Original Article

Ethnobotanical survey and threats to medicinal plants traditionally used for the
management of human diseases in Nyeri County, Kenya
Loice Njeri Kamau1,*, Peter Mathiu Mbaabu1, James Mucunu Mbaria2, Peter Karuri Gathumbi3, Stephen Gitahi Kiama1
1
Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; 2Department of
Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197- 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; 3Department of
Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya

ABSTRACT
In Kenya, traditional knowledge on herbal medicine has remained a mainstream source of maintaining
wellbeing for generations in many communities. However, the knowledge has been eroded in the course
of time due to sociocultural dynamics virtually advanced by Christianity and formal education especially
in the Kikuyu community. The study documented current ethnobotanical knowledge and threat to the
traditional knowledge on medicinal plants among the Kikuyu community. A survey was carried out in
Mathira, Tetu, Kieni, Othaya, Mukurweini, and Nyeri Town constituencies. Thirty practicing herbalists
were purposively sampled; 5 per constituency. Data was obtained through semi - structured
questionnaires and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. A total of 80 ailments treated using 111
medicinal plant species distributed within 98 genera and 56 families were documented. Prevalent
communicable diseases treated using herbal medicine included; gonorrhea (17.5%), malaria (15%),
respiratory infections (12%), colds (10%) and amoebiasis (10%). Non-communicable diseases were; joint
pains (11.1%), ulcers/hyperacidity (8.7%), high blood pressure (8.7%), intestinal worms (11.1%) and
arthritis/gout (10%). Frequently harvested plant materials were; roots, barks and leaves. The study
concluded that, traditional medicine practitioners in Nyeri County possessed wide knowledge of herbal
medicine but this knowledge was on the verge of disappearing as it was largely a preserve of the aged
generation. The study recommended massive campaign about the benefits of using herbal medicine in the
study area. Further pharmacological studies are recommended on the mentioned plant species aimed at
establishing their efficacy and safety as well as standardization as potential drugs.

Keywords traditional medicine, Kikuyu comunity, Nyeri County, Kenya

INTRODUCTION a mission in Nyeri in 1910. The mission established a primary

school in 1924 which is today’s Nyeri High School and, several
Traditional knowledge on herbal medicine has remained a other schools. Consolata hospital was established in the same
mainstream source of maintaining wellbeing for generations in place in 1937 (Njoroge, 1999). To date, Nyeri County enjoys
many communities (Kamboj, 2000). However, while many one of the highest literacy levels in Kenya (Kenya National
communities in Africa are custodian of sophisticated plant Bureau of Statistics, 2013). The spread of Christianity and
knowledge (Barrow, 1996), adoption of western culture has introduction of formal education brought about unprecedented
caused rapid erosion of indigenous knowledge (Fratkin, 1996). changes (Sindiga et al., 1995). It came with a cost especially on
The Kikuyu community which largely occupies central Kenya the loss of traditions which the missionaries considered
had most of its culture eroded by western influence as a result barbaric. Missionaries were disdainful of African traditional
of Christianity, colonialism and formal education (Sindiga et al., beliefs, attitudes and practices. They were guided by “counter
1995). During the colonial period, Nyeri County witnessed cultural” model of Christian-culture interaction based on the
unprecedented early missionary establishment notably, assumption that Christianity and indigenous practices were
Tumutumu Mission in 1908. This was followed by diametrically opposed and the latter would have to give the
establishment of a hospital, school and a church by the Scottish way (Bevans, 1992). Particularly, use of traditional medicine
Mission. The mission was a spring board and focal point of faced a major setback due to alleged association with witchcraft
Christianity and education establishment in other parts of Nyeri and perceived potent of western medication. Consequently, use
region (Presbyterian Church of East Africa, 2011). Similarly, of traditional medicine among other cultural practices was
the Catholic missions particularly, Consolata fathers established condemned and prohibited among converts (Muraya, 2013).
The effort of missionaries was boosted by colonial government
*
Correspondence: Loice Njeri Kamau which introduced the "Witchcraft Act" of 1925” outlawing
E-mail: [email protected] traditional medicine in Kenya (Sleap, 2011). Moreover,
Received March 22, 2016; Accepted May 18, 2016; Published establishment of hospitals alongside schools provided an
August 31, 2016 alternative source of healthcare provision (Njoroge, 1999).
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5667/tang.2016.0007 From the foregoing, the Kikuyu culture within which
© 2016 by Association of Humanitas Medicine
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license.
knowledge on traditional medicine is engrained was rendered
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) amorphous. Nonetheless, the post-independence era witnessed

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 Medicinal plants used in Nyeri County

Kikuyu community from Nyeri County grapple with high Study design and data collection
prevalence of non-communicable diseases The study was a cross sectional survey, 30 practicing traditional
(http://integratepc.org/hospitals/kenya-only/) that defied medicine practitioners (TMPs) that willingly consented to
conventional treatment approaches (Lucado et al., 2011). participate were purposively sampled (5 per constituency),
Further, high incidences of ailments which were resistant to through the guidance of officers from Ministry of Culture and
antibiotics (Laxminarayan and Heymann (2012) continued to Social Services. The criteria for selecting the target population
challenge allopathic mode of treatment. This may have driven were guided by Cohen et al. (2000). According to the authors, a
the community to seek alternative treatment methods, notably, sample of 30 respondents is the minimum sample size that can
several herbal clinics were opened especially in urban centers reveal the full range or nearly full range of potentially
in Nyeri, an indication that traditional medicine was gaining important opinions when seeking qualitative data as well as in
acceptance in Central Kenya. However, future ethno working out statistical analysis in quantitative data. Inclusion
therapeutic studies of traditional medicine used by the Kikuyu criteria were based on those TMPs that were born and practiced
community from Nyeri County relied on the preservation and in the study area. Data collection involved interviews,
protection from extinction, of traditional medicinal knowledge administration of pilot tested semi-structured questionnaire to
engrained in the pre-colonial Kikuyu cultural heritage. World the TMPs, and transect walk. Interviews were conducted in the
Health Assembly (1987) expressed the need for member native language (Kikuyu) and translated to English by a team
countries to develop programmes for conserving cultural of trained research assistants. The respondents were assured of
medicinal knowledge (Eloff, 1998). This endeavor could only confidentiality and that, any information volunteered would be
be achieved through detailed documentation of ethnobotanical used for research purpose. Information collected from the
knowledge of different communities. Njoroge and Bussmann TMPs included; demographic information, traditional
(2006) and Bussmann and Njoroge (2007), documented herbal knowledge on herbal medicine (harvesting, processing, dosage,
medicine for skin and, eye, ear and throat (ENT) around Mt. preparation, route of administration and toxicity) and
Kenya and commonly sold herbs around urban centers in challenges in herbal medicine practice.
central region of Kenya. Despite the reported rise in use of
herbal health services in Kenya, little published data was Sample collection and identification
available on traditional knowledge on herbal medicine used in Medicinal plants used to treat diseases that were mentioned by
Nyeri County. The purpose of the current survey was to the TMPs during the interview were collected by a team of
investigate and document comprehensively, traditional researchers from the University of Nairobi, research assistants
medicinal plants used in the treatment and management of and TMPs. The plants were identified by a botanist and
ailments in Nyeri County. voucher specimens were deposited at the University of Nairobi
Herbarium. Information about; habit, habitat, plant part
harvested and scientific name was recorded.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data analysis
Study area and ethnographic background Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected during the
Nyeri County occurs in Central Kenya and it borders; Laikipia study. Qualitative responses were organized into themes while
County to the North, Nyandarua to the West, Murang’a to the others were presented verbatim. Quantitative data from
South, Kirinyaga to the East, and Meru to the North East (Fig. demographic information as well as quantified qualitative data
1). It is located between latitude 0.4167° S, 36.9500° E. At the were presented as proportions, percentages, pie charts and bar
time of the study, it had a population of 693,558 (Male – 49%, graphs as well as analyzed using SPSS Version 20. The
Female – 51%) occupying an area of about 3,337 km2. It is relevance of medicinal plant species among traditional
divided into six constituencies; Tetu, Othaya, Kieni, Mukurwe- medicine practitioners was calculated using the formulae; UVs
ini, Mathira and Nyeri town. The temperature ranges from an (total Use Value of the species for all informants) = (ƩUV is) /
average annual minimum of 12°C to a maximum of 27°C and (ni); UVis is the Use Value of the species for a single informant
receives rainfall amounts from 550 mm to 1,500 mm per and nis is the number of interviews by the informant (Hoffman,
annum. The long rains starts on March and ends on May while 2007; Phillips and Gentry, 1993).
the short rains sets in from October to December. Nyeri County
leads nationally with a forest cover of 38.5% as compared to a
national cover of 6.99%. The major geographical landscapes of RESULTS
the County are Mount Kenya (5,199 m) and the Aberdare
ranges (3,999 m) to the east and west, respectively; both are Majority of the Traditional Medicine Practitioners (TMPs) were
densely forested with rich plant species diversity. Agricultural over 57 years (87%) and were of Christian faith (89%). Seventy
activities are a source of livelihood and the most predominant seven percent (77%) had formal education out of which 55.6%
economic activities include; tea and coffee which are grown for had undergone professional training and worked in the formal
exports, large scale horticultural flower farming, greenhouse sector; however, 20% had since retired. Sixty seven percent
farming by small scale vegetable farmers and dairy farming. (67%) combined herbal practice with other income generating
The most predominant tribe is the Kikuyu community; others activities such as; business, farming, masonry and formal
included the Kamba, Luo, Meru, Embu, Somali, and Borana. employment, the other 33% of the practitioners earned their
Most of the people living in Nyeri County are of Christian faith. living from herbalism. The TMPs had long standing experience;
Nyeri County has one level 5 hospital, three level 4, 18 level 3 89% had practiced for over 20 years, the other 11% between 6-
and 75 level two health facilities. It has three mission and three 10 years. They mainly practiced from their homes (78%); the
private hospitals, one hospice, one nursing home and 228 other 22% had established a clinic at either Karatina, Mweiga
private clinics which are spread across the County. The and Nyeri town. Additionally, they had acquired their skills in
doctor/population ratio is about 1:6459 and a nurse/population herbal medicine through inheritance from parents and long-
ratio is 1:143. standing experience. Notably, there was no evidence of
apprenticeship or organized structures of passing down

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 Medicinal plants used in Nyeri County

1% 1% Root
Leaves
3% 9%
3% Bark
4% 34% Fruits
Seeds
20% stem
Flowers
25%
rhizome
whole plant

Fig. 1. Map of Africa showing the location of Kenya and Nyeri County.
Fig. 2. Commonly used plant parts of the medicinal plants.
knowledge which they possessed. However, 67% had acquired
were treated as one, like arthritis and gout and, ulcers and
additional information from books, media and internet. Fifty
hyperacidity (Table 1). For the TMPs to achieve a wholesome
six percent (56%) had no formal training on herbal medicine
effect they used a holistic treatment approach which included
while 44% had attended a government and World Bank
several herbs like; blood purifiers, appetizers, digestives and
sponsored seminar. The attendees displayed a deep mastery of
revitalizers and, nutritional vegetables such as stinging nettle
appropriate herbal medicine practices during plant harvesting,
and Macdonald’s eye. They combined 4-5 herbs in the
preparation, storage, and dosage administration. They were
treatment of one disease; some acknowledged using a cocktail
aware of the group of patients that should be referred to
of up to 20 herbs, thus the saying “gũtirĩ mũtĩ wa mũmwe”,
medical practitioners for specialized treatment based on, age,
which means “plant species never grow in isolation”.
sex and magnitude of sickness. Additionally, they learned
The plants occurred in diverse habitats, 23.8% of the herbs
management skills which included record keeping and financial
were harvested either from the; bush, crop farms, compound or
management. Besides uplifting their confidence and self-
boundary. The highest proportion of species growth form was
esteem in the profession, the seminar had driven out fear
trees (36%) followed by shrubs (32%), herbs (24%), liana (7%)
among them. Eighty percent (80%) had registered as members
and fungi (1%). Regularly harvested plant parts were the roots
of the Nyeri Herbalists Association (NYETIPA) under the
(34.1%), leaves (25%), bark (20%) and whole plant (9%) (Fig.
Ministry of Culture and Social Services. A total of 80 ailments
2). In order to conserve medicinal plants, the TMPs obtained
treated by TMPs were recorded, common communicable
the bark by cutting longitudinal strips or a third of the roots per
(infectious) diseases included; colds (53.3%), (50%), gonorrhea
plant; others had developed botanical gardens in their farms
(40%), respiratory infections (33.3%), intestinal worms
where they grew trees like Prunus africana and Azadirachta
(33.3%), and amoebiasis (10.0%) while non-communicable
indica.
diseases were; high blood pressure (43%), arthritis/gout (40%),
Plant materials were washed and dried before grinding and
wounds (40%), joint pain (33.3%), malaria ulcers/hyperacidity
stored in water proof containers. Plant medicine was prepared
(33.3%), stomachache (33.3%), male sexual dysfunction
by boiling (80%), as an infusion (15%), inhalant or through
(33.3%) and constipation/indigestion (33.3%). Some diseases
dermal or nasal application (5%). Frequently used
measurement unit was a glass/cup (equivalent to 250 ml) of
herbal decoction or infusion taken twice or thrice daily,
children took half the adult dose. Preparation was done by the
TMP and therefore cases of over dosage were rarely reported,
but when they did, the effects included;
constipation/indigestion and vomiting which were treated by
administering a laxative and anti-vomiting herb respectively.
Notably, TMPs did not treat infants, pregnant women, very old
people and emergency cases but referred them to hospital for
specialized treatment.
Plant toxicity was reportedly rare, however, 11% of TMPs
acknowledged that, some herbs like; Annona cherimola.
Warbugia ugandensis, Aloe spp. and Senna didymobotrya
caused toxic effects such as diarrhea, mild headache,
stomachache and general body weakness. In particular,
Neoboutonia macrocalyx caused kidney problems, Caesalpina
volkensii and Acacia nilotica (L. Willd) reportedly caused
blood thinning effect while Rhamnus prinoides and Prunus
africana demonstrated diuretic effect. The TMPs neutralized
plant toxicity by adding milk, fats, and bone soup and, by
Fig. 3. Most common poisonous plant species among the Kikuyu combining with other plants such as, Rhamnus prinoides,
community, Nyeri County. Periploca linearifolia, Carissa edulis, Rotheca myricoides,

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 Medicinal plants used in Nyeri County

12
Number of plant species per

10
8
6
family

4
2
0

Plant family

Fig. 4. Plant families with high proportion of medicinal plant species used in Nyeri County.

prunus africana, Acasia nilotica or Tremma orientalis DISCUSSION

depending on the plant type. Also, ½ a glass of Achyranthes
aspera leaves and Ficus natalensis (roots or bark) was added to Majority of the herbalist were old, an indication that the
the root preparation of Euclea divinorum, Senna didymobotrya practice was not being passed on to the young generation. This
and Cyathula polycephala leaves, to counteract their laxative is similar to what was reported in other studies in Kenya
effect. (Muthee et al., 2011; Wambugu et al., 2011). Most herbalists
Notably, high level of knowledge in plants that are toxic to were of Christian faith; similar observation was made by
both man and animals was observed among the TMPs. Plant(s) Muthee et al. (2011) in Loitoktok District. High level of
that were not eaten by goats or those that produced a milky sap education among the TMPs was attributed to early introduction
were considered to be poisonous to humans or animals. At least of education and Christianity by the missionaries (Sindiga et al.,
each TMP mentioned 3-5 toxic plants, this finding explained 1995). Lack of laid down structures to pass down knowledge
why plant toxicity due to adulteration was reportedly rare; a contradicted Kamenju (2013), report which showed that,
total of 12 plants were identified and documented (Fig. 3). Kikuyu traditional herbalists undertook the practice as a
The TMPs displayed an in-depth knowledge on herbal profession and a means of livelihood and, they routinely passed
medicine used to manage diseases in the Kikuyu community; the knowledge to the young generation. Besides uplifting their
majority (67%) mentioned over 20 medicinal plants without confidence and self-esteem in the profession, information
reference to their records. However, there was no significant acquired from organized seminar had driven out fear among
relationship between level of education (p = 0.070) or age (p = those that had it instilled in them during the colonial period
0.889) and traditional knowledge of herbal medicine. A total of (Sindiga et al., 1995). Additionally, high rate of registration
111 medicinal plant species distributed within 98 genera and 56 with herbalists’ association was observed in other parts of
families were documented (Table 1). Plant families with high Kenya, as reported by Muthee et al. (2011) among the Maasai
numbers of medicinal plants were; Asteraceae (9.5%), herbalists which were practicing in Loitoktok District.
Euphorbiaceae (7.2%), Labiatae (6.3%), Solanaceae (5.4%) and As observed in the present study, respiratory infections and
Caesalpinaceae (4.5%) (Fig. 4). Plants that showed a high arthritis have been cited in Tana River County (Kaluwa et al.,
“User Value” among the TMPs included; Prunus africana, 2014). Similarly, a study carried out by Bussman et al. (2006)
Rotheca myricoides, Kigelia africana, Warbugia ugandensis, cited a high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases,
Croton megalocarpus and Cordia abyssinica (Table 1). The malaria, gastro-intestinal disorders, parasitic ailments and
TMPs from drier parts of the County in particular Kieni sub- wounds among the Maasai of Sekenani. Use of polyherbals in
county, possessed more information on traditional herbal the treatment of diseases is in agreement with Kamenju (2013)
medicine and relied more on knowledge inherited from their view that, Kikuyu traditional herbalists’ treatment approach
parents. aims at addressing the root cause of the disease. High usage of
Despite their deep knowledge in traditional medicine, the shrub and herbs as reported in this study was in agreement with
practice faced several challenges, 70% of the TMPs The present study revealed increased use of roots, similarly,
acknowledged that, there was a general belief among members a high prevalence in harvesting of roots and bark was reported
of the community that taking herbal medicine causes resistance among the Ilkisonko Maasai community (Kimondo et al., 2015).
to modern drugs. Failure to complete prescribed dose was also But in a study carried out in India by Kumar and Bharati (2014),
reported, especially when a large quantity of herb decoction it was observed that, leaves (33 instances) were the most
was administered mainly because the patient presumed that it frequently used plant part. Although root harvesting threatens
was an overdose. Other challenges included poor payment for plants species, conservation measures undertaken by the TMP
services rendered by the TMPs and very high expectation from in the present study area were significant towards protection of
the patients for immediate healing. the ecosystem. Measurement of the plant medicine using a cup
/glass was also observed by Muthee et al. (2011). TMPs in the

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Table 1. Plants traditionally used in the management of human diseases in Kenya

Plant Family Botanical name Therapeutic uses Kikuyu Ppua Preparation Growth Habitat Ncsb Use
and Voucher name forms Value
number (UVs)
Acanthaceae Thunbergia alata Tonsils, Kanyanja Leaves Decoction Vine Bu 2 0.06
Bojer ex Sims hemorrhagia and /Herb
LNM14/103 postpartum
bleeding
Acanthaceae Justicia Pain Numa Leaves decoction Herb Bu, Cp 1 0.03
diclipteroides
Lindau
LNM14/76
Aloaceae Aloe kedongensis Clear pimples, Mũgwanũgũ Leaves Sap Herb Cp, Bu 3 0.1
Reynolds acne
LNM14/84
Aloaceae Aloe lateritia Muscle Kĩĩruma Leaves Sap Herb Cp, Bm, 1 0.03
Engl. LNM14/32 inflammation or Bu
elephantiasis
Amaranthaceae Achyranthes Wounds (blood Mũtegenye Leaf Use sap or Shrub Bu 1 0.03
aspera L. coagulation) / /Kamũtegen pound to
LNM14/117 used to clean ye obtain the
wounds juice
Anacardiaceae Rhus natalensis STDs, fibroids Mũthigiũ Stems Infusion Tree Bu, Cp, 2 0.06
Bernh. and colds Roots
ex Kraus Leaves
LNM14/96 Bark
Annonaceae Annona Cancer Mũtomoko Bark Decoction Tree Cf 1 0.03
cherimola Mill.
LNM14/53

Apocynaceae Carissa edulis STD polio Mũkawa Leaves Decoction Shrub Bu, Cp 8 0.27
(Forssk.)Vahl arthritis/gouts, Bark
LNM14/24 energizer,
stomach ache,
malaria, coughing
/ cold, Male
sexual stimulant
Araliaceae Cussonia holostii Wounds, high Mũroha Bark Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 6 0.2
Engl. blood pressure, Cp, Bm
LNM14/45 irregular
menstrual cycle,
uterine cleansing,
fibroids,
Asclepiadaceae Mondia whitei Appetizer, Mũhukũra Roots Decoction Liana Bu, Cf, 6 0.2
(Hook f.) Skeels stomach Bark added to soup Cp,
LNM14/44 problems,
deworming,
hyperacidity/ulcer
s, male sexual
stimulant, kidney
cleansing,
malaria.
Asclepiadaceae Periploca Colds and STDs Mwemba- Roots Sap Liana Bu, Bm 2 0.06
linearifolia Dill. igũrũ
& A. Rich.
LNM14/06
Sonchus Constipation, Mũthũnga Roots Decoction Herb Cf 3 0.1
Asteraceae oleraceus L. stimulate Leaves
LNM14/02 digestive system,
cancer
Asteraceae Tagetes minuta L. Wounds, toothe Mũbangi Root Crushed, Herb Cf 5 0.17
LNM14/48 ache, insect bite Stem Chew
Leaves
Asteraceae Bidens pilosa L. Conjunctivitis, Mũhehenje Root decoction Herb Cf 5 0.17
LNM14/49 malaria, kidney /Mũcheege
cleansing
Asteraceae Vernonia Stomach ailments, Mũthakwa Roots Decoction, Shrub Bu, Cf, 5 0.17
auriculifera insect repellant, Leaves whole leaves Cp,
LNM14/40 intestinal worms,
dysentery
Asteraceae Galinsonga Measles, tonsils, Mũng’ei Whole Chew leaves Herb Cf 4 0.13
parviflora Cav. colds, asthma plant Decoction
LNM14/08

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 Medicinal plants used in Nyeri County

Asteraceae Launaea cornuta Constipation and Mũthũnga Roots Decoction Herb Cf 3 0.1
(Hochst. ex Oliv. cancer Leaves
& Hiern) C.
Jeffrey
LNM14/03
Asteraceae Vernonia Malaria, Mũchatha Roots decoction Shrub Bu 3 0.1
lasiopus deworming, male
O.Hoffm. stimulant, restore
LNM14/23 periods in women
Asteraceae Psiadia Male sexual Mũbai or Roots Decoction Shrub Bu, Cf, 5 0.06
punctulata (DC.) stimulant mũenda
Oliv. & Hiern ngueko
LNM14/90
Asteraceae Bersama Epilepsy and male Mũrumandũ Leaves Chew Tree Bu, Cp 2 0.06
abyssinica sexual stimulant Root Decoction
Fresen.
LNM14/95
Asteraceae Aspilia pluriseta Diarrhea Mũũtĩ Roots Decoction Herb Bu 1 0.03
Schweinf. ex
Engl.
LNM14/110

Asteraceae Vernonia Stomach Kagutu Leaf decoction 1 0.03

brachycalyx O. evacuation
Hoffm.
LNM14/111
Asteraceae Spilanthes Toothache Gatharia ita Flower Chew Herb Bu 1 0.03
mauritiana s
(A.Rich. ex Pers.) Roots
DC. LNM14/30
Bignoniaceae Kigelia africana Gonorrhea, Mũratina Leaves Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 15 0.5
(Lam.) Benth. sphyllis, drugs / Bark Cp, Bm
LNM14/33 bhang addiction, Fruit
jaundice,
madness, cataract,
blood cleanser,
high blood
pressure,
hydrocephalus,
measles,
hemorrhagia and
postpartum
bleeding
Bignoniaceae Markhamia lutea Toothe ache Mũũ Bark Chew Tree BM, Bu, 1 0.03
(Benth.) K. (mouth wash Cp, Cf
Schum. before bed)
LNM14/120
Boraginaceae Cordia africana Joints, typhoid, Mũringa Bark Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 12 0.4
Lam. high blood Cp, Bm
LNM14/123 pressure,
antitumor, chest
infection, and
cardiac stimulant.

Boraginaceae Ehretia cymosa Wounds and male Mũrembu Bark Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 2 0.06
Thonn. sexual stimulant. Sap Cp,
LNM14/94
Burseraceae Commiphora Clean teeth, snake Mũkũngũgũ Bark Decoction Tree Cf, Cp, 3 0.1
eminii Engl. bite Stem
LNM14/74 Root
Caesalpinaceae Senna Intestinal worms, Mwĩnũ / Leaves Decoction Shrub Cp, Bu 9 0.3
didymobotrya antifungal, burns, Mũĩnũ
(Fresen.) Irwin & bleeding gums,
Barneby tooth ache,
LNM14/39 typhoid,
amoebiasis and
stomache
evacuation.
Caesalpiniacea Caesalpinia Headache / Mũchũthĩ Seeds crush to form Liana Bu, Cf, 6 0.2
e volkensii Harms migraine (Njũthĩ)/ Roots a paste Cp,
LNM14/43 energizer, malaria, mũbũthĩ
joints
Caesalpiniacea Senna Gonorrhea, Mũchingiri Root Decoction shrub Bu 3 0.1
e septemtrionalis syphilis, intestinal

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 Medicinal plants used in Nyeri County

(Viv.) H. Irwin & worms

Barneby
LNM14/70
Caesalpiniacea Caesalpinia Clean teeth Mũbaage Stem Stem cutting Shrub Bu 1 0.03
e decapetala (Roth)
Alston
LNM14/112
Canellaceae Warburgia Arthritis / gouts, Mũthĩga Bark Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 14 0.47
ugandensis tooth ache, Root Cp, Bm
Sprague stomach Leaves
LNM14/34 7 problems,
malaria,
respiratory
diseases e.g.
colds, asthma,
chest pain, AIDs,
cancer, anthrax
Capparaceae Maerua triphylla Headache and Mũkũri- Root Decoction Shrub Bu 3 0.1
LNM14/81 migraine ũndũ
Capparaceae Capparis Arthritis, Mũri ũmwe Bark Decoction or Tree Bu 1 0.03
tomentosa Lam. inflammation / cover the
LNM14/71 elephantiasis, inflamed
joint pain tissue with
bark for 15
minutes).
Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Skin fungal Mũbabae Unripe Juice Tree Cf 1 0.03
LNM14/46 infection fruit

Celastraceae Hippocratea Sexual stimulant Mũng’aang’ Bark Decoction Liana Bu 2 0.06

africana Loes. ex in men, drying of a Roots
Engl. LNM14/93 wounds and STDs
Celastraceae Maytenus Diarrhea Mũthuthi Roots Decoction Tree Bu 2 0.06
heterophylla
(Eckl. & Zeyh.)
LNM14/104
Celastraceae Elaeodendron Wounds Mũtanga Roots Grinded Tree Bu 1 0.03
buchananii Loes.
LNM14/116
Chenopodiacea Chenopodium Gonorrhea Mũiganjo Bark Decoction Herb Bu, Cp 1 0.03
e opulifolium Root
Schrad. ex
W.D.J. Koch &
Ziz LNM14/109
Crassulaceae Kalanchoe Tooth ache Mahũitia / Leaves Heat over the Shrub Bu 1 0.03
marmorata Baker Mũkondori fire and place
or K. densiflora on the
Rolfe. LNM14/31 inflamed or
swollen
muscle
Cucurbitaceae Coccinia Syphilis Kagerema Leaves Decoction Vine Bu 1 0.03
trilobata (Cogn.)
C. Jeffrey
LNM14/108
Dracaenaceae Dracaena High blood Ithare Bark Decoction Tree Bu, Cp 2 0.06
steudneri pressure Root
Schweinf. ex
Engl. LNM14/11
Ebenaceae Euclea divinorum Diarrhea, typhoid Mũkinyai Root Infusion Tree Bu, Cf, 3 0.1
Hiern and Decoction Cp,
LNM14/73 stroke
Euphorbiaceae Croton Influenza, Mũkindũri Bark Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 12 0.4
megalocarpus pneumonia, Leaves Cp, Bm
Del. wounds, family
LNM14/35 planning amoeba /
protozoa, typhoid,
over-bleeding
during
menstruation
cycle and birth

Euphorbiaceae Neoboutonia Coughing / cold, Mũtũndũ Bark Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 9 0.3
macrocalyx Pax chest, wounds, Roots Cp, Bm
LNM14/38 family planning,

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high blood
pressure, cardiac
problem /
hypertrophy,
cholesterol,
chicken pox
Euphorbiaceae Synedenium AIDs, warts and Watha Leaves Decoctionor Shrub Bu, Bm 3 0.1
compactum N. E. joints Milky sap,
Br. Ash from the
LNM14/77 bark
Euphorbiaceae Ricinus Gouts and family Mwarĩki Root Root Shrub Cf 2 0.06
communis L. planning /Mbarĩki Seeds decoction
LNM14/98 3 drops of oil
Euphorbiaceae Tragia brevipes Male sexual Njegeni Roots Roots sap Herb Bu, 2 0.06
Pax. LNM14/100 stimulant and applied on
parturition penis
Decoction

Euphorbiaceae Bridelia Gastrointestinal Mũkoigo Bark Decoction Tree Bu 2 0.06

micrantha worms
(Hochst.) Baill.
LNM14/106

Euphorbiaceae Acalypha Wounds Mũng’aria Roots Sap Shrub Bu 1 0.03

Volkensii Pax
LNM14/115
Euphorbiceae Euphorbia Respiratory Kariaria Roots Decoction Shrub Bu, Cp, 2 0.06
gossypina (Pax) diseases, leukemia Stem Bm
LNM14/86 and energizer Leaves
Flacourtiaceae Trimeria Arthritis / gouts, Mũhĩndahĩn Roots Decoction Shrub Bu, Cp 4 0.13
grandifolia hyperacidity / di
(Hochst.) Warb. ulcers, joints
LNM14/56
Flacourtiaceae Dovyalis Gonorrhea Mũkambura Bark Decoction Shrub Bu, Cf, 4 0.13
abyssinica A. syphilis, Leaves Cp,
Rich LNM14/58 constipation / Roots
indigestion,
fibroids
Gramineae Digitaria Gonorrhea, Thangari Root Decoction Herb Cf, Cp, 2 0.06
scalarum Chiov. candidiasis Bu
LNM14/102
Gramineae Saccharum Fibroids Kĩgwa Stem Juice Herb Cf 1 0.03
officinarum L.
Gramineae Pennisetum Kidney cleansing Wĩtima Roots Decoction Herb Cp, Bu, 1 0.03
clandestinum
Hochst. ex Chiov.
LNM14/78
Guttiferae Hypericum AIDs Mũthathum Leaves Decoction Tree Bu 1 0.03
revolutum Vahl. wa
LNM14/40
Hydnoraceae Hydnora High blood Mũthigira Roots Decoction Herb Bu, Cf, 4 0.13
abyssinica pressure, diarrhea, Rhizo Cp,
Schweinf. expel after birth, me
LNM14/17 hemorrhagia and
postpartum
bleeding
Hypericaceae Harungana Malaria and Mũitathũa Roots Decoction Shrub Bu, 2 0.06
madagascariensis stimulate growth
Lam. ex Poir. of mammary
LNM14/92 glands
Hypocreaceae Engleromyces Colds and Kĩeha kia Whole Decoction Fungi Bu, Bm 2 0.06
goetzei P.Henn. pneumonia mũrangi plant
LNM14/87
Labiatae Ajuga remota. Colds, malaria Wanjirũ wa Leaves Decoction Herb Bu, Cp 7 0.23
Benth AIDs tooth ache, kieni Roots
LNM14/42 high blood
pressure amoeba /
protozoa
Labiatae Leonotis Goiter, intestinal Mũchii Leaves Decoction Shrub Bu 4 0.13
nepetifolia (L.) R. worms,
Br. LNM14/63 conjunctivitis,
irregular
menstrual cycle
Labiatae Plectranthus Stomach problem, Maigũya Leaves Decoction Shrub Bu, Cf, 3 0.1

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barbatus tooth ache, Cp, Bm

Andrews constipation
forskohlii
LNM14/67
Labiatae Ocimum Respiratory Makũri Leaves Decoction Shrub Bu, Cf, 3 0.1
kilimandscharicu diseases Cp,
m Guaerke insect repellant
LNM14/68
Labiatae Ocimum Headache / Mũkandu Bark Decoction, Shrub Bu 3 0.1
gratissimum L. migraine, Leaves Infusion
LNM14/80 Gonorrhea, colds
Labiatae Fuerstia africana Gonorrhea Gathĩrĩga Leaves Decoction Herb Bu 1 0.03
T.C.E.Fr.
LNM14/105
Lauraceae Persea Bleeding gums, Mũkorobia Seed Seed Tree Cp 4 0.13
Americana diarrhea, high Leaves (infusion, Cf
Mill. LNM14/19 blood pressure, Fruit Leaf
diuretic, typhoid peels decoction
Peel
decoction
Liliaceae Aloe secundiflora Pneumonia, Thukũrũi Leaves 3 drops per Herb Bu, Cp 10 0.33
Engl. constipation, glass
LNM14/36 malaria, fibroids,
AIDs, wounds
(apply sap)
Loganiaceae Strychnos Arthritis / gouts, Mũteta Root decoction Shrub BuCf, 6 0.2
henningsii Gilg back or joint pain, Bark CpBm
LNM14/47 pain / fatigue,
malaria,
respiratory
diseases
Malvaceae Sida tenuicarpa Gonorrhea, Kahĩnga Roots Decoction Shrub Bu, Cf, 4 0.13
Vollesen diarrhea and Cp,
LNM14/57 toothache.
Malvaceae Pavonia urens Hyperacidity and Machũna Leaves Decoction Shrub Bu, Cp, 2 0.06
Cav. tooth ache
LNM14/89
Malvaceae Hibiscus fuscus Stomach Mũgere Roots Decoction Shrub Bu 1
Garcke evacuation due to
food poisoning /
afflatoxins
Meliaceae Ekebergia Pneumonia, Mũnunga Bark Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 3 0.1
capensis Sparrm. induce aggressive Leaves
LNM14/75 actions, colds and
coughing
Meliaceae Melia volkensii Malaria Mwarubainĩ Bark Decoction Tree Bu, Cp, 1 0.03
Gürke LNM14/59 Leaves
Mimosaceae Mimosa pudica Asthma Mũkua- Root decoction Herb Cf, Cp, 1 0.03
L. LNM14/113 tũhũ / Bu
Mwĩkuithia

Moraceae Ficus thonningii Intestinal worms, Mũgumo Bark decoction Tree Cf 4 0.13
Blume colds, dysentery Leaves
LNM14/55
Moraceae Ficus lutea Vahl Skin fungal Mũmbũ Leaves Milky sap Tree Bu 1 0.03
LNM14/83 infection

Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Arthritis / gouts, Moringa Seeds Chew seed, Tree Cf, Cp 4 0.13
Lam. loss of memory, Leaves Leaf
LNM 14/28 prostate cancer, decoction
high blood
pressure
Musaceae Musa sapientum Gonorrhea Ngoro ya Inflore Decoction Tree Cf 1 0.03
L. LNM14/107 irigũ scence
(flower
)
Myricaceae Myrica salicifolia AIDs Mũthongoya Bark decoction Shrub Bu 1 0.03
Boj. ex Baker Roots
LNM14/99
Myrsinaceae Myrsine Intestinal worms, Mũgaita Fruits Decoction Shrub Bu, 4 0.13
africanum L. Cancer Bark
LNM14/26

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Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Asthma, Mubao wa Bark Decoction, Tree BuCpBM 3 0.1

globilus Labil. pneumonia, cold, white Leaves Infusion
LNM14/82 sinuses, epilepsy,
high blood
pressure (bark)
Myrtaceae Callistemon Tooth ache Bottle brush Leaves Boil Tree Cp 1 0.03
viminalis
(Gaertn.) G.Don
ex Loudon
LNM14/119
Oleaceae Olea africana L. Intestinal worms, Mũtero / Stem Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 6 0.2
LNM14/27 high blood Mũtamaiyo Root Cp, Bm
pressure, amoeba / Bark
protozoa, joints

Oleaceae Olea hochstetteri Gonorrhea, Mũcharage Bark Decoction Tree Bu 3 0.1

Bak. syphilis, Stem
LNM14/69 colds, intestinal
worms

Oleaceae Schrebera alata Tooth ache Muga nyoni Bark Chew Tree Bu, Cp 1 0.03
(Hochst.) Welw. Twig
LNM14/41
Papilionaceae Erythrina Gonorrhea, Mũhũtĩ Roots Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 3 0.1
abyssinia DC sphyllis, arthritis / Bark Cp,
LNM14/72 gouts
Phytolacaceae Phytolacca Hyperacidity, Mũhoko Leaves Powder Liana Bu, 2 0.06
dodecandra L jigger repellant Decocotion
Hér.
LNM14/91
Polygonaceae Oxinum sinuatum STDs, candidiasis Cong’e Roots Decoction Herb Cf, Cp 4 0.13
LNM14/52
Polygonaceae Rumex Pneumonia Mũgũagũa Stem Crushed/chew Herb Bu, Cf 1 0.03
abyssinicus Jacq. /Mũgagatiu
LNM14/114
Ranunculaceae Clematis hirsuta Colds, kidney Mũgaya- Leaves Inhale Shrub Bu 3 0.1
Guill. & Perr. cleanser ng’ũndũ Roots crushed
LNM14/10 leaves or
roots
Rhamnaceae Rhamnus Arthritis / gouts, Mũkaraking Leaves Decoction Shrub Bu, Cp 7 0.23
prinoides L. appetizer, a Roots
He’rit constipation / Bark
LNM14/18 digestive system,
hyperacidity /
ulcers, high blood
pressure, male
sexual stimulant,
anthrax
Rhamnaceae Rhamnus staddo Kidney cleansing, Ngukura Roots Decoction Shrub Bu 2 0.06
A. Rich malaria added to soup
LNM14/101
Rosaceae Prunus africana Animal protein Mũiri Bark Decoction Tree Bu 17 0.57
(Hook .F.) allergy, STD, Leaves Cf
Kalkm. arthritis / gouts, Cp
LNM14/20 blood purifier / Bm
cleanse, appetizer,
prostate, arthritis,
stomach
10 problems,
constipation,
malaria
hyperacidity /
ulcers, fibroids,
joints, renew
memory
Rubiaceae Galium aparine STDs and kidney Gakarakũ Leaves Decoction Herb Cf, Bu 2 0.06
L. cleansing
LNM14/85
Rubiaceae Vangueria Stimulate Mũbirũ Roots Decoction Tree Bu 1 0.03
madagascariensis digestion
J. F. Gmel.
LNM14/61
Rutaceae Zanthoxylum Toothache and Mũheheti Bark, Decoction, Tree Bu, Cf, 9 0.3
usambarense cleaning teeth, Stem Chew Cp, Bm

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 Medicinal plants used in Nyeri County

(Engl.) malaria, chest

LNM14/37 11 problems:
colds, coughing,
asthma
Rutaceae Toddalia asiatica Colds, respiratory Mũrũrũe Leaves Decoction Tree Bu, Cf, 4 0.13
(L.) Lam. diseases, e.g. cold, Cp, Bm
LNM14/60 asthma or chest
pain,
tooth ache
Rutaceae Clausena anisata Toothe ache Mũtathi Leaf Decoction Tree Bu 1 0.03
Hook.f., De Wild. (mouth wash Root
& Staner before bed)
LNM14/121
Solanaceae Solanum Whooping cough, Mũtũra Roots Decoction Shrub Bu, Cf, 5 0.17
aculeastrum wounds and male (mũgandũra Fruits Cp, Bm
Dunal sexual stimulant anake)
LNM14/51 (Ndura/fruit)
Solanaceae Solanum incanum Anti-vomiting, Mũtongu Roots Decoction Shrub Bu, Cf, 4 0.13
L. stomach Cp,
LNM14/62 11 problems,
hyperacidity,
dyspepsia
Solanaceae Solanum nigrum Nausea, high Managu Leaves Decoction Herb Cf 3 0.1
L. blood pressure,
LNM14/29 arthritis/gouts
Solanaceae Withania Hyperacidity/ulce Mũrumbae Flower Decoction Shrub Bu, Cf, 2 0.06
somnifera (L.) rs s Cp,
Dunal LNM14/97
Solanaceae Physalis Hyperacidity Mũnathi Whole Decoction Herb Bu 1 0.03
peruviana L. plant
LNM14/65
Sterculiaceae Dombeya Stops bleeding Mũkeũ Leaves Sap Shrub Bu 1 0.03
burgessiae Gerr. (clotting effect) Stem
ex Harv.
LNM14/118
Ulmaceae Trema orientalis Asthma Mũhethũ Roots Decoction Tree Bu 1 0.03
(L.) Blume.
LNM14/64
Urticaceae Urtica masaica Arthritis / gouts, Hatha Roots, Decoction Herb Cf, Bu 3 0.1
Mildbr. high blood /Thabai Leaves
LNM14/12 pressure, sexual
stimulant, joint
pain,
Verbenaceae Rotheca Kidney cleansing, Munjuga- Roots Decoction Shrub Bu, Cf, 15 0.5
myricoides gonorrhea, iria (Boil) Cp, Bm
(Hochst.) Vatke syphilis, STD,
LNM14/09 headache /
migraine,
pneumonia,
prostate cancer,
constipation /
indigestion,
malaria,
hyperacidity /
ulcers, amoeba,
typhoid, joints,
brucellosis
Verbenaceae Lantana camara Headache /
Karendi / Leaves Crush sniff Shrub Bu 3 0.1
L. Mũkigĩ
migraine, athletes decoction Cf, Cp
LNM14/66 foot, sun burn Bm
Vitaceae Rhoicissus Remove after
Ndurutua Roots Decoction Liana Bu 1 0.03
11 tridentata birth
(L.f.) Wild &
Drummond
LNM14/54
Bu-bush, Cf- Crop field, Cp-Compound and Bm-Boundary marker Ppua- Part of plant used, Ncsb- Number of citation

present study did not treat some groups of patients, the findings depth knowledge on herbal medicine; similar findings were
contradicted the perception and attitude by pregnant women in reported from Samburu County and Sekenani valley in Maasai
Nigeria who believed that, herbal medicine was safe (Fakeye et Mara (Bussman, et al., 2006; Nanyingi et al., 2008). In the
al. (2009) however, it was in agreement with the report by present study, family Asteraceae had the highest citations of
Muthee et al. (2011). medicinal plants, this finding concurred with that of Malik et al.
The present study revealed that, the TMPs possessed in- (2015) in a study carried out in Northern Punjab. As indicated

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 Medicinal plants used in Nyeri County

Table 2. Cross-reference of most cited medicinal plants using existing literature

Botanical name and Ncsb Therapeutic uses Chemical constituents
plant family
Prunus africana 17 It has antimicrobial activity (Mwitari et al., 2013) It contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids,
(Hook .F.) (Rosaceae) against Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia glycosides, alkaloids and phenols (Mutuku et al.,
marscecens, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus 2014)
(Mutuku et al., 2014).
Kigelia africana (Lam.) 15 It has antiplasmodial (Zofou et al., 2012) and It contains glycosides, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoid
Benth. (Bignoniaceae) hepatoprotective activity (Olaleye and Rocha, 2008). and cardiac glycosides (Abdulkadir et al., 2015)
Rotheca myricoides 15 It has antiplasmodial activity (Muthaura et al., 2015) It contains alkaloids, terpernoids and flavonoids
(Hochst.) Vatke (Jeruto et al., 2010)
(Verbenaceae)
Warburgia ugandensis 14 It has antimicrobial (Mwitari et al., 2013) and It contains alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and
Sprague (Canellaceae) antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium knowlesi terpenes (Were et al., 2015).
and Plasmodium berghei (Were et al., 2010).
Cordia africana Lam. 12 It has antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and It contains coumarins, saponins, sterols, flavonoids
(Boraginaceae) Staphylococcus aureus and, antifungal activity against and triterpenes (Emtinan et al., 2015).
Apergillus niger and Candida albicans (Emtinan et al.,
2015).
Croton megalocarpus 12 It contains alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids,
Del. flavones and catecholics (Waiganjo et al., 2013)
(Euphorbiaceae)
Aloe secundiflora Engl. 10 It contains aloenin which has antiviral (Waihenya et It contains anthrones (aloenin, isobarbaloin, aloenin B
(Liliaceae) al., 2005) and nematicidal activity against Ascaridia and barbaloin), chromones and phenylpyrones
galli ( Kaingu et al., 2013) (Rebecca et al., 2003).
Senna didymobotrya 9 It has antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus It contains steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins,
(Fresen.) Irwin & pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris phenols, steroids, cardiac glycosides (Ngule et al.,
Barneby (Ngule et al., 2013). 2013), terpenoids, anthraquinones, tannins and
(Caesalpinaceae) alkaloids (Nyamwamu et al., 2015).
Neoboutonia 9 It has antiplasmodial activity (Fabrice et al., 2009). It contains cycloartane triterpenes and phenanthrene
macrocalyx Pax (Namukobe et al., Namukobe), steroids and
(Euphorbiaceae) diterpenoids (Kirira et al., 2007).
Zanthoxylum 9 It has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial (Matu and van It contains alkaloids (Atsushi et al., 1995).
usambarense (Engl.) Staden, 2003) and antiplasmodial activity against
(Rutaceae) Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium berghei (Were
et al., 2010).
Carissa edulis 8 It has anti-inflammatory, diuretics, hypotensive It contains saponins, cardiac glycosides and terpenoids
(Forssk.)Vahl (Hanan and Wafaa, 2012) and antibacterial activity (Ngulde et al., 2013).
(Apocynaceae) against Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae and
Streptococcus pyogenes (Ngulde et al., 2013).
Ncsb - Number of citations

in the present study, Njoroge (2012) had reported Prunus information about treatment various ailments affecting its
africana and Strychnos henningsii as frequently used herbs in community; despite lack of clientele. The documented plants
Central Kenya. TMPs from drier parts of Nyeri County had medicinal potential; the most cited herbal medicines
demonstrated deeper knowledge in medicinal plants and contained common phytochemical compounds such as;
reported increased use of herbal medicine by the TMPs. Over terpenoids, flavonoids and saponins and demonstrated
reliance on medicinal plants was reported in other drier regions pharmacological activities such as antimalarial, antibacterial
like Samburu and Tana River Counties which had fewer and antifungal activities. Therefore the study recommended
medical facilities (Nanyingi et al., 2008, Kaluwa et al., 2014). massive campaign about the benefits of herbal medicine in
The most cited medicinal plants demonstrated various order to promote their use. Further research on efficacy and
pharmacological activities as well as phytochemicals (Table 2). safety of the documented herbs was encouraged with the aim of
Major challenges facing demand for the services from developing drugs that can be used to treat and manage various
TMPs in Nyeri County was attributed to poor perception diseases.
towards herbal medicine. A study carried out in Thika and
Nairobi by Njoroge (2012), showed that, “part of the local
populations still holds TMPs with suspicion, erroneously ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
perceiving them as “witchdoctors”. In a study carried out in The author(s) acknowledge funding from “Carnegie
Murang’a, 20 % of patients didn’t believe that herbal medicine Cooperation”, through “Regional Initiative in Science
work while 16% said they didn’t like it (Mwangi and Gitonga, Education – African Natural Product Network (RISE –
2014). This was in contradiction with the upward trend in the AFFNET)”. They also acknowledge technical support from Mr.
use of traditional herbal medicines observed in other parts of Mutiso in the identification of plant specimen and Nyeri
Kenya (Mboya, 2003). herbalists for willingly sharing in-depth traditional knowledge
on plant medicine.

CONCLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The study concluded that; the current cohort of traditional
medicine practitioners from Nyeri County possess vast
The authors declares that there is no conflict of interest

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 Medicinal plants used in Nyeri County

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Arasitol Res. 2012;110:539-544.

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