Professional Documents
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JEFFREY COX - The British Missionary Enterprise Since 1700
JEFFREY COX - The British Missionary Enterprise Since 1700
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5 The British Missionary Enterprise
6 since 1700
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5 Missions are an important topic in the history of modern Britain and of even wider
6 importance in the modern history of Africa and many parts of Asia. Yet, despite the
7 perennial subject matter, and the publication of a large number of studies on particular
aspects of missions, there is no recent, balanced overview of the history of the missionary
8 movement during the last three hundred years.
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The British Missionary Enterprise since 1700 moves away from the partisan approach
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that characterizes so many writers in this field and instead views missionaries primarily
1 as institution builders rather than imperialists or heroes of social reform. This balanced
2 survey examines both Britain as the home base of missions and the impact of the
3 missions themselves abroad, while also evaluating the independent initiatives by African
4 and Asian Christians. Also addressed are the previously ignored issues of missionary
5 rhetoric, the predominantly female nature of missions, and comparisons between British
missions and those from other predominantly Protestant countries including the United
6 States.
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8 Jeffrey Cox brings a fresh and much needed overview to this large, fascinating and
controversial subject.
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30111 Jeffrey Cox is Professor of History at the University of Iowa. His publications, The
English Churches in a Secular Society and Imperial Fault Lines: Christianity and
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Colonial Power in India, 1818–1940 have established themselves as major works in
2 the field.
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2 Christianity and society in the modern world
3 Series editor: Hugh McLeod
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1011 The Reformation and the Visual Arts
1 Sergiusz Michalski
2 European Religion in the Age of Great Cities
3111 Hugh McLeod
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5 Women and Religion in England, 1500–1720
6 Patricia Crawford
71 The Reformation of Ritual: An Interpretation of
8 Early Modern Germany
9 Susan Karant-Nunn
20111 The Anabaptists
1 Hans-Jürgen Goertz
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Women and Religion in Early America, 1600–1850
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Marilyn J. Westerkamp
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5 Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World
6 Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
7 The Death of Christian Britain
8 Callum Brown
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The Redcoat and Religion: The Forgotton History of
30111 the British Soldier from the Age of Marlborough to the
1 Eve of the First World War
2 Michael Snape
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5 The British Missionary
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7 Enterprise since 1700
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First published 2008
1 by Routledge
2 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
3111 Simultaneously published in the UK
4 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
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This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.
6
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
7 collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
9 an informa business
20111 © 2008 Jeffrey Cox
1 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
2 or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
3 mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
4 storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
5 from the publishers.
6 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cox, Jeffrey.
7 The British missionary enterprise since 1700/Jeffrey Cox.
8 p. cm.—(Christianity and society in the modern world)
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
9 1. Missions, British—History. I. Title.
30111 BV2420.C69 2008
1 266!.02341—dc22
I NT R O D U C T I O N
Religion and empire in the modern world
“ L I T T L E D E TA C H M E N T S
OF MANIACS”
Early failures
T H E M I S S I O N A RY H E R O
A N D M I S S I O N A RY
I N ST I T U T I O N S
E C C L E S I A ST I C A L S PR AW L
The triumph of bricks and mortar
E VA N G E L I C A L S A N D
UN R E A C H E D P E O P L E S
100,000
2
80,000
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4 60,000
5 40,000 Associations
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7 20,000
8 0
9 1802 1812 1822 1832 1842 1852 1862 1872
30111 Year
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2 Figure 1 Church Missionary Society income, 1812–1872
3 Source: Church Missionary Atlas, London: Church Missionary Society, 1873.
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264 APPENDIX
1111 t. assoc. t. assoc.
2 income income income income
3
4 1802 373 1838 80,288 61,871
1803 566 1839 67,771 58,522
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1804 611 1840 96,481 81,687
6 1805 1,682 1841 86,536 69,242
7 1806 2,460 1842 84,377 71,698
8 1807 1,974 1843 110,343 78,628
9 1808 1,849 1844 94,243 75,301
1011 1809 2,331 1845 94,445 74,642
1 1810 2,467 1846 91,746 74,337
2 1811 2,476 1847 106,398 77,923
3111 1812 2,401 1848 91,980 75,353
4 1813 3,046 1849 144,720 76,201
5 1814 10,793 7,321 1850 94,400 74,355
6 1815 16,643 9,942 1851 101,896 80,753
1816 17,072 9,464 1852 107,699 79,173
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1817 19,643 15,423 1853 101,148 84,478
8 1818 21,616 18,862 1854 113,298 86,952
9 1819 27,704 24,174 1855 107,743 85,748
20111 1820 30,062 25,684 1856 115,208 90,321
1 1821 31,149 28,158 1857 123,174 95,971
2 1822 32,975 28,135 1858 155,484 101,744
3 1823 32,226 30,400 1859 146,376 115,219
4 1824 37,043 32,571 1860 145,629 109,249
5 1825 43,492 34,612 1861 129,182 103,983
6 1826 43,528 38,861 1862 139,481 106,485
7 1827 44,131 36,972 1863 131,217 99,607
8 1828 42,094 37,633 1864 134,247 103,677
1829 54,010 45,184 1865 147,176 104,529
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1830 47,391 41,639 1866 146,208 113,899
30111 1831 47,839 39,661 1867 150,356 116,037
1 1832 41,839 34,815 1868 157,288 121,299
2 1833 48,315 41,087 1869 155,194 118,570
3 1834 51,207 40,862 1870 141,828 114,916
4 1835 66,909 47,759 1871 165,918 121,692
5 1836 65,732 52,093 1872 153,697 133,661
6 1837 69,266 54,210 1873 156,440 125,580
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8 Figure 1 continued
9 Source: Church Missionary Society Atlas, London: Church Missionary Society, 1873.
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APPENDIX 265
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2 British missionary income by denominational category, 1872
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4 Irish Protestant
Scottish Protestant 5%
5 12%
6 UK Roman Catholic
7 1%
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3111 Anglican
4 42%
Nonconformist
5 40%
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Anglican
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Nonconformist
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Scottish Protestant
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20111 Irish Protestant
1 UK Roman Catholic
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Anglican £429,573 41.8%
4 Noncon £413,216 40.2%
5 ScotsProt £126,451 12.3%
6 IrishProt £52,594 5.1%
7 UK RC £5,517 0.5%
8 Total £1,027,351
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30111 Figure 2 British missionary income by denominational category, 1872
1 Source: W. B. Boyce, Statistics of the Protestant Missionary Societies 1872–73 London: William
2 Nichols, 1874.
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266 APPENDIX
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2 Global mission income, 1872 British Protestant
3 American Protestant
4 Continental Protestant
5 European Roman Catholic
European Roman Catholic
6 12.2%
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8 Continental Protestant
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3111 British Protestant
55.9%
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American Protestant
5 23.8%
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20111 British Protestant £1,021,834 56%
1 American Protestant £434,615 24%
2 Cont. Protestant £148,713 8%
3 European RC £224,015 12%
4 Total £1,829,177
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6 Figure 3 Global mission income, 1872
7 Source: W. B. Boyce, Statistics of the Protestant Missionary Societies 1872–73, London: William Nichols,
8 1874.
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APPENDIX 267
10,000
Series2
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1889 1916 1925 1938 1980 1991 2001
6 50%
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8 40%
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2 20%
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4 10%
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6 0%
7 Latin West East Southeast Islamic South Africa South
America Indies Asia Asia World Asia Pacific
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20111 Latin West East South- Islamic South Africa South
1 America Indies Asia east Asia World Asia Pacific
2 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
3 American 63 60 56 46 45 38 19 12
4 British 20 25 33 9 35 47 33 15
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6 Figure 5 British and American Protestant missionaries by region, 1916
7 Note: The percentages are based on a total workforce which includes not only missionaries from
8 Great Britain and the United States, but also those from Europe, South Africa, Canada, New Zealand,
9 Australia, and indigenous missionary societies in the South Pacific and West Indies.
30111 Source: Beach, World Statistics of Christian Missions, 1916.
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APPENDIX 269
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Women as a percentage of British missionary workforce by region, 1916
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80%
3 Series1
4 70%
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6 60%
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50%
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9 40%
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1 30%
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20%
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4 10%
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6 0%
Islamic South East British South East South Latin Africa West
7 World Asia Asia Grand Total Asia Pacific America Indies
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Female
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2 Islamic World 67
3 South Asia 62
East Asia 60
4 British grand total 58
5 South East Asia 57
6 South Pacific 51
7 Latin America 50
8 Africa 46
9 West Indies 27
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1 Figure 6 Women as a percentage of British missionary workforce by region, 1916
2 Source: Beach, World Statistics of British Missions, 1916.
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Table 1 Estimated number of British missionaries overseas, 1889–2001
Missionaries Male Female Female Female Female Non- Non- Roman Anglican Inter- Personnel USA Conti- South
(Protestant) married un- total (%) western western Catholic Soc denom (total nental Korea
married staff staff (%) Soc home and
abroad)
Notes: 1889 married women estimated; 1938a including China Inland Mission; 1938b excluding China Inland Mission; 2001a UK Christian Handbook,
Religious Trends 2000/2001, 2003; 2001b Johnstone, Operation World, 2003.
Sources: S. G. (Samuel Gosnell) Green, The Missionary Year-Book for 1889, Containing Historical and Statistical Accounts of the Principal Protestant Missionary Societies
in Great Britain, the Continent of Europe, and America (London: Religious Tract Society, 1889). Harlan P. Beach and Burton St. John, eds., World Statistics of Christian
Missions, Containing a Directory of Missionary Societies, a Classified Summary of Statistics, and an Index of Mission Stations Throughout the World (New York: The committee
of reference and counsel of the Foreign missions conference of North America, 1916). Harlan P. Beach and Charles H. Fahs, eds., World Missionary Atlas (London:
Edinburgh House, 1925). Joseph Irving, Interpretative Statistical Survey of the World Mission of the Christian Church. Summary and Detailed Statistics of Churches and
Missionary Societies, Interpretative Articles, and Indices., ed. Joseph Irving Parker (New York London: International missionary council, 1938). P. W. Brierley,
comp., UK Protestant Missions Handbook (London: Evangelical Missionary Alliance, 1977). UK Christian Handbook, Religious Trends 2000/2001 (Eltham, London:
Christian Research, 2003). Patrick Johnstone, Operation World (2003 ed.).
Table 2 Largest British Protestant Missionary Societies, 1889–2000
1111 1889 1938
2 SPG 600 China Inland Mission 1,675
3 CMS 365 CMS 1,169
China Inland Mission 276 MMS 1,014
4 LMS (inc. Ladies Committee) 184 Brethren 801
5 Salvation Army 175 Church of Scotland 757
6 SPG Ladies Association 165 BMS 453
7 WMMS 152 SPG 441
BMS 118 LMS 404
8 Free Church of Scotland 117 CEZMS 244
9 CEZMS 105 UMCA 242
1011 Sudan Interior Mission 211
Bible Churchmen’s Missionary Society 176
1 (BCMS)
2 Africa Inland Mission 143
3111 Worldwide Evangelization Crusade 117
(WEC)
4 Presb Ch Ireland 103
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1977 1980
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7 USPG 428 USPG 369
CMS 358 CMS 369
8 WEC 305 OMF 279
9 Overseas Missionary Fellowship 301 WEC 238
20111 (OMF)
1 Methodist Church 270 Salvation Army 213
Salvation Army 239 BMS 191
2 BMS 217 Bible Medical & Missionary Fellowship 156
3 SAMS 145 Wycliffe 154
4 SUM 143 Methodist Church 149
Church of Scotland 126 Church of Scotland 146
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6 2001 Anglican & Baptist % of workforce
7 Youth with a Mission 486 1982 1998
8 Operation Mobilisation 407 Anglican 40 34
WEC International 290 Baptist 26 16
9 Wycliffe Bible Translator 284 Brethren 10 7
30111 OMF International 266 Presbyterian 9 7
1 SIM UK 191 Pentecostal 6 5
BMS 187 Methodist 5 6
2 CMS 161 Other 4 25
3 Intercontinental Church Society 153
4 Navigators 146
5 USPG 124
Assemblies of God 119
6 Crosslinks (BCMS) 110
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Sources: S. G. (Samuel Gosnell) Green, The Missionary Year-Book for 1889, Containing Historical and
8 Statistical Accounts of the Principal Protestant Missionary Societies in Great Britain, the Continent of Europe,
9 and America (London: Religious Tract Society, 1889). Joseph Irving, Interpretative Statistical Survey
40111 of the World Mission of the Christian Church. Summary and Detailed Statistics of Churches and Missionary
Societies, Interpretative Articles, and Indices., ed. Joseph Irving Parker (New York London: International
1 missionary council, 1938). P. W. Brierley, comp., UK Protestant Missions Handbook (London:
Evangelical Missionary Alliance, 1977). UK Christian Handbook, Religious Trends 2000/2001 (Eltham,
London: Christian Research, 2003).
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FURTHER READING 275
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40111 in Nineteenth-Century England. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
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1111 Thorogood, Bernard. Gales of Change: Responding to a Shifting Missionary Context:
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3 Published for CWM by WCC Publications, 1994.
4 Turner, Mary. Slaves and Missionaries. The Disintegration of Jamaican Slave Society,
1787–1834. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, 1982.
5 Ustorf, Werner, and Aasulv Lande, eds. Mission in a Pluralist World. Studies in
6 the Intercultural History of Christianity 97. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1996.
7 Veer, Peter van der. Conversion to Modernities. The Globalization of Christianity. Zones
8 of Religion. New York: Routledge, 1996.
9 Veer, Peter van der. Imperial Encounters Religion and Modernity in India and Britain.
1011 Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
1 Viswanathan, Gauri. Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief. Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.
2 Walls, Andrew F. The Missionary Movement in Christian History. Studies in the
3111 Transmission of Faith. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1996.
4 Ward, Kevin and Brian Stanley, eds., The Church Mission Society and World Christianity,
5 1799–1999, Studies in the History of Christian Missions. Grand Rapids, MI:
6 W. B. Eerdmans; Richmond, UK: Curzon Press Ltd., 2000.
7 Ward, W. R. The Protestant Evangelical Awakening. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1992.
8 Williams, C. Peter. The Ideal of the Self-Governing Church: A Study in Victorian
9 Missionary Strategy. Studies in Christian Mission, vol. 1. Leiden; New York:
20111 E. J. Brill, 1990.
1 Yates, Timothy E. Venn and Victorian Bishops Abroad: The Missionary Policies of Henry
2 Venn and Their Repercussions Upon the Anglican Episcopate of the Colonial Period
3 1841–1872. Studia Missionalia Upsaliensia. 33. Uppsala: Swedish inst. of
4 missionary research, Sv. inst. for missionsforskning, 1978.
Yates, Timothy. Christian Mission in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, UK; New
5 York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
6
7
8
9
30111
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40111
1
1111
2
3
4
5 N OT E S
6
7
8
9
1011
1
2 1 Introduction: religion and empire in the modern world
3111
4 1 Callum G. Brown, The Death of Christian Britain. Understanding Secularisation
5 1800–2000, Christianity and Society in the Modern World (London and
New York: Routledge, 2001).
6
2 Sydney Smith, “Indian Missions,” Edinburgh Review 12 (April 1808): 151–81.
7 3 Julian Pettifer and Richard Bradley, Missionaries (London: BBC Books, 1990),
8 7.
9 4 Jean and John Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism,
20111 and Consciousness in South Africa. 2 Vol. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1 1991); T. O. (Thomas O.) Beidelman, Colonial Evangelism: A Socio-Historical
2 Study of an East African Mission at the Grassroots (Bloomington: Indiana University
3 Press, 1982); Gananath Obeyesekere, The Apotheosis of Captain Cook. European
Mythmaking in the Pacific, with a New Afterword by the Author, reprint, 1992
4 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); J. D. Y. Peel, Religious Encounter
5 and the Making of the Yoruba, African Systems of Thought (Bloomington, IN:
6 Indiana University Press, 2000).
7 5 Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects. Colony and Metropole in the English Imagination,
8 1830–1867 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); A. N. Porter,
9 Religion Versus Empire? British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion,
30111 1700–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, distributed in the
1 USA by Palgrave, 2004).
6 Antoinette M. Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and
2 Imperial Culture, 1865–1915 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1994);
3 Antoinette M. Burton, At the Heart of the Empire. Indians and the Colonial
4 Encounter in Late-Victorian Britain (Berkeley, CA, London: University of
5 California Press, 1998); Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The ‘Manly
6 Englishman’ and the ‘Effeminate Bengali’ in the Late Nineteenth Century, Studies
7 in Imperialism (Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press;
8 St. Martin’s Press, 1995).
7 Homi K. Bhabha, “Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence and
9
Authority Under a Tree Outside Delhi, May 1817,” Critical Inquiry 12 (Autumn
40111 1985): 144–65; Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Trans-
1 culturation (London and New York: Routledge, 1992).
NOTES 279
1111 8 Owen Chadwick, Victorian Church, An Ecclesiastical History of England, 5
2 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966); Callum G. Brown, Religion and
3 Society in Twentieth-Century Britain, Religion, Politics, and Society in Britain
4 (Harlow, England; New York: Pearson Longman, 2006).
9 Jeffrey Cox, The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth, 1870–1930
5
(New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).
6 10 Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions, The Pelican History of the Church,
7 vol. 6 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1964); Brian Stanley, The Bible and
8 the Flag: Protestant Missions and British Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth
9 Centuries (Leicester, England: Apollos, 1990).
1011 11 Neill, A History of Christian Missions, 9.
1 12 Ernest A. Payne, The Growth of the World Church. The Story of the Modern
2 Missionary Movement (London: Edinburgh House Press, 1955).
3111 13 Ainslie T. Embree, “Christianity and the State in Victorian India: Confrontation
and Collaboration,” in Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: Essays in Honor
4 of R. K. Webb, ed. R. W. Davis and R. J. Helmstadter (London: Routledge,
5 1992), cited, p.151.
6 14 I am using the word “voluntarist” in a different sense from two related
7 meanings. One is the philosophical term which denotes a commitment to
8 the primacy of will. The other is a variant of the nineteenth-century term
9 “voluntaryist,” implying a commitment to the separation of church and state.
20111 For this use of the term see J. P. Ellens, Religious Routes to Gladstonian Liberalism
1 (State University, PA, 1994).
15 Alfred Clair Underwood, A History of the English Baptists. (London: Baptist
2 Union Publ. Dept., 1947), cited on page 42.
3 16 William Carey, An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for
4 the Conversion of the Heathens in Which the Religious State of the Different Nations
5 of the World, the Success of Former Undertakings, and the Practicability of Further
6 Undertakings, Are Considered (Leicester, 1792), 79.
7 17 Edward W. Said, Orientalism, 1st edn. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978),
8 204.
9 18 Elizabeth G. K. Hewat, Vision and Achievement 1796–1956. A History of the
30111 Foreign Missions of the Churches United in the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh:
Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1960), 1.
1 19 Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness
2 in South Africa. 2 Vol., vol. 1, 32.
3 20 Hans Cnattingius, Bishops and Societies. A Study of Anglican Colonial and Missionary
4 Expansion 1698–1850, Published for the Church Historical Society (London:
5 SPCK, 1952), 52, citing SPCK Report, 1791 (London, 1792), 110.
6 21 Carey, An Enquiry, 74.
7 22 Rhonda Anne Semple, Missionary Women: Gender, Professionalism, and the Victorian
8 Idea of Christian Mission (Woodbridge, UK, Rochester, NY: Boydell Press,
2003).
9 23 Lahore Missionary Conference, Report of the Punjab Missionary Conference Held
40111 at Lahore in December and January, 1862–63. (Ludhiana: American Presbyterian
1 Mission Press, 1863).
280 NOTES
1111 24 Missionary Conference, Report of the Punjab Missionary Conference Held at
2 Lahore in December and January, 1862–63, 166–67.
3 25 C. Peter Williams, “British Religion and the Wider World Mission: Mission
4 and Empire, 1800–1940,” in A History of Religion in Britain. Practice and Belief
from Pre-Roman Times to the Present, ed. Sheridan Gilley and W. J. Sheils
5
(Cambridge (USA) & Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), cited p. 400.
6 26 Lamin O. Sanneh, Whose Religion is Christianity? The Gospel Beyond the West
7 (Grand Rapids, MI: W. B. Eerdmans, 2003); Robert Eric Frykenberg,
8 A History of Christianity in India (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
9 forthcoming).
1011
1
2 2 Confessional improvisation
3111 1 Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury, attrib., An Answer to Dr. Mayhew’s
4 Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the
5 Gospel in Foreign Parts (London: R. & S. Draper, 1764).
6 2 Secker, An Answer to Dr. Mayhew’s Observations, 33.
7 3 Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its
8 Men and Its Work, in Three Volumes (London: Church Missionary Society, 1899),
9 Vol. I, 21.
4 W. R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening (Cambridge: Cambridge
20111 University Press, 1992).
1 5 Clive Field, “A Godly People? Aspects of Religious Practice in the Diocese
2 of Oxford, 1738–1936,” Southern History. A Review of the History of Southern
3 England 14 (1992): 50, 52.
4 6 26 May 2004, The Times, p. 6.
5 7 Thomas Bray, An Essay to Shew the Incompetent Provision There is in Many
6 Parishes, Through a Great Part of the Kingdom, to Enable the Parochial Clergy to
7 Instruct the People (London: J. Brudenell, 1703), n.p.
8 Daniel L. Brunner, Halle Pietists in England: Anthony William Boehm and the
8
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Arbeiten Zur Geschichte Des Pietismus
9 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1993), 73.
30111 9 Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening, 317.
1 10 John Gillies, A Supplement to Two Volumes (Published in 1754) of Historical
2 Collections, Chiefly Containing Late Remarkable Instance of Faith Working by Love,
3 published from the manuscript (Edinburgh: Archibald Constable, 1796), 31.
4 11 Jeffrey Cox, “Master Narratives of Long Term Religious Change,” in The
5 Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750–2000, ed. Hugh McLeod and
6 Werner Ustorf (Cambridge, UK, New York: Cambridge University Press,
2003), 201–17.
7 12 C. F. Pascoe, Two Hundred Years of the S.P.G.: An Historical Account of the
8 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701–1900 (London:
9 SPG, 1901), cited 178.
40111 13 W. K. Lowther Clarke, A History of the S.P.C.K., with epilogue by F. N.
1 Davey (London: SPCK, 1959), 11.
NOTES 281
1111 14 Daniel O’Connor et al., Three Centuries of Mission. The United Society for the
2 Propagation of the Gospel 1701–2000 (London and New York: Continuum,
3 2000), 26.
4 15 Stanley Schlenther, “Religious Faith and Commercial Empire,” in The Oxford
History of the British Empire. Volume II. The Eighteenth Century, P. J. Marshall
5 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 131.
6 16 G. M. Ditchfield, “Ecclesiastical Policy Under Lord North,” in The Church of
7 England c.1689–c.1833. From Toleration to Tractarianism, ed. John Walsh,
8 Colin Haydon, and Stephen Taylor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
9 1992), 241.
1011 17 Secker, An Answer to Dr. Mayhew’s Observations, 33.
1 18 O’Connor et al., Three Centuries of Mission, cited p. 20.
2 19 See Dictionary of National Biography, VI, 607.
20 Gillies, A Supplement to Two Volumes (Published in 1754) of Historical Collec-
3111 tions, Chiefly Containing Late Remarkable Instance of Faith Working by Love,
4 passim.
5 21 Owanah Anderson, “Anglican Mission Among the Mohawk,” in Three Centuries
6 of Mission. The United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 1701–2000,
7 Daniel O’Connor et al.(London and New York: Continuum, 2000), 237.
8 22 Secker, An Answer to Dr. Mayhew’s Observations, 35.
9 23 Schlenther, “Religious Faith and Commercial Empire,” 129–30.
20111 24 Secker, An Answer to Dr. Mayhew’s Observations, 41.
25 Noel Titus, “Concurrence Without Compliance: SPG and the Barbadian
1
Plantations, 1710–1834,” in Three Centuries of Mission. The United Society for
2 the Propagation of the Gospel 1701–2000, Daniel O’Connor et al. (London and
3 New York: Continuum, 2000), 249–61.
4 26 O’Connor et al., Three Centuries of Mission, 34–35.
5 27 Schlenther, “Religious Faith and Commercial Empire,” 131.
6 28 Much of my account is based on Margaret Priestley, “Philip Quaque of Cape
7 Coast,” in Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave
8 Trade, ed. Philip D. Curtin (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1967), 99–139
and F. L. Bartels, “Philip Quaque, 1741–1816,” Transactions of the Gold Coast
9
and Togoland Historical Society 1, no. V (1955): 153–77.
30111 29 Bartels, “Philip Quaque, 1741–1816,” 155.
1 30 Bartels, “Philip Quaque, 1741–1816,” 169.
2 31 Caryl Phillips, The Atlantic Sound (London: Faber, 2000), p.179.
3 32 Priestley, “Philip Quaque of Cape Coast,” 139.
4 33 Hans Cnattingius, Bishops and Societies. A Study of Anglican Colonial and Missionary
5 Expansion 1698–1850, Published for the Church Historical Society (London:
6 SPCK, 1952), 75.
34 On this interesting enterprise see Brijraj Singh, The First Protestant Missionary
7
to India. Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg (1683–1719) (New Delhi: Oxford University
8 Press, 1999).
9 35 John Gillies, Historical Collections Relating to Remarkable Periods of the Success of
40111 the Gospel and Eminent Instruments Employed in Promoting It, two volumes
1 (Glasgow: Robert and Andrew Foulis, 1754), I, 413.
282 NOTES
1111 36 See the account in Brunner, Halle Pietists in England: Anthony William Boehm
2 and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 112.
3 37 For more on this interesting story see Brunner, Halle Pietists in England: Anthony
4 William Boehm and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
38 Cnattingius, Bishops and Societies. A Study of Anglican Colonial and Missionary
5 Expansion 1698–1850, p. 52, citing S.P.C.K. Report, 1791 (London, 1792),
6 p. 110.
7 39 “The modern missionary movement is an autumnal child of the Evangelical
8 Revival.” Andrew Walls, “The Evangelical Revival, the Missionary Movement,
9 and Africa,” in Evangelicalism. Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in
1011 North America, the British Isles, and Beyond, 1700–1990, ed. Mark A. Noll,
1 David W. Bebbington, and George A. Rawlyk (New York: Oxford University
2 Press, 1994), 310.
40 G. G. Findlay and W. W. Holdsworth, The History of the Wesleyan Methodist
3111 Missionary Society, in Five Volumes (London: Epworth Press, 1921), I, 16–17.
4
5
6 3 Voluntarist improvisation
7 1 Philip Doddridge, The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul (London:
8 J. Waugh, 1745), 2.
9 2 Philip Doddridge, The Evil and Danger of Neglecting the Souls of Men (London,
20111 1742), vii-ix.
1 3 J. E. Hutton, A History of Moravian Missions (London: Moravian Publication
Office, 1922), cited p. 20.
2 4 Colin Podmore, The Moravian Church in England, 1728–60, Oxford Historical
3 Monographs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); J. C. S. Mason, The Moravian
4 Church and the Missionary Awakening in England, 1760–1800 (Woodbridge,
5 Suffolk: Royal Historical Society; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2001).
6 5 Hutton, A History of Moravian Missions, 199.
7 6 For more on this story see Mason, The Moravian Church and the Missionary
8 Awakening in England, 1760–1800.
9 7 John Gillies, Historical Collections Relating to Remarkable Periods of the Success of
the Gospel and Eminent Instruments Employed in Promoting It, 2 volumes (Glasgow:
30111 Robert and Andrew Foulis, 1754), II, 415.
1 8 Gillies, Historical Collections Relating to Remarkable Periods of the Success of the
2 Gospel and Eminent Instruments Employed in Promoting It, II, 431.
3 9 Gillies, Historical Collections Relating to Remarkable Periods of the Success of the
4 Gospel and Eminent Instruments Employed in Promoting It, II, 445.
5 10 Gerald H. Anderson, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions (Grand
6 Rapids, MI/Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdmans, 1998), 85.
7 11 Ernest A. Payne, “Doddridge and the Missionary Enterprise,” in Philip
Doddridge, 1702–1751. His Contribution to English Religion, ed. Geoffrey F.
8 Nuttall (London: Independent Press, 1951), 99, citing Correspondence,
9 V, 195.
40111 12 David Hempton, Methodism. Empire of the Spirit (New Haven: Yale University
1 Press, 2005).
NOTES 283
1111 13 I owe a great deal to W. R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening
2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
3 14 For a discussion of who said what when, see the Proceedings of the Wesley
4 Historical Society, Volume XLII, part 5, September 1980, p. 151, and Part
6, December 1980, p. 192.
5 15 Letter 6 Feb 1712, printed in Wesley’s Journals, iii.3, cited in Daniel L. Brunner,
6 Halle Pietists in England: Anthony William Boehm and the Society for Promoting
7 Christian Knowledge, Arbeiten Zur Geschichte Des Pietismus (Göttingen:
8 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1993), 186.
9 16 Wesley’s Sermons 63, 17–18.
1011 17 W.S. Caine, India as Seen by Mr. W. S. Caine, M.P. (Lucknow: O. P. Varma
1 and Brothers Press, 1889), 479, citing John Wesley’s Journal, VI, 476.
2 18 Thomas Coke, An Address to the Pious and Benevolent, Proposing an Annual
Subscription for the Support of Missionaries in the Highlands and Adjacent Islands
3111 of Scotland, the Isles of Jersey, Guernsey, and Newfoundland, the West Indies, and
4 the Provinces of Nova Scotia and Quebec (London, 1786), 1.
5 19 David Hempton, The Religion of the People. Methodism and Popular Religion
6 c. 1750–1900 (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), 103.
7 20 John Vickers, Thomas Coke. Apostle of Methodism (London: Epworth Press,
8 1969), 149. They are named in Anderson, Biographical Dictionary of Christian
9 Missions, 241–42.
20111 21 Thomas Coke, An Address to the Generous Subscribers and Contributors for the
Support of the Missions Carried on by the Methodist Society Among the Negroes and
1
the Caribbs of the West Indies (London, 1788), 2.
2 22 Vickers, Thomas Coke. Apostle of Methodism, 266, 172.
3 23 Vickers, Thomas Coke. Apostle of Methodism, cited 156.
4 24 Coke, An Address to the Generous Subscribers and Contributors for the Support of
5 the Missions Carried on by the Methodist Society Among the Negroes and the Caribbs
6 of the West Indies, 1.
7 25 Mary Turner, Slaves and Missionaries. The Disintegration of Jamaican Slave Society,
8 1787–1834 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, 1982), 25.
26 Vickers, Thomas Coke. Apostle of Methodism, 288.
9
27 Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its
30111 Men and Its Work, in Three Volumes (London: Church Missionary Society, 1899),
1 I, 94.
2 28 Eustace Carey, Memoir of William Carey, D.D. Late Missionary to Bengal; Professor
3 of Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta (London: Jackson
4 and Walford, 1836), 33.
5 29 Carey, Memoir of William Carey, D.D. Late Missionary to Bengal, 72.
6 30 John Clark Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward,
Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission (London: Longman, Brown,
7
Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1859), I, 65.
8 31 William Carey, An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the
9 Conversion of the Heathens in Which the Religious State of the Different Nations of
40111 the World, the Success of Former Undertakings, and the Practicability of Further
1 Undertakings, Are Considered (Leicester, 1792), 79.
284 NOTES
1111 32 Gillies, Historical Collections Relating to Remarkable Periods of the Success of the
2 Gospel and Eminent Instruments Employed in Promoting It; John Gillies, Appendix
3 to the Historical Collections Relating to the Success of the Gospel (Glasgow: John
4 Orr, 1761); John Gillies, A Supplement to Two Volumes (Published in 1754) of
5 Historical Collections, Chiefly Containing Late Remarkable Instance of Faith Working
by Love, published from the manuscript (Edinburgh: Archibald Constable,
6
1796).
7 33 Melville Horne, Letters on Missions, Addressed to the Protestant Ministers of the
8 British Churches (Bristol: Bulgin and Rosser, 1794), reviewed in Evangelical
9 Magazine (II, London, 1794) p. 476.
1011 34 Max Warren’s comment in Henry Venn, To Apply the Gospel. Selections from
1 the Writings of Henry Venn, Max Warren (Grand Rapids, MI: William B.
2 Eerdmans, 1971), 20.
3111
4
5 4 “Little detachments of maniacs”: early failures
6 1 Sydney Smith, “Indian Missions,” Edinburgh Review 12 (April 1808): 172.
7 Smith’s assault was the second of three essays on missions, including
8 “Ingram on Methodism,” Edinburgh Review 11 (January 1808): 341–62; “Indian
9 Missions”; and “Styles on Methodists and Missions,” Edinburgh Review 14 (April
20111 1809): 40–50.
1 2 Smith, “Indian Missions,” 180.
2 3 Smith, “Indian Missions,” 170.
3 4 Papers Relating to East India Affairs (Mutiny at Vellore—Christians in Malabar—
Roman Catholic Chapel—Temple of Jaggernaut; and Tax on Pilgrims. Missionaries
4
in Bengal—Interior Government—Company’s Investment), Parliamentary Papers
5 (London: House of Commons, 1813, 12 May), 3.
6 5 Smith, “Indian Missions,” 178–79.
7 6 See the account in John Clark Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman,
8 and Ward, Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission (London: Longman,
9 Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1859), I, 138.
30111 7 Daniel O’Connor et al., Three Centuries of Mission. The United Society for the
1 Propagation of the Gospel 1701–2000 (London and New York: Continuum,
2 2000), 21. Bray’s Missionalia (1727) suggested the appointment of “Artificers
3 in the Quality of Catechists.”
4 8 Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace. Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas
1797–1860 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1978), quoted 37, 38.
5
9 Gunson, Messengers of Grace. Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas 1797–1860,
6 59–60.
7 10 C. Silvester Horne, The Story of the L.M.S., with an Appendix Bringing the Story
8 up to the Year 1904 (London: London Missionary Society, 1908), 23.
9 11 Thomas Haweis in Evangelical Magazine III, 1795, pp. 261–70 cited in Alan
40111 Argent, “The Founding of the London Missionary Society and the West
1 Midlands,” in Protestant Nonconformists and the West Midlands of England, ed.
NOTES 285
1111 Alan P. F. Sell, Studies in Protestant Nonconformity (Keele: Keele University
2 Press, 1996), 31.
3 12 Ainslie Thomas Embree, Charles Grant and British Rule in India (London: George
4 Allen & Unwin, 1962), 248.
13 Eustace Carey, Memoir of William Carey, D.D. Late Missionary to Bengal; Professor
5 of Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta (London: Jackson
6 and Walford, 1836), 144.
7 14 Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its
8 Men and Its Work, in Three Volumes (London: Church Missionary Society, 1899),
9 I, 83.
1011 15 John Wolffe, “Wilberforce, William (1759–1833),” in Oxford Dictionary of
1 National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, online ed. 2006).
2 16 David Hempton, The Religion of the People. Methodism and Popular Religion
c. 1750–1900 (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), 110, citing Pellew,
3111 Life and Correspondence of Sidmouth, vol 3, p. 41.
4 17 Hempton, The Religion of the People. Methodism and Popular Religion
5 c. 1750–1900, 110 citing Hansard, 1st series, XIX, 113.
6
7
5 The home base: networks and societies
8
9 1 David Hempton, The Religion of the People. Methodism and Popular Religion
20111 c. 1750–1900 (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), 103–04.
1 2 Hempton, The Religion of the People. Methodism and Popular Religion
c. 1750–1900, 103–04, citing Bunting, Life of Bunting, 411–12.
2 3 Hempton, The Religion of the People. Methodism and Popular Religion
3 c. 1750–1900, 110.
4 4 Alan D. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England. Church, Chapel, and
5 Social Change, 1740–1914 (London New York: Longman, 1976); Robert
6 Currie, Alan D. Gilbert, and Lee Horsley, Churches and Churchgoers: Patterns
7 of Church Growth in the British Isles Since 1700 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977).
8 5 Frank Prochaska, “‘Little Vessels’: Children in the Nineteenth Century English
Missionary Movement,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History VI, no.
9
2 (January 1978): 103–18.
30111 6 Eugene Stock, My Recollections (London: Church Missionary Society, 1909),
1 54, 315.
2 7 Data taken from Church Missionary Atlas (London: Church Missionary Society,
3 1873).
4 8 C. F. Pascoe, Two Hundred Years of the S.P.G.: An Historical Account of the
5 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701–1900 (London:
6 S.P.G., 1901), 825.
9 Currie, Gilbert, and Horsley, Churches and Churchgoers: Patterns of Church Growth
7 in the British Isles Since 1700, 214; Pascoe, Two Hundred Years of the S.P.G.:
8 An Historical Account of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
9 Parts, 1701–1900, 828.
40111 10 Frank M. Turner, John Henry Newman. The Challenge to Evangelical Religion.
1 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002), 130–32.
286 NOTES
1111 11 Eustace Carey, Memoir of William Carey, D.D. Late Missionary to Bengal; Professor
2 of Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta (London: Jackson
3 and Walford, 1836), 567.
4 12 Susan Thorne, Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in
5 Nineteenth-Century England (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999),
133.
6 13 Brian Stanley, The History of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792–1992
7 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1992), 214.
8 14 Statistics are drawn from W. B. B. (William Bennington Boyce), Statistics of
9 the Protestant Missionary Societies 1872–73 (London: William Nichols, 1874).
1011 15 Taken from W. B. B. (William Bennington Boyce), Statistics of the Protestant
1 Missionary Societies 1872–73.
2 16 C. P. Williams, “ ‘Not Quite Gentlemen’: An Examination of ‘Middling
3111 Class’ Protestant Missionaries from Britain, 1850–1900,” Journal of Ecclesiastical
4 History 31, no. 3 (July 1980).
17 William Carey, An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for
5 the Conversion of the Heathens in Which the Religious State of the Different Nations
6 of the World, the Success of Former Undertakings, and the Practicability of Further
7 Undertakings, Are Considered (Leicester, 1792), 72.
8 18 Account of a Society for Mission to Africa and the East Instituted by Members of the
9 Established Church. (London, 1799), 8.
20111 19 Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its
1 Men and Its Work, in Three Volumes (London: Church Missionary Society, 1899),
2 258, 264.
3 20 Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, reprint, 1847 (New York: Bantam Books, 1981),
353.
4 21 Brontë, Jane Eyre, 375.
5 22 William Carey, An Enquiry, 74.
6 23 Richard Lovett, The History of the London Missionary Society 1795–1895, in Two
7 Volumes (London: Henry Frowde, 1899), I, 127.
8 24 Elizabeth Elbourne, “African Missionary Wives in the London Missionary
9 Society in Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa: Negotiating Race and
30111 Gender,” conference presentation, North American Conference on British
1 Studies (Baltimore, 2002).
2 25 Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace. Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas
1797–1860 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1978), 152–53.
3
4
5 6 Missionary literature: the defamation of the other
6
1 Anna Johnston, Missionary Writing and Empire, 1800–1860 (Cambridge:
7 Cambridge University Press, 2003).
8 2 G. G. Findlay and W. W. Holdsworth, The History of the Wesleyan Methodist
9 Missionary Society, in Five Volumes (London: Epworth Press, 1921), I, 77.
40111 3 Compiled by Terry Barringer, David Seton, and Rosemary Seton, the
1 Missionary Periodicals Database may be accessed electronically through the
NOTES 287
1111 web site of the Yale University Divinity School Library. http://www.library.
2 yale.edu/div/divhome.htm
3 4 Findlay and Holdsworth, The History of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary
4 Society, in Five Volumes, I, 106.
5 5 W. B. B. (William Bennington Boyce), Statistics of the Protestant Missionary
Societies 1872–73 (London: William Nichols, 1874).
6 6 Thomas Coke, A History of the West Indies, Containing the Natural, Civil, and
7 Ecclesiastical History of Each Island: With an Account of the Missions Instituted in
8 Those Islands, from the Commencement of Their Civilization; but More Especially of
9 the Missions Which Have Been Established in That Archipelago by the Society Late
1011 in Connexion with the Rev. John Wesley, in three volumes (Liverpool: Nuttall,
1 Fisher, and Dixon, 1808–11), I, 86.
2 7 Coke, A History of the West Indies, I, 85.
3111 8 Coke, A History of the West Indies, I, 22.
4 9 Coke, A History of the West Indies, I, 77.
5 10 Coke, A History of the West Indies, I, 23.
11 The Evangelical Magazine 3 (1795), 263
6 12 Coke, A History of the West Indies, I, 38.
7 13 Coke, A History of the West Indies, I, 28.
8 14 Coke, A History of the West Indies, II, 441.
9 15 Coke, A History of the West Indies, III, 50.
20111 16 Coke, A History of the West Indies, I, viii.
1 17 Coke, A History of the West Indies, II, 455.
2 18 Eustace Carey, Memoir of William Carey, D.D. Late Missionary to Bengal; Professor
3 of Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta (London: Jackson
4 and Walford, 1836), 63–64.
5 19 Carey, Memoir of William Carey, D.D. Late Missionary to Bengal; Professor of
Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta, 404.
6 20 Carey, Memoir of William Carey, D.D. Late Missionary to Bengal; Professor of
7 Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta, 230.
8 21 Charles Grant, Observations on the State of Society Among the Asiatic Subjects of
9 Great Britain, Particularly with Respect to Morals; and on the Means of Improving
30111 It—Written Chiefly in the Year 1792, parliamentary papers (London: House
1 of Commons, 1813).
2 22 Thomas Twining, A Letter to the Chairman of the East India Company on the
3 Danger of Interfering in the Religious Opinions of the Natives of India; and on
4 the Views of the British and Foreign Bible Society as Directed to India (London:
5 J. Ridgway, 1807); Scott Waring, Observations on the Present State of the East
India Company (London: James Ridgway, 1808 (4th edn)); Charles Stuart,
6 A Bengal Officer, Vindication of the Hindoos from the Aspersions of the Reverend
7 Claudius Buchanan, M.A. (London: R. & J. Rodwell, 1808).
8 23 Andrew Fuller, An Apology for the Late Christian Missions to India: Part the First
9 (London: Burditt and Button, 1808); Andrew Fuller, An Apology for the Late
40111 Christian Missions to India: Part the Second (London: Burditt and Button, 1808);
1 John Shore, Baron Teignmouth, Considerations on the Practicability, Policy, and
288 NOTES
1111 Obligation of Communicating to the Natives of India the Knowledge of Christianity
2 (London: John Hatchard, 1808); J. W. Cunningham, Christianity in India. An
3 Essay on the Duty, Means, and Consequences of Introducing the Christian Religion
4 Among the Native Inhabitants of the British Dominions in the East (London:
5 J. Hatchard, 1808).
24 Sydney Smith, “Ingram on Methodism,” Edinburgh Review 11 (January 1808):
6 341–62; Sydney Smith, “Indian Missions,” Edinburgh Review 12 (April 1808):
7 151–81; Sydney Smith, “Styles on Methodists and Missions,” Edinburgh Review
8 14 (April 1809): 40–50.
9 25 Twining, A Letter to the Chairman of the East India Company on the Danger of
1011 Interfering in the Religious Opinions of the Natives of India, 4.
1 26 Fuller, An Apology for the Late Christian Missions to India: Part the First, 4.
2 27 Fuller, An Apology for the Late Christian Missions to India: Part the First, 78.
3111 28 Fuller, An Apology for the Late Christian Missions to India: Part the Second, 40.
4 29 Claudius Buchanan, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment
5 for British India; Both as the Means of Perpetuating the Christian Religion Among
Our Own Countrymen; and as a Foundation for the Ultimate Civilization of the
6 Natives (London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1805), 111.
7 30 Johnston, Missionary Writing and Empire, 1800–1860, 199, and Part Four
8 passim.
9 31 W. (William) Ward, Account of the Writings, Religion, and Manners, of the
20111 Hindoos: Including Translations from Their Principal Works, in Four Volumes
1 (Serampore: Mission Press, 1811), xv, & Ch. 3.
2 32 Ward, Account of the Writings, Religion, and Manners of the Hindoos, I, xxii.
3 33 W. (William) Ward, A View of the History, Literature and Religion of the Hindoos:
4 Including a Minute Description of their Manners and Customs, and Translations from
5 their Principal Works. The Third Edition, Carefully Abridged and Greatly Improved.
In Two Volumes. (London: Black, Parbury and Allen, 1817), I, xlvi.
6 34 W. (William) Ward, A View of the History, Literature and Religion of the Hindoos:
7 Including a Minute Description of Their Manners and Customs, and Translations from
8 Their Principal Works. The Third Edition, Carefully Abridged and Greatly Improved.
9 In Four Volumes. (London: Black, Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen, 1820), III,
30111 liv This edition was of volumes III and IV only.
1 35 W. (William) Ward, A View of the History, Literature and Religion of the Hindoos:
2 Including a Minute Description of Their Manners and Customs, and Translations from
3 Their Principal Works. In Three Volumes. (London: Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen,
4 1822), I, xlv.
5 36 Arun Shourie, Missionaries in India. Continuities, Changes, Dilemmas (New
Delhi: ASA Publications, 1994); Arun Shourie, Harvesting Our Souls–
6 Missionaries, their Design, their Claims (New Delhi: ASA Publications, 2000).
7 37 William Ellis, Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Six Years in the
8 South Sea Islands; Including Descriptions of the Natural History and Scenery of the
9 Islands—with Remarks on the History, Mythology, Traditions, Government, Arts,
40111 Manners, and Customs of the Inhabitants, in Two Volumes (London: Fisher, Son,
1 and Jackson, 1829); John Williams, A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the
NOTES 289
1111 South Seas Islands; with Remarks Upon the Natural History of the Islands, Origin,
2 Languages, Traditions, and Usages of the Inhabitants (New York: D. Appleton
3 and Co., 1837).
4 38 Christopher Herbert, Culture and Anomie. Ethnographic Imagination in the
5 Nineteenth Century (Chicago & London: University of Chicago, 1991), 173.
39 William Ellis, Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in
6 the Society and Sandwich Islands. Second Edition, Enlarged and Improved, in Four
7 Volumes (London: Fisher, Son, and Jackson, 1832), I, 128.
8 40 John Clark Marshman, The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward,
9 Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission (London: Longman, Brown,
1011 Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1859), I, 18.
1 41 Williams, A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises, 408.
2 42 Williams, A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises, 237.
3111 43 Williams, A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises, 373.
4 44 Williams, A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises, 184.
45 Williams, A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises, 189.
5 46 Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace. Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas
6 1797–1860 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1978), George Stallworthy,
7 cited 278.
8 47 Gunson, Messengers of Grace. Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas 1797–1860,
9 George Platt, cited p. 61.
20111 48 The Encyclopedia Britannica. Eleventh Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University
1 Press, 1910), I, 325.
2 49 Robert Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa, reprint, 1842
3 (New York: Robert Carter and Brothers, 1852), iii.
50 Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa, 168.
4 51 Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa, 168.
5 52 Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa, 125.
6 53 Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa, 29.
7 54 Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa, 38–39.
8 55 Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa, 332.
9
30111 7 The missionary hero and missionary institutions
1
2 1 David Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa: Including
3 a Sketch of Sixteen Years’ Residence in the Interior of Africa, and a Journey from the
4 Cape of Good Hope to Loanda on the West Coast; Thence Across the Continent, Down
5 the River Zambesi, to the Eastern Ocean (London: J. Murray, 1857).
6 2 National Portrait Gallery (Great Britain) and Scottish National Portrait Gallery,
David Livingstone and the Victorian Encounter with Africa (London: National
7 Portrait Gallery, 1996), 37.
8 3 John Campbell, Travels in South Africa Undertaken at the Request of the London
9 Missionary Society, Being a Narrative of a Second Journey in the Interior of that
40111 Country, reprint, 1822 (London: London Missionary Society, Johnson Reprint
1 Corp., New York, 1967).
290 NOTES
1111 4 William Carey, An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for
2 the Conversion of the Heathens in Which the Religious State of the Different Nations
3 of the World, the Success of Former Undertakings, and the Practicability of Further
4 Undertakings, Are Considered (Leicester, 1792), 79.
5 5 National Portrait Gallery (Great Britain) and Scottish National Portrait Gallery.
David Livingstone and the Victorian Encounter with Africa, cited p. 41, citing W.
6 G. Blaikie, The Personal Life of David Livingstone, London, 1880, p. 190.
7 6 John Smith Moffat, The Lives of Robert and Mary Moffat (London: T. Fisher
8 Unwin, 1885).
9 7 Dorothy O. Helly, Livingstone’s Legacy: Horace Waller and Victorian Mythmaking
1011 (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1987).
1 8 Andrew Porter, “ ‘Christianity and Commerce’: The Rise and Fall of a
2 Nineteenth-Century Missionary Slogan,” Historical Journal 28, no. 3 (1985):
3111 597–621.
4 9 Henry Venn, To Apply the Gospel. Selections from the Writings of Henry Venn,
5 Max Warren (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1971), 63.
10 C. Peter Williams, The Ideal of the Self-Governing Church: A Study in Victorian
6 Missionary Strategy, Studies in Christian Mission, vol. 1 (Leiden; New York:
7 E.J. Brill, 1990); Wilbert R. Shenk, “Rufus Anderson and Henry Venn: A
8 Special Relationship,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 1981 October
9 1981, 168–72; Wilbert R. Shenk, Henry Venn, Missionary Statesman, American
20111 Society of Missiology Series, No. 6 (Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books,
1 1983).
2 11 Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace. Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas
3 1797–1860 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1978), 344–64.
4 12 Harvey Newcomb, A Cyclopedia of Missions, Containing a Comprehensive View of
5 Misisonary Operations Throughout the World; with Geographical Descriptions, and
Accounts of the Social, Moral, and Religious Condition of the People (New York:
6 Charles Scribner, 1855 revised edition), 105.
7 13 Newcomb, Cyclopedia of Missions, 775.
8 14 Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects. Colony and Metropole in the English Imagination,
9 1830–1867 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
30111 15 Jean and John Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism,
1 and Consciousness in South Africa. 2 Vol. (Chicago: University of Chicago
2 Press, 1991).
3 16 Lahore Missionary Conference, Report of the Punjab Missionary Conference Held
4 at Lahore in December and January, 1862–63 (Ludhiana: American Presbyterian
5 Mission Press, 1863), 166–67.
17 Henry Venn, The Missionary Life and Labours of Francis Xavier, Taken from his
6 Own Correspondence: With a Sketch of the General Results of Roman Catholic
7 Missions among the Heathen (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Robert, &
8 Green, 1862).
9 18 Venn, Missionary Life and Labours of Francis Xavier, iii.
40111 19 Venn, Missionary Life and Labours of Francis Xavier, 210, original italics.
1 20 Venn, Missionary Life and Labours of Francis Xavier, 319.
NOTES 291
1111 21 William Knight, The Missionary Secretariat of Henry Venn, B.D. (London:
2 Longmans, Green, and Co., 1880), 109.
3 22 Knight, The Missionary Secretariat of Henry Venn, B.D., 135.
4 23 Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India,
5 The Social Foundations of Aesthetic Forms Series (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1989).
6 24 Kenneth W. Jones, Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-Century Punjab
7 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); David Lelyveld, Aligarh’s
8 First Generation: Muslim Solidarity in British India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
9 University Press, 1978); Gail Minault, Secluded Scholars. Women’s Education
1011 and Muslim Social Reform in Colonial India (New Delhi: Oxford University
1 Press, 1998).
2 25 Venn, To Apply the Gospel. Selections from the Writings of Henry Venn, 218.
3111 26 Hans Cnattingius, Bishops and Societies. A Study of Anglican Colonial and Missionary
4 Expansion 1698–1850, Published for the Church Historical Society (London:
5 SPCK, 1952), cited 201.
27 Charlotte Mary Yonge, Life of John Coleridge Patteson, Missionary Bishop of the
6 Melanesian Islands, in Two Volumes (London: Macmillan, 1874).
7 28 Venn, To Apply the Gospel. Selections from the Writings of Henry Venn, 66–68,
8 CMS Minute of 1861 on the Organization of Native Churches.
9 29 Venn, To Apply the Gospel. Selections from the Writings of Henry Venn, 124.
20111 30 Richard Burton, Wanderings in West Africa (New York, 1991), 207.
1
2 8 The growth of mission institutions before the Great War
3
4 1 Brian Stanley, The History of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792–1992
5 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1992), 200–03.
2 James Johnston, ed., Report of the Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions
6
of the World Held in Exeter Hall, London, 1888 (London: James Nisbet & Co.,
7 1889),Vol. I, 146.
8 3 Roland Allen, Missionary Methods. St. Paul’s or Ours? reprint, 1912 (Chicago:
9 Moody Press, 1956).
30111 4 Alfred Barry, The Ecclesiastical Expansion of England in the Growth of the Anglican
1 Communion (London: Macmillan and Co., 1895), 107.
2 5 Barry, The Ecclesiastical Expansion of England, 168.
3 6 Henry Hutchinson Montgomery, Foreign Missions, Handbooks for the Clergy
4 (New York: Longmans, Green, and co., 1902), 30.
5 7 Montgomery, Foreign Missions, 34.
8 Montgomery, Foreign Missions, 35.
6
9 Montgomery, Foreign Missions, 38.
7 10 Avril A. (Avril Ann) Powell, Muslims and Missionaries in Pre-Mutiny India, London
8 Studies on South Asia, no. 7 (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1993).
9 11 Montgomery, Foreign Missions, 84, 93.
40111 12 Montgomery, Foreign Missions, 85.
1 13 Montgomery, Foreign Missions, 112.
292 NOTES
1111 14 Montgomery, Foreign Missions, 162–63.
2 15 Chris Brooks and Peter Faulkner, The White Man’s Burdens. An Anthology of
3 British Poetry of the Empire, ed. Chris. Brooks (Exeter, Devon: University of
4 Exeter Press, 1996) 276–77.
16 Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its
5 Men and Its Work, in Three Volumes (London: Church Missionary Society, 1899);
6 Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society, Supplementary Volume,
7 the Fourth (London: Church Missionary Society, 1916).
8 17 Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society . . . in Three Volumes, III,
9 818.
1011 18 Mary Heimann, Catholic Devotion in Victorian England, Oxford Historical
1 Monographs (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press,
2 1995).
19 S. G. (Samuel Gosnell) Green, The Missionary Year-Book for 1889, Containing
3111 Historical and Statistical Accounts of the Principal Protestant Missionary Societies in
4 Great Britain, the Continent of Europe, and America (London: Religious Tract
5 Society, 1889).
6 20 Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society . . . in Three Volumes, III,
7 697.
8 21 Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society . . . in Three Volumes, III,
9 74–75.
20111 22 Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society . . . in Three Volumes, III,
705–06.
1 23 Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society . . . in Three Volumes, III,
2 797.
3 24 Jeffrey Cox, “Independent English Women in Delhi and Lahore,” in Religion
4 and Irreligion in Victorian Society. Essays in Honor of R. K. Webb, R. W. Davis
5 and R. J. Helmstadter (London: Routledge, 1992), pp.166–85.
6 25 Ernest A. Payne, The Growth of the World Church. The Story of the Modern
7 Missionary Movement (London: Edinburgh House Press, 1955), 117.
8 26 Anna Johnston, Missionary Writing and Empire, 1800–1860 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2003), 21.
9 27 James S. Dennis, Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions. A Statistical Supplement
30111 to “Christian Missions and Social Progress,” Being a Conspectus of the Achievements
1 and Results of Evangelical Missions in All Lands at the Close of the Nineteenth Century
2 (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1902), 257.
3 28 Jeffrey Cox, Imperial Fault Lines. Christianity and Colonial Power in India,
4 1818–1940 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002), 74–75.
5 29 Eugene Stock, My Recollections (London: Church Missionary Society, 1909),
6 54, 315.
30 Jeffrey Cox, The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth, 1870–1930
7 (New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 41.
8 31 Cox, The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth, 1870–1930, 42.
9 32 SPG Committee on Women’s Work, Annual Report, 1908.
40111 33 Cox, “Independent English Women in Delhi and Lahore.”; Modupe Labode,
1 “From Heathen Kraal to Christian Home: Anglican Mission Education and
NOTES 293
1111 African Christian Girls, 1850–1900,” in Women and Missions: Past and Present.
2 Anthropological and Historical Perceptions, eds Fiona Bowie, Deborah Kirkwood
3 and Shirley Ardener (Providence and Oxford: Berg, 1993),126–44.
4
5
6 9 Conflict and consensus in mission institutions
7 1 S. G. (Samuel Gosnell) Green, The Missionary Year-Book for 1889, Containing
8 Historical and Statistical Accounts of the Principal Protestant Missionary Societies in
9 Great Britain, the Continent of Europe, and America (London: Religious Tract
1011 Society, 1889).
1 2 Harlan P. Beach and Burton St. John, eds, World Statistics of Christian Missions,
2 Containing a Directory of Missionary Societies, a Classified Summary of Statistics,
and an Index of Mission Stations Throughout the World (New York: The committee
3111
of reference and counsel of the Foreign missions conference of North America,
4 1916).
5 3 Green, The Missionary Year-Book for 1889, 33.
6 4 Eliza F. Kent, Converting Women. Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial
7 South India (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), a fine recent treatment
8 of Bible women in South India.
9 5 Leslie A. Flemming, ed., Women’s Work for Women: Missionaries and Social
20111 Change in Asia (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989).
6 Norman Goodall, A History of the London Missionary Society, 1895–1945.
1
(London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), 498.
2 7 Beach and St. John, World Statistics of Christians Missions, 59. The precise
3 number was 109,099.
4 8 Beach and St. John, World Statistics of Christians Missions, 59–61.
5 9 Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, The Missionary Controversy. Discussion,
6 Evidence and Reports, 1890. (London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room, 1890).
7 10 Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, The Missionary Controversy. Discussion,
8 Evidence and Reports, 1890, 88.
11 Robert Needham Cust, Essay on the Prevailing Methods of the Evangelization of
9
the Non-Christian World (London: Luzac & Co., 1894), 205.
30111 12 Cust, Essay on the Prevailing Methods, 222.
1 13 Alice Maud (Sorabji) Pennell, Mrs, Pennell of the Afghan Frontier: The Life of
2 Theodore Leighton Pennell, 1st edn, introd. by Earl Roberts (Lahore: Sang-e-
3 Meel Publications, 1978).
4 14 Cust, Essay on the Prevailing Methods, 213.
5 15 Rhonda Anne Semple, Missionary Women: Gender, Professionalism, and the Victorian
6 Idea of Christian Mission (Woodbridge, UK Rochester, NY: Boydell Press,
2003).
7
16 Emmanuel Ayankanmi Ayandele, The Missionary Impact on Modern Nigeria,
8 1842–1914: A Political and Social Analysis (London: Longmans, 1966); Andrew
9 Porter, “Cambridge, Keswick and Late-Nineteenth-Century Attitudes to
40111 Africa,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 5, no. 1 (1976): 23–46;
1 Andrew Porter, “Evangelical Enthusiasm, Missionary Motivation and West
294 NOTES
1111 Africa in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Career of G. W. Brooke,”
2 Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 6, no. 1 (1977): 5–34.
3 17 Cust, Essay on the Prevailing Methods, 188.
4 18 Ayandele, The Missionary Impact on Modern Nigeria, 1842–1914: A Political and
Social Analysis, 245, n. 11.
5 19 J. D. Y. Peel, Religious Encounter and the Making of the Yoruba, African Systems
6 of Thought (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000), 11.
7 20 Henry Whitehead, “The Progress of Christianity in India and Mission Strategy,”
8 East and West V (1907): 26.
9
1011 10 Ecclesiastical sprawl: the triumph of bricks and mortar
1
2 1 Harlan P. Beach, A Geography and Atlas of Protestant Missions: Their Environment,
3111 Forces, Distribution, Methods, Problems, Results and Prospects at the Opening of the
4 Twentieth Century (New York, Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign
Missions, 1901–03); World Missionary Conference, Statistical Atlas of Christian
5 Missions (Edinburgh: The Conference, 1910); Student Volunteer Movement,
6 World Atlas of Christian Missions (New York: Student Volunteer Movement
7 for Foreign Missions, 1911); Harlan P. Beach and Charles H. Fahs, eds,
8 World Missionary Atlas (London: Edinburgh House, 1925); Joseph Irving Parker,
9 ed., Interpretative Statistical Survey of the World Mission of the Christian Church.
20111 Summary and Detailed Statistics of Churches and Missionary Societies, Interpretative
1 Articles, and Indices. (New York London: International Missionary Council,
1938).
2 2 The Encyclopedia Britannica. Eleventh Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University
3 Press, 1910), Vol. xvii, p. 598; Harlan P. Beach and Burton St. John, eds.,
4 World Statistics of Christian Missions, Containing a Directory of Missionary Societies,
5 a Classified Summary of Statistics, and an Index of Mission Stations Throughout the
6 World (New York: The committee of reference and counsel of the Foreign
7 missions conference of North America, 1916).
8 3 Beach and St. John, World Statistics of Christians Missions, 54.
9 4 Beach and Fahs, World Missionary Atlas, 95–96.
5 Beach and Fahs, World Missionary Atlas, 79.
30111 6 Martha Vicinus, Independent Women. Work and Community for Single Women
1 1850–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1985), 28–29.
2 7 Beach and Fahs, World Missionary Atlas, 79.
3 8 Beach and Fahs, World Missionary Atlas, 59.
4 9 Commission on Christian Higher Education in India. Report of the Commission
5 on Christian Higher Education in India. An Enquiry Into the Place of the Christian
6 College in Modern India. (London: Oxford University Press, 1931).
7 10 Commission on Christian Higher Education in India. Report of the Commission
on Christian Higher Education in India, 119.
8 11 Beach and Fahs, World Missionary Atlas, 59.
9 12 Baptist Missionary Society, Annual Reports, being a continuation of the Periodical
40111 Accounts relative to the Society (London: Baptist Missionary Society,
1 1809–98), 1892, p. 64.
NOTES 295
1111 13 Baptist Missionary Society, Annual Reports, 1901, pp. 81–82.
2 14 Henry Hutchinson Montgomery, The Life and Letters of George Alfred Lefroy D.
3 D., Bishop of Calcutta and Metropolitan (London: Longmans, Green & Co.,
4 1920), I, 20.
15 Charles Freer Andrews, North India (Oxford: Mowbray, 1908), 190.
5 16 Daniel O’Connor, ed., The Testimony of C. F. Andrews, Confessing the Faith
6 in India Series, no. 10 (Madras: Published for the Christian Institute for the
7 Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, by Christian Literature Society,
8 1974), 227.
9 17 O’Connor, The Testimony of C. F. Andrews, 103.
1011 18 W. H. T. Gairdner, The Reproach of Islam (London: Church Missionary Society,
1 1909); W. H. T. Gairdner, The Rebuke of Islam (London: United Council for
2 Missionary Education, 1920).
19 World Missionary Conference, Report of Commission (Edinburgh: Oliphant,
3111 Anderson & Ferrier, 1910); International Missionary Council, The Jerusalem
4 Meeting of the International Missionary Council, March 24–April 8, 1928. (New
5 York: International Missionary Council, 1928); International Missionary
6 Council, John Merle Davis, and Kenneth G. Grubb, “The Madras Series” (New
7 York London: International Missionary Council, 1939).
8 20 W. H. T. Gairdner, “Edinburgh 1910.” An Account and Interpretation of the
9 World Missionary Conference (Edinburgh, London: O. Anderson & Ferrier,
20111 1910), 10.
21 Gairdner, “Edinburgh 1910.” An Account and Interpretation of the World Missionary
1 Conference, 133.
2 22 Gairdner, “Edinburgh 1910.” An Account and Interpretation of the World Missionary
3 Conference, 10.
4 23 Gairdner, “Edinburgh 1910.” An Account and Interpretation of the World Missionary
5 Conference, 138.
6 24 Gairdner, “Edinburgh 1910.” An Account and Interpretation of the World Missionary
7 Conference, 125.
8 25 Gairdner, “Edinburgh 1910.” An Account and Interpretation of the World Missionary
Conference, 109–10.
9 26 Gairdner, “Edinburgh 1910.” An Account and Interpretation of the World Missionary
30111 Conference, 110, words of Azariah in italics.
1 27 Gordon Hewitt, The Problems of Success: A History of the Church Missionary Society,
2 1918–1942. Volume I: In Tropical Africa, the Middle East, at Home (London:
3 SCM Press, 1971), 429ff.
4 28 Norman Goodall, A History of the London Missionary Society, 1895–1945 (London
5 New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), 551.
6 29 Brian Stanley, The History of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792–1992
(Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1992), 381.
7 30 Ernest A. Payne, The Growth of the World Church. The Story of the Modern
8 Missionary Movement (London: Edinburgh House Press, 1955), 145.
9 31 Goodall, A History of the London Missionary Society, 1895–1945, 272.
40111 32 J. D. Y. Peel, Religious Encounter and the Making of the Yoruba, African Systems
1 of Thought (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000); Saurabh Dube,
296 NOTES
1111 Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity, and Power Among a Central Indian Community,
2 1780–1950, SUNY Series in Hindu Studies (Albany: State University of New
3 York Press, 1998).
4 33 Norman Etherington, “Missionaries and the Intellectual History of Africa: A
Historical Survey,” Itinerario 7 (1983): 116–43; Lamin O. Sanneh, Whose
5 Religion is Christianity? the Gospel Beyond the West (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
6 Eerdmans, 2003); Lamin O. Sanneh, Encountering the West: Christianity and
7 the Global Cultural Process: The African Dimension, World Christian Theology
8 Series (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1993).
9 34 Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Random House, 1993), 40.
1011 35 Anita Desai, Clear Light of Day (New York, 1980), 124–25.
1
2 11 Evangelicals and unreached peoples
3111
1 Stanley, The History of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792–1992, 395.
4
2 Sundkler, Bengt, and Christopher Steed. A History of the Church in Africa,
5 p.988. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
6 3 Stanley, The History of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792–1992, 395.
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7
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3111
4
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5 R E F ER E N C E S
6 ( I N N OT E S )
7
8
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1
2
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2 (January 1978): 103–18.
3 Ranger, Terence. “Missionaries, Migrants, and the Manyika.” In The Creation of
4 Tribalism in Southern Africa, edited by Leroy Vail. 1989, 118–50. Berkeley:
5 University of California, 1991.
Said, Edward W. Orientalism. 1st edn. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
6
Sanneh, Lamin O. Encountering the West: Christianity and the Global Cultural Process:
7 The African Dimension. World Christian Theology Series. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis
8 Books, 1993.
9 Sanneh, Lamin O. Whose Religion is Christianity? The Gospel Beyond the West. Grand
30111 Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 2003.
1 Schlenther, Stanley. “Religious Faith and Commercial Empire.” In The Oxford
2 History of the British Empire. Volume II. The Eighteenth Century, P. J. Marshall,
3 128–50. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
4 Secker, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, attrib. An Answer to Dr. Mayhew’s
5 Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel in Foreign Parts. London: R. & S. Draper, 1764.
6
Semple, Rhonda Anne. Missionary Women: Gender, Professionalism, and the Victorian
7 Idea of Christian Mission. Woodbridge, UK, Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2003.
8 Shenk, Wilbert R. “Rufus Anderson and Henry Venn: A Special Relationship.”
9 International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 1981 October 1981, 168–72.
40111 Shenk, Wilbert R. Henry Venn, Missionary Statesman. American Society of Missiology
1 Series, No. 6. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1983.
REFERENCES 307
1111 Shore, John, Baron Teignmouth. Considerations on the Practicability, Policy, and
2 Obligation of Communicating to the Natives of India the Knowledge of Christianity.
3 London: John Hatchard, 1808.
4 Shourie, Arun. Missionaries in India: Continuities, Changes, Dilemmas. New Delhi:
5 ASA Publications, 1994.
Shourie, Arun. Harvesting Our Souls: Missionaries, their Design, their Claims. New
6 Delhi: ASA Publications, 2000.
7 Singh, Brijraj. The First Protestant Missionary to India: Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg
8 (1683–1719). New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
9 Sinha, Mrinalini. Colonial Masculinity: The ‘Manly Englishman’ and the ‘Effeminate
1011 Bengali’ in the Late Nineteenth Century. Studies in Imperialism. Manchester:
1 Manchester University Press; New York: St Martin’s Press, 1995.
2 Smith, Sydney. “Ingram on Methodism.” Edinburgh Review 11 (January 1808):
3111 341–62.
4 Smith, Sydney. “Indian Missions.” Edinburgh Review 12 (April 1808): 151–81.
5 Smith, Sydney. “Styles on Methodists and Missions.” Edinburgh Review 14 (April
1809): 40–50.
6
Stanley, Brian. The Bible and the Flag: Protestant Missions and British Imperialism in
7 the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Leicester, UK: Apollos, 1990.
8 Stanley, Brian. The History of the Baptist Missionary Society, 1792–1992. Edinburgh:
9 T&T Clark, 1992.
20111 Stock, Eugene. The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its Men
1 and Its Work, in Three Volumes. London: Church Missionary Society, 1899.
2 Stock, Eugene. My Recollections. London: Church Missionary Society, 1909.
3 Stock, Eugene. The History of the Church Missionary Society, Supplementary Volume,
4 the Fourth. London: Church Missionary Society, 1916.
5 Stuart, Charles, A Bengal Officer. Vindication of the Hindoos from the Aspersions of
the Reverend Claudius Buchanan, M.A. London: R. & J. Rodwell, 1808.
6
Student Volunteer Movement. World Atlas of Christian Missions. New York: Student
7 Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 1911.
8 Sundkler, Bengt. Bantu Prophets in South Africa. 1948. London New York: Published
9 for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press,
30111 1961.
1 Sundkler, Bengt, and Christopher Steed. A History of the Church in Africa. Cambridge:
2 Cambridge University Press, 2000.
3 Thorne, Susan. Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in
4 Nineteenth-Century England. Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press, 1999.
5 Titus, Noel. “Concurrence Without Compliance: SPG and the Barbadian
Plantations, 1710–1834.” In Three Centuries of Mission. The United Society for the
6
Propagation of the Gospel 1701–2000, Daniel O’Connor ed., 249–61. London
7 and New York: Continuum, 2000.
8 Turner, Frank M. John Henry Newman. The Challenge to Evangelical Religion. New
9 Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002.
40111 Turner, Mary. Slaves and Missionaries. The Disintegration of Jamaican Slave Society,
1 1787–1834. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois, 1982.
308 REFERENCES
1111 Twining, Thomas. A Letter to the Chairman of the East India Company on the Danger
2 of Interfering in the Religious Opinions of the Natives of India; and on the Views of
3 the British and Foreign Bible Society as Directed to India. London: J. Ridgway,
4 1807.
5 Underwood, Alfred Clair. A History of the English Baptists. London: Baptist Union
Publ. Dept., 1947.
6 Venn, Henry. The Missionary Life and Labours of Francis Xavier, Taken from his Own
7 Correspondence: With a Sketch of the General Results of Roman Catholic Missions
8 among the Heathen. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Robert, & Green,
9 1862.
1011 Venn, Henry. To Apply the Gospel. Selections from the Writings of Henry Venn. Grand
1 Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1971.
2 Vicinus, Martha. Independent Women. Work and Community for Single Women
3111 1850–1920. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1985.
4 Vickers, John. Thomas Coke. Apostle of Methodism. London: Epworth Press, 1969.
5 Viswanathan, Gauri. Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India. The
Social Foundations of Aesthetic Forms Series. New York: Columbia University
6
Press, 1989.
7 W. B. B. (William Bennington Boyce). Statistics of the Protestant Missionary Societies
8 1872–73. London: William Nichols, 1874.
9 Walls, Andrew. “The Evangelical Revival, the Missionary Movement, and Africa.”
20111 In Evangelicalism. Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, the
1 British Isles, and Beyond, 1700–1990, edited by Mark A. Noll, David W.
2 Bebbington, and George A. Rawlyk, 310–30. New York: Oxford University
3 Press, 1994.
4 Ward, W. Account of the Writings, Religion, and Manners, of the Hindoos: Including
5 Translations from their Principal Works, in Four Volumes. Serampore: Mission
Press, 1811.
6
Ward, William. A View of the History, Literature and Religion of the Hindoos: Including
7 a Minute Description of their Manners and Customs, and Translations from their Principal
8 Works. The Third Edition, Carefully Abridged and Greatly Improved. In Two Volumes.
9 London: Black, Parbury and Allen, 1817.
30111 Ward, William. A View of the History, Literature and Religion of the Hindoos: Including
1 a Minute Description of their Manners and Customs, and Translations from their Principal
2 Works. The Third Edition, Carefully Abridged and Greatly Improved. In Four Volumes.
3 London: Black, Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen, 1820.
4 Ward, William. A View of the History, Literature and Religion of the Hindoos: Including
5 a Minute Description of Their Manners and Customs, and Translations from Their
Principal Works. In Three Volumes. London: Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen, 1822.
6
Ward, W. R. The Protestant Evangelical Awakening. Cambridge: Cambridge
7 University Press, 1992.
8 Waring, Scott. Observations on the Present State of the East India Company. London:
9 James Ridgway, 1808 (4th edn).
40111 Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society. The Missionary Controversy. Discussion,
1 Evidence and Reports, 1890. London: Wesleyan Methodist Book Room, 1890.
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1111 Whitehead, Henry. “The Progress of Christianity in India and Mission Strategy.”
2 East and West V (1907).
3 Williams, C. P. “ ‘Not Quite Gentlemen’: An Examination of ‘Middling Class’
4 Protestant Missionaries from Britain, 1850–1900.” Journal of Ecclesiastical History
5 31, no. 3 (July 1980).
Williams, C. Peter. The Ideal of the Self-Governing Church: A Study in Victorian
6 Missionary Strategy. Studies in Christian Mission, vol. 1. Leiden; New York:
7 E. J. Brill, 1990.
8 Williams, C. Peter. “British Religion and the Wider World Mission: Mission and
9 Empire, 1800–1940.” In A History of Religion in Britain. Practice and Belief from
1011 Pre-Roman Times to the Present, ed. Sheridan Gilley and W. J. Sheils, 381–405.
1 Cambridge (USA) and Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.
2 Williams, John. A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Seas Islands; with
3111 Remarks Upon the Natural History of the Islands, Origin, Languages, Traditions, and
4 Usages of the Inhabitants. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1837.
5 Wolffe, John. “Wilberforce, William (1759–1833).” In Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, online edn 2006.
6
World Missionary Conference. Report of Commission. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson
7 & Ferrier, 1910.
8 World Missionary Conference. Statistical Atlas of Christian Missions. Edinburgh:
9 The Conference, 1910.
20111 Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Life of John Coleridge Patteson, Missionary Bishop of the
1 Melanesian Islands, in Two Volumes. London: Macmillan, 1874.
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40111
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1111
2
3
4
5 INDEX
6
7
8
9
1011
1
2
3111 Achebe, Chinua 251 Burton, Richard 152
4 African Americans 22, 36–37, 39, 53, Buxton, Thomas Fowell 149
65–66
5 Calcutta 44, 50, 162
Aggrey, J. E. K. 237
6 Allen, Roland 211 Cambridge Seven 185
7 Andrews, C. F. 221, 224 cannibalism 118
8 Anglican Church Carey, Dorothy 71–72, 82
9 Canada, 3 Carey, Eustace 124
20111 global expansion, 92 Carey, William 11–12, 16, 70–72,
India, 92 81–82, 86, 126, 147,
1 Nigeria, 3 253–54
2 Australia 89 caste 48
3 Azariah, V. S. 19, 230–31 China Inland Mission 184, 206–8
4 Church Missionary Society 75, 85–88,
5 Baptist Missionary Society 71–72 90
6 Barbados 38–39 Church of Scotland 13, 74, 135, 162
Barrett, David 248 Clapham Sect 68, 85, 90
7 Barry, Alfred 174–75 Clark, Ernest H. 238
8 BBC 5 Codrington College 39
9 Bengal 82 Codrington Estates 38–39
30111 Beza, Theodore 53 Coke, Thomas 51, 64–69, 73, 117
1 Bogue, David 74, 83 Comaroff, Jean and John 13, 251
2 Böhme, Anton Wilhelm 45 confessionalism 25, 44, 49
Bombay 163 translation, 45
3 Book of Common Prayer 24 contact zones 6, 17
4 Boxer Rebellion 172 conversions 48, 82, 138, 211
5 Brainerd, David 57–59, 73 Africa, 249
6 Brant, Joseph 34 Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion 62
7 Bray, Thomas 27–28, 30, 32 Crowther, Samuel 160, 168, 209
British and Foreign Bible Society 90 Cust, Robert 204–5, 209
8
Brown, Callum 7
9 Brown, David 50–51, 86 denominations
40111 Buchanan, Claudius 87, 127 competition, 25, 174
1 Bunting, Jabez 94 Desai, Anita 239
312 INDEX
1111 Dissenters 25, 52 Johnson, James 210
2 see also Nonconformists Jones, Griffith 28
3 Doddridge, Philip 52–54, 60
Duff, Alexander 117 Kendall, Thomas 89
4 Keswick Convention 186
5 East India Company 44, 48 Knibb, William 124, 155
6 chaplains, 50–51, 86, 90 Korea 20
7 charter revision, 91
8 Edinburgh Missionary Conference 1910 Lahore Missionary Conference 1862
19, 174, 226–31 18
9
Edwards, Jonathan 59 Latourette, Kenneth Scott 7
1011 Elbourne, Elizabeth 107 Latrobe, Christian Ignatius 57, 88
1 Eliot, John 15, 32–33 Lee, Samuel 89
2 Ellis, William 117, 132–36 Lewis, Norman 261
3111 Episcopal Church Lindsay, A. D. 219
4 USA, 3 Livingstone, David 4–5, 14, 21, 145–46,
Evangelicals 50, 68, 75, 85, 259 148, 151–52
5 Livingstone, Mary 151
6 Forster, E. M. 19 London Missionary Society 74, 82–83,
7 Francke, August Herman 45 156
8 Free Church of Scotland 162 Lutheranism 11, 44
9 Fuller, Andrew 71, 127
20111 Macaulay, Zachary 68, 86
Gairdner, W. H. T. 225, 227, 231 Mackenzie, Charles Frederick 151,
1 Gillies, John 73 166
2 Grant, Charles 50, 86, 127, 131–32 Maoris 89
3 Grubb, Kenneth 253 marriage
4 Gunson, Neil 84, 154 celibacy, 206
5 interracial, 93, 107–9
6 Hall, Catherine 7, 155 eugenics, 179
Halle 44–46 and racism, 110
7 Hampton, Christopher 261 Marsden, Samuel 13, 88–89
8 Haweis, Thomas 73 Marshman, Joshua 82
9 Horne, Melville 73 Martyn, Henry 87
30111 Horton, Robin 249 Mason, J. C. S. 56
1 hybridity 6, 158 McGavran, Donald 248, 253–57,
2 260
Indian Mutiny 10, 18 Medhurst, Walter Henry 117
3 indigenous agency 66 Methodism 69
4 Bible women, 201 Middleton, Thomas 44
5 catechists, 157, 210, 251 Mill Hill Fathers 183
6 educators, 237 Mill, James 132
7 episcopal, 168, 209, 231 mission practice 35
female, 65 see also indigenous agency; conversions;
8
independent congregations, 67, 210 social reform
9 mission staff, 200, 202, 209, 230 anti-westernization, 138
40111 South Pacific, 138, 154 clothing, 135–36, 143
1 Ireland 10, 29 dependency, 156, 247
INDEX 313
1111 education, 43 liberal theology, 236
2 day schools, 201 millenarian, 181
3 higher, 218–20, 223 non-Christian religions, 228
for women, 220 other cultures
4 fundraising, 101 Africa, 68, 139–43
5 going native, 142–43, 205–8 African-American, 22, 36–37, 39,
6 and government, 208 53, 65–66
7 institution building, 35, 191, 194–95, China, 172
8 211, 216 Hinduism, 91, 116, 125, 127–32
mass conversions, 211 Islam, 177
9
medical missions, 217–18 Native American, 15, 22, 31–35,
1011 paternalism, 238 53, 58–59, 66, 119–20
1 political power, 137 sexual practices, 119, 128
2 sisterhoods, 194 South Pacific, 118, 121, 132–36
3111 translation, 28, 32, 34, 89 West Indies, 117, 120
4 zenana visitation, 188, 194 providence, 147, 182
mission theory 63, 68, 72, 91, 117, 120 racism, 175–78
5 see also opposition to missions scientific, 179
6 anti-imperialism, 246 Roman Empire, 157
7 anti-racism, 152, 180, 204 settled communities, 34–35, 69
8 artisans, 83, 89 social Christianity, 220–21, 225
9 bishops, 165 translation, 34, 81, 250
20111 church growth, 248, 253–57, 260 unity of humanity, 121
Latin America, 249 missionary
1 civilization, 13, 53, 120, 135–36, 175 see also women
2 hierarchies, 176, 178 anti-racism, 122, 168, 204–5, 207, 209
3 commerce, 148–49, 160 conferences, 174, 221, 226, 232
4 conversions egalitarianism, 98–99
5 Africa, 249 heroes, 106, 112
6 dependency, 46, 153, 157 male, 112
double vision, 177 hymns, 180
7 education martyrs, 105, 139, 166
8 and government, 164 motives, 61, 195
9 higher, 161–63, 224 pacifism, 99
30111 elitism, 48, 217, 222, 224 periodicals, 116
1 empire, 159 publications
2 providence, 72, 171–72 annual reports, 114
establishment, 167 books, 117
3 ethnocentrism, 121 for children, 184
4 eugenics, 179 newspapers, 164
5 faith missions, 184, 206 periodicals, 115–16, 184, 200
6 fulfillment theology, 229 racism, 209
7 geo-religious, 173, 228 institutional, 199
holiness, 185 recruitment, 50, 88
8
imperialist, 64, 126, 174–75 families, 187
9 Indian nationalism, 224 female, 187, 191
40111 individual conversion, 55 girls’ secondary schools, 188
1 Islam, 225 and ordination, 104
314 INDEX
1111 and social class, 104 Neill, Stephen 7–8
2 students, 186 New England 15, 32
3 universities, 104, 185, 187 New Zealand 13, 89, 166
snobbery, 86 Nonconformists 94–95, 221
4 standard of living, 203 see also Dissenters
5 statistics, 213, 258 decline of, 234
6 training, 41, 102 Northampton 52
7 academies, 103
8 colleges, 105 Oldham, J. H. 226
medical, 146 opposition to missions
9
women, 192, 195 anti-imperialist, 261
1011 wives, 71, 107, 110–12, 150, 196–97 Calvinist, 53
1 missionary failures imperialist, 79–80
2 China, 236, 243 indigenous peoples, 261
3111 India, 211, 244–45 racist, 152
4 Pakistan, 245 ridicule, 79
South Pacific, 84
5 missionary societies Pal, Krishna 82
6 American, 215 Patteson, John Coleridge 166
7 competition, 97–98 Payne, Ernest 8
8 evangelical Peel, John 210, 251
9 new, 259 Pennefather, Catherine 192
20111 female, 189–90 Pennefather, William 185
fundraising, 94, 193 Philip, John 140, 147
1 children, 96 Pickett, J. Waskom 211, 254
2 growth, 183, 186, 213–14 Pietism 11, 44, 46
3 income, 101–2 Podmore, Colin 56
4 non-denominational, 198 Protestantism
5 organization, 97–98 international, 24, 60
6 and denominations, 100
postcolonial, 259–60 Quakers 30, 58, 183
7 redeployment, 258 Quaque, Philip 15–17, 40–43
8 retrenchment, 233–35
9 Roman Catholic, 183 race 14, 65, 109, 198, 230, 237
30111 female, 189 racism 40, 56, 152, 175–76, 209
1 sisterhoods, 193 and marriage, 109
and social class, 99 scientific, 22
2
university related, 186 Richard, Timothy 221, 223
3 Moffat, Mary 111 Roman Catholic Church 9, 22, 31, 63,
4 Moffat, Robert 117, 139–43 94–95, 183
5 Mohawks 33–35 Roman Empire 16
6 Montgomery, H. H. 174, 176, 178–80
7 Moravians 11, 54–57, 60, 62, 73 Said, Edward 5–6, 12
Mott, John R. 226 Salvation Army 207–8
8 Sanneh, Lamin 250
9 Nath, Golak 18–19, 158 Sattaniaden 15–18, 48
40111 Native Americans 15, 22, 31–35, 53, Schwartz, Christian Friedrich 46, 48
1 58–59, 66 Scotland 28–29
INDEX 315
Scottish Missionary Society 74 Texas 166
Secker, Thomas 22, 24, 26, 31–34, 37, Thomas, John 71
40 Thorne, Susan 7
Selwyn, George Augustus 166 Thornton, Henry 68
Sharp, Granville 68 transculturation 6
Sierra Leone 68–69, 155 Tutu, Desmond 4
slave trade 42
slavery 36–37, 39, 42, 56, 63, 67, 122 Universities Mission to Central Africa
slaves 151
parochial care, 37
Smith, Sydney 4, 79–80 Van der Kemp, Johannes Theodorus
social reform 108, 142
abolitionism, 91 Vaughan, Herbert 183
anti-racism, 123 Venn, Henry 153, 159–60, 167–68
anti-slavery, 155 Venn, John 75
apartheid, 246 voluntarism 25, 55, 59, 61, 72
and Hinduism, 91
indigenous peoples, 140, 166 Wales 28
slavery, 67, 122–24, 149 Ward, William 82, 117, 129–31
Society for Propagating Christian Wesley, John 7, 51, 59–65
Knowledge (Scotland) 29, 58, 60 Wesleyan Methodist Missionary
Society for the Promotion of Christian Society 154
Knowledge (SPCK) 8, 15, 27–28, West Indies 30, 36, 38, 55, 65–66,
44–46, 60 120
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Whitefield, George 60, 62
(SPG) 8, 15, 27, 29, 33–35, 37, Wilberforce, William 90–92
40, 44, 60, 165 Wilkinson, Moses 69
Codrington Estates, 38–39 Williams, John 117, 132–36,
and voluntarism, 97 138–39
St. Joseph’s Foreign Missionary Society Williams, Rowan 26
183 Wilson, John 162–63
Stanley, Brian 7 women 16–17, 65, 71, 107, 150,
Stock, Eugene 182 187, 189
Stock, Geraldine 180 World Evangelization Crusade
Student Volunteer Movement 186 207
Sunday Schools 100 World War I 214
Sundkler, Bengt 248, 252 Wycliffe Bible Translators 259