength of hardened concrete)
D= 22mm
28.81 On the succeeding layers of concrete in slump test, how much
is the allowable penetration depth on the previous layer?
In accordance with C197 Standard method for normal 25mm
consistency of hydraulics cement, what is the tolerance for
the depth of penetration Moist is necessary for the effective release of the slump cone
± 1mm True

The approximate distance of hand when tossing the sample in How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in
accordance with C191 accordance ASTM standard for slump test
150mm 25

Why it is necessary to use gloves in the preparation of Rodding the concrete inside the slump cone will eliminate the
cement paste for the determination of setting time? pockets of air
Both A and B (No moisture will be absorbed by the hands, To True
protect the hands from the cement chemicals)
How many layers of concrete needed for casting the
The required time of penetration in ASTM C197 is? cylindrical specimen?
30sec 3

The depth in mm required for the needle in testing the initial Immediately after casting the specimen, it is necessary _____
setting time of cement to prevent early evaporation
25 Spray with Water

Determine the penetration of the 1-mm needle at this time How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in
and every ___ minutes when getting the initial setting time casting the beam specimen?
15 63

The mass of cement needed for testing using the vicat When casting cylinder with diameter of 225mm, the number
apparatus of layers should be
650g 4

If the result is target slump is 4” and actual slump is 6", the The ASTM standard for the preparation of specimen for
possible reason is/are? curing
All of the above (Aggregates are wet, Concrete has higher ASTM C192
water content, Too much mixing time)
Tamping of mold using the rubber mallet for the preparation
Before placing the concrete, the slump cone should be of concrete specimen is allowed
Moisten True

The height of the slump cone is? The length of beam mold for flexural strength test
300mm 530mm

Slump test quantifies the ____ of fresh concrete Paper is allowed for tagging the specimen for curing
Workability True

Manual mixing of concrete is allowed to in the preparation of

concrete specimen
True
The dimensions of the cross section of beam specimen for Is the grout included in the net area?
flexural strength test Yes
150mm x 150mm
Maintaining temperature for masonry for curing
The standard test for flexural strength of concrete in 24±8 degrees Celsius
accordance with ASTM
C78 Material that can be used as capping agent for masonry
Both A and B (Sulfur and Gypsum)
Capping helps the cylindrical specimen to have?
Smooth, parallel and perpendicular surface Thickness of bag should be equal or greater than ______ for
storing masonry specimen
Machine used to test the compressive strength is? 0.0051mm
UTM
Standard test method for testing the compressive strength of
Machine used to test the flexural strength is? masonry in accordance with ASTM
UTM C1314

A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm and The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral
length of 525mm, calculate the flexural strength of the dimension ratio equal to 3.0
concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is third 1.07
point load.
4.67 Mpa The masonry prism should be removed from the curing tank
____ days before testing
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 28days 2
± 20.0h
For hydraulically operated machines, the load shall be applied
A sample with diameters of 150.23 and 151.02 tested for at a rate of movement (platen to crosshead measurement)
compressive strength has an axial load of 600kN, calculate corresponding to a loading rate on the specimen within the
the compressive strength of the concrete. range of _______?
33.67 Mpa 0.15 to 0.35 Mpa/s

A sample with an average diameter of 6" tested for Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 7days
compressive strength has an axial load of 490kN, calculate ± 6.0h
the compressive strength of the concrete.
27.73Mpa A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm and
length of 525mm, calculate the flexural strength of the
The standard test for compressive strength of concrete in concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is center
accordance with ASTM point load.
C39 7.0 Mpa

Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.2 The diameter of cylindrical specimen?
0.93 150mm

Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 24h Curing of specimen will improve the hydration of cement
± 0.5h True

The following are tools needed for testing the compressive How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete when
strength of masonry except? casting the cylindrical specimen
Rod 25

The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter of a
dimension ratio equal to 1.5 cylinder differs from any other diameter of the same cylinder
0.86 by more than _ %.
2
Initial curing period for masonry before full curing should be
how many days?
2
Why it important to have a 5mm distance in testing the MODULE 6
penetration in accordance with ASTM C197. The length of the specimen for axial tensile strength test
Both A and B (To remove biases, To eliminate disturbed Clear distance of the grip plus required length for full contact
specimen) on the grips

The penetration test shall have a distance of ____ mm form In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
any previous penetration on the inner side of the mold stress of bar is 88.5kN and the rebar diameter is 20mm.
10 Determine the grade of bar.
281.71Mpa
The sample should be place in the cabinet for about
minute in accordance with C191 In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the tensile
30 strength is 80.5kN and yield stress of bar is 69.2kN and the
rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine the
ASTM standard for testing the slump of concrete grade of bar.
C143 344.18Mpa

The penetration test shall have a distance of ___ mm form The nominal weight in kg/m of bar No.5
any previous penetration on the outer side of the mold 1.552
5
In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
Sand should be measure up to the nearest 0.1 grams in the stress of bar is 22.4kN and the rebar diameter is 10mm.
determination of setting time of hydraulic cement Determine the grade of bar
True 276.77Mpa

ASTM C187 is the standard procedure for testing the setting Equivalent grade for 40,000 psi steel bars in Mpa
time of hydraulics cement 280Mpa
TRUE
The grade of the rebar should be based on?
The allowed time to settle the needle for the initial setting Yield strength
time test is?
30 seconds ASTM A615 is?
Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon steel
How many times you need to toss the sample from one hand bars
to another in accordance with C191
6 Machine used to test the tensile strength of rebar
UTM
Glass can be used as non-absorbent plate in the vicat
apparatus In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
True stress of bar is 39.2kN and the rebar diameter is 12mm.
Determine the grade of bar.
The area of the needle of the vicat apparatus is in sq.mm. 346.61 Mpa
1
The tensile strength of grade 60 bars is approximately?
How many layers should the concrete be placed on the slump 90,000psi
cone?
3 In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
stress of bar is 22.4kN and the rebar diameter is 10mm.
The allowed time of lifting the slump cone for the slump test? Determine the grade of bar.
5±2 seconds 285.21Mpa

Vibration is required as mode of consolidation for cylinders The orientation of lumber in the modulus of elasticity test is?
with diameter? Flatwise
Greater than 225
The ASTM Standard for determining the axial compressive
strength of stress-graded lumber?
D4761
75,000 psi is equivalent to ___ksi
75

Bar size No.3 is equivalent to __mm

10

In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield

stress of bar is 47500lb and the rebar diameter is 1"
Determine the grade of bar.
Grade 60

The axial tensile strength of wood shall be based on?

Maximum load

In getting the modulus of elasticity of wood, the basis for

deflection will be?
Dial reading

The dial indicator in testing the bending strength of wood

shall be accurate up to at least _____mm.
25

What is the recommended distance of clamping device for

axial tensile strength test for wood?
25 times width of the specimen

The aspect-depth ratio (1/d) should be approximately ___ for

modulus of elasticity test.
100

The total weight of load for testing the modulus of elasticity is

____lbs.
25

In accordance with ASTM D4761, the required length of

specimen for axial compressive strength is ____ times the
larger cross-sectional dimension
2.5

In testing the axial compressive strength of wood, how long

should it take?
Less than a minute

Device used to measure the diameter of rebar

Caliper
 1. Why it is necessary to use gloves in the preparation of cement paste for the
determination of setting time?

Both A and B

2. The depth in mm required for the needle in testing the initial setting time of cement
10

The mass of cement needed for testing using the vicat apparatus

650

1. Glass can be used as non-absorbent plate in the vicat apparatus

1. The sample should be place in the cabinet for about ____ minute in
accordance with C191

30

1. Determine the penetration of the 1-mm needle at this time and every ____
minutes when getting the initial setting time

15

1. The approximate distance of hand when tossing the sample in accordance

with C191

150

1. ASTM C187 is the standard procedure for testing the setting time of
hydraulics cement

True

1. In accordance with C197 Standard method for normal consistency of

hydraulics cement, what is the tolerance for the depth of penetration

+-5
 1. How many times you need to toss the sample from one hand to another in
accordance with C191

1. The allowed time of lifting the slump cone for the slump test?

Group of answer choices

b. 5±2 seconds

1. The opening diameter of slump cone on bottom

1. In the determination of slump of concrete, it is necessary to measure the

diameter of the specimen after testing

True

1. Slump of fresh concrete is necessary to design mix of normal concrete

True

1. On the succeeding layers of concrete in slump test, how much is the

allowable penetration depth on the previous layer?

25

1. How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in accordance ASTM
standard for slump test

25

1. ASTM standard for testing the slump of concrete

C143

1. How many layers should the concrete be placed on the slump cone?

1. Moist is necessary for the effective release of the slump cone

True
 1. Rodding the concrete inside the slump cone will eliminate the pockets of air

True

1. Proper preparation of specimen is necessary in the determination of strength

of specimen

True

1. Tamping of mold using the rubber mallet for the preparation of concrete
specimen is allowed

True

1. Curing of specimen will improve the hydration of cement

True

1. Manual mixing of concrete is allowed to in the preparation of concrete

specimen

True

1. How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete when casting the
cylindrical specimen

25

1. Vibration is required as mode of consolidation for cylinders with diameter?

225

1. Paper is allowed for tagging the specimen for curing

True

1. When casting cylinder with diameter of 225mm, the number of layers should
be

4
 1. The ASTM standard for the preparation of specimen for curing

Astm c192

1. How many layers of concrete needed for casting the cylindrical specimen?

1. A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm and length of
525mm, calculate the flexural strength of the concrete if the load 30kN and
the loading system is center point load.

7mpa

1. Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 28days

20hours

1. A sample with diameters of 150.23 and 151.02 tested for compressive

strength has an axial load of 600kN, calculate the compressive strength of the
concrete.

33.67 MPA

1. Capping helps the cylindrical specimen to have?

All of the avove

1. Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.2

0.93

1. Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 7days

6 hours
 1. Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 24h

+-0.5

1. Machine used to test the flexural strength is?

UTM

1. Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter of a cylinder differs

from any other diameter of the same cylinder by more than ____ %.

2%

1. A sample with an average diameter of 6’’ tested for compressive strength has
an axial load of 490kN, calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.

26.86

1. The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral dimension ratio
equal to 3.0

1.07

1. Maintaining temperature for masonry for curing

24±8 degrees Celsius

1. Material that can be used as capping agent for masonry

Both a b

1. The following are tools needed for testing the compressive strength of
masonry except?

Rod

1. Thickness of bag should be equal or greater than ____ for storing masonry
specimen

0.0051mm
 1. The masonry prism should be removed from the curing tank ____ days
before testing

2days

1. Initial curing period for masonry before full curing should be how many days?

1day

1. The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral dimension ratio
equal to 1.5

0.86

1. Is the grout included in the net area?

Of course

1. Standard test method for testing the compressive strength of masonry in

accordance with ASTM

C1314

The ASTM Standard for determining the axial tensile strength of stress-graded lumber?

D4761

The axial tensile strength of wood shall be based on?

MAXIMUM

The dial indicator in testing the bending strength of wood shall be accurate up to atleast ___ mm.

25MM

The orientation of lumber in the modulus of elasticity test is

FLATWISE
The aspect-depth ratio (l/d) should be approximately __ for modulus of elasticity test.

100

The total weight of load for testing the modulus of elasticity is ____ lbs.

10

The ASTM Standard for determining the axial compressive strength of stress-graded lumber?

D4761

In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 22.4kN and the rebar diameter
is 10mm. Determine the grade of bar.

285.21Mpa

In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 39.2kN and the rebar diameter
is 12mm. Determine the grade of bar.

350.12Mpa

The nominal weight in kg/m of bar No.5

1.552

ASTM A615 is?

Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon steel bars

In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the tensile strength is 80.5kN and yield stress of bar is
69.2kN and the rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine the grade of bar.

344.18Mpa

In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 47500lb and the rebar
diameter is 1’’. Determine the grade of bar.

Grade 40

1. The total weight of load for testing the modulus of elasticity is ______ lbs.

10

1. The ASTM Standard for determining the axial compressive strength of stress-
graded lumber?

D4761
 1. In accordance with ASTM D4761, the required length of specimen for axial
compressive strength is _____ times the larger cross-sectional dimension

2.5

1. The ASTM Standard for determining the axial tensile strength of stress-
graded lumber?

D4761

1. In getting the modulus of elasticity of wood, the basis for deflection will be?

DIAL READING

1. The aspect-depth ratio (l/d) should be approximately ____ for modulus of

elasticity test.

100

1. In testing the axial compressive strength of wood, how long should it take?

LESS THAN AMINUTE

1. Bar size No.3 is equivalent to _____mm

10

1. The tensile strength of grade 60 bars is approximately?

90000

1. Device used to measure the diameter of rebar

CALIPER

1. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the tensile strength is 80.5kN
and yield stress of bar is 69.2kN and the rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine
the grade of bar.

344.18
FA 5
1. How many times you need to toss the sample from one hand to another in accordance to C191

-6

2. The penetration shall have a distance of ___ mm form any previous penetration on the inner side of
the mold

- 10

3. The target penetration of the needle is?

- 25mm

4. Determine the penetration of the 1-mm needle at this time and every __ minutes when getting initial
setting time

- 15

5. In accordance with C197 standard method for normal consistency off hydraulics cement, what is the
tolerance for the depth of penetration?

- +-5 mm

6. Why is it important to have a 5 mm distance in testing the penetration in accordance with ASTM C197

- Both A & B (to eliminate disturbed specimen, to remove biases”

7. ASTM C187 is the standard procedure for testing the setting time of hydraulics cement

- False

8. The allowed time to settle the needle for the initial setting time test is?

- 30seconds

9. Why is it necessary to use glovers in the preparation of cement paste or the determination of setting
time?

- Both A& B ( no moisture will be absorbed by the hands, to protect hand)

10. The penetration test shall have a distance of __mm from any previous penetration on the outer side
of the mold

-5

11. How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in accordance ASTM standard for slump test

- 25

12. ASTM standard for testing the slump of concrete

- C143
13. Complete the entire test from the start of the filling through removal of the mold…

- 150s

14. Workability of concrete can be determine using the slump test

- True

15. Slump test quantifies the __ of fresh concrete

- Workability

16. If the result is target slump is 4” and aactual slump 6”, the possible reason is/are?

- all of the above

17. On the succeeding layers of concrete in the slump test, how much is the allowable penetration depth
on the previous layer?

- 25 mm

18. Workability of concrete can be determine using the slump cone test

- True

19. In the determination of slump of concrete, it is necessary to measure the diameter of the specimen
after testing

- True

20. How many layers should the concrete be placed on the slump cone?

-3

21. Vibration is required as mode of consolidation for cylinders with diameter?

- 150mm

22. How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete when casting the cylindrical specimen?

- 25

23. The length of beam mold for flexural strength test

- 530 mm
24. Proper preparation of specimen is necessary in the determination of strength of specimen

- True

25. The dimensions of the cross section of beam specimen for flexural strength test

- 150 mm x 150 mm

26. How many layers of concrete needed for casting the cylindrical specimen?

-3

27. The ASTM standard for the preparation of specimen for curing

- ASTM C192

28. It is allowed to slight tamp the mold using?

- Tamping rod

29. How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in casting the beam specimen

- 63

30. . Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.75

- 0.98

31. . Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.2

- 0.93

32. Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 7days

+-6.0h

33. Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 24h

+- 0.5h

34. The standard test for compressive strength of concrete in accordance with astm

- C39

35. The standard test for flexural strength of concrete in accordance with astm

-C78

36. Machine used to test the flexural strength is?

-UTM

37. A sample with diameters of 150.23 and 151.02 tested for compressive strength has an axial load of
600kN, calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.

- 33.67 Mpa
38. Machine used to test the compressive strength is?

- UTM

39. Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter of a cylinder differs from any other diameter
of the same cylinder by more than ____ %.

-2

40. Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 28days

- 20.0h

41. Initial curing period for masonry before full curing should be how many days?

-2

42. Thickness of bag should be equal or greater than ____ for storing masonry specimen

- 0.0051 mm

43. Standard test method for testing the compressive strength of masonry in accordance with ASTM

- C1314

44. Is the grout included in the net area?

- Yes

45. Machine that can be used as capping agent for masonry

- Both A &B (gypsum and sulfur)

46. The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral dimension ratio equal to 1.5

- 0.86

47. The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral dimension ratio equal to 3.0

- 1.07

48. Maintaining temperature for masonry for curing

- 24±8 degrees Celsius

49. The following are tools needed for testing the compressive strength of masonry except?

- rod

50. The masonry prism should be removed from the curing tank ____ days before testing
-2

51. The depth in mm required for the needle in testing the initial setting time of cement

- 10
52. The mass of cement needed for testing using the vicat apparatus

- 650

53. Glass can be used as non-absorbent plate in the vicat apparatus

- True

54. The sample should be place in the cabinet for about ____ minute in accordance with C191

- 30

55. The approximate distance of hand when tossing the sample in accordance with C191

- 150

56. The allowed time of lifting the slump cone for the slump test?

- 5±2 seconds

57. The opening diameter of slump cone on bottom

-8

58. Slump of fresh concrete is necessary to design mix of normal concrete

- True

59. Moist is necessary for the effective release of the slump cone

-True

60. Rodding the concrete inside the slump cone will eliminate the pockets of air

- True

61. Tamping of mold using the rubber mallet for the preparation of concrete specimen is allowed

- True

62. Curing of specimen will improve the hydration of cement

-True

63. Manual mixing of concrete is allowed to in the preparation of concrete specimen

- true

64. Paper is allowed for tagging the specimen for curing

- True

65. When casting cylinder with diameter of 225mm, the number of layers should be

-4
66. A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm and length of 525mm, calculate the flexural
strength of the concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is center point load.

-7mpa

67. Capping helps the cylindrical specimen to have?

- All of the avove

68. A sample with an average diameter of 6’’ tested for compressive strength has an axial load of 490kN,
calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.

- 26.86

FA-6
1. In accordance with ASTM D4761, the required length of specimen for axial compressive strength is
_____ times the larger cross-sectional dimension

- 2.5

2. The orientation of lumber in the modulus of elasticity test is

-Flatwise

3. The length of the specimen for axial tensile strength test

-Clear distance of the grip plus required length for full contact on the grips

4. What is the recommended distance of clamping device for axial tensile strength test for wood?

- 25 times width of the specimen

5. The ASTM Standard for determining the axial tensile strength of stress-graded lumber?

D4761

6. The ASTM Standard for determining the axial compressive strength of stress-graded lumber?

-D4761

7. The dial indicator in testing the bending strength of wood shall be accurate up to atleast _____ mm.

-25

8. In testing the axial compressive strength of wood, how long should it take?

-Less than a minute

9. The aspect-depth ratio (l/d) should be approximately ____ for modulus of elasticity test.

-100
10. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 47500lb and the rebar
diameter is 1’’. Determine the grade of bar.

-Grade 40

11. ASTM A615 is?

-Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon steel bars

12. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 88.5kN and the rebar
diameter is 20mm. Determine the grade of bar.

- 281.71 Mpa

- 280.71 Mpa (pic sa chegg)

13. The nominal weight in kg/m of bar No.5

-1.552

14. Bar size No.3 is equivalent to _____mm

- 10

15. 75,000 psi is equivalent to _____ksi

- 75

16. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 22.4kN and the rebar
diameter is 10mm. Determine the grade of bar.

-285.21Mpa

17. The tensile strength of grade 60 bars is approximately?

- 60,000psi

18. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the tensile strength is 80.5kN and yield stress of bar
is 69.2kN and the rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine the grade of bar.

- 344.18Mpa

- 385.55 Mpa (pic sa chegg)

19. Device used to measure the diameter of rebar

- Caliper

20. The total weight of load for testing the modulus of elasticity is ____ lbs.

- 10
21. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 39.2kN and the rebar
diameter is 12mm. Determine the grade of bar.

- 350.12Mpa

22. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 47500lb and the rebar
diameter is 1’’. Determine the grade of bar.

- Grade 40

23. The total weight of load for testing the modulus of elasticity is ______ lbs.

- 10

24. In getting the modulus of elasticity of wood, the basis for deflection will be?

- DIAL READING

25. The tensile strength of grade 60 bars is approximately?

- 90000