Ultimate Cheatcode Cematcon
Ultimate Cheatcode Cematcon
For cementitious material, ASTM classification starts at Limit for materials engineer II for one project only
letter __? No limit
C
Accredited Materials Engineer I who applied for
For Miscellaneous material, astm classification starts at upgrading but failed to be upgraded to Materials
letter __? Engineer II after two (2) successive attempts is barred
D from taking the Practical Examination for year and
should take a refresher course related to Materials
For Miscellaneous subjects, ASTM classification starts at Quantity Control.
letter __? 1
E
The blue book from DPWH is from what bureau?
For Material specific application material, ASTM Bureau of Research and Standards
classification starts at letter __?
F PNS stands for?
Philippine National Standard
For Corrosion of materials, ASTM classification starts at
letter __? What do we call the reinforced used for reinforced
G concrete?
Deformed Bar
Ninety Percent of Tall Buildings in the Philippines is
made of? The thickest concrete hollow block available in the
Reinforced Concrete market is?
8”
Tall building in the Philippines is usually made from what
material? Limit for materials engineer I for one project only
A and B (Steel and RC) P150 Million
Masonry in the Philippines is usually called? How many countries adopted ASTM Standard as of
Hollow Blocks today?
110
Most sustainable material in the choices?
Wood The least size of reinforcing bar in the Philippines in
accordance with PNS is?
PNS Specification for Portland Cement 10mm
PNS 7:2005
Item 100 to 107 in the bluebook is for?
Why is reinforcement necessary in reinforced concrete? Earthworks
All of the above (Steel prevents cracking, Steel adds
confinement in the concrete, Concrete is weak in In upgrading materials engineer I to II, a type of exam
tension) needed to pass?
Practical
ASTM stand for?
American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM stands for?
American Society for Testing Material
Why is steel usually used for large area structure?
Higher bending capacity to weight ratio Passing percentage for DPWH accreditation for
materials engineer?
Sub-standard materials for construction mean? 60
All of the Above (Illegal to sell, Not conforming to the
minimum standard set, Weaker in strength)
Abrasion test machine is also called The opening diameter of slump cone on bottom
Los Angeles Machine 8’’
UTM means
Universal testing machine
The density of 12 mm diameter bar is ASTM C131 or the abrasion test for coarse aggregates
0.888 kg/m measure the resistance of coarse aggregates to?
Degradation
Grade 33 rebar is colored?
White ASTM C29 is applicable only for aggregates not
exceeding ___ mm in nominal size.
The first step in cement production is: 125
Quarry of limestone
Balance for determining the bulk density of aggregates
Chemical admixture for reducing the water content should be accurate to ___% or at least __kg.
Superplasticizer 0.1%/0.05kg
To achieve self-compacting concrete, _____ can be Balance powered by batteries is allowed to be use.
added to the mixture True
Superplasticizer
Balance should be accurate to 0.1% of the test load or
Among all choices, what material does significantly ___kg.
affect the strength of concrete 0.05kg
Water (among Coarse aggregates, Fine aggregates,
Mineral additive) Coarse aggregate is also known as?
Graba
Plastic state of rebar is up to?
Maximum load Concrete with lower FM is easier to finish.
True
Machine used to test the tensile strength of rebar
UTM Density is equal to___ over_____ .
Mass over volume
How many layers of coarse aggregates needed for the Sieving duration must be sufficient so that not more than
determination of bulk density? by mass of the material retained on any individual sieve
3 will pass that sieve in 1 minute of sieving.
1%
How many strokes needed for each layer of aggregates
for compaction in determining the bulk density? Shape of coarse aggregate most suitable for
25 self-compacting concrete.
Rounded
Igniting the alcohol is allowed to fasten the drying
process SSD means
True The surface is dried and the moisture inside is retained
In the formula given, what is B The density of the water if the its temperature is 15.6
relativeDensity(SpecificGravity)/(OD)=[A/(B+S-C)] degrees Celsius in __ kg per cubic meter?
Mass of pycnometer filled with water 999.01
Minimum sample mass for nominal maximum size of The density of the water if the its temperature is 21.1
aggregate of 25mm. degrees Celsius in __ kg per cubic meter?
4 997.97
Minimum sample mass for nominal maximum size of The finals sample shall be weighed to the nearest __g.
aggregate of 150mm. 1
50
The finest grading considered in ASTM C131 is.
Moisture content of aggregates is important in concrete D
design mix.
True The first method for ASTM C131 test is?
Washing of samples
Moisture content of aggregate is limited to 5%.
False The first method in checking the grading of aggregates
is?
Moisture content of aggregates will affect. Reduction of sample size
All of the above (Concrete's workability; Concrete's
Strength; Concrete's Porosity) The formula A(B-C) were A is the mass of OD test
sample in air, B is the mass of SSD test sample in air
Number of strokes needed for each layer of aggregates and C is the apparent mass of saturated test sample in
in accordance with ASTM C29. water.
25 Relative density (OD)
Obtaining the sample should be based on ASTM. The length of tamping rod is mm.
D75 600
The moisture content of the sample is 100 multiplied by Using the Le chatelier Flask, the amount of fine
(mass of the original sample minus mass of the dried aggregated needed is ___ plus or minus 5?
sample) divided by. 55
Mass of the dried sample
When sieving, the bottom of the sieve should be.
The rejected sample after the abrasion test is considered Pan
those passing No. __ sieve.
12 Which of the following is the formula for relative density
(OD) using volumetric procedure?
The rotation of the drum of Los Angeles Apparatus is S1_ (A/S)/(0.9975(R2-R1 ) )
__?
30-33rpm Why it is important to test the moisture content?
All of the above (Affect the workability of concrete mix;
The safe minimum temperature of aggregates for Affect the water-cement ratio needed for concrete; Affect
handling is? the strength of concrete)
50 degrees Celsius
To calculate the fineness modulus, it is equal to
The sample is thoroughly dry when further heating cumulative percent from 9.5mm to 150um divided by?
causes, or would cause, less than __% additional loss in 100
mass.
0.1 A sample with initial weight of 10.6g has a mass of 9.8g
after drying, calculate the moisture content.
The sample size required for sample with nominal 8.163
maximum size of 6 inches is?
50kg Filipino term for fine aggregates
Buhangin
The sample size required for sample with nominal
maximum size of No.4 sieve is? A container with a volume of 0.01374 cu.m. has a weight
0.5kg of 7.4kg, if the weight of the container and the aggregate
is 31kg, determine the bulk density.
The samples should be immersed in water for 24 hours 1717.612
plus or minus __hours.
4 A sample with initial weight of 500g has a mass of 490g
after drying, calculate the moisture content.
The standard test method for relative density and 2.04
absorption of coarse aggregates is?
ASTM C127 Lightweight aggregates is considered ____ in terms of
strength?
The standard test method for relative density and Weaker
absorption of fine aggregates is?
ASTM C128 A sample with initial weight of 512g has a mass of 472g
after drying, calculate the moisture content.
The standard test method for total evaporable moisture 8.47
content of aggregate by drying is based on ASTM.
C566 The sample size required for sample with nominal
maximum size of 3/8 inches is?
The time needed for Los Angeles Apparatus to perform 1.5 kg
abrasion test is approximately?
15 minutes Reduction of sample size for ASTM C29 shall be based
on ASTM _____
The total mass of charge needed for sample grading A is C702
5000g
A container with a volume of 0.01374 cu.m. has a weight
The water volume in the pycnometer shall be of 7.4kg, if the weight of the container and the aggregate
approximately__% before agitating. 90 is 29kg, determine the bulk density in kg/cu.m.
1572.05
To compact the aggregates, the tool used is?
Tamping rod
Type of alcohol that can be used to help dry the MODULE 5 - Cement and Concrete
aggregates Initial setting time of cement is necessary to design mix
Anhydrous denatured alcohol of normal concrete
True
In ASTM C566, the water in ________ is not being
considered Initial Setting of cement: Determine the initial setting time
Chemically combined in the minerals E = 27.25 minutes
H = 33.5 minutes
C = 26mm
D= 22mm
28.81
On the succeeding layers of concrete in slump test, how Machine used to test the compressive strength is?
much is the allowable penetration depth on the previous UTM
layer?
25mm Machine used to test the flexural strength is?
UTM
Moist is necessary for the effective release of the slump
cone A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm
True and length of 525mm, calculate the flexural strength of
the concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is
How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in third point load.
accordance ASTM standard for slump test 4.67 Mpa
25
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 28days
Rodding the concrete inside the slump cone will ± 20.0h
eliminate the pockets of air
True A sample with diameters of 150.23 and 151.02 tested for
compressive strength has an axial load of 600kN,
How many layers of concrete needed for casting the calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.
cylindrical specimen? 33.67 Mpa
3
A sample with an average diameter of 6" tested for
Immediately after casting the specimen, it is necessary compressive strength has an axial load of 490kN,
_____ to prevent early evaporation calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.
Spray with Water 27.73Mpa
How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in The standard test for compressive strength of concrete
casting the beam specimen? in accordance with ASTM
63 C39
When casting cylinder with diameter of 225mm, the Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.2
number of layers should be 0.93
4
Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.75
The ASTM standard for the preparation of specimen for 0.98
curing
ASTM C192 Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 24h
± 0.5h
Tamping of mold using the rubber mallet for the
preparation of concrete specimen is allowed The following are tools needed for testing the
True compressive strength of masonry except?
Rod
The length of beam mold for flexural strength test
530mm The correction factor for specimen with height to least
lateral dimension ratio equal to 1.5
Paper is allowed for tagging the specimen for curing 0.86
True
Initial curing period for masonry before full curing should
Manual mixing of concrete is allowed to in the be how many days?
preparation of concrete specimen 2
True
Is the grout included in the net area?
The dimensions of the cross section of beam specimen Yes
for flexural strength test
150mm x 150mm
Maintaining temperature for masonry for curing The sample should be place in the cabinet for about
24±8 degrees Celsius minute in accordance with C191
30
Material that can be used as capping agent for masonry
Both A and B (Sulfur and Gypsum) ASTM standard for testing the slump of concrete
C143
Thickness of bag should be equal or greater than
______ for storing masonry specimen The penetration test shall have a distance of ___ mm
0.0051mm form any previous penetration on the outer side of the
mold
Standard test method for testing the compressive 5
strength of masonry in accordance with ASTM
C1314 Sand should be measure up to the nearest 0.1 grams in
the determination of setting time of hydraulic cement
The correction factor for specimen with height to least True
lateral dimension ratio equal to 3.0
1.07 ASTM C187 is the standard procedure for testing the
setting time of hydraulics cement
The masonry prism should be removed from the curing TRUE
tank ____ days before testing
2 The allowed time to settle the needle for the initial setting
time test is?
For hydraulically operated machines, the load shall be 30 seconds
applied at a rate of movement (platen to crosshead
measurement) corresponding to a loading rate on the How many times you need to toss the sample from one
specimen within the range of _______? hand to another in accordance with C191
0.15 to 0.35 Mpa/s 6
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 7days Glass can be used as non-absorbent plate in the vicat
± 6.0h apparatus
True
A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm
and length of 525mm, calculate the flexural strength of The area of the needle of the vicat apparatus is in
the concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is sq.mm.
center point load. 1
7.0 Mpa
How many layers should the concrete be placed on the
The diameter of cylindrical specimen? slump cone?
150mm 3
Curing of specimen will improve the hydration of cement The allowed time of lifting the slump cone for the slump
True test?
5±2 seconds
How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete
when casting the cylindrical specimen Vibration is required as mode of consolidation for
25 cylinders with diameter?
Greater than 225
Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter
of a cylinder differs from any other diameter of the same The target penetration of the needle is
cylinder by more than _ %. 25mm
2
In the determination of slump of concrete, it is necessary
Why it important to have a 5mm distance in testing the to measure the diameter of the specimen after testing.
penetration in accordance with ASTM C197. False
Both A and B (To remove biases, To eliminate disturbed
specimen) Complete the entire test from the start of the filling
through removal of the mold without interruption and
The penetration test shall have a distance of ____ mm complete it within an elapsed time of ____ seconds.
form any previous penetration on the inner side of the 150seconds
mold
10
The height of the cylindrical specimen for compressive MODULE 6 - Wood and Steel
strength The length of the specimen for axial tensile strength test
12” Clear distance of the grip plus required length for full
contact on the grips
Proper preparation of specimen is necessary in the
determination of strength of specimen In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
True stress of bar is 88.5kN and the rebar diameter is 20mm.
Determine the grade of bar.
It is allowed to slight tamp the mold using? 281.71Mpa
Rubber mullet or Tamping rod
In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the
tensile strength is 80.5kN and yield stress of bar is
69.2kN and the rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine the
grade of bar.
344.18Mpa
1.0 CRITERIA FOR ACCREDITATION 4.2 Accredited Materials Engineer I may be upgraded to
Materials Engineer II by undergoing only a Practical
The following criteria shall be applied in the evaluation Examination and not a written examination. Applicants
for accreditation of Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials must obtain a total score of at least 75% in the Practical
Engineers: Examination to qualify as Materials Engineer II.
1.1 Minimum Requirement - As a minimum requirement
for accreditation of materials engineers, the applicant
must be a registered and licensed Civil Engineer. This 4.3 Accredited Materials Engineer I who applied for
upgrading but failed to be upgraded to Materials
minimum requirement may be extended to foreign
applicants. Engineer II after two (2) successive attempts is barred
from taking the Practical Examination for one (1) year
1.2 Written Examination - A written examination shall be and should take a refresher course related to Materials
administered to all the applicants. The raw score Quality Control.
obtained in the examination shall be converted to
percentage (100% maximum) to obtain the total score 4.4 An accredited Contractors’/Consultants’
Materials Engineer who enters the government service
for accreditation.
and wishes to be accredited as DPWH Materials Engineer
1.3 Practical Examination - Practical examination shall be may apply for accreditation. His/her score in the written
administered to an accredited Materials Engineer I examination will be considered and he/she must
applying for upgrading to Materials Engineer II. It shall be undergo the practical examination. However, in the case
conducted at the Bureau of Research and Standards of upgraded Materials Engineer II who have undergone
(BRS) Office in Quezon City or at a selected identified practical examination, he/she will be automatically
DPWH Regional Office. conferred the same rank.
1.4 DPWH Engineers and other government engineers
are prohibited from taking the examination for the
accreditation of Contractors Consultants Materials 4.5 DPWH engineers who took the DPWH Materials
Engineers to prevent private entities from engaging the Engineers examination and got a score of 60% and above
services of the former while still employed by the but are separated from government service can be
government accredited as Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials
Engineers I, without undergoing practical examination
for Contractors’/Consultants’ Materials Engineers
5.0 CRITERIA FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF
CONTRACTORS’ / CONSULTANTS’ MATERIALS
ENGINEERS MODULE 2: APPARATUS IN THE LABORATORY
Accredited materials engineers may be assigned to UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE - Use to test the strength
DPWH projects, subject to the following limits of of different material such as wood, concrete, steel and
assignment: Classification Limits of Assignment masonry
a. Materials Engineer I
Concrete Mixture: Long duration stress produces stress over time and consequently
causes permanent deformation
1. Cement - 4 parts calcined limestone plus 1 part clay Fire Resistance
which are mixed, burned and pulverized, sold in 40
kilos per bags. Concrete is incombustible and somewhat insulative, but long
exposure to fire can be damaging
2. Sand - or fine aggregates, natural sand or crushed
stone well graded. Shrinkage
3. Gravel - or course aggregates, crushed stone or blast Ordinary concrete shrinks during the curing process. This must be
furnace slags. controlled by providing expansion joints and steel reinforcements.
4. Water - clean, potable & free from harmful substances
Hardness
5. Admixture - or additive as required by situations,
ingredients added to concrete or mortar modify its Relative to durability and appearance, accomplished thru troweled or
properties immediately before or after mixing. floated finish to draw more paste to the surface
Porosity
Sizes of pores left during hydration process or created by excessive
evaporation and shrinkage cracks affecting the water-tightness of
concrete
¡Apply compaction techniques
Durability 3 MIXTURES OF CEMENT
- Concrete durability requirements are specified on most major bridge
CEMENT PASTE
and pavement projects
A mixture of cement & water
-Typically the requirements are based on “Rapid Chloride
Permeability Test” CEMENT MORTAR
- This is a surrogate procedure which measures flow of electrical A mixture of cement & sand & water to form a paste
current
-CEMENT CONCRETE
- The lack of better laboratory and field tests has hindered progress A composite product which is obtained by mixing of cement,
in this area water, inert matrix of sand and gravel or crushed stone.
Workability
Workability of fresh concrete depends on its rheological TWO MAJOR KINDS OF CEMENT:
properties ● Pozzolan Cement
This rheological behavior is defined by two characteristics of -The ancient Romans have discovered that the
addition of some volcanic earths (Pozzolenas
the concrete, i.e. yield stress and plastic viscosity
to Lime gave a product, which hardened under
Note! water (hydraulic).
-Derived from Pozzouli, a village near Naples,
Yield stress is the effort needed to initiate movement of the Rome – famous for a particularly effective
fresh concrete, and correlates well with slump volcanic earth.
Plastic viscosity is the flow characteristics of the concrete -Chalks containing siliceous clays when
while moving and for low stiffness concretes can be burnt can be used for concreting
determined by various rheometers currently available
● Portland Cement
TYPE IV
Since this type has a low heat of
hydration, it is used in massive structures
Tri-calcium Silicate -3CaO.Si02(C3S) such as large dams where the temperature
-C3S hydrates and hardens rapidly and is largely rise during hardening may cause serious
responsible for initial set and early strength problems
-In general, the early strength of Portland cement
concrete is higher with increased percentages TYPE V
of C3S. This type is used where solids or
groundwater have a high sulfate or acid
Di-calcium Silicate -2CaO.Si02(C2S) content
-C2S hydrates and hardens slowly and contributes Structure exposed to coal mine drainage
largely to strength increase at ages beyond one week. should be consider for type V
-gypsum added to clinker to retard setting and prevent flash set Soundness
False Set
(ASTM C451) WATER
- Paste method, and the
ASTM C359 mortar Requirements for Water
method, is evidenced by a significant loss of Almost any water fit to drink can be used for mixing
plasticity without the evolution of much heat
with cement to make the concrete paste.
shortly after
mixing Water that is not fit to drink can still be used.
If there is any doubt about the quality of water, strength & setting time,
Compressive Strength test can be made to compare it with samples made from the water
As specified by ASTM C150, can be obtained
that is suitable for making concrete
from test of standard of standard
2-inch mortar cubes tested in accordance with A good concrete practice!
ASTM C109. Keep the extra water as low as possible but be practical.
-These admixtures are typically solid materials CLASS C VS CLASS F FLY ASH
that are measured by weight
-While there are many materials that could be 1. Class C fly ash is typically not as effective as
discussed in this Class F fly ash in mitigation of ASR
lecture, we are only going to 2. Class C will generate more heat of hydration
talk about the three most common mineral than Class F
admixtures, namely: 3. Class C will generally not be as resistant to
● Fly Ash sulfate attack. ASTM C 618 prohibits the use of
● Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Class C in high sulfate exposure environments
● Micro Silica 4. Class C will generate more strength at early
ages than Class F
5. Generally Class F can be used for high fly ash
Fly ash- is the widely used mineral content concretes (up to 40% of C.M.) whereas
admixture that has fineness similar to cement Class C is used in low fly ash content concretes
-Specifications have allowed partial cement
replacements with fly ash for a number of BENEFITS OF FLY ASH
years
- With rate of 30-150 kilograms per cubic meter 1. Reduces the water demand
of concrete 2. Reduces the permeability
3. Reduces the heat of hydration
CLASSIFICATION OF FLY ASH 4. Can aid in finishability and pumping
5. Can be used in high strength applications
Class F fly ash 6. Can reduce or eliminate alkali silica reaction
-Primarily pozzolanic in nature, which means it
reacts chemically with the cement hydration Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBF
products to form compounds that the Slag) - is another material that is commonly
cementitious referred to as mineral
admixtures
Class C fly ash - While it is considered a mineral admixture, it is in
-Besides having pozzolanic properties, also has reality hydraulic cement. That is, it gains
some cementitious properties, which means it can considerable strength when mixed with water.
gain strength by itself when mixed with - The chemical properties of these materials are
water. similar to Portland cement. GGBF Slag replaces
cement at a rate generally of 15 to 70 percent.
Class F
-Produced from burning harder, older - GGBF slag is a manufactured material which is
anthracite and bituminous coal derived from a by-product of the manufacture of iron
-Contains less than 20% lime - During the production of iron, the one is fluxed
-Requires cementing agent like PC, quick lime, primarily with limestone which is tapped from the
hydrated lime blast furnace as a molten slag.
-Used in high sulfate exposure conditions - This slag is rapidly quenched and the resulting
-Addition of air entrainer is needed granules are ground to fineness similar to cement.
-Used for structural concretes, HP concretes, - It is blended with Portland cement either at a cement mill, or at a
high sulfate exposure concretes concrete batch plant
-Useful in high fly ash content concrete mixes .-It is rarely used as the sole cementing materials in concrete
-The specification that covers the production of
these materials is ASTM C 989
- It is classified into one of three grades based
on the strength performance of a blend of
GGBF Slag and Portland
cement.
BENEFITS OF BLENDING
By varying the percentage of the blend of Portland cement and GGBF Slag certain beneficial properties can be achieved in concret
1. Reduces the water demand
2. Greatly reduces permeability
3. Can provide sulfate resistance
4. Reduces the heat of hydration
5. Can aid in finishability
6. Can be used in high strength applications
7. Can reduce or eliminate alkali silica reaction
MICRO SILICA
Micro Silica is a material that is by-product of the production of
silicon metals.
(Known as silica fume)
Micro Silica- is an extremely fine powder that is
finer than cigarette smoke, Because of this, it is handled either
as a slurry mixed with water, or as densified powder.
-Typically, Micro silica is used a rate of 20 to 70
kilograms per cubic meter of concrete
-The specification that covers this material is ASTM C
1240
-The fineness of this material and the high dosage
rate of high range water reducing admixtures
results in a concrete that is generally considered
more difficult to finish
- Concrete that contains micro silica has very little
or no bleed water, which besides contributing to
difficulty in finishing, also makes the concrete
more susceptible to cracking while it is in a plastic
condition
- This type of cracking is referred to as
Plastic shrinkage
-Pozzolanic Admixture
Used as substitute for cement (35%) for
structures in high temperatures and seawater
installation or as additives to decrease the
weight of a concrete per cubic foot
-Waterproofing
Integrated type in powder form added during
mixing that render surface in decks, basements
and pools water impervious
Coloring Agent SUMMARY
Pigments or dyes mixed into topping to Types of Admixtures:
render/alter color evenly to concrete surface
● Plasticizers (also called water reducers)
-Surface Sealing Agents ● Normal Plasticizers/ water reducers
Liquid waxes sprayed over the surface that is ● Superplasticisers / high range water reducers
easily removed after curing ● Air Entrainers
of concrete surface after it has hardened ● Retarders
● Accelerators
-Set Inhibiting Agent ● Special Purpose Admixtures
In liquid form (applied immediately before Chemical Used for Admixtures:
pouring of concrete) or powder form (applieddirectly after pouring) -Inhibits the setting of cement paste avoidingbonding to surface aggregates an
● Lignosulfonates (Water Reducer, 10%)
● Hydroxycarboxylic acids (Strong retarders)
-Dispersal Agents ● Phosphate/Hydrocarboxylic blends
Prevents bleeding of concrete from concrete ● Napthalene sulfonate formaldehyde polymers (Water Reducers, 20%)
● Melamine sulfonate formaldehyde polymers (Water Reducers, 20%)
-Bonding Agent ● Polycarboxylic Ethers (Extremely Good Water Reducer, 35%)
Either metallic aggregate (bonding thru
Superplasticisers or High Range Water Reducers
oxidation and expansion) or synthetic latex
emulsion (sprayed or painted to coalesce and ● ¡Work in the same way as normal plasticizers
bond) to improve the bond between old and new ● ¡Can be used at higher dosage
concrete ● ¡Are most effective at high dose
● ¡Do not have undesirable side effects at high dosage
-Gas Forming Agent Special Purpose Admixtures
Develops the potential strength of a concrete
● ¡Semi-dry concrete admixtures
ACRONYMS:
● ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
● AASHTO - American Association of State Highways and
Transportation Officials
● ACI - American Concrete Institute
● PNS - Philippine National Standards
Construction Materials & Testing Different Types and Classification of Cement
Module 3: Material Properties Classification Characteristics Applications
Type I General Purpose Fairly high C3S General
content for good construction (most
Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus cited on this early strength building, bridges,
presentation conforms to the ASTM Standards and development pavements, precast
units, etc.)
Specifications.
Type II Moderate sulfate Low C3A content Structure exposed
resistance (<8%) to soil or water
List of Materials to be Tested containing sulfate
ions
• Aggregates – it is important to test the properties of both fine
Type High early Ground more Rapid construction,
and coarse aggregates since it is one of the key ingredients of III strength finely, may have cold weather
concrete. slightly more C3S concreting
• Cement – the properties of cement powder is essential in Type Low heat of Low content of Massive structures
stablishing the strength of hardened concrete. IV hydration (slow C3S (<50%) and such as dams. Now
reacting) C3A rare.
• Concrete- workability and strength of concrete is essential in
Type V High sulfate Very low C3A Structures exposed
the design of reinforced concrete structures resistance content (<5%) to high levels of
• Steel – same with concrete, the strength of steel is essential sulfate ions
in designing all reinforced concrete structures White White color No C4AF, Low Decorative
MgO (otherwise has
• Wood – strength of wood materials is essential to the design properties similar to
of wood structures. Type I
• Masonry – determining the strength of masonry is a
requirement for safe design of masonry structures. Blended Cement
Type IS, Portland blast-furnace slag cement. Blast-furnace
Cement slag is the residue when steel is heated.
Portland cement is the basic ingredient of concrete. Concrete Types IP and P, Portland pozzolan cement. Common Blended
is formed when Portland cement creates a paste with water Cement in the market
that binds with sand and rock to harden. Type S, slag cement
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical - Blended cements may be used in construction when specific
combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other properties of other types of cements are not required.
ingredients. - The concrete may not gain strength as fast as with ASTM
Common materials used to manufacture cement include C150 cements
limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay,
slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. These
Properties of Cement
ingredients, when heated at high temperatures form a rock-like
substance that is ground into the fine powder that we Physical Properties
commonly think of as cement. - Fineness of Cement
- Soundness
Cement Production - Consistency
- Strength
- Setting Time
- Heat of Hydration
- Loss of Ignition
- Bulk Density
- Specific Gravity
Chemical Properties
- Tricalcium aluminate
- Tricalcium silicate
- Dicalcium silicate
- Ferrite
- Magnesia
- Sulphur trioxide
- Iron oxide
- Alkalis
- Free lime 6. Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty
- Alumina admixture category and are used to slow corrosion of
reinforcing steel in concrete. Corrosion inhibitors can be used
as a defensive strategy for concrete structures, such as marine
Chemical Admixture
facilities, highway bridges, and parking garages, that will be
1. Air-entrained concrete contains billions of microscopic air exposed to high concentrations of chloride. Other specialty
cells per cubic foot. These air pockets relieve internal pressure admixtures include shrinkage-reducing admixtures and alkali-
on the concrete by providing tiny chambers for water to silica reactivity inhibitors. The shrinkage reducers are used to
expand into when it freezes. Air-entrained concrete is control drying shrinkage and minimize cracking, while ASR
produced using air-entraining Portland cement, or by the inhibitors control durability problems associated with alkali-
introduction of air-entraining agents, under careful silica reactivity.
engineering supervision, as the concrete is mixed on the job.
The amount of entrained air is usually between four and seven
percent of the volume of the concrete, but may be varied as Concrete
required by special conditions In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and
2. Water-reducing admixtures usually reduce the required aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of Portland cement
water content for a concrete mixture by about 5 to 10 percent. and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse
Consequently, concrete containing a water-reducing admixture (larger) aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called
needs less water to reach a required slump than untreated hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the
concrete. The treated concrete can have a lower water-cement rock-like mass known as concrete.
ratio. This usually indicates that a higher strength concrete can
be produced without increasing the amount of cement. Recent Proportioning of Concrete
advancements in admixture technology have led to the The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests in the
development of midrange water reducers. These admixtures careful proportioning and mixing of the ingredients. A mixture
reduce water content by at least 8 percent and tend to be more that does not have enough paste to fill all the voids between
stable over a wider range of temperatures. Midrange water the aggregates will be difficult to place and will produce rough
reducers provide more consistent setting times than standard surfaces and porous concrete. A mixture with an excess of
water reducers. cement paste will be easy to place and will produce a smooth
*Lower water = high strength. surface; however, the resulting concrete is not cost-effective
3. Retarding admixtures, which slow the setting rate of and can more easily crack.
concrete, are used to counteract the accelerating effect of hot Portland cement's chemistry comes to life in the presence of
weather on concrete setting. High temperatures often cause an water. Cement and water form a paste that coats each particle
increased rate of hardening which makes placing and finishing of stone and sand—the aggregates. Through a chemical
difficult. Retarders keep concrete workable during placement reaction called hydration, the cement paste hardens and gains
and delay the initial set of concrete. Most retarders also strength.
function as water reducers and may entrain some air in The quality of the paste determines the character of the
concrete. concrete. The strength of the paste, in turn, depends on the
*Commonly used when transporting the concrete from the concrete batching
ratio of water to cement. The water-cement ratio is the weight
plant to the Job site
of the mixing water divided by the weight of the cement. High-
4. Accelerating admixtures increase the rate of early strength
quality concrete is produced by lowering the water-cement
development, reduce the time required for proper curing and
ratio as much as possible without sacrificing the workability of
protection, and speed up the start of finishing operations.
fresh concrete, allowing it to be properly placed, consolidated,
Accelerating admixtures are especially useful for modifying
and cured.
the properties of concrete in cold weather.
A properly designed mixture possesses the desired workability
5. Superplasticizers, also known as plasticizers or high-range
for the fresh concrete and the required durability and strength
water reducers (HRWR), reduce water content by 12 to 30
for the hardened concrete. Typically, a mix is about 10 to 15
percent and can be added to concrete with a low-to-normal
percent cement, 60 to 75 percent aggregate and 15 to 20
slump and water-cement ratio to make high slump flowing
percent water. Entrained air in many concrete mixes may also
concrete. Flowing concrete is a highly fluid but workable
take up another 5 to 8 percent.
concrete that can be placed with little or no vibration or
compaction. The effect of superplasticizers lasts only 30 to 60
minutes, depending on the brand and dosage rate, and is Other Ingredients of Concrete
followed by a rapid loss in workability. As a result of the Almost any natural water that is drinkable and has no
slump loss, superplasticizers are usually added to concrete at pronounced taste or odor may be used as mixing water for
the jobsite. concrete. Excessive impurities in mixing water not only may
*Commonly used in self-compacting concrete affect setting time and concrete strength, but can also cause
efflorescence, staining, corrosion of reinforcement, volume
instability, and reduced durability. Concrete mixture
specifications usually set limits on chlorides, sulfates, alkalis, Bacterial Concrete/ Self-Healing Concrete
and solids in mixing water unless tests can be performed to - When there is a crack, bacteria will fill the void.
determine the effect the impurity has on the final concrete.
Although most drinking water is suitable for mixing concrete, Reinforcing Bar vs. Plain Bar
aggregates are chosen carefully. Aggregates comprise 60 to 75
Deformed bars are frequently used because of the grip
percent of the total volume of concrete. The type and size of
properties
aggregate used depends on the thickness and purpose of the
final concrete product.
12 113.10 0.888 5.328 6.660 7.992 9.324 10.656 11.988 13.320 Process that takes place when water is added to the cement
16 201.06 1.578 9.468 11.835 14.202 16.569 18.936 21.303 23.670
Answer: Hydration
20 314.16 2.466 14.796 18.495 22.194 25.893 29.592 33.291 36.990
25 490.88 3.853 23.118 28.898 34.677 40.457 46.236 52.016 57.795 It increases the strength of concrete
28 615.75 4.834 29.004 36.255 43.506 50.757 58.008 65.259 72.510
Procedure
ASTM C136
This test method covers the determination of the particle size
distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by sieving.
Some specifications for aggregates which reference this
method contain grading requirements including both coarse
and fine fractions. Instructions are included for sieve analysis
of such aggregates.
A sample of dry aggregate of known mass is separated
through a series of sieves of progressively smaller openings
for determination of particle size distribution
Apparatus Needed
1. Balance (Readability – 0.1g – fine, 0.5g – coarse)
2. Sieves
3. Mechanical Sieve Shaker
4. Oven
1. Reduce the amount of sample materials by mechanical
5. Sieve Brush
separator (ASTM C702)
6. Pan
2. Dry the sample materials in oven with constant mass at a
temperature of 110± 5°C.
3. Measure the weight of pan
4. Measure the weight of the pan with sample materials
5. Stack the sieve in order of decreasing opening size. Place evaporable and is not included in the percentage determined
the sample on top of the sieve selected for the sample sizes. by this test method.
Place the sieve on the mechanical sieve shaker based on the
required time in accordance with the ASTM specification Apparatus
6. Sieving duration must be sufficient so that not more than 1. Balance
1% by mass of the material retained on any individual sieve
2. Source of Heat (Oven, Stove etc.)
will pass that sieve in 1 minute of sieving.
3. Sample Container
7. Measure the retained material on each sieve.
8. Check if the total mass is not less than or more than 0.3% of
the original mass of the dry sample. If not, the test is invalid Sample Size
Calculation
1. Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained, or
percentages in various size fractions to the nearest 0.1 % on
the basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample. If the same
test sample was first tested by Test Method C 117, include the
mass of material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) size by
washing in the sieve analysis calculation; and use the total dry
sample mass prior to washing in Test Method C 117 as the
basis for calculating all the percentages
2. Calculate the fineness modulus, when required, by adding
the total percentages of material in the sample that is coarser
than each of the following sieves (cumulative percentages Procedure
retained), and dividing the sum by 100: 150-µm (No. 100), 1. Determine the mass of the sample to the nearest 0.1 %.
300-µm (No. 50), 600-µm (No. 30), 1.18-mm (No. 16), 2.36-
2. Dry the sample thoroughly in the sample container by
mm (No. 8), 4.75-mm (No. 4), 9.5-mm (3⁄8-in.), 19.0-mm
means of the selected source of heat, exercising care to avoid
(3⁄4-in.), 37.5-mm (11⁄2-in.), and larger, increasing in the ratio
loss of any particles. Very rapid heating may cause some
of 2 to 1.
particles to explode, resulting in loss of particles. Use a
3. Calculate percentages passing, total percentages retained, or controlled temperature oven when excessive heat may alter the
percentages in various size fractions to the nearest 0.1 % on character of the aggregate, or where more precise
the basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample. If the same measurement is required
test sample was first tested by Test Method C 117, include the
3. When a hot plate is used, drying can be expedited by the
mass of material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) size by
following procedure. Add sufficient anhydrous denatured
washing in the sieve analysis calculation; and use the total dry
alcohol to cover the moist sample. Stir and allow suspended
sample mass prior to washing in Test Method C 117 as the
material to settle. Decant as much of the alcohol as possible
basis for calculating all the percentages
without losing any of the sample. Ignite the remaining alcohol
Weight Individual Cumulative Percent ASTM C33
Sieve
Retained Percent Percent Passing Min-Max and allow it to burn off during drying over the hot plate.
9.5 mm 4. The sample is thoroughly dry when further heating causes,
4.75 mm or would cause, less than 0.1 % additional loss in mass.
2.36 mm
5. Determine the mass of the dried sample to the nearest 0.1 %
1.18 mm
600 um
after it has cooled sufficiently not to damage the balance.
300 um
150 um Calculation
75 um
(𝑊 − 𝐷)
pan 𝑝 = 100
𝐷
p = total evaporable moisture content of sample, percent,
ASTM C566 W = mass of original sample, g,
Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture D = mass of dried sample, g
Content of Aggregate by Drying
This test method covers the determination of the percentage of
Importance of Bulk Density
evaporable moisture in a sample of aggregate by drying, both
surface moisture and moisture in the pores of the aggregate. Specific gravity test of aggregates is done to measure the
Some aggregate may contain water that is chemically strength or quality of the material. It is said that if the
combined with the minerals in the aggregate. Such water is not aggregates has higher specific gravity, meaning more dense, it
is stronger. Lightweight aggregates has lesser density W = density of water (998kg/cu.m)
compared to normal aggregates, thus, its weaker.
ASTM Standard
Importance of Specific Weight of Aggregates ASTM C127 - Standard Test Method for Relative Density
• Used for Design Mixture Calculation (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
• Used for Purchase Agreements ASTM C128 - Standard Test Method for Relative Density
• Used for Computation of Percentages of Voids (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
ASTM C191 1. Quickly form the cement paste, prepared as described in the
section on preparation of cement paste, into a ball with gloved
These test methods determine the time of setting of
hands and toss six times from one hand to the other, maintaining
hydraulic cement by means of the Vicat needle. Two test the hands about 150 mm (6 in.) apart.
methods are given; Method A is the Reference Test Method 2. Press the ball, resting in the palm of the hand, into the larger
using the manually operated standard Vicat apparatus, while end of the conical ring, held in the other hand, completely filling
Method B permits the use of an automatic Vicat machine that the ring with paste.
has, in accordance with the qualification requirements of this
method, demonstrated acceptable performance. 3. Remove the excess at the larger end by a single movement
of the palm of the hand.
MATERIALS NEEDED 4. Place the ring on its larger end onto a non-absorptive plate,
and slice off the excess paste at the smaller end at the top of
1. Vicat Apparatus the ring by a single oblique stroke of the trowel held at a slight
2. Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Mass 3. angle with the top of the ring.
Glass Graduates
4. Plane non-absorptive plate 5. Smooth the top of the specimen, if necessary, with one or two
5. Flat Trowel light touches of the pointed end of the trowel. During the
6. Conical Ring operation of cutting and smoothing, take care not to compress
7. Mixer, Bowl and Paddle the paste.
CONSISTENCY DETERMINATION:
Procedure
1. After mixing the fresh concrete, and checking its
workability using the slump test, the sampling for
compressive strength can be started.
2. Moist the cylindrical mold with a demolding agent or
used oil including the outside area.
3. Fill the mold up to the third level using the scoop.
Slightly tamp using the tamping rod 25 times on a circular
pattern. Slightly tamp the outside of the mold using the
rubber mallet.
4. Fill the next third level of the mold. Slightly tamp the
concrete up to the surface of the first level of concrete.
Again, Slightly tamp the outside using the rubber mullet.
•True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be
5. Fill the remaining level of concrete and slightly overfill
measured in the test. The measurement is taken
the top. Tamp the concrete using the tamping rod up to
between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete
the last level filled. Use the tamping rod to scrape the
after the cone has been removed as shown in figure-1.
excess concrete on top of the cylinder. Use the concrete
spoon to level the top. Place a tag on top of the specimen
•Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low
6. Place the specimens on the cool place away from
water-cement ratio, which results in dry mixes. These
sunlight and moisture.
type of concrete is generally used for road construction.
7. After a day, demold the specimen, place the specimen
on a curing tank up to the desired duration before
•Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-
testing.
cement ratio is too high, i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it
is a high workability mix, for which a slump test is not
appropriate.
NUMBER OF LAYERS specimens that are not plane within 0.002 in. [0.050 mm]
shall be sawed or ground to meet that tolerance or
capped in accordance with either Practice C 617 or
Practice C 1231. The diameter used for calculating the
cross-sectional area of the test specimen shall be
determined to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] by
averaging two diameters measured at right angles to
each other at about midweight of the specimen.
• The number of individual cylinders measured for
determination of average diameter is not prohibited
from being reduced to one for each ten specimens or
three specimens per day, whichever is greater, if all
cylinders are known to have been made from a single lot
of reusable or single-use molds which consistently
produce specimens with average diameters within a
range of 0.02 in. [0.5 mm]. When the average diameters
DIAMETER OF ROD
do not fall within the range of 0.02 in. [0.5 mm] or when
the cylinders are not made from a single lot of molds,
each cylinder tested must be measured and the value
used in calculation of the unit compressive strength of
that specimen.
PROCEDURE:
APPARATUS NEEDED
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Capping Machine 4. Placing the Specimen—Place the plain (lower) bearing
3. Alternative to Capping is Rubber Capping block, with its hardened face up, on the table or platen
of the testing machine directly under the spherically
SPECIMEN seated (upper) bearing block. Wipe clean the bearing
• Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter faces of the upper and lower bearing blocks and of the
of a cylinder differs from any other diameter of the same test specimen and place the test.
cylinder by more than 2 %.
• Neither end of compressive test specimens when 5. Rate of Loading—Apply the load continuously and
tested shall depart from perpendicularity to the axis by without shock.
more than 0.5° (approximately equivalent to 0.12 in 12 A. For testing machines of the screw type, the moving
in. [3 in 300 mm]). The ends of compression test head shall travel at a rate of approximately 0.05 in. [1
mm]/min when the machine is running idle. For DIAGRAM OF TESTING
hydraulically operated machines, the load shall be
applied at a rate of movement (platen to crosshead
measurement) corresponding to a loading rate on the
specimen within the range of 20 to 50 psi/s [0.15 to 0.35
MPa/s]. The designated rate of movement shall be
maintained at least during the latter half of the
anticipated loading phase of the testing cycle.
B. During the application of the first half of the
anticipated loading phase a higher rate of loading shall
be allowed.
C. Make no adjustment in the rate of movement of the
platen at any time while a specimen is yielding rapidly
immediately before failure. TESTING
1. The test specimen shall conform to all
6. Apply the load until the specimen fails, and record the requirements of Test Method C 42 or Practices C
maximum load carried by the specimen during the test. 31 or C 192 applicable to beam and prism
Note the type of failure and the appearance of the specimens and shall have a test span within 2 %
concrete. of being three times its depth as tested. The
sides of the specimen shall be at right angles with
CALCULATION the top and bottom. All surfaces shall be smooth
and free of scars, indentations, holes, or
1. Calculate the compressive strength of the specimen by inscribed identification marks. 2. The technician
dividing the maximum load carried by the specimen performing the flexural strength test should be
during the test by the average cross-sectional area certified as an ACI Technician—Grade II, or by an
determined as described in Section 6 and express the equivalent written and performance test
result to the nearest 10 psi [0.1 MPa]. program.
2. If the specimen length to diameter ratio is less than
1.8, correct the result obtained in 8.1 by multiplying by PROCEDURE
the appropriate correction factor shown in the following 1. Flexural tests of moist-cured specimens shall
table. be made as soon as practical after removal from moist
storage. Surface drying of the specimen results in a
reduction in the measured flexural strength.
2. When using molded specimens, turn the test
1. Identification number, specimen on its side with respect to its position as
2. Diameter (and length, if outside the range of 1.8D to molded and center it on the support blocks. When using
2.2D), in inches [millimetres], sawed specimens, position the specimen so that the
3. Cross-sectional area, in square inches [square tension face corresponds to the top or bottom of the
millimeters], specimen as cut from the parent material. Center the
4. Maximum load, in pounds-force [kilonewtons]. loading system in relation to the applied force.
3. Load the specimen continuously and without
ASTM C78 - This test method covers the determination shock. The load shall be applied at a constant rate to the
of the flexural strength of concrete by the use of a simple breaking point. Apply the load at a rate that constantly
beam with third-point loading. The values stated in inch- increases the extreme fiber stress between 125 and 175
pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI psi/min (0.86 and 1.21 MPa/min) until rupture occurs.
equivalent of inch-pound units has been rounded where The loading rate is calculated using the following
necessary for practical application. equation:
𝑺𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝒓=
APPARATUS NEEDED 𝑳
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Measuring Tape/Ruler r = loading rate, lb/min (MN/min),
3. Loading Apparatus S = rate of increase in extreme fiber stress,
psi/min (MPa/ min),
b = average width of the specimen, in. (mm), MODULE 5E: Standard Test Method for Compressive
d = average depth of the specimen, in. (mm), and Strength of Masonry Prisms
L = span length, in (mm)
ASTM C1314 - Standard Test Method for Compressive
𝑷𝑳 Strength of Masonry Prisms contains provisions for
𝑹=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 determining the compressive strength of a masonry
R = modulus of rupture, psi, or MPa, prism: an assemblage made of representative units,
P = maximum applied load indicated by the mortar and grout (for grouted masonry construction).
testing machine, lbf, or N, Although constructed using materials used in the project,
L = span length, in., or mm, the prism is not intended to be a reduced-scale version
b = average width of specimen, in., or mm, at the of the wall, but rather a quality assurance instrument to
fracture, and demonstrate how the masonry components work
d = average depth of specimen, in., or mm, at the together.
fracture
TYPES OF PRISM
If the fracture occurs in the tension surface
outside of the middle third of the span length by not
more than 5 % of the span length, calculate the modulus
of rupture as follows:
𝟑𝑷𝒂
𝑹=
𝒃𝒅𝟐
R = modulus of rupture, psi, or MPa,
P = maximum applied load indicated by the APPARATUS NEEDED:
testing machine, lbf, or N, 1. Universal Testing Machine
L = span length, in., or mm, 2. Capping Tools
b = average width of specimen, in., or mm, at the 3. Ruler
fracture, and 4. Masonry Test Kit for UTM
d = average depth of specimen, in., or mm, at the
fracture CURING PRISMS
a = average distance between line of fracture and Each prism is constructed in a moisture-tight bag
the nearest support measured on the tension surface of large enough to enclose and seal the completed prism.
the beam, in., (or mm). The bags should have adequate thickness to prevent
tearing; a thickness of 0.0051mm or greater has been
found to work well. After the initial 48 hours of job site
ASTM C293 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength curing in the moisture-tight bag, each prism is carefully
of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Center-Point moved to a location where the temperature is
Loading) maintained at 24±8°C for full curing prior to testing.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure and record the cross-sectional
dimension and the moisture content of the
specimen. 2. Place the specimen on the grip 3.
Start the test by applying a speed that the failure MODULE 6B: Tensile Strength of Reinforcing Bars
occurs within 1 minute. 4. Record the maximum
load.
ASTM A615 - This specification covers deformed
ASTM D4761 - This test method provides and plain carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement in
procedures for the determination of long-span cut lengths and coils. Steel bars containing alloy
modulus of elasticity of lumber and other wood- additions, such as with the AISI and SAE series of alloy
base structural material in flat-wise bending steels, are permitted if the resulting product meets all
under center-point load the other requirements of this specification. The
standard sizes and dimensions of deformed bars and
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY- their number designations are given in Table 1. The text
Long-span modulus of elasticity (E) is defined as of this specification references notes and footnotes
the modulus of elasticity calculated from which provide explanatory material. These notes and
deflection measured in a flat-wise test of lumber footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not
with center point loading and aspan-depth ratio be considered as requirements of the specification.
(l/d) of approximately 100 (90 to 110). Bars are of three minimum yield levels: namely:
A. 40 000 [280 MPa]
A known concentrated load is applied at mid- B. 60 000 [420 MPa]
span of a simply supported piece of lumber C. 75 000 psi [520 MPa] designated as:
oriented flatwise. A dial indicator is used to
determine the deflection of the lumber A. Grade 40 [280]
pieceunder the load. The modulus of elasticity B. Grade 60 [420]
(E) is determined by relating the deflection to the C. Grade 75 [520]
size of lumber and the test span. TENSILE REQUIREMENTS
𝑷𝑳𝟑
𝑬=
𝟒𝟖𝒅𝑰
E = modulus of elasticity, psi x 106
P = load, lb,
L = span, in.,
d = deflection, and
I = moment of inertia, in6 .
7. Determine the elongation by measuring the rebar
(Using the UTM Machine Output or by Measuring).
Number of tests:
For bar sizes No. 3 to 11 [10 to 36], inclusive, one
tension test and one bend test shall be made of the
largest size rolled from each heat. If, however, material
from one heat differs by three or more designation
numbers, one tension and one bend test shall be made
from both the highest and lowest designation number of
the deformed bars rolled. For bar sizes Nos. 14 and 18
[43 and 57], one tension test and one bend test shall be
made of each size rolled from each heat. For all bar sizes
one set of dimensional property tests including bar
weight [mass] and spacing, height, and gap of
deformations shall be made of each bar size rolled from
each heat.
These test methods cover procedures and
definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless
steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests
herein described are used to determine properties
required in the product specifications. Variations in
testing methods are to be avoided, and standard
methods of testing are to be followed to obtain
reproducible and comparable results. In those cases in
which the testing requirements for certain products are
unique or at variance with these general procedures, the
product specification testing requirements shall control.
APPARATUS
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Measuring Tape and Marker
The sample should be place in the cabinet for about ____ The correction factor for specimen with height to least
minute in accordance with C191 lateral dimension ratio equal to 1.5
If the result is target slump is 4’’ and actual slump is 6’’, The masonry prism should be removed from the curing
the possible reason is/are? tank ____ days before testing
Too much mixing time ANSWER: 2
Concrete has higher water content
Aggregates are wet Initial setting time of cement is necessary to design mix of
ANSWER:d. All of the above normal concrete
ANSWER: True
Rodding the concrete inside the slump cone will eliminate
the pockets of air Determine the penetration of 1-mm needle at this time
ANSWER: TRUE and every ____ minutes when getting the initial setting
time
Workability of concrete can be determine using the slump ANSWER: 15
cone test
ANSWER: TRUE Moist is necessary for the effective release of the slump
cone
The opening diameter of slump cone on bottom ANSWER: True
ANSWER: 8”
On the succeeding layers of concrete in slump test, how
The diameter of cylindrical specimen? much is the allowable penetration depth on the previous
ANSWER: 150mm layer?
ANSWER: 0. 25mm
The length of beam mold for flexural strength test
ASTM C187 is the standard procedure for testing the
ANSWER: 530mm setting time of hydraulics cement
ANSWER: False
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 28days
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 7days
ANSWER: ± 20.0h ANSWERS: ± 6.0h
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 24h Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter
of a cylinder differs from any other diameter of the same
ANSWER: ± 0.5h cylinder by more than ____ %.
ANSWER: 2
The approximate distance of hand when tossing the sample in How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in
accordance with C191 accordance ASTM standard for slump test
150mm 25
Why it is necessary to use gloves in the preparation of Rodding the concrete inside the slump cone will eliminate the
cement paste for the determination of setting time? pockets of air
Both A and B (No moisture will be absorbed by the hands, To True
protect the hands from the cement chemicals)
How many layers of concrete needed for casting the
The required time of penetration in ASTM C197 is? cylindrical specimen?
30sec 3
The depth in mm required for the needle in testing the initial Immediately after casting the specimen, it is necessary _____
setting time of cement to prevent early evaporation
25 Spray with Water
Determine the penetration of the 1-mm needle at this time How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in
and every ___ minutes when getting the initial setting time casting the beam specimen?
15 63
The mass of cement needed for testing using the vicat When casting cylinder with diameter of 225mm, the number
apparatus of layers should be
650g 4
If the result is target slump is 4” and actual slump is 6", the The ASTM standard for the preparation of specimen for
possible reason is/are? curing
All of the above (Aggregates are wet, Concrete has higher ASTM C192
water content, Too much mixing time)
Tamping of mold using the rubber mallet for the preparation
Before placing the concrete, the slump cone should be of concrete specimen is allowed
Moisten True
The height of the slump cone is? The length of beam mold for flexural strength test
300mm 530mm
Slump test quantifies the ____ of fresh concrete Paper is allowed for tagging the specimen for curing
Workability True
A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm and The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral
length of 525mm, calculate the flexural strength of the dimension ratio equal to 3.0
concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is third 1.07
point load.
4.67 Mpa The masonry prism should be removed from the curing tank
____ days before testing
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 28days 2
± 20.0h
For hydraulically operated machines, the load shall be applied
A sample with diameters of 150.23 and 151.02 tested for at a rate of movement (platen to crosshead measurement)
compressive strength has an axial load of 600kN, calculate corresponding to a loading rate on the specimen within the
the compressive strength of the concrete. range of _______?
33.67 Mpa 0.15 to 0.35 Mpa/s
A sample with an average diameter of 6" tested for Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 7days
compressive strength has an axial load of 490kN, calculate ± 6.0h
the compressive strength of the concrete.
27.73Mpa A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm and
length of 525mm, calculate the flexural strength of the
The standard test for compressive strength of concrete in concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is center
accordance with ASTM point load.
C39 7.0 Mpa
Factor for specimen with ratio of L/d of 1.2 The diameter of cylindrical specimen?
0.93 150mm
Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 24h Curing of specimen will improve the hydration of cement
± 0.5h True
The following are tools needed for testing the compressive How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete when
strength of masonry except? casting the cylindrical specimen
Rod 25
The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter of a
dimension ratio equal to 1.5 cylinder differs from any other diameter of the same cylinder
0.86 by more than _ %.
2
Initial curing period for masonry before full curing should be
how many days?
2
Why it important to have a 5mm distance in testing the MODULE 6
penetration in accordance with ASTM C197. The length of the specimen for axial tensile strength test
Both A and B (To remove biases, To eliminate disturbed Clear distance of the grip plus required length for full contact
specimen) on the grips
The penetration test shall have a distance of ____ mm form In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
any previous penetration on the inner side of the mold stress of bar is 88.5kN and the rebar diameter is 20mm.
10 Determine the grade of bar.
281.71Mpa
The sample should be place in the cabinet for about
minute in accordance with C191 In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the tensile
30 strength is 80.5kN and yield stress of bar is 69.2kN and the
rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine the
ASTM standard for testing the slump of concrete grade of bar.
C143 344.18Mpa
The penetration test shall have a distance of ___ mm form The nominal weight in kg/m of bar No.5
any previous penetration on the outer side of the mold 1.552
5
In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
Sand should be measure up to the nearest 0.1 grams in the stress of bar is 22.4kN and the rebar diameter is 10mm.
determination of setting time of hydraulic cement Determine the grade of bar
True 276.77Mpa
ASTM C187 is the standard procedure for testing the setting Equivalent grade for 40,000 psi steel bars in Mpa
time of hydraulics cement 280Mpa
TRUE
The grade of the rebar should be based on?
The allowed time to settle the needle for the initial setting Yield strength
time test is?
30 seconds ASTM A615 is?
Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon steel
How many times you need to toss the sample from one hand bars
to another in accordance with C191
6 Machine used to test the tensile strength of rebar
UTM
Glass can be used as non-absorbent plate in the vicat
apparatus In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
True stress of bar is 39.2kN and the rebar diameter is 12mm.
Determine the grade of bar.
The area of the needle of the vicat apparatus is in sq.mm. 346.61 Mpa
1
The tensile strength of grade 60 bars is approximately?
How many layers should the concrete be placed on the slump 90,000psi
cone?
3 In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield
stress of bar is 22.4kN and the rebar diameter is 10mm.
The allowed time of lifting the slump cone for the slump test? Determine the grade of bar.
5±2 seconds 285.21Mpa
Vibration is required as mode of consolidation for cylinders The orientation of lumber in the modulus of elasticity test is?
with diameter? Flatwise
Greater than 225
The ASTM Standard for determining the axial compressive
strength of stress-graded lumber?
D4761
75,000 psi is equivalent to ___ksi
75
Both A and B
2. The depth in mm required for the needle in testing the initial setting time of cement
10
The mass of cement needed for testing using the vicat apparatus
650
1. The sample should be place in the cabinet for about ____ minute in
accordance with C191
30
1. Determine the penetration of the 1-mm needle at this time and every ____
minutes when getting the initial setting time
15
150
1. ASTM C187 is the standard procedure for testing the setting time of
hydraulics cement
True
+-5
1. How many times you need to toss the sample from one hand to another in
accordance with C191
1. The allowed time of lifting the slump cone for the slump test?
b. 5±2 seconds
True
True
25
1. How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in accordance ASTM
standard for slump test
25
C143
1. How many layers should the concrete be placed on the slump cone?
True
1. Rodding the concrete inside the slump cone will eliminate the pockets of air
True
True
1. Tamping of mold using the rubber mallet for the preparation of concrete
specimen is allowed
True
True
True
1. How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete when casting the
cylindrical specimen
25
225
True
1. When casting cylinder with diameter of 225mm, the number of layers should
be
4
1. The ASTM standard for the preparation of specimen for curing
Astm c192
1. How many layers of concrete needed for casting the cylindrical specimen?
1. A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm and length of
525mm, calculate the flexural strength of the concrete if the load 30kN and
the loading system is center point load.
7mpa
20hours
33.67 MPA
0.93
6 hours
1. Permissible tolerance for specimen tested at age 24h
+-0.5
UTM
2%
1. A sample with an average diameter of 6’’ tested for compressive strength has
an axial load of 490kN, calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.
26.86
1. The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral dimension ratio
equal to 3.0
1.07
Both a b
1. The following are tools needed for testing the compressive strength of
masonry except?
Rod
1. Thickness of bag should be equal or greater than ____ for storing masonry
specimen
0.0051mm
1. The masonry prism should be removed from the curing tank ____ days
before testing
2days
1. Initial curing period for masonry before full curing should be how many days?
1day
1. The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral dimension ratio
equal to 1.5
0.86
Of course
C1314
The ASTM Standard for determining the axial tensile strength of stress-graded lumber?
D4761
MAXIMUM
The dial indicator in testing the bending strength of wood shall be accurate up to atleast ___ mm.
25MM
FLATWISE
The aspect-depth ratio (l/d) should be approximately __ for modulus of elasticity test.
100
The total weight of load for testing the modulus of elasticity is ____ lbs.
10
The ASTM Standard for determining the axial compressive strength of stress-graded lumber?
D4761
In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 22.4kN and the rebar diameter
is 10mm. Determine the grade of bar.
285.21Mpa
In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 39.2kN and the rebar diameter
is 12mm. Determine the grade of bar.
350.12Mpa
1.552
In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the tensile strength is 80.5kN and yield stress of bar is
69.2kN and the rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine the grade of bar.
344.18Mpa
In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 47500lb and the rebar
diameter is 1’’. Determine the grade of bar.
Grade 40
1. The total weight of load for testing the modulus of elasticity is ______ lbs.
10
1. The ASTM Standard for determining the axial compressive strength of stress-
graded lumber?
D4761
1. In accordance with ASTM D4761, the required length of specimen for axial
compressive strength is _____ times the larger cross-sectional dimension
2.5
1. The ASTM Standard for determining the axial tensile strength of stress-
graded lumber?
D4761
1. In getting the modulus of elasticity of wood, the basis for deflection will be?
DIAL READING
100
1. In testing the axial compressive strength of wood, how long should it take?
10
90000
CALIPER
1. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the tensile strength is 80.5kN
and yield stress of bar is 69.2kN and the rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine
the grade of bar.
344.18
FA 5
1. How many times you need to toss the sample from one hand to another in accordance to C191
-6
2. The penetration shall have a distance of ___ mm form any previous penetration on the inner side of
the mold
- 10
- 25mm
4. Determine the penetration of the 1-mm needle at this time and every __ minutes when getting initial
setting time
- 15
5. In accordance with C197 standard method for normal consistency off hydraulics cement, what is the
tolerance for the depth of penetration?
- +-5 mm
6. Why is it important to have a 5 mm distance in testing the penetration in accordance with ASTM C197
7. ASTM C187 is the standard procedure for testing the setting time of hydraulics cement
- False
8. The allowed time to settle the needle for the initial setting time test is?
- 30seconds
9. Why is it necessary to use glovers in the preparation of cement paste or the determination of setting
time?
10. The penetration test shall have a distance of __mm from any previous penetration on the outer side
of the mold
-5
11. How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in accordance ASTM standard for slump test
- 25
- C143
13. Complete the entire test from the start of the filling through removal of the mold…
- 150s
- True
- Workability
16. If the result is target slump is 4” and aactual slump 6”, the possible reason is/are?
17. On the succeeding layers of concrete in the slump test, how much is the allowable penetration depth
on the previous layer?
- 25 mm
18. Workability of concrete can be determine using the slump cone test
- True
19. In the determination of slump of concrete, it is necessary to measure the diameter of the specimen
after testing
- True
20. How many layers should the concrete be placed on the slump cone?
-3
- 150mm
22. How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete when casting the cylindrical specimen?
- 25
- 530 mm
24. Proper preparation of specimen is necessary in the determination of strength of specimen
- True
25. The dimensions of the cross section of beam specimen for flexural strength test
- 150 mm x 150 mm
26. How many layers of concrete needed for casting the cylindrical specimen?
-3
27. The ASTM standard for the preparation of specimen for curing
- ASTM C192
- Tamping rod
29. How many strokes needed for each layer of concrete in casting the beam specimen
- 63
- 0.98
- 0.93
+-6.0h
+- 0.5h
34. The standard test for compressive strength of concrete in accordance with astm
- C39
35. The standard test for flexural strength of concrete in accordance with astm
-C78
-UTM
37. A sample with diameters of 150.23 and 151.02 tested for compressive strength has an axial load of
600kN, calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.
- 33.67 Mpa
38. Machine used to test the compressive strength is?
- UTM
39. Specimens shall not be tested if any individual diameter of a cylinder differs from any other diameter
of the same cylinder by more than ____ %.
-2
- 20.0h
41. Initial curing period for masonry before full curing should be how many days?
-2
42. Thickness of bag should be equal or greater than ____ for storing masonry specimen
- 0.0051 mm
43. Standard test method for testing the compressive strength of masonry in accordance with ASTM
- C1314
- Yes
46. The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral dimension ratio equal to 1.5
- 0.86
47. The correction factor for specimen with height to least lateral dimension ratio equal to 3.0
- 1.07
49. The following are tools needed for testing the compressive strength of masonry except?
- rod
50. The masonry prism should be removed from the curing tank ____ days before testing
-2
51. The depth in mm required for the needle in testing the initial setting time of cement
- 10
52. The mass of cement needed for testing using the vicat apparatus
- 650
- True
54. The sample should be place in the cabinet for about ____ minute in accordance with C191
- 30
55. The approximate distance of hand when tossing the sample in accordance with C191
- 150
56. The allowed time of lifting the slump cone for the slump test?
- 5±2 seconds
-8
- True
59. Moist is necessary for the effective release of the slump cone
-True
60. Rodding the concrete inside the slump cone will eliminate the pockets of air
- True
61. Tamping of mold using the rubber mallet for the preparation of concrete specimen is allowed
- True
-True
- true
- True
65. When casting cylinder with diameter of 225mm, the number of layers should be
-4
66. A specimen for flexure has a width and depth of 150mm and length of 525mm, calculate the flexural
strength of the concrete if the load 30kN and the loading system is center point load.
-7mpa
68. A sample with an average diameter of 6’’ tested for compressive strength has an axial load of 490kN,
calculate the compressive strength of the concrete.
- 26.86
FA-6
1. In accordance with ASTM D4761, the required length of specimen for axial compressive strength is
_____ times the larger cross-sectional dimension
- 2.5
-Flatwise
-Clear distance of the grip plus required length for full contact on the grips
4. What is the recommended distance of clamping device for axial tensile strength test for wood?
5. The ASTM Standard for determining the axial tensile strength of stress-graded lumber?
D4761
6. The ASTM Standard for determining the axial compressive strength of stress-graded lumber?
-D4761
7. The dial indicator in testing the bending strength of wood shall be accurate up to atleast _____ mm.
-25
8. In testing the axial compressive strength of wood, how long should it take?
9. The aspect-depth ratio (l/d) should be approximately ____ for modulus of elasticity test.
-100
10. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 47500lb and the rebar
diameter is 1’’. Determine the grade of bar.
-Grade 40
12. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 88.5kN and the rebar
diameter is 20mm. Determine the grade of bar.
- 281.71 Mpa
-1.552
- 10
- 75
16. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 22.4kN and the rebar
diameter is 10mm. Determine the grade of bar.
-285.21Mpa
- 60,000psi
18. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the tensile strength is 80.5kN and yield stress of bar
is 69.2kN and the rebar diameter is 16mm. Determine the grade of bar.
- 344.18Mpa
- Caliper
20. The total weight of load for testing the modulus of elasticity is ____ lbs.
- 10
21. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 39.2kN and the rebar
diameter is 12mm. Determine the grade of bar.
- 350.12Mpa
22. In tensile testing of rebar, the load registered for the yield stress of bar is 47500lb and the rebar
diameter is 1’’. Determine the grade of bar.
- Grade 40
23. The total weight of load for testing the modulus of elasticity is ______ lbs.
- 10
24. In getting the modulus of elasticity of wood, the basis for deflection will be?
- DIAL READING
- 90000