Physical Sciences Paper 1 (Physics) Grade 12 Terms & Definitions, Questions & Answers Per Topic 2020
Physical Sciences Paper 1 (Physics) Grade 12 Terms & Definitions, Questions & Answers Per Topic 2020
GRADE 12
2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. This document was compiled as an extra resource to help you to perform well in Physical Sciences.
2. Firstly you must make sure that you study the terms and definitions provided for each topic. Theory
always forms part of any test or examination and you should ensure that you obtain full marks for
ALL theory questions. Always be prepared to write a test on terms and definitions as soon as a
topic is completed in class. Revise terms and definitions of topics already completed frequently so
that you know them by the time you are sitting for a test or an examination.
3. Answer all the questions on a certain topic in your homework book as soon as the topic is
completed. DO NOT look at the answers before attempting the questions. First try it yourself.
Compare your answers with the answers at the back of the document. Mark your work with a pencil
and do corrections for your incorrect answers. If you do not know how to answer a question, the
answers are there to guide you. Acquaint yourself with the way in which a particular type of question
should be answered. Answers supplied are from memoranda used to mark the questions in
previous years.
4. Your teacher can, for example, give you two of the questions in this document as homework. The
following day he/she will just check whether you answered them and whether you marked your
answers. The teacher will only discuss those questions in which you do not understand the answers
supplied in the document. Therefore a lot of time will be saved.
5. The answers at the back of the document are included to help you to prepare for your tests and
examinations. If you choose to copy answers into your homework book without trying them out
yourself, you will be the losing party in the end!
6. Work through all the questions and answers of a particular topic before you sit for an examination,
even if you answered the questions before.
7. Any additional resource is only of help when used correctly. Ensure that you make use of all help
provided in the correct way to enable you to be successful. All the best for 2020 and may you
perform very well in Physical Sciences.
Terminal potential The energy transferred to or the work done per coulomb of charge passing through
difference the battery when the battery delivers a current.
(It is the potential difference across the ends of a battery when there is a current in
the circuit.)
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM: ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Generator A device that transfers mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Faraday’s law of The magnitude of the induced emf across the ends of a conductor is directly
electromagnetic proportional to the rate of change in the magnetic flux linkage with the conductor.
induction (When a conductor is moved in magnetic field, a potential difference is induced across
the conductor.)
Fleming’s Right Hand Hold the thumb, forefinger and second finger of the RIGHT hand at right angles to each
Rule for generators other. If the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field (N to S) and the thumb
points in the direction of the force (movement), then the second finger points in the
direction of the induced current.
Electric motor A device that transfers electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Fleming’s Left Hand Hold the thumb, forefinger and second finger of the LEFT hand at right angles to each
Rule for electric motors other. If the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field (N to S) and the
second finger points in the direction of the conventional current, then the thumb will
point in the direction of the force (movement).
Coventional current Flow of electric charge from positive to negative.
AC Alternating current
The direction of the current changes each half cycle.
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 6 FS/2020
DC Direct current
The direction of the current remains constant. (The direction of conventional current is
from the positive to the negative pole of a battery. The direction of electron current is
from the negative to the positive pole of the battery.)
Root-mean-square The root-mean-square potential difference is the AC potential difference that
potential difference produces the same amount of electrical energy (power) as an equivalent DC potential
(Vrms) difference.
Peak potential The maximum potential difference value reached by the alternating current as it
difference (Vmax) fluctuates i.e. the peak of the sine wave representing an AC potential difference.
Root-mean-square Root-mean-square current is the alternating current that produces the same amount
current (Irms) of energy (power) as and equivalent DC current.
Peak current (Imax) The maximum current value reached by the alternating current as it fluctuates i.e. the
peak of the sine wave representing an AC current.
MATTER AND MATERIALS: OPTICAL PHENOMENA AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Photo-electric effect The process whereby electrons are ejected from a metal surface when light of suitable
frequency is incident on /shines on the surface.
Threshold frequency The minimum frequency of light needed to emit electrons from a certain metal surface.
(fo)
Work function The minimum energy that an electron in the metal needs to be emitted from the metal
(W o) surface.
Photo-electric equation E =W o+ Kmax, where E = hf and W o= hfo and Kmax = ½mv2max
Atomic absorption Formed when certain frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that passes through a
spectrum medium, e.g. a cold gas, is absorbed.
Atomic emission Formed when certain frequencies of electromagnetic radiation are emitted due to an
spectrum atom's electrons making a transition from a high-energy state to a lower energy state.
QUESTIONS
NEWTON’S LAWS
250 N
QUESTION 1
Two blocks of masses 20 kg and 5 kg respectively are connected by a T2 Q
light inextensible string, P. A second light inextensible string, Q, attached
to the 5 kg block, runs over a light frictionless pulley.
5 kg
A constant horizontal force of 250 N pulls the second string as shown in
the diagram below. The magnitudes of the tensions in P and Q are T1
and T2 respectively. Ignore the effects of air friction. T1 P
1.1 State Newton's second law of motion in words. (2)
1.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram indicating ALL the forces
20 kg
acting on the 5 kg block. (3)
1.3 Calculate the magnitude of the tension T1 in string P. (6)
1.4 When the 250 N force is replaced by a sharp pull on the string, one
of the two strings break. Which ONE of the two strings, P or Q, will break? (1)
[12]
QUESTION 2
A block of mass 1 kg is connected to another
40 N block of mass 4 kg by a light inextensible string.
The at 30° to the horizontal, by means of a
constant 40 N force parallel to the plane as
1 kg shown in the diagram below.
The magnitude of the kinetic frictional force
4 kg between the surface and the 4 kg block is 10 N.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 1 kg
30° block and the surface is 0,29.
3.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the 5 kg block. (5)
3.2 Calculate the magnitude of the:
3.2.1 Vertical component of the 60 N force (2)
3.2.2 Horizontal component of the 60 N force (2)
3.3 State Newton's Second Law of Motion in words. (2)
Calculate the magnitude of the:
3.4 Normal force acting on the 5 kg block (2)
3.5 Tension in the string connecting the two blocks (7)
[20]
QUESTION 4
4.1 Two blocks of mass M kg and 2,5 kg M
respectively are connected by a light, table kg
inextensible string. The string runs over a light,
frictionless pulley, as shown in the diagram 2,5 kg
below. The blocks are stationary.
4.1.1 State Newton's THIRD law of
motion in words. (2)
4.1.2 Calculate the tension in the string. (3)
The coefficient of static friction (μs) between the unknown mass M and the surface of the table is 0,2.
4.1.3 Calculate the minimum value of M that will prevent the blocks from moving. (5)
The block of unknown mass M is now replaced with a block of mass 5 kg. The 2,5 kg block now
accelerates downwards. The coefficient of kinetic friction (µ k) between the 5 kg block and the surface of
the table is 0,15.
4.1.4 Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the 5 kg block. (5)
4.2 A small hypothetical planet X has a mass of 6,5 x 1020 kg and a radius of 550 km.
Calculate the gravitational force (weight) that planet X exerts on a 90 kg rock on this planet's surface. (4)
[19]
QUESTION 5
5.1 A 5 kg mass and a 20 kg mass are connected by a 5 kg
light inextensible string which passes over a light
frictionless pulley. Initially, the 5 kg mass is held
stationary on a horizontal surface, while the 20 kg mass
hangs vertically downwards, 6 m above the ground, as
shown in the diagram, not drawn to scale. When the 20 kg
stationary 5 kg mass is released, the two masses begin to
move. The coefficient of kinetic friction, μk, between the 5
kg mass and the horizontal surface is 0,4. Ignore the
effects of air friction. 6m
5.1.1 Calculate the acceleration of the 20 kg
mass. (5)
5.1.2 Calculate the speed of the 20 kg mass as it strikes the ground. (4)
5.1.3 At what minimum distance from the pulley should the 5 kg mass be placed initially, so that the
20 kg mass just strikes the ground? (1)
5.2 A person of mass 60 kg climbs to the top of a mountain
which is 6 000 m above ground level.
5.2.1 State Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
in words. (2)
6 000 m 5.2.2 Calculate the difference in the weight of the climber
at the top of the mountain and at ground level. (6)
Ground level [18]
QUESTION 6
The diagram below shows a 10 kg block lying on a flat, 10 kg
rough, horizontal surface of a table. The block is
connected by a light, inextensible string to a 2 kg block 2 kg
hanging over the side of the table. The string runs over a table surface
light, frictionless pulley. The blocks are stationary.
6.1 State Newton's FIRST law of motion in words. (2)
6.2 Write down the magnitude of the NET force
acting on the 10 kg block. (1)
When a 15 N force is applied vertically downwards on the 2 kg block, the 10 kg block accelerates to the right
at 1,2 m∙s-2.
6.3 Draw a free-body diagram for the 2 kg block when the 15 N force is applied to it. (3)
6.4 Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between the 10 kg block and the surface of the table. (7)
6.5 How does the value, calculated in QUESTION 6.4, compare with the value of the coefficient of
STATIC friction for the 10 kg block and the table? Write down only LARGER THAN, SMALLER
THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
6.6 If the 10 kg block had a larger surface area in contact with the surface of the table, how would this
affect the coefficient of kinetic friction calculated in QUESTION 6.4? Assume that the rest of the
system remains unchanged. Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[16]
QUESTION 7 25 N
A learner constructs a push toy using two blocks with masses
1,5 kg and 3 kg respectively. The blocks are connected by a
massless, inextensible cord. The learner then applies a force of 30°
25 N at an angle of 30° to the 1,5 kg block by means of a light
rigid rod, causing the toy to move across a flat, rough, horizontal 3 kg 1,5 kg
surface, as shown in the diagram.
The coefficient of kinetic friction (µk) between the surface and each block is 0,15.
7.1 State Newton's Second Law of Motion in words. (2)
7.2 Calculate the magnitude of the kinetic frictional force acting on the 3 kg block. (3)
7.3 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the 1,5 kg block. (5)
7.4 Calculate the magnitude of the:
7.4.1 Kinetic frictional force acting on the 1,5 kg block (3)
7.4.2 Tension in the cord connecting the two blocks (5)
[18]
QUESTION 8
8.1 A crate of mass 2 kg is being pulled to the right across a rough
horizontal surface by constant force F. The force F is applied
at an angle of 20° to the horizontal, as shown in the diagram.
8.1.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the
forces acting on the crate. (4)
A constant frictional force of 3 N acts between the surface and the crate. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the crate and the surface is 0,2. Calculate the magnitude of the:
8.1.2 Normal force acting on the crate (3)
8.1.3 Force F (4)
8.1.4 Acceleration of the crate (3)
8.2 A massive rock from outer space is moving towards the Earth.
8.2.1 State Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation in words. (2)
8.2.2 How does the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the rock change as
the distance between the rock and the Earth becomes smaller? Choose from INCREASES,
DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[18]
QUESTION 9
1,5 ms-1
A small object of mass 2 kg is sliding at a constant 2 kg
velocity of 1,5 ms-1 down a rough plane inclined at 7°
to the horizontal surface. At the bottom of the plane, Horizontal surface 7°
the object continues sliding onto a rough horizontal
surface and eventually comes to a stop. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the object and both the inclined and the horizontal surfaces is the same.
9.1 Write down the magnitude of the net force acting on the object. (1)
9.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for the object while it is on the inclined plane. (3)
9.3 Calculate the:
9.3.1 Magnitude of the frictional force acting on the object while it is sliding down the inclined plane (3)
9.3.2 Coefficient of kinetic friction between the object and the surfaces (3)
9.3.3 Distance the object travels on the horizontal surface before it comes to a stop (5)
[15]
QUESTION 10
10.1 An 8 kg block, P, is being pulled by constant force F up a
rough inclined plane at an angle of 30° to the horizontal, at
CONSTANT SPEED. Force F is parallel to the inclined
plane, as shown in the diagram.
10.1.1 State Newton's First Law in words. (2)
10.1.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for block P. (4)
The kinetic frictional force between the block and the surface of the inclined plane is 20,37 N.
10.1.3 Calculate the magnitude of force F. (5)
Force F is now removed and the block ACCELERATES down the plane. The kinetic frictional force
remains 20,37 N.
10.1.4 Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the block. (4)
10.2 A 200 kg rock lies on the surface of a planet. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the
planet is 6,0 m·s-2.
10.2.1 State Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation in words. (2)
10.2.2 Calculate the mass of the planet if its radius is 700 km. (4)
[21]
QUESTION 11
Two boxes, P and Q, resting on a rough
horizontal surface, are connected by a light
inextensible string. The boxes have masses 5 kg
and 2 kg respectively. A constant force F, acting
at an angle of 30° to the horizontal, is applied to
the 5 kg box, as shown. The two boxes now
move to the right at a constant speed of 2 m∙s-1.
11.1 State Newton's First Law of Motion in words. (2)
11.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for box Q. (4)
Box P experiences a constant frictional force of 5 N and box Q a
constant frictional force of 3 N.
11.3 Calculate the magnitude of force F. (6)
The string connecting P and Q suddenly breaks after 3 s while
force F is still being applied. Learners draw the velocity-time
graph for the motion of P and Q before and after the string
breaks, as shown alongside.
11.4 Write down the time at which the string breaks.
11.5 Which portion (X, Y or Z) of the graph represents the
motion of box Q, after the string breaks? Use the
information in the graph to fully support the answer. (4)
[17]
QUESTION 12
Block P, of unknown mass, is placed on a rough horizontal surface. It is connected to a second block of mass 3 kg,
by a light inextensible string passing over a light, frictionless
pulley, as shown. Initially the system of masses is held
stationary with the 3 kg block, 0,5 m above the ground.
When the system is released the 3 kg block moves vertically
downwards and strikes the ground after 3 s. Ignore the
effects of air resistance.
12.1 Define the term acceleration in words. (2)
12.2 Calculate the magnitude of the
acceleration of the 3 kg block using equations
of motion. (3)
12.3 Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the
string. (3)
The magnitude of the kinetic frictional force
experienced by block P is 27 N.
12.4 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for block P. (4)
12.5 Calculate the mass of block P. (3)
[15]
QUESTION 13
A block, of mass 8 kg, is placed on a rough horizontal
surface. The 8 kg block, which is connected to a 2 kg
block by means of a light inextensible string passing over
a light frictionless pulley, starts sliding from point A, as
shown.
13.1 State Newton's Second Law in words. (2)
13.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for the
8 kg block. (4)
13.3 When the 8 kg block reaches point B, the
angle between the string and the horizontal is
15° and the acceleration of the system is 1,32 m·s-2.
13.3.1 Give a reason why the system is NOT in equilibrium. (1)
13.3.2 Use the 2 kg mass to calculate the tension in the string. (3)
13.3.3 Calculate the kinetic frictional force between the 8 kg block and the horizontal surface. (4)
13.4 As the 8 kg block moves from B to C, the kinetic frictional force between the 8 kg block and the
horizontal surface is not constant. Give a reason for this statement. (1)
The horizontal surface on which the 8 kg block is moving, is replaced by another horizontal surface made from
a different material.
13.5 Will the kinetic frictional force, calculated in QUESTION 13.3.3 above, change? Choose from: YES or
NO. Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[17]
QUESTION 14
14.1 A person pushes a lawn mower of mass 15 kg at
a constant speed in a straight line over a flat
grass surface with a force of 90 N. The force is
directed along the handle of the lawn mower.
The handle has been set at an angle of 40° to the
horizontal. Refer to the diagram.
14.1.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for
the lawn mower. (4)
14.1.2 Why is it CORRECT to say that the
moving lawn mower is in equilibrium? (1)
14.1.3 Calculate the magnitude of the frictional
force acting between the lawn mower
and the grass. (3)
The lawn mower is now brought to a stop.
14.1.4 Calculate the magnitude of the constant force that must be applied through the handle in order
to accelerate the lawn mower from rest to 2 m∙s-1 in a time of 3 s. Assume that the frictional
force between the lawn mower and grass remains the same as in QUESTION 14.1.3. (6)
14.2 Planet Y has a radius of 6 x 105 m. A 10 kg mass weighs 20 N on the surface of planet Y.
Calculate the mass of planet Y. (4)
[18]
QUESTION 15
Block P, of mass 2 kg, is connected to block Q, of mass 3 kg, by a light inextensible string. Both blocks are on
a plane inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. Block Q is pulled by a constant force of 40 N at an angle
of 25° to the incline.
Block P moves on a rough section, AB, of
the incline, while block Q moves on a
frictionless section, BC, of the incline.
See diagram.
QUESTION 3
A hot air balloon is rising vertically at a constant velocity. When the hot air balloon reaches
point A a few metres above the ground, a man in the hot air balloon drops a ball which hits the
ground and bounces. Ignore the effects of friction.
The velocity-time graph below represents the motion of the ball from the instant it is dropped
until after it bounces for the first time. The time interval between bounces is ignored. THE A
UPWARD DIRECTION IS TAKEN AS POSITIVE. USE INFORMATION FROM THE GRAPH
TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW.
Ground
3.1 Write down the
v (m∙s )-1
magnitude of the velocity of the hot air
P
balloon. (1)
5,88 3.2 Calculate the height above the ground
from which the ball was dropped. (3)
2,94
3.3 Calculate the time at the point P
0 0,6 3,2 indicated on the graph (2)
2,6 t (s) 3.4 Calculate the maximum height the
- 2,94 ball reaches after the first bounce. (3)
3.5 Calculate the distance between
the ball and hot air balloon when the
ball is at its maximum height after the
first bounce (4)
[13]
-19,60
QUESTION 4
B Ball A is projected vertically upwards at a velocity of 16 m∙s-1 from the
ground. Ignore the effects of air resistance. Use the ground as zero
9 m∙s-1 reference.
4.1 Calculate the time taken by ball A to return to the ground. (4)
4.2 Sketch a velocity-time graph for ball A. Show the
following on the graph:
(a) Initial velocity of ball A
30 m (b) Time taken to reach the highest point of the motion
(c) Time taken to return to the ground (3)
16 m∙s-1
ONE SECOND after ball A is projected upwards, a second
ball, B, is thrown vertically downwards at a velocity of 9 m∙s-1 from
a balcony 30 m above the ground. Refer to the diagram.
4.3 Calculate how high above the ground ball A will be at the
A ground instant the two balls pass each other. (6)
[13]
QUESTION 5
A man throws ball A downwards with a speed of 2 m∙s-1 from the edge of a window, 45 m above a dam of
water. One second later he throws a second ball, ball B, downwards and observes that both balls strike the
surface of the water in the dam at the same time. Ignore air friction.
5.1 Calculate the:
5.1.1 Speed with which ball A hits the surface of the water (3)
5.1.2 Time it takes for ball B to hit the surface of the water (3)
5.1.3 Initial velocity of ball B (5)
5.2 On the same set of axes, sketch a velocity versus time graph for the motion of balls A and B.
Clearly indicate the following on your graph:
• Initial velocities of both balls A and B
• The time of release of ball B
• The time taken by both balls to hit the surface of the water (5)
[16]
QUESTION 6
Ball A is projected vertically upwards from the ground, near a tall building, with a speed of 30 m∙s -1.
Ignore the effects of air friction.
6.1 Explain what is meant by a projectile. (2)
6.2 Calculate the total time that ball A will be in the air. (4)
6.3 Calculate the distance travelled by ball A during the last
B second of its fall. (4)
6.4 TWO SECONDS after ball A is projected upwards, ball B is
projected vertically upwards from the roof of the same building.
The roof the building is 50 m above the ground. Both balls A
50 m and B reach the ground at the same time. Refer to the
diagram. Ignore the effects of air friction.
Calculate the speed at which ball B was projected
30 m∙s -1
upwards from the roof. (4)
A ground 6.5 Sketch velocity-time graphs for the motion of both balls A
and B on the same set of axes. Clearly label the graphs for
balls A and B respectively. Indicate the following on the
graphs:
(a) Time taken by both balls A and B to reach the ground
(b) Time taken by ball A to reach its maximum height (4)
[18]
QUESTION 7
A ball is dropped from the top of a building 20 m high. Ignore the effects of air
resistance.
QUESTION 8
A ball is projected vertically upwards with a speed of 10 m∙s-1 from point A,
which is at the top edge of a building. The ball hits the ground after 3 s. It is
in contact with the ground for 0,2 s and then bounces vertically upwards,
reaching a maximum height of 8 m at point B. See the diagram. Ignore the
effects of friction.
8.1 Why is the ball considered to be in free fall during
its motion? (2)
8.2 Calculate the:
8.2.1 Height of the building (3)
8.2.2 Speed with which the ball hits the ground (3)
8.2.3 Speed with which the ball leaves the ground (3)
8.3 Draw a velocity versus time graph for the complete motion of
the ball from A to B. Show the following on the graph:
The magnitude of the velocity with which it hits the ground
The magnitude of the velocity with which it leaves the ground
The time taken to reach the ground, as well as the time at which it leaves the ground (4)
[15]
QUESTION 9
A hot-air balloon moves vertically downwards at a constant velocity of 1,2 m∙s-1. When it reaches a height of 22 m
from the ground, a ball is dropped from the balloon. Refer to the diagram.
Assume that the dropping of the ball has no effect on the speed of the hot-air
balloon. Ignore air friction for the motion of the ball.
When the ball lands on the ground, it is in contact with the ground for 0,3 s and
22 m then it bounces vertically upwards with a speed of 15 m∙s -1.
ground 9.4 Calculate how high the balloon is from the ground when the ball reaches its
maximum height after the first bounce. (6)
[14]
QUESTION 10
Stone A is projected vertically upwards at a speed of 12 m∙s -1 from a height h above the ground. Ignore the effects
of air resistance.
10.1 Calculate the time taken for stone A to reach its maximum height. (3)
10.2 Calculate the speed, v, with which stone B is thrown downwards. (4)
At the instant stone A passes its initial position on its way down, stone B hits
the ground.
QUESTION 11
A ball is thrown vertically downwards from the top of a building and bounces a few times as it hits the ground.
The velocity-time graph below describes the motion of the ball from the time it is thrown, up to a certain time T.
Take downwards as the positive direction and the ground as zero reference. The graph is NOT drawn to scale.
The effects of air friction are ignored.
11.1 Write down the speed with which the ball is thrown downwards. (1)
11.2 ALL parts of the graph have the same gradient. Give a reason for this. (2)
11.3 Calculate the height from which the ball is thrown. (3)
11.4 Calculate the time (T) shown on the graph. (4)
11.5 Write down the:
11.5.1 Time that the ball is in contact with the ground at the first bounce (1)
11.5.2 Time at which the ball reaches its maximum height after the first bounce (2)
11.5.3 Value of X (1)
11.6 Is the collision of the ball with the ground elastic or inelastic? Give a reason for the answer using
information in the graph. (2)
[16]
QUESTION 12
In the diagram shown, point A is at the top of a building. Point B is exactly halfway
between the point A and the ground. Ignore air resistance.
When the ball strikes the ground it is in contact with the ground for 0,2 s and
then bounces vertically upwards, reaching a maximum height at point B.
12.3 Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the ball when it strikes the ground. (3)
12.4 Calculate the magnitude of the average net force exerted on the ball while it
is in contact with the ground. (6)
[14]
QUESTION 13
In a competition, participants must attempt to throw a ball vertically
upwards past point T, marked on a tall vertical pole. Point T is 3,7 m
above the ground. Point T may, or may not, be the highest point during
the motion of the ball. One participant throws the ball vertically upwards
at a velocity of 7,5 m·s-1 from a point that is 1,6 m above the ground, as
shown in the diagram. Ignore the effects of air resistance.
13.1 In which direction is the net force acting on the ball while it moves
towards point T? Choose from: UPWARDS or DOWNWARDS.
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
13.2 Calculate the time taken by the ball to reach its highest point. (3)
13.3 Determine, by means of a calculation, whether the ball will pass
point T or not. (6)
13.4 Draw a velocity-time graph for the motion of the ball from the
instant it is thrown upwards until it reaches its highest point.
Indicate the following on the graph:
The initial velocity and final velocity
Time taken to reach the highest point (2)
[13]
QUESTION 14
A ball is thrown vertically upwards, with velocity v, from the edge of a roof of a 40 m tall building. The ball takes
1,53 s to reach its maximum height. Ignore air resistance.
14.1 Define the term free fall. (2)
14.2 Calculate the:
14.2.1 Magnitude of the initial velocity v of the ball (3)
14.2.2 Maximum height reached by the ball above the edge of
the roof (3)
14.3 Take the edge of the roof as reference point. Determine the position
of the ball relative to the edge of the roof after 4 s. (3)
14.4 Will any of the answers to QUESTIONS 3.2 and 3.3 change if the height of the
building is 30 m? Choose from YES or NO. Give a reason for the answer. (3)
[14]
QUESTION 15
Stone A is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 10 m∙s -1 from the
edge of the roof of a 40 m high building, as shown in the diagram.
Ignore the effects of air friction. Take the ground as reference.
15.1 Define the term free fall. (2)
15.2 Calculate the maximum HEIGHT ABOVE THE GROUND
reached by stone A. (4)
15.3 Write down the magnitude and direction of the acceleration
of stone A at this maximum height. (2)
Stone B is dropped from rest from the edge of the roof, x seconds after
stone A was thrown upwards.
15.4 Stone A passes stone B when the two stones are 29,74 m
above the ground.Calculate the value of x. (6)
15.5 The graphs of position versus time for part of the motion of
both stones are shown alongside.
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
A
0,2 m
A B B
Ball A of mass 0,2 kg is displaced through a vertical distance of 0,2 m, as shown in Diagram 2 above. When
ball A is released, it collides elastically and head-on with ball B. Ignore the effects of air friction.
3.1 What is meant by an elastic collision? (2)
Immediately after the collision, ball A moves horizontally backwards (to the left). Ball B acquires kinetic energy
of 0,12 J and moves horizontally forward (to the right). Calculate the:
3.2 Kinetic energy of ball A just before it collides with ball B (Use energy principles only.) (3)
3.3 Speed of ball A immediately after the collision (4)
3.4 Magnitude of the impulse on ball A during the collision (5)
[14]
QUESTION 4
A bullet of mass 20 g is fired from a stationary rifle of mass 3 kg. Assume that the bullet moves horizontally.
Immediately after firing, the rifle recoils (moves back) with a velocity of 1,4 m∙s -1.
4.1 Calculate the speed at which the bullet leaves the rifle. (4)
The bullet strikes a stationary 5 kg wooden block fixed to a flat, horizontal table. The bullet is brought
to rest after travelling a distance of 0,4 m into the block. Refer to the diagram below.
before after
20 g
5 kg
4.2 Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the block on the bullet. (5)
4.3 How does the magnitude of the force calculated in QUESTION 3.2 compare to the magnitude
of the force exerted by the bullet on the block? Write down only LARGER THAN, SMALLER THAN or
THE SAME. (1)
[10]
QUESTION 5
The diagram shows two trolleys, P and Q, held together by
means of a compressed spring on a flat, frictionless horizontal P Q
track. The masses of P and Q are 400 g and 600 g respectively.
When the trolleys are released, it takes 0,3 s for the spring to 400 g 600 g
unwind to its natural length. Trolley Q then moves to the right at
4 m∙s-1.
5.1 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)
5.2 Calculate the:
5.2.1 Velocity of trolley P after the trolleys are released (4)
5.2.2 Magnitude of the average force exerted by the spring on trolley Q (4)
5.3 Is this an elastic collision? Only answer YES or NO. (1)
[11]
QUESTION 6
The diagram below shows two sections, XY and YZ, of a horizontal, flat surface. Section XY is smooth, while
section YZ is rough. A 5 kg block, moving with a velocity of 4 m∙s-1 to the right, collides head-on with a stationary
3 kg block. After the collision, the two blocks stick together and move to the right, past point Y. The combined
blocks travel for 0,3 s from point Y before coming to a stop at point Z.
4 m∙s-1 0 m∙s-1
X 5 kg 3 kg Y Z
40 000 ─
N
Momentum (kg∙m·s-1)
30 000 ─ E
W
S
20 000 ─
14 000 ─
10 000 ─
0
20 20,1 20,2 20,3 Time (s)
7.1 What do you understand by the term isolated system as used in physics? (1)
QUESTION 8
A teacher demonstrates the principle of conservation of linear
momentum using two trolleys. The teacher first places the
trolleys, A and B, some distance apart on a flat frictionless
horizontal surface, as shown in the diagram. The mass of trolley
A is 3,5 kg and that of trolley B is 6,0 kg.
Trolley A moves towards trolley B at constant velocity. The table
below shows the position of trolley A for time intervals of 0,4 s before it collides with trolley B.
8.1 Use the table above to prove that trolley A is moving at constant velocity before it collides
with trolley B. (3)
8.2 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)
At time t = 1,2 s, trolley A collides with stationary trolley B. The collision time is 0,5 s after which the two
trolleys move off together.
8.3 Calculate the magnitude of the average net force exerted on trolley B by trolley A. (6)
[11]
QUESTION 9
9.1 Define the term impulse in words. (2)
9.2 The diagram below shows a gun mounted on a mechanical support which is fixed to the ground.
The gun is capable of firing bullets rapidly in a horizontal direction. Each bullet travels at a speed of
700 m∙s-1 in an easterly direction when it leaves the gun.
(Take the initial velocity of a bullet, before being fired, as zero.)
700 m∙s-1
gun N
W E
bullets
mechanical
support S
ground
The gun fires 220 bullets per minute. The mass of each bullet is 0,03 kg.
Calculate the:
9.2.1 Magnitude of the momentum of each bullet when it leaves the gun (3)
9.2.2 The net average force that each bullet exerts on the gun (5)
9.3 Without any further calculation, write down the net average horizontal force that the mechanical
support exerts on the gun. (2)
[12]
QUESTION 10
A 2 kg block is at rest on a smooth, frictionless, horizontal table. The length of the block is x. A bullet of mass
0,015 kg, travelling east at 400 m∙s-1, strikes the block and passes straight through it with constant acceleration.
Refer to the diagram below. Ignore any loss of mass of the bullet and the block.
QUESTION 11
The diagram below shows two skateboards, A and B, initially at rest, with a cat standing on skateboard A. The
skateboards are in a straight line, one in front of the other and a short distance apart. The surface is flat,
frictionless and horizontal.
EACH skateboard has a mass of 3,5 kg. The cat, of mass 2,6 kg, jumps from skateboard A with a horizontal
velocity of 3 m∙s-1 and lands on skateboard B with the same velocity. Refer to the diagram below.
11.2 Calculate the velocity of skateboard A just after the cat has jumped from it. (5)
11.3 Immediately after the cat has landed, the cat and skateboard B move horizontally to the right at
1,28 m∙s-1. Calculate the magnitude of the impulse on skateboard B as a result of the cat's landing. (3)
[10]
QUESTION 12
A trolley of mass 1,5 kg is held stationary at point A
at the top of a frictionless track. When the 1,5 kg
trolley is released, it moves down the track. It passes
point P at the bottom of the incline and collides with
a stationary 2 kg trolley at point B. Refer to the
diagram. Ignore air resistance and rotational effects.
12.1 Use the principle of conservation of
mechanical energy to calculate the speed
of the 1,5 kg trolley at point P. (4)
When the two trolleys collide, they stick together and
continue moving with constant velocity.
12.2 The principle of conservation of linear momentum is given by the incomplete statement below.
In a/an … system, the … linear momentum is conserved.
Rewrite the complete statement and fill in the missing words or phrases. (2)
12.3 Calculate the speed of the combined trolleys immediately after the collision. (4)
12.4 Calculate the distance travelled by the combined trolleys in 3 s after the collision. (3)
[13]
QUESTION 13
Initially a girl on roller skates is at rest on a smooth horizontal pavement. The girl
throws a parcel, of mass 8 kg, horizontally to the right at a speed of 4 m·s-1.
Immediately after the parcel has been thrown, the girl-roller-skate combination moves
at a speed of 0,6 m·s-1. Ignore the effects of friction and rotation.
13.5 Without any further calculation, write down the change in momentum experienced by the parcel while
it is being thrown. (2)
[14]
QUESTION 14
A soccer player kicks a ball of mass 0,45 kg to the east. The ball travels horizontally at a velocity of 9 m⋅s-1 along a
straight line, without touching the ground, and enters a container lying at rest on its side, as shown in the diagram
below. The mass of the container is 0,20 kg.
The ball is stuck in the container after the collision. The ball and container now move together along a straight line
towards the east. Ignore friction and rotational effects.
An object of mass 10 kg is
released from point A which is 8m
B C
4 m above the ground. It slides
down the track and comes to rest at point C.
1.1.1 State the principle of conservation of mechanical energy in words. (2)
1.1.2 Is mechanical energy conserved as the object slides from A to C? Write YES or NO. (1)
1.1.3 Using ENERGY PRINCIPLES only, calculate the magnitude of the frictional force
exerted on the object as it moves along BC. (6)
1.2 A motor pulls a crate of mass 300 kg with a constant force by means of a light inextensible rope
running over a light frictionless pulley as shown below. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
crate and the surface of the plane is 0,19.
rope
motor
300 kg
25°
1.2.1 Calculate the magnitude of the frictional force acting between the crate and the
surface of the inclined plane. (3)
The crate moves up the incline at a constant speed of 0,5 m∙s -1.
1.2.2 Calculate the average power delivered by the motor while pulling the crate up the incline. (6)
[18]
QUESTION 2
A 5 kg block is released from rest from a height of 5 m and slides down a frictionless incline to P as shown
below. It then moves along a frictionless horizontal portion PQ and finally moves up a second rough inclined
plane. It comes to a stop 3 m above the horizontal at point R.
5 kg
R
5m
3m
θ
P Q
The frictional force, a non-conservative force, between the surface and the block is 18 N.
2.1 Using ENERGY PRINCIPLES only, calculate the speed of the block at point P. (4)
2.2 Explain why the kinetic energy at point P is the same as that at point Q. (2)
2.3 Explain the term non-conservative force. (2)
2.4 Calculate the angle (θ) of the slope QR. (7)
[15]
QUESTION 3
The diagram below shows a heavy block of mass 100 kg sliding F
down a rough 25° inclined plane. A constant force F is applied 100 kg
on the block parallel to the inclined plane as shown in the
diagram below, so that the block slides down at a constant
velocity. The magnitude of the kinetic frictional force (f k) 25°
between the block and the surface of the inclined plane is 266 N.
3.1 Friction is a non-conservative force. What is meant by the term non- conservative force? (2)
3.2 A learner states that the net work done on the block is greater than zero.
3.2.1 Is the learner correct? Answer only YES or NO. (1)
3.2.2 Explain the answer to QUESTION 3.2.1 using physics principles. (2)
3.3 Calculate the magnitude of the force F. (4)
If the block is released from rest without the force F being applied, it moves 3 m down the inclined plane.
3.4 Calculate the speed of the block at the bottom of the inclined plane. (6)
[15]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 23 FS/2020
QUESTION 4
The track for a motorbike race consists of a straight, horizontal section that is 800 m
long. A participant, such as the one in the picture, rides at a certain average speed
and completes the 800 m course in 75 s. To maintain this speed, a constant driving
force of 240 N acts on the motorbike.
4.1 Calculate the average power developed by the motorbike for this motion. (3)
Another person
practises on the
same motorbike on a track with an incline.
Starting from rest, the person rides a distance of
450 m up the incline which has a vertical height 5m 450 m
of 5 m, as shown. The total frictional force acting
on the motorbike is 294 N. The combined mass
of rider and motorbike is 300 kg. The average driving force on the motorbike as it moves up the incline is 350 N.
Consider the motorbike and rider as a single system.
4.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for the motorbike-rider system on the incline. (4)
4.3 State the WORK-ENERGY theorem in words. (2)
4.4 Use energy principles to calculate the speed of the motorbike at the end of the 450 m ride. (6)
[15]
QUESTION 5
A constant force F, applied at an angle of 20o above the horizontal, pulls a 200 kg block, over a distance of 3 m,
on a rough, horizontal floor as shown in the diagram below.
F AFTER F
BEFORE
20° 20°
200 kg 200 kg
3m
Rough floor
The coefficient of kinetic friction, μk, between the floor surface and the block is 0,2.
5.1 Give a reason why the coefficient of kinetic friction has no units. (1)
5.2 State the work-energy theorem in words. (2)
5.3 Draw a free-body diagram indicating ALL the forces acting on the block while it is being pulled. (4)
5.4 Show that the work done by the kinetic frictional force (W fk) on the block can be written as
Wfk = (-1 176 + 0,205 F) J. (4)
5.5 Calculate the magnitude of the force F that has to be applied so that the net work done by all forces on
the block is zero. (4)
[15]
QUESTION 6
A 20 kg block is released from rest from the top of a ramp at point A at
20 kg A a construction site as shown in the diagram. The ramp is inclined at an
angle of 30° to the horizontal and its top is at a height of 5 m above the
ground.
5m 6.1 State the principle of conservation of mechanical energy in
words. (2)
6.2 The kinetic frictional force between the 20 kg block and the
B 30°
surface of the ramp is 30 N. Use energy principles to calculate
the:
6.2.1 Work done by the kinetic frictional force on the block (3)
6.2.2 Speed of the block at point B at the bottom of the ramp (5)
6.3 A 100 kg object is pulled up the SAME RAMP at a constant speed of 2 m∙s -1 by a small motor.
The kinetic frictional force between the 100 kg object and the surface of the ramp is 25 N. Calculate the
average power delivered by the small motor in the pulling of the object up the incline. (4)
[14]
QUESTION 7
A pendulum with a bob of mass 5 kg is held stationary at a height h metres above the ground. When released, it
collides with a block of mass 2 kg which is stationary at point A. The bob swings past A and comes to rest
momentarily at a position ¼ h above the ground.he diagrams below are NOT drawn to scale.
Before After
h 2 kg 2 kg
¼h
A B
Immediately after the collision the 2 kg block begins to move from A to B at a constant speed of 4,95 m∙s-1.
Ignore frictional effects and assume that no loss of mechanical energy occurs during the collision.
7.1 Calculate the kinetic energy of the block immediately after the collision. (3)
7.2 Calculate the height h (4)
The block moves from point B at a velocity of 4,95 m·s-1 up a rough inclined plane to point C. The speed of the
block at point C is 2 m·s-1. Point C is 0,5 m above the horizontal, as shown in the diagram below. During its
motion from B to C a uniform frictional force acts on the block.
4,95 m·s-1 C
2 kg 0,5 m
B
7.3 State the work-energy theorem in words. (2)
7.4 Use energy principles to calculate the work done by the frictional force when the 2 kg block moves from
point B to point C. (4)
[13]
QUESTION 8
The diagram below shows a bullet of mass 20 g that is travelling horizontally. The bullet strikes a stationary 7 kg
block and becomes embedded in it. The bullet and block together travel on a rough horizontal surface a distance of
2 m before coming to a stop.
20 g
7 kg
2m
8.1 Use the work-energy theorem to calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the bullet-block system
immediately after the bullet strikes the block, given that the frictional force between the block and surface
is 10 N. (5)
8.2 State the principle of conservation of linear momentum in words. (2)
8.3 Calculate the magnitude of the velocity with which the bullet hits the block. (4)
[11]
QUESTION 9
The diagram below shows a boy skateboarding
on a ramp which is inclined at 20° to the
horizontal. A constant frictional force of 50 N acts
on the skateboard as it moves from P to Q.
Consider the boy and the skateboard as a single
unit of mass 60 kg. Ignore the effects of air
friction.
9.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram,
showing ALL the forces acting on the
boy-skateboard unit while moving down
the ramp from P to Q. (3)
Points P and Q on the ramp are 25 m apart. The skateboarder passes point P at a speed vi and passes point Q
at a speed of 15 m∙s-1. Ignore rotational effects due to the wheels of the skateboard.
9.2 State the work-energy theorem in words. (2)
9.3 Use energy principles to calculate the speed vi of the skateboarder at point P. (5)
9.3 Calculate the average power dissipated by the skateboarder to overcome friction between P and Q. (4)
[14]
QUESTION 10
A lift arrangement comprises an electric motor, a cage and its counterweight. The counterweight moves vertically
downwards as the cage moves upwards. The cage and counterweight move at the same constant speed. Refer to
the diagram below.
The cage, carrying passengers, moves vertically upwards at a
electric motor constant speed, covering 55 m in 3 minutes. The counterweight
has a mass of 950 kg. The total mass of the cage and passengers
is 1 200 kg.
The electric motor provides the power needed to operate the lift
cage
system. Ignore the effects of friction.
10.1 Define the term power in words. (2)
10.2 Calculate the work done by the:
10.2.1 Gravitational force on the cage (3)
10.2.2 Counterweight on the cage (2)
Counter 10.3 Calculate the average power required by the
weight motor to operate the lift arrangement in 3 minutes.
Assume that there are no energy losses due to heat
and sound. (6)
[13]
QUESTION 11
In the diagram below, a 4 kg block lying on a
rough horizontal surface is connected to a 6 kg
block by a light inextensible string passing over a
light frictionless pulley. Initially the blocks are
HELD AT REST.
11.1 State the work-energy theorem in
words. (2)
When the blocks are released, the 6 kg block
falls through a vertical distance of 1,6 m.
11.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for
the 6 kg block. (2)
11.3 Calculate the work done by the
gravitational force on the 6 kg block. (3)
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
4 kg block and the horizontal surface is 0,4.
Ignore the effects of air resistance.
11.4 Use energy principles to calculate the speed of the 6 kg block when it falls through 1,6 m while still
attached to the 4 kg block. (5)
[12]
QUESTION 12
A slide, PQR, at an amusement park consists of a curved frictionless section, PQ, and a section, QR, which is
rough, straight and inclined at 30° to the horizontal. The
starting point, P, is 3 m above point Q. The straight section,
QR, is 5 m long.
QUESTION 13
A load of mass 75 kg is initially at rest on the ground. It is then pulled
vertically upwards at a constant acceleration of 0,65 m⋅s-2 by means of a light
inextensible rope. Refer to the diagram below. Ignore air resistance,
rotational effects and the mass of the rope.
13.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for the load while it moves
upward. (2)
13.2 Name the non-conservative force acting on the load. (1)
13.3 Calculate the work done on the load by the gravitational force
when the load has reached a height of 12 m. (3)
13.4 State the work-energy theorem in words. (2)
13.5 Use the work-energy theorem to calculate the speed of the load
when it is at a height of 12 m. (5)
[13]
QUESTION 14
The diagram, not drawn to scale, shows a vehicle with a mass of 1 500 kg starting from rest at point A at the
bottom of a rough incline. Point B is 200 m vertically above the horizontal. The total work done by force F that
moves the vehicle from point A to point B in 90 s is 4,80 x 106 J.
15.1 What is the name given to the force in the rope? (1)
15.2 Give a reason why the mechanical energy of the
system will NOT be conserved as the box is pulled up
the plane. (1)
The box is pulled up over a distance of 4 m along the plane. The kinetic frictional force between the box and
the plane is 178,22 N.
15.3 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for the box as it moves up the plane. (4)
15.4 Calculate the work done on the box by the frictional force over the 4 m. (3)
15.5 Use energy principles to calculate the speed of the box after it has moved 4 m. (5)
15.6 When the box is 4 m up the incline, the rope accidentally breaks, causing the box to slide back down to
the bottom of the inclined plane. What will be the total work done by friction when the box moves up
and then down to the bottom of the inclined plane? (1)
[15]
QUESTION 16
An object of mass 1,8 kg slides down a rough curved track and passes point A, which is 1,5 m above the
ground, at a speed of 0,95 m·s-1. The object reaches point B at the bottom of the track at a speed of 4 m·s-1.
16.6 What is the value of the net work done on the object as it slides from point B to point C? (1)
[13]
DOPPLER EFFECT
QUESTION 1
1.1 The siren of a stationary ambulance emits a note of frequency 1 130 Hz. When the ambulance moves
at a constant speed, a stationary observer detects a frequency that is 70 Hz higher than that emitted
by the siren.
1.1.1 State the Doppler effect in words. (2)
1.1.2 Is the ambulance moving towards or away from the observer? Give a reason. (2)
1.1.3 Calculate the speed at which the ambulance is travelling. Take the speed of sound in air as
343 m∙s-1. (5)
1.2 A study of spectral lines obtained from various stars can provide valuable information about the
movement of the stars. The two diagrams below represent different spectral lines of an element.
Diagram 1 represents the spectrum of the element in a laboratory on Earth. Diagram 2 represents the
spectrum of the same element from a distant star.
Blue Red
Diagram 1
Blue Red
Diagram 2
Is the star moving towards or away from the Earth? Explain the answer by referring to the shifts in the
spectral lines in the two diagrams above. (2)
[11]
QUESTION 2
The Doppler effect is applicable to both sound and light waves. It also has very important applications in our
everyday lives.
2.1 A hooter on a stationary train emits sound with a frequency of 520 Hz, as detected by a person standing
on the platform. Assume that the speed of sound is 340 m∙s -1 in still air. Calculate the:
2.1.1 Wavelength of the sound detected by the person (2)
2.1.2 Wavelength of the sound detected by the person when the train moves towards
him/her at a constant speed of 15 m∙s-1 with the hooter still emitting sound (6)
2.2 Explain why the wavelength calculated in QUESTION 2.1.1 differs from that obtained in
QUESTION 2.1.2. (2)
2.3 Use your knowledge of the Doppler effect to explain red shifts. (2)
[12]
QUESTION 3
The graph below shows the relationship between the apparent frequency (fL) of the sound heard by a
STATIONARY listener and the velocity (vs) of the source travelling TOWARDS the listener.
Graph showing apparent frequency (fL) versus velocity of sound source (vs)
950
•
900
•
fL (Hz)
850 •
•
800 •
0 10 20 30 40
vs (m∙s-1)
3.1 State the Doppler effect in words. (2)
3.2 Use the information in the graph to calculate the speed of sound in air. (5)
3.3 Sketch a graph of apparent frequency (fL) versus velocity (vs) of the sound source if the source was
moving AWAY from the listener. It is not necessary to use numerical values for the graph. (2)
[9]
QUESTION 4
4.1 The data below was obtained during an investigation into the relationship between the different
velocities of a moving sound source and the frequencies detected by a stationary listener for each
velocity. The effect of wind was ignored in this investigation.
Experiment number 1 2 3 4
Velocity of the sound source (m∙s-1) 0 10 20 30
Frequency (Hz) of the sound detected by
900 874 850 827
the stationary listener
4.1.1 Write down the dependent variable for this investigation. (1)
4.1.2 State the Doppler effect in words. (2)
4.1.3 Was the sound source moving TOWARDS or AWAY FROM the listener? Give a reason for
the answer. (2)
4.1.4 Use the information in the table to calculate the speed of sound during the investigation. (5)
4.2 The spectral lines of a distant star are shifted towards the longer wavelengths of light. Is the star
moving TOWARDS or AWAY FROM the Earth? (1)
[11]
QUESTION 5
Reflection of sound waves enables bats to hunt for moths. The sound wave produced by a bat has a frequency
of 222 kHz and a wavelength of 1,5 x 10-3 m.
5.1 Calculate the speed of this sound wave through the air. (3)
5.2 A stationary bat sends out a sound signal and receives the same signal reflected from a moving moth
at a frequency of 230,3 kHz.
5.2.1 Is the moth moving TOWARDS or AWAY FROM the bat? (1)
5.2.2 Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of the moth, assuming that the velocity is constant. (6)
[10]
QUESTION 6
An ambulance is travelling towards a hospital at a constant velocity of 30 m∙s-1. The
siren of the ambulance produces sound of frequency 400 Hz. Take the speed of sound
in air as 340 m∙s-1. The diagram shows the wave fronts of the sound produced from the Y X
siren as a result of this motion.
6.1 At which side of the diagram, X or Y, is the hospital situated? (1)
6.2 Explain the answer to QUESTION 6.1. (3)
6.3 Calculate the frequency of the sound of the siren heard by a person standing at the hospital. (5)
6.4 A nurse is sitting next to the driver in the passenger seat of the ambulance as it approaches the
hospital. Calculate the wavelength of the sound heard by the nurse. (3)
[12]
QUESTION 7
7.1 An ambulance is moving towards a stationary listener at a constant speed of 30 m∙s-1. The siren of the
ambulance emits sound waves having a wavelength of 0,28 m. Take the speed of sound in air as
340 m∙s-1.
7.1.1 State the Doppler effect in words. (2)
7.1.2 Calculate the frequency of the sound waves emitted by the siren as heard by the ambulance
driver. (3)
7.1.3 Calculate the frequency of the sound waves emitted by the siren as heard by the listener. (5)
7.1.4 How would the answer to QUESTION 7.1.3 change if the speed of the ambulance were LESS
THAN 30 m∙s-1? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
7.2 An observation of the spectrum of a distant star shows that it is moving away from the earth. Explain,
in terms of the frequencies of the spectral lines, how it is possible to conclude that the star is moving
away from the earth. (2)
[13]
QUESTION 8
The speed of sound in air depends among others on the air temperature. The following graph shows this
relationship.
QUESTION 12
A police car is moving at a constant speed on a straight horizontal road. The siren of the car emits sound of
constant frequency. EACH of two observers, A and
B, standing some distance apart on the same side of
the road, records the frequency of the detected
sound. Observer A records a frequency of 690 Hz
and observer B records a frequency of 610 Hz.
Some of the sound waves are reflected from the detector towards the approaching source.
13.3 Will the frequency of the reflected sound wave detected by the sound source be EQUAL TO,
GREATER THAN or SMALLER THAN 5 100 Hz? (1)
[10]
QUESTION 14
The alarm of a vehicle parked next to a straight horizontal road goes off, emitting sound with a wavelength of
0,34 m. A patrol car is moving at a constant speed on the same road. The driver of the patrol car hears a sound
with a frequency of 50 Hz lower than the sound emitted by the alarm.
Take the speed of sound in air as 340 m∙s-1.
QUESTION 15
15.1 A patrol car is moving at a constant speed
towards a stationary observer. The driver
switches on the siren of the car when it is
300 m away from the observer.
The observer records the detected frequency of
the sound waves of the siren as the patrol car
approaches, passes and moves away from him.
The information obtained is shown in the
graph.
16.1 Different patterns are shown above for the same sound wave emitted by the siren. What phenomenon
is illustrated by the two detectors showing the different patterns? (1)
16.2 Use the graphs and give a reason why it can be confirmed that the police car is moving away from
detector Q. (1)
16.3 Calculate the frequency of the sound waves recorded by detector P. (3)
16.4 Use the information in the graphs to calculate the speed of the police car. Take the speed of sound in
air as 340 m∙s-1. (6)
[11]
ELECTROSTATICS
QUESTION 1
The diagram shows two small identical metal spheres, R and S, each + 8 μC - 4 μC
placed on a wooden stand. Spheres R and S carry charges of + 8 μC and R S
- 4 μC respectively. Ignore the effects of air.
1.1 Explain why the spheres were placed on wooden stands. (1)
Spheres R and S are brought into contact for a while and then
separated by a small distance.
1.2 Calculate the net charge on each of the spheres. (2)
1.3 Draw the electric field pattern due to the two spheres R and S. (3)
After R and S have been in contact and separated, a third sphere, T, of charge + 1 µC is now placed between
them as shown in the diagram below.
10 cm 20 cm
R T S
1.4 Draw a free-body diagram showing the electrostatic forces experienced by sphere T due to spheres R
and S. (2)
1.5 Calculate the net electrostatic force experienced by T due to R and S. (6)
1.6 Define the electric field at a point. (2)
1.7 Calculate the magnitude of the net electric field at the location of T due to R and S.
(Treat the spheres as if they were point charges.) (3)
[19]
QUESTION 2
Two identical negatively charged spheres, A and B, having charges of 0,5 m
the same magnitude, are placed 0,5 m apart in vacuum. The ● ●
magnitude of the electrostatic force that one sphere exerts on the A B
other is 1,44 x 10 -1 N.
2.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
2.2 Calculate the:
2.2.1 Magnitude of the charge on each sphere (4)
2.2.2 Excess number of electrons on sphere B (3)
2.3 P is a point at a distance of 1 m from sphere B.
0,5 m 1m
● ●
A B P
2.3.1 What is the direction of the net electric field at point P? (1)
2.3.2 Calculate the number of electrons that should be removed from sphere B so that the net
electric field at point P is 3 x 104 N·C-1 to the right. (8)
[18]
QUESTION 3
Three point charges, Q1, Q2 and Q3, carrying Q3 = +5 µC 30 cm Q1 = +6 µC
charges of +6 µC, -3 µC and +5 µC
respectively, are arranged in space as shown in
the diagram below. The distance between Q3 10 cm
and Q1 is 30 cm and that between Q3 and Q2 is
10 cm.
3.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2) Q2 = -3 µC
3.2 Calculate the net force acting on
charge Q3 due to the presence of Q1 and Q2. (7)
[9]
QUESTION 4
Two identical neutral spheres, M and N, are placed on insulating stands. They M N
are brought into contact and a charged rod is brought near sphere M.
When the spheres are separated it is found that 5 x 10 6 electrons were Charged
transferred from sphere M to sphere N. rod
4.1 What is the net charge on sphere N after separation? (3)
4.2 Write down the net charge on sphere M after separation. (2)
The charged spheres, M and N, are now arranged along a straight line, in space, such that the distance
between their centres is 15 cm. A point P lies 10 cm to the right of N as shown in the diagram below.
M N P
×
15 cm 10 cm
Calculate the: S
6.1 Net electric field at point X due to the two charges (6)
6.2 Electrostatic force that a – 2 x 10-9 C charge will experience at point X (4)
Calculate the:
7.3.1 Magnitude of the tension (T) in the string (3)
7.3.2 Distance between balls P and Q (5)
[11] Fe
w/Fg
QUESTION 8
A sphere Q1, with a charge of -2,5 μC, is placed 1 m away from a second sphere Q2, with a charge +6 μC. The
spheres lie along a straight line, as shown in the diagram below. Point P is located a distance of 0,3 m to the left
of sphere Q1, while point X is located between Q1 and Q2. The diagram is not drawn to scale.
-2,5 μC +6 μC
P Q1 X Q2
● ●
0,3 m 1m
8.1 Show, with the aid of a VECTOR DIAGRAM, why the net electric field at point X cannot be zero. (4)
8.2 Calculate the net electric field at point P, due to the two charged spheres Q1 and Q2. (6)
[10]
QUESTION 9
A small sphere, Q1, with a charge of + 32 x 10-9 C, is suspended from a light string secured to a support.
A second, identical sphere, Q2, with a charge of
– 55 x 10-9 C, is placed in a narrow, cylindrical glass
support tube vertically below Q1. Each sphere has a mass of 7 g.
string Both spheres come to equilibrium when Q2 is 2,5 cm
from Q1, as shown in the diagram. Ignore the effects
of air friction.
+ 9.1 Calculate the number of electrons that were
Q1 = + 32 x 10-9 C removed from Q1 to give it a charge of
+ 32 x 10-9 C. Assume that the sphere was
2,5 cm neutral before being charged. (3)
Glass tube
9.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing
- all the forces acting on sphere Q1. (3)
Q2 = – 55 x 10-9 C 9.3 Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the
string. (5)
[11]
QUESTION 10
10.1 Define electric field at a point in words. (2)
10.2 Draw the electric field pattern for two identical positively charged spheres placed close to
each other. (3)
10.3 A – 30 μC point charge, Q1, is placed at a distance of 0,15 m from a + 45 μC point charge,
Q2, in space, as shown in the diagram below. The net electric field at point P, which is on the same
line as the two charges, is zero.
Q2 = + 45 μC Q1 = – 30 μC P
0,15 m x
Calculate x, the distance of point P from charge Q1. (5)
[10]
QUESTION 11
In the diagram below, Q1, Q2 and Q3 are three stationary point
charges placed along a straight line. The distance between Q1
and Q2 is 1,5 m and that between Q2 and Q3 is 1 m, as shown in
the diagram.
11.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
11.2 The magnitude of charges Q1 and Q2 are unknown. The charge on Q1 is positive. The charge
on Q3 is +2 x 10-6 C and it experiences a net electrostatic force of 0,3 N to the left.
11.2.1 Write down the sign (POSITIVE or NEGATIVE) of charge Q2. (2)
11.2.2 Calculate the magnitudes of the unknown charges Q1 and Q2. (7)
[11]
QUESTION 12
12.1 In an experiment to verify the relationship between the electrostatic force, F E, and distance, r,
between two identical, positively charged spheres, the graph below was obtained.
1
Graph of Fe versus
r2
0,030 •
•
0,025
FE (N)
0,020
•
0,015
•
0,010
•
0,005 •
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(m-2)
12.1.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
12.1.2 Write down the dependent variable of the experiment. (1)
12.1.3 What relationship between the electrostatic force F E and the square of the distance, r2,
between the charged spheres can be deduced from the graph? (1)
12.1.4 Use the information in the graph to calculate the charge on each sphere. (6)
Sphere A is placed 12 cm away from another charged sphere, B, along a straight line in a vacuum, as
shown below. Sphere B carries a charge of +0,8 μC. Point P is located 9 cm to the right of sphere A.
12 cm
– 0,75 µC P + 0,8 µC
●
A 9 cm B
12.2.2 Calculate the magnitude of the net electric field at point P. (5)
[17]
QUESTION 13
Two small identical spheres, A and B, each carrying a charge of
+5 µC, are placed 2 m apart. Point P is in the electric field due to
the charged spheres and is located
1,25 m from sphere A. Study the diagram.
13.1 Describe the term electric field. (2)
13.2 Draw the resultant electric field pattern due to the two charged spheres. (3)
13.3 Calculate the magnitude of the net electric field at point P. (5)
[10]
QUESTION 14
14.1 A metal sphere A, suspended from a wooden beam by means of a non-conducting string, has a charge
of +6 µC.
14.1.1 Were electrons ADDED TO or REMOVED FROM the sphere to obtain this charge?
Assume that the sphere was initially neutral. (1)
14.1.2 Calculate the number of electrons added to or removed from the sphere. (3)
14.2 Point charges Q1, Q2 and Q3 are arranged
at the corners of a right-angled triangle, as Q3 = 6 µC
N
shown in the diagram. The charges on Q1
and Q2 are + 2 µC and – 2 µC respectively r r W E
and the magnitude of the charge on Q3 is °
45
6 µC. The distance between Q1 and Q3 is r. S
The distance between Q2 and Q3 is also r. The Q1 = + 2 μC Q2 = – 2 μC
charge Q3 experiences a resultant electrostatic
force of 0,12 N to the west.
14.2.1 Without calculation, identify the sign (positive or negative) on the charge Q3. (1)
14.2.2 Draw a vector diagram to show the electrostatic forces acting on Q3 due to charges Q1 and Q2
respectively. (2)
14.2.3 Write down an expression, in terms of r, for the horizontal component of the electrostatic force
exerted on Q3 by Q1. (3)
14.2.4 Calculate the distance r. (4)
14.3 The magnitude of the electric field is 100 N·C-1 at a point which is 0,6 m away from a point charge Q.
14.3.1 Define the term electric field at a point in words. (2)
14.3.2 Calculate the distance from point charge Q at which the magnitude of the electric field
is 50 N∙C-1. (5)
[21]
QUESTION 15
Two small spheres, X and Y, carrying charges of +6 x 10-6 C
and +8 x 10-6 C respectively, are placed 0,20 m apart in air.
QUESTION 17
Two point charges, P and S, are placed a distance
0,1 m apart. The charge on P is +1,5 x 10-9 C and
that on S is -2 x 10-9 C. A third point charge, R,
with an unknown positive charge, is placed 0,2 m to the right of point charge S, as shown in the diagram.
17.1 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
17.2 Draw a labelled force diagram showing the electrostatic forces acting on R due to P and S. (2)
17.3 Calculate the magnitude of the charge on R, if it experiences a net electrostatic force of 1,27 x 10 -6 N
to the left. Take forces directed to the right as positive. (7)
[11]
QUESTION 18
P is a point 0,5 m from charged sphere A. The electric field at P is
3 x 107 N∙C-1 directed towards A. Refer to the diagram.
18.1 Draw the electric field pattern due to charged sphere A.
Indicate the sign of the charge on the sphere in your diagram. (2)
18.2 Calculate the magnitude of the charge on sphere A. (3)
18.3 Another charged sphere, B, having an excess of 105 electrons, is now placed at point P. Calculate the
electrostatic force experienced by sphere B. (6)
[11]
QUESTION 19
A particle, P, with a charge of + 5 x 10-6 C, is located
1,0 m along a straight line from particle V, with a
charge of +7 x 10-6 C. Refer to the diagram.
A third charged particle, Q, at a point x metres away from P, as shown above, experiences a net electrostatic
force of zero newton.
19.1 How do the electrostatic forces experienced by Q due to the charges on P and V respectively,
compare with each other? (2)
19.2 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
19.3 Calculate the distance x. (5)
[9]
QUESTION 20
A small metal sphere Y carries a charge of + 6 x 10-6 C.
20.1 Draw the electric field pattern associated with sphere Y. (2)
20.2 If 8 x 1013 electrons are now transferred to sphere Y, calculate the electric field at a point 0,5 m from
the sphere. (7)
[9]
QUESTION 21
Three small identical metal spheres, P, S and T, on insulated stands, are initially neutral. They are then
charged to carry charges of -15 x 10-9 C,
Q and +2 x 10-9 C respectively, as shown.
The charged spheres are brought together
so that all three spheres touch each other
at the same time, and are then separated.
The charge on each sphere, after
separation, is -3 x 10-9 C.
21.1 Determine the value of charge Q. (2)
21.2 Draw the electric field pattern associated with the charged spheres, S and T, after they are separated
and returned to their original positions. (3)
The spheres, each with the new charge of -3 x 10-9 C,
are now placed at points on the x-axis and the y-axis,
as shown in the diagram, with sphere P at the origin.
21.3 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
21.4 Calculate the magnitude of the net electrostatic
force acting on sphere P. (5)
21.5 Calculate the magnitude of the net electric field at
the origin due to charges S and T. (3)
21.6 ONE of the charged spheres, P and T, experienced a
very small increase in mass after it was charged initially.
21.6.1 Which sphere, P or T, experienced this very small increase in mass? (1)
21.6.2 Calculate the increase in mass by the sphere in QUESTION 21.6.1. (3)
[19]
QUESTION 22
Two point charges, q1 and q2, are placed 30 cm apart along a
straight line. Charge q1 = –3 x 10-9 C. Point P is 10 cm to the left of
q1, as shown in the diagram below. The net electrostatic field at
point P is zero.
22.1 Define the term electric field at a point. (2)
22.2 State, giving reasons, whether point charge q2 is POSITIVE or NEGATIVE. (3)
22.3 Calculate the magnitude of charge q2. (4)
22.4 State Coulomb's law in words. (2)
22.5 Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by charge q 1 on charge q2. (3)
22.6 The two charges are now brought into contact with each other and are then separated. A learner draws
the electric field pattern for the new charges q3 and q4 after contact, as shown below.
22.7 Is the diagram CORRECT? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
[16]
QUESTION 23
23.1 A small sphere, Y, carrying an unknown charge, is suspended at the end of a light inextensible string
which is attached to a fixed point. Another sphere, X, carrying a charge of +6 x10-6 C, on an insulated
stand is brought close to sphere Y.
Sphere Y experiences an electrostatic force and comes to
rest 0,2 m away from sphere X, with the string at an angle
of 10° with the vertical, as shown in the diagram.
23.1.1 What is the nature of the charge on sphere Y? Choose
from POSITIVE or NEGATIVE. (1)
23.1.2 Calculate the magnitude of the charge on
sphere Y if the magnitude of the electrostatic force
acting on it is 3,05 N. (3)
23.1.3 Draw a labelled free-body diagram for sphere Y. (3)
23.1.4 Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the
string. (3)
23.2 Two small charged spheres, A and B, on insulated stands, with charges +2 x10-5 C and -4 x10-5 C
respectively, are placed 0,4 m apart, as shown in the diagram below. M is the midpoint between
spheres A and B.
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
QUESTION 1
1.1 A group of learners conduct an experiment to determine the emf ( ε ) and internal resistance (r) of a battery.
They connect a battery to a rheostat (variable resistor), a low-resistance ammeter and a high-resistance
voltmeter as shown in the diagram below. The data obtained from the experiment is displayed in the table
below.
r READING ON READING ON
VOLTMETER (V) AMMETER (A)
● 2 0,58
A ● S 3 0,46
4 0,36
5 0,24
6 0,14
V
1.1.1 State ONE factor which must be kept constant during the experiment. (1)
1.1.2 Using the information in the table above, plot the points and draw the line of best fit on a graph
paper. (3)
1.2 Three electrical devices, X, Y and Z, are connected to a 24 V battery with internal resistance r as
shown in the circuit diagram. The power rating of each of the devices X and Y are indicated in the
diagram.
r
=24 V ● S1
A ●
20 V, 100 W
X
150 W
Y
● ● Z
S2
With switch S1 closed and S2 open, the devices function as rated. Calculate the:
1.2.1 Current in X (3)
1.2.2 Resistance of Y (3)
1.2.3 Internal resistance of the battery (5)
1.2.4 Identify device Z which, when placed in the position shown, can still enable X and
Y to operate as rated. Assume that the resistances of all the devices remain
unchanged. (1)
1.2.5 Explain how you arrived at the answer to QUESTION 1.2.4. (2)
[22]
QUESTION 2
2.1 Learners want to construct an electric heater using one of two wires, A and B, of different
resistances. They conduct experiments and draw the graphs as shown.
8,0
A
●
●
V (volts)
6,0
●
B
4,0
● ●
●
2,0 ● ●
●
●
● 1,0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 I (A)
2.1.1 Apart from temperature, write down TWO other factors that the learners should consider to
ensure a fair test when choosing which wire to use. (2)
2.1.2 Assuming all other factors are kept constant, state which ONE of the two wires will be the
most suitable to use in the heater. Use suitable calculations to show clearly how you arrive at
the answer. (8)
2.2 In the circuit below the reading on ammeter A is 0,2 A. The battery has an emf of 9 V and internal
resistance r.
2.2.1 Calculate the current through the
5,5 Ω resistor. (3)
r 2.2.2 Calculate the internal resistance
=9V S •• of the battery. (7)
2.2.3 Will the ammeter reading INCREASE,
11 Ω
QUESTION 3
A cell of unknown internal resistance, r, has emf ( ε ) of 1,5 V. It is V
connected in a circuit to three resistors, a high-resistance = 1,5 V
voltmeter, a low-resistance ammeter and a switch S as shown. S
When switch S is closed, the voltmeter reads 1,36 V. r ●●
QUESTION 4
A battery with an internal resistance of 1 Ω and an unknown emf (ε) is connected in a circuit, as shown below. A
high-resistance voltmeter (V) is connected across the battery. A1 and A2 represent ammeters of negligible
resistance.
8Ω
● ● A1 20 Ω
16 Ω
● ●
R A2
S●
●
ε
● r=1Ω ●
V
With switch S closed, the current passing through the 8 Ω resistor is 0,5 A.
4.1 State Ohm's law in words. (2)
4.2 Calculate the reading on ammeter A1. (4)
4.3 If device R delivers power of 12 W, calculate the reading on ammeter A2. (5)
4.4 Calculate the reading on the voltmeter when switch S is open. (3)
[14]
QUESTION 5
A battery of an unknown emf and an internal resistance of 0,5 Ω
V is connected to three resistors, a high-resistance voltmeter and
1 an ammeter of negligible resistance, as shown. The reading on
2Ω the ammeter is 0,2 A.
12 V A B C
4W 6W 10 W
6.2 A learner connects a high-resistance voltmeter across a battery. The voltmeter reads 6 V.
She then connects a 6 Ω resistor across the battery. The voltmeter now reads 5 V.
6Ω The learner now builds the circuit alongside, using the same
6 V battery and the 6 Ω resistor. She connects an unknown
● resistor X in parallel with the 6 Ω resistor. The voltmeter now
X reads 4,5 V.
ε 6.2.2 Define the term emf of a cell. (2)
r
6.2.3 Calculate the resistance of X when the voltmeter
reads 4,5 V. (5)
[17]
4,5 V
QUESTION 7
7.1 In the circuit below the battery has an emf (ε) of 12 V and an internal resistance of 0,2 Ω. The resistances
of the connecting wires are negligible.
10 Ω
R 15 Ω
● c
●a
S ● ●d
b
ε = 12 V
0,2 Ω
When switch S is closed, the potential difference across the terminals of the battery is 11,7 V.
Calculate the:
7.1.4 Current in the battery (3)
7.1.5 Effective resistance of the parallel branch (2)
7.1.6 Resistance of resistor R (4)
7.2 A battery with an emf of 12 V and an internal resistance of 0,2 Ω are connected in series to a very
small electric motor and a resistor, T, of unknown resistance, as shown in the circuit below. The motor
is rated X watts, 3 volts, and operates at optimal conditions. When switch S is closed, the motor lifts a
0,35 kg mass vertically upwards at a constant speed of 0,4 m∙s-1. Assume that there is no energy
conversion into heat and sound.
T
Electric motor
● ●
S
●
● 0,4 m∙s-1
ε = 12 V
0,35 kg
0,2 Ω
QUESTION 8
8.1 The emf and internal resistance of a certain battery were determined experimentally.
The circuit used for the experiment is shown in the diagram below.
8.1.1 State Ohm's law in words. (2)
8.1.2 Draw the line of best fit through the plotted points. Ensure that the line cuts both axes. (2)
Use information in the graph to answer QUESTIONS 8.1.3 and 8.1.4.
8.1.3 Write down the value of the emf (ε) of the battery. (1)
8.1.4 Determine the internal resistance of the battery. (3)
8.2 The circuit diagram shows a battery with an
emf (ε) of 60 V and an unknown internal
resistance r, connected to three resistors.
A voltmeter connected across the 8 Ω
resistor reads 21,84 V.
Calculate the:
P Q
Calculate the:
9.2.1 Current in the 8 Ω resistor (6) 5Ω 10 Ω
9.2.2 Potential difference across the
5 Ω resistor (4)
9.2.3 Total power supplied by the battery (3)
[19] 8Ω
QUESTION 10
10.1 Learners investigated the relationship between potential difference (V) and current (I) for the
combination of two resistors, R1 and R2.
10.2 The circuit below consists of three resistors, M, N and T, a battery with emf Ɛ and an internal resistance
of 0,9 Ω. The effective resistance between points a and b in the circuit is 6 Ω. The resistance of resistor
T is 1,5 Ω. When switch S is closed, a high-
resistance voltmeter, V1, across a and b
reads 5 V.
Calculate the
10.2.1 Current delivered by the battery (3)
10.2.2 Emf (Ɛ) of the battery (4)
QUESTION 11
11.1 The two graphs alongside show the relationship between
current and potential difference for two different conductors,
X and Y.
11.2 In the diagram below, a battery with an emf of 6 V and an internal resistance of 2 Ω, is connected to
three resistors P, Q and R. A voltmeter V is connected across the battery. The ammeter A has a
negligible resistance.
11.2.2 Will the ammeter reading in QUESTION 11.2.1 INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN
THE SAME? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
11.2.3 How will the voltmeter reading now compare with the voltmeter reading when the
switch is closed? Choose from INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME. (1)
11.2.4 Explain the answer to QUESTION 11.2.3. (3)
[15]
QUESTION 12
12.1 In the circuit diagram below the battery has an unknown emf (ε) and an internal resistance (r)
of 0,8 Ω.
12.1.1 State Ohm’s law in words. (2)
12.2 A simplified circuit diagram for the windscreen wiper of a car consists of a variable resistor and a
wiper motor connected to a 12 volt battery. When switch S is closed, the potential difference across
the variable resistor is 2,8 V and the current passing through it is 0,7 A.
QUESTION 13
The battery in the circuit diagram below has an emf of 12 V and an internal resistance of 0,5 Ω. Resistor R has an
unknown resistance.
13.1 What is the meaning of the following statement?
The emf of the battery is 12 V. (2)
QUESTION 14
Learners perform an experiment to determine the emf (ε) and the internal resistance (r) of a battery using the
circuit below. The learners use their recorded readings of current and resistance, together with the equation
ε
R = I – r, to obtain the graph below.
The light bulbs are connected in a circuit with a battery having an emf (ε) of 12 V and internal
resistance (r) of 2 Ω. Refer to the diagram.
Assume that the resistance of each light bulb is the
same as that calculated in QUESTION 15.1.2.
Switch S is closed.
15.2 Resistors A, B, C and D are connected to a battery having emf (ε) and negligible internal resistance, as
shown in the diagram below.
15.2.1 Give a reason why the current in resistor A is greater than that in resistor C. (2)
15.2.2 Resistor C is removed. How will the current in resistor B compare to the current in A? Give a reason
for the answer. (2)
[20]
QUESTION 16
In the circuit diagram, resistor R, with a resistance of 5,6 Ω, is
connected, together with a switch, an ammeter and a high-
resistance voltmeter, to a battery with an unknown internal
resistance, r.
The resistance of the connecting wires and the ammeter may be
ignored.
16.4 Two IDENTICAL resistors, each with resistance X, are now connected in the same circuit with switch S
closed, as shown below.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
QUESTION 1
The diagram represents a simplified version of an electrical machine used to
light up a bulb.
1.2 State ONE way in which to make this bulb burn brighter. (1)
commutator
Some changes have been made to the machine and a new device
is obtained. The new device as well as the graph of output emf versus time
using this new device is shown below.
X 339,45
emf (V)
t (s)
brushes
1.3 Name part X in the new device. (1)
1.4 Define the term root mean square value of an AC voltage. (2)
1.5 Calculate the rms voltage. (3)
[8]
QUESTION 2
The graph below shows the output voltage from a household AC generator for one cycle of rotation
of the coils.
Output voltage (V)
340
t(s)
- 340
2.1 A 100 W light bulb is connected to this generator and it glows at its maximum brightness.
Use the information from the graph to calculate the:
2.1.1 Resistance of the bulb (5)
2.1.2 rms current through the bulb (3)
2.2 Give ONE reason why AC voltage is preferred to DC voltage for everyday use. (1)
[9]
QUESTION 3
3.1 The output potential difference of an AC generator is 100 V at 20 Hz. A simplified diagram of the
generator is shown below. The direction of the current in the coil is from a to b.
c b
d a
3.1.1 In which direction is the coil rotating? Write only CLOCKWISE or ANTICLOCKWISE. (1)
3.1.2 Starting from the position shown in the diagram, sketch a graph of the output potential
difference versus time when the coil completes TWO full cycles. On the graph, clearly indicate
the maximum potential difference (100 V) and the time taken to complete the twocycles. (3)
3.1.3 State ONE way in which this AC generator can be used to produce a lower output potential
difference. (1)
3.2 An electrical device is rated 220 V, 1 500 W. Calculate the maximum current output for the device
when it is connected to a 220 V alternating current source. (5)
[10]
QUESTION 4
4.1 A teacher demonstrates how current can be obtained using a bar
magnet, a coil and a galvanometer. The teacher moves the bar
magnet up and down, as shown by the arrow in the diagram.
galvanometer 4.1.1 Briefly describe how the magnet must be moved in
order to obtain a LARGE deflection on thegalvanometer.(2)
output
output
4.1.2 Write down the name of the principle. (1)
4.1.3 Write down the name of part X in device A. (1)
4.2 A 220 V, AC voltage is supplied from a wall socket to an electric kettle of resistance 40,33 Ω. Wall
sockets provide rms voltages and currents.
Calculate the:
4.2.1 Electrical energy consumed by the kettle per second (4)
4.2.2 Maximum (peak) current through the kettle (3)
[11]
QUESTION 5
5.1 A simplified sketch of an AC Coil
generator is shown. The coil of the Q
generator rotates clockwise between
A
the pole pieces of two magnets. At a Pole piece of
particular instant, the current in the magnet P
segment PQ has the direction shown.
To external circuit
5.1.1 Identify the magnetic pole A.
Only write NORTH POLE or SOUTH POLE. (1)
5.1.2 The coil is rotated through 180°. Will the direction of the current in segment PQ be
from P to Q or Q to P? (1)
5.2 An electrical device is connected to a generator which produces an rms potential difference
of 220 V. The maximum current passing through the device is 8 A.
Calculate the:
5.2.1 Resistance of the device (5)
5.2.2 Energy the device consumes in two hours (5)
[12]
QUESTION 6
6.1 A part of a simplified DC motor is shown in the sketch.
6.1.1 In which direction (a to b OR b to a) is the current
flowing through the coil if the coil rotates anticlockwise
as indicated in the diagram? (1)
6.1.2 Name the rule you used to answer QUESTION 6.1.1. (1)
6.1.3 Which component in the diagram must be replaced in
order for the device to operate as an AC generator? (1)
6.2 An electrical device of resistance 400 Ω is connected across an AC generator that produces
a maximum emf of 430 V. The resistance of the coils of the generator can be ignored.
6.2.1 State the energy conversion that takes place when the AC generator is in operation. (2)
6.2.2 Calculate the root mean square value of the current passing through the resistor. (5)
[10]
QUESTION 7
7.1 A generator is shown below. Assume that the coil is in a vertical position.
7.1.1 Is the generator above AC or DC? Give a reason for
the answer. (2)
7.1.2 Sketch an induced emf versus time graph for ONE
complete rotation of the coil. (The coil starts turning from
the vertical position.) (2)
kettle
generator
7.2.1 Calculate the rms current passing
800 W 2 000 W through the toaster. (3)
7.2.2 Calculate the total rms current
delivered by the generator. (4)
[11]
QUESTION 8
8.1 The diagram shows a simplified version of a generator.
8.1.1 Write down the name of EACH part, R, T and X. (3)
8.1.2 Give the NAME of the law upon which the
operation of the generator is based. (1)
13.2.1 Write down the maximum (peak) output voltage of the generator. (1)
A stove is connected to the generator above, and delivers an average power of 1 600 W.
13.2.2 Calculate the rms voltage delivered to the stove. (3)
13.2.3 Calculate the resistance of the stove. (3)
[11]
QUESTION 14
The graph shows the voltage output of a generator. Diagrams A and B show the position of the generator at
different times.
14.1 Does this generator have split rings or slip rings? (1)
14.2 Which ONE of the diagrams below, A or B, shows the position of the generator's coil at
time = 0,10 s? (1)
14.3 Calculate the root mean square (rms) voltage for this generator. (3)
14.4 A device with a resistance of 40 Ω is connected to this generator.Calculate the:
14.4.1 Average power delivered by the generator to the device (3)
14.4.2 Maximum current delivered by the generator to the device (4)
[12]
QUESTION 15
15.1 A simplified diagram of an electric generator is shown.
When the coil is rotated with a constant speed, an
emf is induced in the coil.
15.1.1 Is this an AC generator or a DC generator? (1)
15.1.2 Briefly explain how an emf is generated in
the coil when the coil is rotated by referring to
the principle of electromagnetic induction. (2)
15.1.3 Draw a sketch graph of the output voltage
versus time for this generator. Show ONE
complete cycle. (2)
15.2 A 200 Ω resistor is connected to a DC voltage supply, as shown in diagram A. The energy dissipated in
the resistor in 10 s is 500 J. The same resistor is now connected to an AC source (diagram B) and 500 J
of energy is also dissipated in the resistor in 10 s.
QUESTION 4
In an experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect, light of different wavelengths was shone onto a metal
surface of a photoelectric cell. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons was determined for the
various wavelengths and recorded in the table below.
1 MAXIMUM KINETIC ENERGY
INVERSE OF WAVELENGTH ( × 106 m-1) Ek(max) ( × 10-19 J)
λ
5,00 6,60
3,30 3,30
2,50 1,70
2,00 0,70
4.1 What is meant by the term photoelectric effect? (2)
1
4.2 Draw a graph of Ek(max) (y-axis) versus (x-axis) on a graph paper. (3)
λ
4.3 USE THE GRAPH to determine:
4.3.1 The threshold frequency of the metal in the photoelectric cell (4)
4.3.2 Planck's constant (4)
[13]
QUESTION 5
An investigation was conducted to determine the effects of changes in Incident light
frequency AND intensity on the current generated in a photoelectric cell
when light is incident on it. The apparatus used in the investigation is
shown in the simplified diagram.
µA
The results of the experiment are shown in the table below.
In the experiment using one of the metals above, the maximum speed of the ejected electrons was
recorded as 4,76 x 105 m·s-1 for light of wavelength 420 nm.
6.1.3 Identify the metal used in the experiment by means of suitable calculations. (5)
Increasing energy
S R an atom are shown alongside.
E2 E2
P Using the letters P, Q, R and
E1 E1 S, identify the lines that
CORRECTLY show
transitions that will result in the
E0 atom giving off an
EMISSION SPECTRUM.
Give a reason for the answer. (4)
[12]
QUESTION 7
7.1 A learner is investigating the
photoelectric effect for two different
metals, silver and sodium, using sodium
EKmax (J)
light of different frequencies. The silver
maximum kinetic energy of the
emitted photoelectrons is plotted
against the frequency of the light for
each of the metals, as shown in the
graphs below.
Frequency x 1014 (Hz)
0
5,94 11,42
8.2 State how this increase in intensity will affect the reading on the ammeter. Choose from INCREASE,
DECREASE or REMAIN THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer. (3)
When the frequency of the incident light is 5,9 x 1014 Hz, the maximum recorded kinetic energy of
photoelectrons is 2,9 x 10-19 J.
8.3 Calculate the maximum wavelength (threshold wavelength) of the incident light that will emit an
electron from the cathode of the photo-electric tube. (5)
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons ejected increases when light of a higher frequency is used.
8.4 Use the photoelectric equation to explain this observation. (2)
[12]
QUESTION 9
The graph is obtained for an experiment on the photoelectric effect
using different frequencies of light and a given metal plate.
The threshold frequency for the metal is 6,8 x 1014 Hz.
Ekmax. (J)
11.1.3 What does the photoelectric effect tell us about the nature of light? (1)
11.2 Ultraviolet radiation is incident on the surface of sodium metal. The threshold frequency (f 0)
for sodium is 5,73 x 1014 Hz. The maximum speed of an electron emitted from the metal
surface is 4,19 x105 m∙s-1.
11.2.1 Define or explain the term threshold frequency. (2)
11.2.2 Calculate the work function of sodium. (3)
11.2.3 Calculate the frequency of the incident photon. (3)
[13]
QUESTION 12
A group of students investigates the relationship between the work function of different metals and the maximum
kinetic energy of the ejected electrons when the metals are irradiated with light of suitable frequency.
12.1 Define the term work function. (2)
During the investigation ultraviolet rays of wavelength 2 x 10 -8 m are allowed to fall on different
metal plates. The corresponding maximum kinetic energies of ejected electrons are measured.
The data obtained is displayed in the table below.
12.2 Write down the dependent variable for this investigation. (1)
12.3 Write down ONE control variable for this investigation. (1)
12.4 Using the information in the table, and without any calculation, identify the metal with the
largest work function. Explain the answer. (3)
12.5 Use information in the table to calculate the work function of potassium. (4)
12.6 State how an increase in the intensity of the ultraviolet light affects the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons. Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES, REMAINS THE SAME. Explain the answer.(3)
[14]
QUESTION 13
The threshold frequencies of caesium and potassium metals are given in the table below.
METAL THRESHOLD FREQUENCY
Caesium 5,07 x 1014 Hz
Potassium 5,55 x 1014 Hz
13.1 Define the term work function in words. (2)
13.2 Which ONE of the two metals in the table has the higher work function? Give a reason for
the answer by referring to the information in the table. (2)
The simplified diagrams below show two circuits, A and B, containing photocells. The photocell in circuit A
contains a caesium metal plate, while the photocell in circuit B contains a potassium metal plate. Ultraviolet light
with the same intensity and wavelength of 5,5 x 10 -7 m is incident on the metal plate in EACH of the photocells
and the ammeter in circuit A registers a current.
13.3 By means of a calculation,
determine whether the
ammeter in circuit B will also
register a current. (3)
13.4 Calculate the maximum
kinetic energy of an ejected
electron in circuit A. (5)
13.5 How will the maximum kinetic
energy of the ejected
electron, calculated in
QUESTION13.4, change
when the intensity of the
incident light increases? Choose from: INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
[13]
QUESTION 14
A potassium metal plate is irradiated with light of wavelength 5 x 10-7 m in an arrangement, as shown below. The
threshold frequency of potassium is 5,55 x 1014 Hz.
15.2 Write down the value of the work function of silver. Use a relevant equation to justify the answer. (3)
15.3 Which physical quantity can be determined from the gradient of the graph? (1)
15.4 Calculate the value of X as shown on the graph. (5)
15.5 How will EACH of the following be affected? Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS
THE SAME.
15.5.1 The gradient of the graph (1)
15.5.2 The number of photoelectrons emitted per unit time (1)
[13]
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
NEWTON’S LAWS
QUESTION 1
1.1 When a resultant (net) force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the force
with an acceleration which is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the
mass of the object. (2)
1.2
T2
Accepted labels
Fg / Fw/ force of earth on block / weight / 49 N / mg /
w
gravitational force
w T2 Tension 2 / FQ / 250 N / FT2 / Fapp
T1 Tension 1 / FT1 / FP
T1 (3)
1.3 Fnet = ma
For 5 kg block:
T2 + (-mg) + (-T1 )= ma
250 – (5)(9,8) – T1= 5 a
201 – T 1 = 5 a
T1 = 201 - 5a...... .(1) for either 5a or 20a
For 20 kg block:
T1 + (-mg) = ma.......(2)
T1 + [-20(9,8)] = 20a
5 = 25 a a = 0,2 m∙s-2 upwards
T1 = 201 - 5(0,2) = 200 N OR T1 = 20(9,8) + 20(0,2) = 200 N (6)
1.4 Q (1)
[12]
QUESTION 2
2.1 When body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts a force of equal magnitude in the opposite
direction on body A. (2)
2.2
Accepted labels
w Fg / Fw /force of earth on block / weight / mg / gravitational force
N Normal force/FN
T Tension / FT
F A F / Fapplied/40 N
f Frictional force / Ff
(5)
2.3.1 2.3.2
(6)
(3) [16]
QUESTION 3
3.1
Fapp N
Accepted labels
w Fg / Fw / weight / mg / gravitational force
f
• T T
F
FT / tension
Fa / F60 / 60 N / Fapplied / Ft /
N FN
f Ff
w
(5)
4.2 m1m 2
FG
r2
(6,67 10 11 )(6,5 10 20 )(90)
F 12,90 N (12,899 N)
(550 10 3 ) 2
OR
Gm
g
r2
(6,67 10 11 )(6,5 10 20 ) Any one
g
(550 10 )3 2
= 0,143...m∙s-2
w = mg
= (90)(0,143..) = 12,89 N (downwards) (Accept 12,6 N - 12,90 N) (4)
[19]
QUESTION 5
5.1.1
(5)
5.1.2
(4)
5.1.3 6m (1)
5.2.1 Each body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their
centres. (2)
5.2.2
(6)
[18]
QUESTION 6
6.1 A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity unless a resultant/net force
acts on it. (2)
6.2 0 (N) /zero (newton) (2)
T
6.3 T
Accepted labels
• •
OR w Fg / Fw / weight / mg / gravitational force
T FT / tension
15 N Fa / F15N / Fapplied / Ft / / F
w
w
15 N 15 N
(3)
6.4 2 kg block 10 kg block
Fnet = ma T + (-fk) = ma
Fa + Fg + (-T) = ma T - μkN = ma
Fa + mg + (-T) = ma T - μkmg = ma
[15 + (2)(9,8) – T] = (2)(1,2) 32,2 - (μk)(10)(9,8) = (10)(1,2)
T = 32,2 N μk = 0,21 (7)
6.5 Smaller than (1)
6.6 Remains the same
The coefficient of kinetic friction is independent of the surface areas in contact.
OR: The coefficient of kinetic friction depends only on type of materials used. (2)
QUESTION 7
7.1 When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the (direction of the
net/resultant force). The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object. (2)
7.2 fk = μkN = μkmg = (0,15)(3)(9,8) = 4,41 N (3)
7.3
N Accepted Labels
Fg/ Fw/force of earth on block / weight /14,7 N /
w
fk mg /gravitational force
N FN / Fnormal / normal force
T T Tension/FT
fk fkinetic friction / f / Ff / kinetic friction
w 25 N 25 N Fapplied / FA / F
(5)
7.4.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
fk = μkN = μk(25sin 30° + mg) fk = μkN = μk(25cos 60° + mg)
= 0,15[(25sin30°) + (1,5)(9,8) ] = 0,15[(25cos60°) + (1,5)(9,8) ]
= 4,08 N = 4,08 N (3)
7.4.2 For the 1,5 kg block
Fnet = ma
Fx + (-T) +(- fk) = ma
25 cos 30o – T – fk = 1,5a
(25 cos 30o – T) – 4,08 = 1,5a
17,571 – T = 1,5a ……….(1)
QUESTION 8
8.1.1
(4)
8.1.2
(3)
8.1.3
Any one
(4)
8.1.4
Any one
(3)
8.2.1 Each body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their
centres. (2)
8.2.2 Increases
Gravitational force is inverely proportional to the square of the distance between the centres of the
1
objects. OR F 2 (2)
r
[18]
QUESTION 9
9.1 0 N/zero (1)
9.2 N
Accepted labels
● fk w Fg/Fw/weight/mg/gravitational force/N/19,6 N
f Ffriction/Ff/friction/fk
N FN/Fnormal/normal force
Deduct 1 mark for any additional force.
w Mark is given for both arrow and label
(3)
9.3.1 Fnet = ma
fk - mgsin = 0 1 mark for any of these
fk = mgsin
fk = (2)(9,8) sin7° fk = 2,39 N (2,389) N (3)
9.3.2 fk = μkN any one
= μkmgcos7°
2,389 = μk(2)(9,8)cos7° µk = 0,12 (3)
9.3.3 Fnet = ma OR - fk = ma OR μkN = ma
- μk(mg) = ma
- (0,12)(2)(9,8) = 2a a = -1,176 m.s-2 (-1,18)
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔx
0 = (1,5)2 + 2(-1,176)Δx Δx = 0,96 m Distance = 0,96 m (5)
[15]
QUESTION 10
10.1.1 An object continues in its state of rest or uniform motion (moving with constant velocity) unless
it is acted upon by an unbalanced (resultant/net) force. (2)
10.1.2 F
N
Accepted labels
w Fg / Fw/weight/mg /78,4 N/gravitational force
F Fapp/FA / applied force (Accept T / tension)
fk
fk (kinetic) friction/Ff/f/Fw
N FN/Normal (force)/ 67,9 N
w (4)
10.1.3 Fnet = ma
Fnet = 0 OR
F+(-fk) + (-Fgll) = ma Any one F - 20,37 - 39,2 = 0
F- (fk + Fgll ) = ma F = 59,57 N
F - 20,37 - (8)(9,8)sin30° = 0 F = 59,57 N OR
OR F = {20,37 + (8)(9,8)sin30°}
F - 20,37- (8)(9,8)cos60° = 0 F = 59,57 N (5)
10.1.4 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
(Fg|| - fk) = ma (fk - Fgll) = ma
(8)(9,8)sin30° - 20,37 = 8a 20,37 + [-(8)(9,8)sin30°] = 8a
∴magnitude a = 2,35 m·s-2 ∴ a = -2,35 m·s-2
∴ magnitude a = 2,35 m·s-2 (4)
MOTION OF BLOCK MOVING UP PLANE IMMEDIATELY AFTER FORCE IS REMOVED:
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Downward positive Upwards positive
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
(Fg|| + fk) = ma (Fgll + fk) = ma
(8)(9,8)sin30° + 20,37 = 8a -(8)(9,8)sin30° – 20,37 = 8a
∴magnitude a = 7,45 m·s-2 ∴ a = -7,45 m·s-2 ∴ magnitude a = 7,45 m·s-2 (4)
10.2.1 Each body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their
centres. (2)
10.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
GM mm
g 2 F G 12 2
r
r Any one
GmM
(6,67 x 10 -11) M mg 2
6 r
(700 10 3 ) 2
2006 (6,67 10 ) (3200
-11
)M ∴ M = 4,41 x 1022 kg
M = 4,41 x 1022 kg (4)
(700 10 ) 2 [21]
QUESTION 11
11.1 An object continues in its state of rest or uniform motion (moving with constant velocity) unless it is
acted upon by a resultant/net force. (2)
11.2
Accepted labels
w Fg/Fw/weight/mg/gravitational force
f Friction/Ff/fk /27 N
N Normal (force)/Fnormal/FN /Freaction
T FT/tension
(4)
11.3 Object Q: Object P:
(6)
11.4 3s (1)
11.5 Y
Graph Y represents motion of Q after the string breaks and shows a decreasing velocity with a
negative acceleration, because the net force (friction) on Q is in opposite direction to its motion. (4)
[17]
QUESTION 12
12.1 The rate of change of velocity. (2)
12.2 Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2
0,5 = (0)(3) + ½ (a)(32) ∴ a = 0,11 m·s-2 (3)
12.3 For the 3 kg mass:
Fnet = ma OR (mg – T) / (mg + T) = ma ∴ (3)(9,8) – T = (3)(0,11) ∴ T = 29,07 N (3)
12.4
N
Accepted labels
f w Fg / Fw / weight / mg / gravitational force
T
f Friction/ Ff / fk / 27 N
N Normal (force) / FnormaL / FN / /Freaction
w T FT/tension
(4)
12.5 For P: OR
Fnet = ma For P:
T- f = ma Fnet = ma
29,07 - 27 = m(0,11) T- f = ma
m = 18,82 kg (Range: 18,60 – 18,82) 29,72 - 27 = m(0,11) ∴ m = 24,73 kg
QUESTION 13
13.1 When a (non-zero) resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of
the force with an acceleration that is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the
mass of the object. (2)
13.2 N
T Accepted labels
f N FN; Normal, normal force
f Ff / fk / frictional force/kinetic frictional force
w Fg; mg; weight;FEarth on block;Fw / 78,4 N
T Tension; FT /FA, F /16,96 N
w (4)
13.3.1 The 2/8 kg block /system is accelerating. (1)
13.3.2 For 2 kg:
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma ∴ mg + T = ma
Any one (2)(-9,8) + T = 2(-1,32) ∴T = 16,96 N
mg -T= ma
(2)(9,8) – T = 2(1,32) ∴ T = 16,96 N (3)
13.3.3 Fnet = ma
Tcos15° - f = ma any one
Tx = Tcos15°
= 16,96 cos15° = 16,38 N (16,382 N)
16,382 – f = (8)(1,32) ∴ f = 5,82 N (to the left) (4)
13.4 ANY ONE
Normal force changes/decreases
The angle (between string and horizontal) changes/increases.
The vertical component of the tension changes/increases. (1)
13.5 Yes
The frictional force (coefficient of friction) depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact. (2)
[17]
QUESTION 14
14.1.1 N
Accepted labels
f N FN/Normal/normal force
f Ff/fk/frictional force/kinetic frictional force
w Fg/mg/weight;Fw/gravitational force
F FA/90 N/F90
T
w (4)
14.1.2 Since it is moving at constant speed, the acceleration is zero/ the net force acting on it is zero. (1)
14.1.3
Fnet = ma OR Fnet = ma
Fnet = 0 Fnet = 0
any one any one
Fx= f Fx= f
Fx – f = 0 Fx – f = 0
Fcos 40°- f = 0 Fcos 320°- f = 0
90 cos 40° – f = 0 90 cos 320° – f = 0
f = 68,94 N f = 68,94 N
(3)
14.1.4 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
vf = vi + a∆t Fnet.Δt = Δp
2 = 0 + a(3) Fcos 40º - (68,94) (3) = 15(2 – 0)
a = 0,67 m∙s-2 F = 103,11 N
Fnet = ma
Fcos40° – 68,94 = 15 (0,67)
F = 103,11 N (103,05 N – 103,11N) (6)
14.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m1m 2 w = mg
F=G 20 = (10)(g)
r2 g = 2 m·s-2 Any one
mplanet (10)
20= (6,67 ×10 -11 ) g
GM
(6 ×10 5 )2 R2
mplanet = 1,08 x 1022 kg (6,67 × 10 -11) M
2=
(6 × 10 5 )2
M = 1,08 x 1022 kg (4)
[18]
QUESTION 15
15.1 When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the force with
an acceleration that is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the
object. (2)
15.2
N
T
Accept the following symbols
f N FN/Normal/Normal force
F Ff /fk /frictional force/kinetic frictional force
w Fg,/mg/weight/FEarth on block/19,6 N/gravitational force
w T Tension/FT /FA/F
(4)
15
15
v (m·s-1)
v (m·s-1)
3,06
0 0
1,53 t (s) 1,53 3,06 t (s)
-15 -15
Marking criteria
Graph starts at correct initial velocity shown.
Time for maximum height shown (1,53 s).
Time for return shown (3,06 s)
Shape: Straight line extending beyond 3,06 s
(4)
[17]
QUESTION 2
2.1 Free fall (1)
2.2.1 Upward positive: Downward positive:
(4)
2.2.2 POSITIVE MARKING FROM QUESTION 2.2.1.
Downwards as positive
(5)
2.3
Each line correctly drawn:
Axes labelled correctly:
OR
(3)
[13]
QUESTION 3
3.1 5,88 m∙s-1 (1)
3.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy Area between graph and t-axis for 2,6 s
(-19,6)2 = (5,88)2 + 2(-9,8) Δy Δy = ½ bh + ½ bh
Δy = - 17,84m = ½ (0,6)(5,88)+ ½(2,6 – 0,6)(-19,6)
Height above ground = 17,84 m = - 17,84 m ∴Height above ground = 17,84 m
OPTION 3 OPTION 4
By symmetry ball returns to A at 1,2 s v vf
y i t
downward and v = -5,88 m∙s-1
2
Δy = Area of trapezium
= ½(sum of parallel sides)(h) 5,88 ( 19,6)
y 2,6 = - 17,836 m
= ½{(-5,88) +(-19,6)} (2,6 - 1,2) 2
= - 17,84m ∴Height above ground =17,84 m
∴Height above ground = 17,84 m (3)
3.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
3,2 2,6 vf = vi + aΔt
tp = + 2,6 Time at P (tp) = 2,9 s 0 = 2,94 + (-9,8)Δt
2
Δt = 0,3s ∴ tp = 2,6 + 0,3 = 2,9s
OPTION 3
Gradient = -9,8
y 0 2,94
= -9,8 = -9,8 Δt = 0,3 s Time at P (tp) = (2,6 + 0,3) = 2,9 s
t t (2)
3.4 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
Δy = area under graph Δy = viΔt + ½aΔt2 vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy
= ½ (0,3)(2,94) = (2,94)(0,3) + ½(-9,8)(0,3)2 0 = 2,942 + 2(-9,8)Δy
= 0,44 m = 0,44 m Δy = 0,44m (3)
3.5 For t =2,9 s tp = 2,9 s
Distance travelled by balloon since ball was dropped
Δy = vΔt = (5,88)(2,9) = 17,05 m
Height of balloon when ball was dropped = 17,84 m
Height of balloon after 2,9 s = (17,05 + 17,84) = 34,89 m
Maximum height of ball above ground = 0,44 m
∴distance between balloon and ball = (34,89 – 0,44) = 34,45 m (4)
[13]
QUESTION 4
4.1 Upwards positive Downwards positive
vf = vi + a∆t vf = vi + a∆t
-16 = 16 – 9,8(∆t) 16 = -16 +9,8(∆t)
∆t = 3,27s ∆t = 3,27s (4)
Velocity (m∙s-1)
Velocity (m∙s-1)
3,26
0 0
1,63 t(s) 1,63 3,26 t(s)
-16
-16
(4)
5.1.2
(4)
5.1.3 Downwards positive:
∆tB = 1,83 s
∆y = vi∆t + ½a∆t2
45 = vi(1,83) + ½(9,8)(1,83)2
vi = 15,62 m∙s-1
(4)
5.2 Upward positive Downward positive
30
30
velocity (m∙s-1)
velocity (m∙s-1)
B
A
8,05
3,06 6,12
2
2 time (s) 3,06 6,12 time (s)
B -8,05
-30 A
-30
velocity (m·s-1)
0
Time (s)
Straight line through the origin.
Deduct 1 mark if axes are not labelled correctly.
(2)
[11]
QUESTION 8
8.1 The only force acting on the ball is the gravitational force.
8.2.1 OPTION 1
Upwards as positive Downwards as positive
Δy = viΔt + ½aΔt2 Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2
= (10)(3) + ½(-9,8)(3 ) = -14,10
2
= (-10)(3) + ½ (9,8)(32) = 14,10
Height of building = 14,10 m Height of building = 14,10 m
OPTION 2
Upward as positive Downwards as positive
For maximum height: For maximum height:
vf = vi + a∆t vf = vi + a∆t
0 = 10 + (-9,8)∆t ∆t = 1,02 s 0 = -10 + (9,8)∆t ∆t = 1,02 s
Time taken from point A to ground: Time taken from point A to ground:
3 - 2(1,02) = 0,96 s 3 - 2(1,02) = 0,96 s
Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2 Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2
= (-10)(0,96) + ½ (-9,8)(0,96)
2
= (10)(0,96) + ½ ( 9,8)(0,96)2
= -14,1184 Height = 14,12 m = 14,1184 Height = 14,12 m (3)
8.2.2 Upwards as positive: Downwards as positive:
vf = vi + aΔt = (10) + (-9,8)(3) = -19,41 vf = vi + aΔt = (-10) + (9,8)(3) = 19,41
Speed = 19,41 m∙s-1 Speed = 19,41 m∙s-1
8.2.3 Upwards as positive: Downwards as positive:
vf2= vi2 + 2aΔy vf2= vi2 + 2aΔy
0 = vi + (2)(-9,8)(8) vi = 12,52 m∙s
2 -1
0 = vi2+ (2)( 9,8)(-8) vi = -12,52
Speed = 12,52 m∙s -1
Speed = 12,52 m∙s-1 (3)
8.3 Upwards as positive Downwards as positive
12,52 19,41
1
Velocity (m·s-1)
0
Velocity (m·s-1)
3 3,2
0 3,2 0 3
t(s) t(s)
-10
-19,41 -12,52
Marking criteria
Two parallel lines correctly drawn.
Mark for velocity calculated in Q8.2.2.
Mark for velocity calculated in Q8.2.3. (4)
Times 3 s and 3,2 s correctly shown. [15]
QUESTION 9
9.1 (Motion of) an object which has been given an initial velocity and then moves under the influence of
the gravitational force/weight only. (2)
9.2 No The balloon is not accelerating./The balloon is moving with constant velocity./The net force
acting on the balloon is zero. (2)
9.3 OPTION 1 Upward positive: Downward positive:
Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2 Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2
-22 = (-1,2) Δt + ½ (-9,8)Δt Δt = 2 s 22 = (1,2) Δt + ½ (9,8)Δt2 Δt = 2 s
2
OPTION 2
Upward positive: Downward positive:
2 2 2 2
v f v i 2ay v f v i 2ay
2
v f (-1,2)2 (2)(-9,8)(-22) Both 2
v f (1,,2)2 (2)(9,8)(22) Both
vf = -20,8 m∙s -1
vf = 20,8 m∙s -1
vf = vi + aΔt vf = vi + aΔt
-20,8 = -1,2 + -9,8Δt Δt = 2 s 20,8 = 1,2 + 9,8Δt Δt = 2 s (4)
9.4 Upward positive: Downward Positive:
vf = vi + aΔt 0 = 15 + (-9,8)Δt vf = vi + aΔt 0 = -15 + (9,8)Δt
Δt = 1,53 s Δt = 1,53 s
Total time elapsed = 2 + 1,53 + 0,3 Total time elapsed = 2 + 1,53 + 0,3
= 3,83 s = 3,83 s
Displacement of the balloon: Displacement of the balloon:
Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2 = -(1,2)(3,83) = - 4,6 m Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2 = (1,2)(3,83) = 4,6 m
Height = 22 - 4,6 = 17,4m Height = 22 - 4,6 = 17,4m
OR OR
yf = yi +∆y = [22 – (1,2)(3,83)] = 17,4 m yf = yi +∆y = [-22 + (1,2)(3,83)] = -17,4 m (6)
Height = 17,4 m Height = 17,4 m [14]
QUESTION 10
10.1 OPTION 1
Upwards positive: Downwards positive:
vf = vi + aΔt 0 = (12) + (-9,8)(Δt) vf = vi + aΔt 0 = (-12) + (9,8)(Δt)
Δt = 1,22 s Δt = 1,22 s
OPTION 2
Upwards positive: Downwards positive:
2 2
2 2
v f v i 2ay v f v i 2ay
0 = 122 + 2(-9,8)Δy Δy = 7,35 0 = (-12)2 + 2(9,8)Δy Δy = -7,35
Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2 Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2
7,35 =12Δt + ½ (-9,8)Δt2 Δt = 1,22 s -7,35 = -12Δt + ½ (9,8) Δt2 Δt = 1,22 s (3)
10.2 OPTION 1
Upwards positive: Downwards positive:
vf = vi + aΔt -3v = -v + (-9,8)(1,22) vf = vi + aΔt 3v = v + (9,8)(1,22)
v = 5,98 m∙s-1 (5,978 to 6,03 m∙s-1) v = 5,98 m∙s-1 (5,978 to 6,03 m∙s-1)
OPTION 2
Upwards positive: Downwards positive:
FnetΔt = m(vf - vi) FnetΔt = m(vf - vi)
mgΔt = m(vf – vi) mgΔt = m(vf – vi)
(-9,8)(1,2245) = -3v – (-v) (9,8)(1,2245) = 3v - v
v = 6,00 m∙s-1 v = 6,00 m∙s-1 (4)
10.3 OPTION 1
Upwards positive: Downwards positive:
Δy = viΔt + ½aΔt2 Δy = viΔt + ½aΔt2
= (-5,98)(2,44) + ½(-9,8)(2,44) 2 = - 43,764 = (5,98)(2,44) + ½(9,8)(2,44) 2 = 43,764
∴h = 43,76 m (43,764 to 44,08 m) ∴h = 43,76 m(43,764 to 44,08)
OPTION 2
Upwards positive: Downwards positive:
vf = vi + aΔt vf = vi + aΔt
vf = - 5,98 + (-9,8)(2,44) = - 29,892 m·s-1 vf = 5,98 + 9,8(2,44) = 29,892 m·s-1
2 2 2 2
v f v i 2ay v f v i 2ay
(-29,892)2 = (- 5,98)2 + 2(-9,8)Δy (29,892)2 = (5,98)2 + 2(9,8)Δy
Δy = - 43, 763 m Δy = 43,76 m
∴ h = 43,76 m(43,764 to 44,08) ∴ h = 43,76 m(43,764 to 44,08)
OPTION 3
Upwards positive: Downwards positive:
For A: vf = vi + aΔt For A: vf = vi + aΔt 12 = -12 + (9,8)Δt
-12 = 12 + (-9,8)Δt Δt = 2,45 s Δt = 2,45 s
For B: Δx = viΔt + ½ aΔt2 For B: Δx = viΔt + ½ aΔt2
= (-5,98)(2,45) + ½ (-9,8)(2,45)2 = (5,98)(2,45) + ½ (9,8)(2,45)2
= - 44,06 m h = 44,06 m = 44,06 m h = 44,06 m (3)
10.4 Upwards as positive Downwards as positive
velocity (m∙s-1)
velocity (m∙s-1)
A B
1,22
-5,98 time (s) 5,98
(3)
11.4 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
(4)
11.5.1 0,2 s (1)
11.5.2 4,955 s (2)
11.5.3 - 27 m·s-1 (1)
11.6 Inelastic The speeds at which it strikes and leaves the ground are not the same/The kinetic
energies will not be the same. (2)
[16]
QUESTION 12
12.1 Motion under the influence of gravity/weight/gravitational force only. (2)
12.2 OPTION 1
UPWARDS AS POSITIVE DOWNWARDS AS POSITIVE
Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2 = (0)(1) + ½ (-9,8)(12) Δy = viΔt + ½ aΔt2 = (0)(1) + ½ (9,8)(12)
= - 4,9 m = 4,9 m
Height = 2Δy = (2)(4,9) Height = 2Δy = (2)(4,9)
= 9,8 m = 9,8 m
OPTION 2
UPWARD POSITIVE DOWNWARD POSITIVE
vf = vi + aΔt = 0 + (-9,8)(1) = -9,8 m·s-1 vf = vi + aΔt = 0 + (9,8)(1) = 9,8 m·s-1
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy
(-9,8)2 = 0 + (2)(-9,8)Δy (9,8)2 = 0 + (2)(9,8)Δy
Δy = - 4,9 m Δy = 4,9 m
Height/hoogte = 2Δy = (2)(4,9) Height/hoogte = 2Δy = (2)(4,9)
= 9,8 m = 9,8 m (3)
12.3 UPWARDS AS POSITIVE DOWNWARDS AS POSITIVE
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy
= 0 + (2)(-9,8)(-9,8) = 0 + (2)(9,8)(9,8)
vf = 13,86 m∙s-1 vf = 13,86 m∙s-1
OR OR
FROM POINT B FROM POINT B
UPWARDS AS POSITIVE DOWNWARDS AS POSITIVE
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy
= (-9,8)2 + (2)(-9,8)(-4,9) = (9,8)2 + (2)(9,8)(4,9)
vf = -13,86 m∙s-1 vf = 13,86 m∙s-1
Magnitude = 13,86m·s-1 (3)
12.4 UPWARDS AS POSITIVE DOWNWARDS AS POSITIVE
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy
0 = vi2 + (2)(-9,8)(4,9) vi = 9,8 m∙s-1 0 = vi2 + (2)(9,8)(-4,9) vi = -9,8 m∙s-1
Fnett = mv 1 mark for any Fnett = mv 1 mark for any
Fnett = m (vf – vi) Fnett = m (vf – vi)
Fnet(0,2) = 0,4[9,8 –(-13,86)] Fnet(0,2) = 0,4[-9,8 - (13,86)] (6)
Fnet = 47,32 N Fnet = -47,32 N Fnet = 47,32 N [14]
QUESTION 13
13.1 Downwards
The only force acting on the object is the gravitational force/weight which acts downwards. (2)
13.2 OPTION 1
Upward positive Downward positive
vf = vi + aΔt vf = vi + aΔt
0 = 7,5 + (-9,8)Δt 0 = -7,5 + (9,8)Δt
Δt = 0,77 s Δt = 0,77 s
OPTION 2
Upward positive Downward positive
FnetΔt = m(vf – vi) FnetΔt = m(vf – vi)
mgΔt = m(vf – vi) mgΔt = m(vf – vi)
(-9,8)Δt = 0 – 7,5 (9,8)Δt = 0 –(- 7,5)
∴ Δt = 0,76531 s (0,77 s) ∴ Δt = 0,76531 s (0,77 s) (3)
13.3 OPTION 1
Upward positive - At highest point vf = 0 Downward positive - At highest point vf = 0
v f v i 2ay v f v i 2ay
2 2 2 2
13.4
0 0,77
v (m∙s-1) 7,5 t(s)
v (m∙s-1)
- 7,5
0 0,77 t(s)
Marking criteria
Initial velocity and time for final velocity shown.
Correct straight line (including orientation) drawn.
(2)
[13]
QUESTION 14
14.1 (Motion during which) the only force acting is the force of gravity. (2)
14.2.1 OPTION 1/ OPTION 2
UPWARDS AS POSITIVE: Fnet = ma
vf = vi +aΔt = 9,8 (m)
0 = vi+(-9,8) (1,53) Fnet Δt = mΔv
vi = 14,99 m∙s-1 (15 m∙s-1) (9,8)(m)(1,53) = (m)(vf – 0)
DOWNWARDS AS POSITIVE: vf = 14,99 m·s-1 (15 m·s-1)
vf = vi +aΔt
0 = vi+(9,8) (1,53)
vi = -14,99 m∙s-1 vi = 14,99 m∙s-1 (15
m∙s-1) (3)
14.2.2 OPTION 1/
UPWARDS AS POSITIVE: DOWNWARDS AS POSITIVE:
Δy = viΔt + ½aΔt2 Δy = viΔt + ½aΔt2
= 14,99 (1,53) + ½ (- 9,8)(1,53)2 = -14,99 (1,53) + ½ (9,8)(1,53)2
= 11,47 m(11,46-11,48) = -11,47 m (11,46-11,48)
Maximum height is 11,47 m Maximum height is 11,47 m
OPTION 2
UPWARDS AS POSITIVE: DOWNWARDS AS POSITIVE:
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy
0 = (14,99) + 2(-9,8)(Δy)
2
0 = (-14,99)2 + 2(9,8)(Δy)
Δy= 11,47 m∙(11,46-11,48) Δy= -11,47 m∙(11,46-11,48)
Maximum height reached is 11,47 m Maximum height reached is 11,47 m (3)
14.2.3 OPTION 1
UPWARDS AS POSITIVE: DOWNWARDS AS POSITIVE:
Δy = viΔt + ½aΔt2 Δy = viΔt + ½aΔt2
= (14,99) (4) + ½ (- 9,8)(4) = -18,4 m
2
= (-14,99) (4) + ½ (9,8)(4)2 = 18,4 m
Position is 18,4 m downwards (below the edge of Position is 18,4 m downwards (below the edge
the roof) of the roof)
OPTION 2
UPWARDS AS POSITIVE: DOWNWARDS AS POSITIVE:
vf = vi +aΔt = (14,99) + (-9,8) (4) = - 24,2 m∙s-1 vf = vi +aΔt = (-14,99) + (9,8) (4) = 24,2 m∙s-1
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy
(-24,2)2 = (14,99)2 + 2(-9,8)(Δy) (24,2)2 = (-14,99)2 + 2(9,8)(Δy)
Δy= - 18,4 m∙ Δy= 18,4 m∙
Ball is 18,4 m downwards (below the edge of the Ball is 18,4 m downwards (below the edge of
roof) the roof) (3)
14.3 No
The motion of the ball is only dependent on its initial velocity.
OR: The initial velocity depends on the time taken to reach maximum height. (3)
[14]
QUESTION 15
15.1 (Motion during which) the only force acting is the force of gravity. (2)
15.2 OPTION 1/
UPWARDS AS POSITIVE: DOWNWARDS AS POSITIVE:
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔy
0 = (10)2 + (2)(- 9,8)Δy 0 = (-10)2 + (2)( 9,8)Δy
Δy = 5,10 m (5,102) Δy = - 5,10 m (5,102)
OPTION 2
W nc = ΔEp + ΔEk ∴ 0 = mg(hf – hi) + ½m(vf2 – vi2)
0 = (0,2)(9,8)(0,2 – 0) + ½mvf2 – ½ (0,2)(0)2 ∴ Ek = 0,39 J (3)
3.3
ΣEKbefore = ΣEKafter
EKiA +EKiB = EKfA + EKfB Any one
2
EKiA +EKiB = ½ mAvfA + EKfB
0,39+ 0 = ½ (0.2)vfA2 + 0,12 ∴ vfA = 1,64 m∙s-1 (4)
3.4
EKbefore = ½ mAviA2 0,39 = ½ (0,2) viA2 viA = 1,98 m∙s-1
Impulse = m(vf - vi) Any one
Impulse = m(viA - vfA)
= 0,2(-1,64) - (0,2)(1,98) = 0,72 N∙s (5)
[14]
QUESTION 4
4.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Take motion to the right as positive. Take motion to the left as positive.
Σpi = Σpf Σpi =Σ pf Any one
Any one
(m1 + m2)vi = m1vf1 + m2vf2 (m1 + m2)vi = m1vf1 + m2vf2
(3 + 0,02)(0) = (3)(-1,4) + (0,02) vf2 (3 + 0,02)(0) = (3)(1,4) + (0,02) vf2
vf2 = 210 m∙s-1 vf2 = -210 m∙s-1 speed = 210 m∙s-1 (4)
(4)
5.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
(4)
5.3 No (1)
[11]
QUESTION 6
6.1 The total (linear) momentum of an isolated/closed system is constant/conserved. (2)
6.2.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
∑pi = ∑pf Δp5kg = -Δp3kg
m1 v1i + m2v2i = m1 v1f + m2v2f any one mvf - mvi = mvf - mvi
m1 v1i + m2v2i = (m1 + m2)vf 5vf – (5)(4) = 3vf – (3)(0)
(5)(4) + (3)(0) = (5 + 3)vf ∴ v = 2,5 m∙s-1 vf = 2,5 m∙s-1 (4)
6.2.2 OPTION 1 Fnet∆t = ∆p = (pf – pi) = (mvf – mvi) ∴ Fnet(0,3) = 8 [(0 – (2,5)]
∴ Fnet = - 66,67 N ∴ Fnet = 66,67 N
OPTION 2 OPTION 3
m( v f v i ) 8(0 2,5) vf = vi + a∆t ∴ 0 = 2,5 + a(0,3) ∴ a = - 8,333 m·s-2
Fnet = ma = = Fnet = ma = 8 (-8,333) = - 66,67 N
t 0,3 (4)
∴ Fnet = 66,67 N
= - 66,67 N ∴ Fnet = 66,67 N [10]
QUESTION 7
7.1 A system on which the resultant/net external force is zero. (2)
7.2.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
p = mv ∴ 30 000 = (1 500)v Δp = mvf – mvi ∴ 0 = (1 500)vf – 30 000
∴v = 20 m∙s-1 ∴ v = 20 m∙s-1 (3)
7.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
∑pi = ∑pf for any ΔpA = -ΔpB for any
m1 v1i + m2v2i = m1 v1f + m2v2f pf – pi = -(mvf - mvi)
30 000 + (900)(-15) = 14 000 + 900vB 14 000 – 30 000 = 900vf – 900(-15)
∴ vB = 2,78 m∙s-1 east vf = 2,78 m∙s-1 east
7.2.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
p (14 000 30 000) FnetΔt = Δp
Slope = = Fnet = Fnet(0,1) = 14 000 – 30 000
t 20,2 20,1
Fnet = - 160 000 N
= - 160 000 ∴ Fnet = 160 000 N Fnet = 160 000 N
OPTION 3
FnetΔt = Δp ∴ Fnet(0,1) = 900[(2,78) – (-15)] ∴ Fnet = - 160 020 N (4)
FA = - FB ∴ Fnet = 160 020 N [13]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 81 FS/2020
QUESTION 8
8.1 x 0, 2 x 0, 4 x 0, 6
v = = 0,5 m∙s-1 v = = 0,5 m∙s-1 v = = 0,5 m∙s-1
t 0,4 t 0,8 t 1, 2
Formula Correct substitution in all three equations. Arriving at correct answer. (3)
8.2 The total linear momentum of a closed/isolated system is constant/is conserved. (2)
8.3 pi = pf
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f Any one
(3,5)(0,5) = (3,5 + 6)vf
vf = v6kg = 0,184 m∙s-1
OPTION 2
vf = vi + aΔt 306,666 = 400 + a(0,002) a = -46 667 m·s-2
(5)
vf 2 = vi 2 + 2aΔx (306,666)2 = 4002 + 2(-4667) Δx Δx = 0,71 m (0,706 m) [11]
QUESTION 11
11.1 The total linear momentum of a closed/isolated system remains constant/is conserved. (2)
11.2 pi = pf any one
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
For the system cat-skate board A
(3,5)(0) + (2,6)(0) = (3,5)vskateboard + (2,6)(3) vskateboard = 2,23 m∙s-1 to the left (5)
11.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
FnetΔt = Δp = mvf - mvi FnetΔt = Δp = mvf - mvi (3)
= (3,5)(1,28 – 0) = 4,48 N·s = (2,6)(1,28 – 3) = - 4,48 N·s [10]
QUESTION 12
12.1 E(mech top) = E(mech bottom)
(Ep + Ek)top/bo = (Ep + Ek)bottom for any
(mgh + ½ mv2)top = (mgh + ½ mv2)bottom
(1,5)(9,8)(2) + 0 = 0 + ½ (1,5)v2 v = 6,26 m∙s-1 (4)
12.2 The total linear momentum of a closed/isolated system is constant/conserved. (2)
12.3 pi = pf
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f for any
m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1+ m2)v
(1,5)(6,26) + 0 = (1,5 + 2)vf vf = 2,68 m∙s-1 (4)
12.4 OPTION 1
OPTION 2
Δx = vΔt = (2,68)(3)
Δx = viΔt + ½ aΔt2
= 8,04 m
= (2,68)(3) + ½ (0)(3) 2 (3)
= 8,04 m (Range 8,04 – 8,05) [13]
QUESTION 13
13.1 Momentum is the product of the mass of an object and its velocity. (2)
13.2 To the left Newton's third law (2)
NOTE: For QUESTIONS 13.3 and 13.4 motion to the right has been taken as positive.
13.3 OPTION 1
∑pi = ∑pf
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v2f + m2v2f
mass of girl is m
{(m + 2)(0)} + {8(0)} = {(m + 2)(-0,6)} + (8)(4) ∴ m = 51,33 kg
OPTION 2 OPTION 3
∑pi = ∑pf Δpgirl = -Δpparcel
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v2f + m2v2f m(vf – vi) = -m(vf – vi)
0 = m1v1f + m2v2f (m + 2)(-0,6 - 0) = – 8(4 – 0)
0 = (8)(4) + m2(-0,6) m = 51,33 kg
∴ m2 = 53,33 kg ∴ mgirl = 53,33 – 2 = 51,33 kg (5)
13.4 Impulse = Δp = m(vf – vi) = (51,33 + 2)(-0,6 – 0) = -32 N·s/kg·m·s-1
Magnitude of impulse is 32 N∙s /32 kgm·s-1
OR
Impulse = Δpparcel = m(vf – vi) = (8)(4 – 0) = 32 kg m∙s-1 Δpgirl = 32 kg m∙s-1 (3)
13.5 32 kgms-1 to the right/opposite direction (2)
[14]
QUESTION 14
14.1 The total (linear) momentum in a isolated/closed system remains constant/is conserved. (2)
14.2 OPTION 1
∑pi = ∑pf
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f Any one
m1v1i + m2v2i = (m1 +m2)vf
{0,45(9) + 0,20(0)} = (0,45 + 0,20)v ∴ v = 6,23 ms-1
OR
∆pball = - ∆pcont ∴ 0,45(v – 9) = - 0,2(v – 0) ∴ v = 6,23 ms-1 (4)
14.3 K = ½ mv2
Total kinetic energy before collision: ½ (0,45)(9)2 + 0 = 18,225 J
Total kinetic energy after collision: ½ (0,45 + 0,20)(6,23)2 = 12,614 J
∑Kbefore ≠ ∑Kafter ∴ Collision is inelastic. (5)
[11]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 83 FS/2020
QUESTION 15
15.1 Isolated system is a system on which the resultant/net external force is zero. (2)
15.2.1 p = mv
24 = m (480)
m = 0,05 kg (3)
15.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Fnet∆t = ∆p Any one vf = vi + aΔt
Fnet∆t = (pbullet)f - (pbullet)i 80 = 480 + a(0,01)
Fnet∆t = (mvbullet)f - (mvbullet)i a = - 40 000 m∙s-2
Fnet(0,01) = (0,05)(80) - 24
Fnet = -2 000 N Fnet = ma
Fnet = 2 000 N west = (0,05)(-40 000)
= - 2 000 N
Fnet = 2 000 N west (5)
[10]
Fg (6)
[18]
QUESTION 2
2.1
(4)
2.2 No friction/zero resultant force and thus no loss in energy.
OR Only conservative forces are present. OR Mechanical energy is conserved. (2)
2.3 The force for which the work done is path dependent. (2)
2.4 OPTION 1
OPTION 2
(7)
[15]
QUESTION 3
3.1 If the work done in moving an object between two points depends on the path taken (then the force
applied is non-conservative). (2)
3.2.1 No (1)
3.2.2 Since there is no acceleration, the net force is zero hence net work done
(Fnet∆x cosθ) must be zero. (2)
3.3 F// - ( f + F) = 0 F N/FN
OR F = mg sinθ – fk
OR F = mgsinθ – 266 f/Ff ●
F = [100(9,8) sin 25°] – 266
F = 148,17 N mg sinθ
w/Fg (4)
3.4 OPTION 1
W = F∆xcosθ OR W net = W f + W g + W N OR W net = fk∆xcos180° + mgsinθ∆xcos0° + 0
= (266)(3)(-1) + [100(9,8) sin 25° (3)(1)] + 0 = 444,5 J
W net = ∆EK/∆K = ½m(vf 2 – vi 2)
444,5 = ½(100)(vf 2 – 0) vf = 2,98 m∙s-1
OPTION 2
W nc = ΔEp + ΔEk
fΔxcosθ = (mghf – mghi) + ( ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2)
266∆x cos180° = (0 - mgsin25° ∆x cos0°) + (½ mvf2 – 0)
266(3)(-1) = [-100(9,8) sin 25°(3)(1)] -½ (100)(vf2 – 0) vf = 2,98 m∙s-1
OPTION 3
Wnet = ΔEk
FnetΔxcosθ = ½ m(vf2 – vi2)
(148,17) (3)cos0° = ½ (100)(vf2 - 02) 444,51 = 50vf2 vf = 2,98 m∙s-1
OPTION 4
Fnet = ma
148,17 =100a
a = 1,48 m∙s-2
vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔx (6)
= 2(1,48)(3) vf = 2,98 m∙s-1 [15]
QUESTION 4
4.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
800 800
vave = = 10,67m∙s-1 vave = = 10,67m∙s-1
75 75
Pave = Fvave Distance covered in 1 s = 10,67m∙
Pave = (240)(10,67) W(Work done in 1 s) = FΔxcosθ
=2 560,8 W (2,56 kW) = (240)(10,67)(1)
= 2 560,8 J s-1
Pave = 2 560,8 W (2,56 kW)
OPTION 3 OPTION 4
W Fx cos (240)(800) cos 0 W Fx cos (240)(800) cos 0
P= = = P= = =
t t 75 t t 75
= 2 560 W = 2 560 W (3)
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 85 FS/2020
4.2 N
FDA
Accepted labels
● w Fg/Fw/weight/mg/gravitational force/2 940 N
f Ffriction/Ff /friction/294 N/fk
f N FN/Fnormal/normal force
w FD FApplied/350 N/Average driving force/F driving force
(4)
4.3 The net/total work done on an object is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy. (2)
4.4 OPTION 1
W nc = ∆U + ∆K ∴ W f + W D = ∆U + ∆K
(f∆xcosθ + FD∆x cos θ = mg(hf - hi ) + ½ m(vf2 – vi2 )
(294)(450)(cos180°) + (350)(450)cos0o= (300)(9,8)(5 - 0) + ½(300)(vf2 – 0) ∴ vf = 8,37 m∙s-1
OPTION 2
W net = ∆K ∴ W net = W D + W g + W f + W N = (FD∆xcos θ) + (mg sinα)∆xcosθ) + (f∆xcosθ) + 0
W net = [350(450)](cos0°)+ (300)(9,8) 5 (450)(cos180°) + 294(450)(cos180°)
450
= 157 500 – 14 700 – 132 300 = 10 500 J
W net = ∆K 10 500 = ½ (300)(vf2 – 0) vf = 8,37 m∙s-1 (6)
[15]
QUESTION 5
5.1 It is a ratio of two forces (hence units cancel). (1)
5.2 The net/total work done on an object is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy. (2)
5.3
(4)
5.4
(4)
5.5
(4)
[15]
QUESTION 6
6.1 The total mechanical energy in an isolated/closed system remains constant/is conserved. (2)
5
6.2.1 W = F∆x cos = (30)( )cosθ = (30)(10)cos180° = (30)(10)(-1) = - 300 J (3)
sin 30
6.2.2 OPTION 1
W nc = ΔEP+ ΔEK
Any one
W nc = mg(hf – hi) + ½m( v f v i )
2 2
QUESTION 7
7.1 Ek = ½ mv2 = ½ (2)(4,95)2 = 24,50 J (3)
7.2 OPTION 1
Emech before = Emech after
[(Emech)bob + (Emech)block ]before = [(Emech )Block + (Emech)bob]after Any one
(mgh + ½ mv2)before = (mgh + ½ mv2)after
(5)(9,8)h + 0 + 0 = 5(9,8)¼h + 0 + 24,50 h = 0,67 m
OPTION 2 OPTION 3
W nc = ΔEp + ΔEk Loss Ep bob = Gain in Ek of block
0 = ΔEp + ΔEk Any one mg(¾h) = 24,5
-ΔEp = ΔEk (5)(9,8)(¾h) = 24,5
-[(5)(9,8)(¼h) – (5)(9,8)h] = 24,50 h = 0,67 m
h = 0,67 m (4)
7.3 The net/total work done on an object is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy. (2
7.4 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
W net = ΔEK W nc = ΔEK + ΔU
Wf + mgΔycosθ = ½m( v f v i )
2 2
W nc = ΔEK + ΔEP
Wf +(2)(9,8)(0,5)cos180° = ½ (2)(22 – 4,952) Wf = ½ (2)(22 – 4,952) + (2)(9,8)(0,5-0)
= - 10,7 J Wf = - 10,7 J (4)
[13]
QUESTION 8
8.1
(5)
8.2 The total (linear) momentum of an isolated/closed system is constant/conserved. (2)
8.3 POSITIVE MARKING FROM QUESTION 8.1.
(4)
[11]
QUESTION 9
9.1
f
Accepted labels
N w Fg/Fw/weight/mg/gravitational force
f Friction/Ff/50 N
● N Normal force/FNORMAL/FNOR
w
(3)
9.2 The net/total work done on an object equals the change in the object's kinetic energy. (2)
9.3 OPTION 1
W net = ∆EK Any one
f∆xcosθ + Fg∆xcosθ = ½mvf2 – ½mvi2
(50)(25cos180°) + (60)(9,8) (25cos70°) = ½(60)(152 – vi2)
-1 250 + 5 027,696 = 6 750 – 30 v i2 vi = 9,95(4) m.s-1
OPTION 2
W net = ∆EK Any one
f∆xcosθ + Fg||∆xcosθ = ½mvf2 – ½mvi2
(50)(25cos180°) + (60)(9,8sin20°)(25cos0°) = ½(60)(152 – vi2)
-1 250 + 5 027,696 = 6 750 – 30 v i2 vi = 9,95(4) m.s-1
OPTION 3
W nc = ∆ EK + ∆ EP
f∆xcosθ = ½(mvf2 - mvi2) + (mghQ – mghP) Any one
EmechP + EmechQ + W nc = 0
(50)(25cos180°) = ½(60)(152 – vi2) + (60)(9,8)(-25sin 20°)
-1 250 = 6 750 – 30 v i2 – 5 027,696 vi = 9,95(4) m.s-1 (5)
9.4 OPTION 1
Pave Fv ave = 50 (9,95 15) = 623,75 W
2
OPTION 2
W
P
t (v i v f )
Any one ∆x = t
f x cos 2
P=
t (9,954 15)
25 = t
[50 (25 cos180 o )] 2
= = - 623,75 W ∆t = 2,004 s (4)
2,004 [14]
QUESTION 10
10.1 The rate at which work is done. / Rate at which energy is expended. (2)
10.2.1 OPTION 1
W = F∆xcosθ
W gravity = mg∆ycosθ = (1 200)(9,8)(55)cos180° = - 646 800 J (6,47 x105 J)
OPTION 2
W = - ∆Ep = -(1200)(9,8)(55 -0) = -646800 J (3)
10.2.2 Wcounterweight = mg∆ycosθ = (950)(9,8)(55)cos0° = 512 050 J (5,12 x105 J) (2)
10.3 OPTION 1
W net = ∆EK
W gravity + W countweight + W motor = 0 Any one
W motor = - (W gravity + W countweight)
W nc = ∆EK + ∆Ep
Substituting into any of the above equations will lead to:
-646800 + 512050 + W motor = 0
W 34750
∴ W motor = 134 750 J ∴ P av motor = = = 748,61 W
t 180
OPTION 2
Fnet = 0 Fgcage + Fgcount + Fmotor = Fnet
-117600 + 9310 + Fmotor = 0 Fmotor = 2450 N
55
Pave = Fvave = 2450 = 748,61 W
180
OPTION 3
55
P ave = Fvave = [1200 (9,8) – 950(9,8)] = 748,61 W (6)
180
[13]
QUESTION 11
11.1 The net/total work done (on an object) is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy. (2)
11.2 T
Accepted labels
w Fg / Fw / weight / mg/ 58,8N / gravitational force / F earth on block
T FT/ Tension
●
w (2)
11.4 OPTION 1
W net = ∆EK /∆K = ½m(vf 2 – vi 2)
W net = Fnet∆xcosθ
Any one
W net = W f + W g + W N
= µkNΔxcosθ + W g + W N
W net = (0,4)(4)(9,8)(1,6)cos180° + 94,08 + 0 = 68,992 J
W net = ½m(vf 2 – vi 2) 68,992= ½(4)(vf 2 – 0) + ½(6)(vf2 – 0) v = 3,71 m·s-1
OPTION 2
W nc = ΔEp + ΔEk
fΔxcosθ = (m1ghf – m1ghi) + (½m1vf2 - ½m1vi2) + (½m2vf2 - ½m2vi2) Any one
(0,4)(4)(9,8) (1,6) cos 180o = [0 - (6)(9,8)(1,6)]+ (½(6)vf2 + ½(4)vf2 - 0) v = 3,71 m·s-1
OPTION 3
W net = ∆EK
For the 4 kg mass: T(1,6)cos0° + [(0,4)(9,8)(4)](1,6)cos180° = ½(4)v2 – 0)
For the 6 kg mass: (6)(9,8)(1,6)]cos0°+ T(1,6)cos180° = ½(6)(v2 – 0) (5)
Adding the two equations : 68,992 = ½ (4)v2 + ½ (6)v2 v = 3,71 m·s-1 [12]
QUESTION 12
12.1 The total mechanical energy in a closed/isolated system is constant/conserved. (2)
12.2 Emech P = Emech Q OR (Ep + Ek)Pe = (Ep + Ek)Q OR W net = ∆EK OR W con = ∆EK OR
(mgh + ½ mv2)P = (mgh + ½ mv2)Q
(50)(9,8)3 + 0 = 0 + ½(50)v2 v = 7,67 m·s (4)
12.3
Accepted labels
w Fg/Fw/weight/mg/gravitational force
f Friction/Ff
N Normal force/FNORMAL/FN
(3)
(5)
[17]
QUESTION 13
13.1
T
Accepted labels
w Fg/Fw/weight/mg/gravitational force/N/19,6 N
T Tension/FT/ FA/
w (2)
13.2 Tension OR Fapplied (1)
13.3 W = Fxcos
W w = mgxcos any one
= 75(9,8) (12)cos 180° = - 8 820 J
OR W w = -ΔEp = - (mgh – 0) = -(75)(9,8)(12) = - 8 820 J (3)
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 89 FS/2020
13.4 The net work done on an object is equal to the change in the object’s kinetic energy. (2)
13.5 OPTION 1
W net = K
Fnetxcos = (½ mvf2 - ½ mvi2) any one
(75)(0,65)(12) cos0° = ½(75)(vf2 - 0)
vf = 3,95 m∙s-1
OPTION 2
W net = K W nc = (½ mvf2 - ½ mvi2 )+ (mghf - mghi)
W nc = K + U any one 9405 = (½ (75)vf2 -0) + (75)(9,8)(12 -0)
WT + W g = K vf = 3,95 ms-1
T – mg = ma
T – 75(9,8) = 75(0,65) T = 783,75 N
WT = 783,75 (12) cos0° = 9405 J (5)
9405 – (8820) = ½ (75)(vf2 – 0) vf = 3,95 m∙s-1 [13]
QUESTION 14
14.1 A force for which the work done in moving an object between two points depends on the path
taken. (2)
14.2 No (1)
14.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
P= W
Δt Δx = v f v i Δt
6 2
= 4,8 ×10
(90) = 0 25 (90) = 1 125 m
2
= 53 333,33 W
= 5,33 x 104 W (53,33 kW) W F = FΔxcos
4,80 x 106 = F(1 125)cos0° F = 4 266,667 N
Pave = Fvave = (4 266,667)(12,5)
= 53 333, 33 W (3)
14.4 The net/total work done on an object is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy (2)
14.5 OPTION 1
W net = ΔK OR W w + W f + W F = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvi2 OR
mgxcosθ + W f + W F = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvi2
(1 500)(9,8)200cos180° + W f + 4,8 x 106 = ½ (1 500)(252 – 0)
-2 940 000 + W f +4,8 x 106 = 468 750 W f = -1 391 250 J = -1,39 x 106 J
OR
W net = ΔK OR W w + W f + W F = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvi2 OR -ΔEp + W f + W F = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvi2
-(1 500)(9,8)(200 – 0) + W f + 4,8 x 106 = ½ (1 500)(252 – 0)
-2 940 000 + W f +4,8 x 106 = 468 750 W f = -1 391 250 J = -1,39 x 106 J (5)
OPTION 2
W nc = K + U OR W nc = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvi2 + mghf - mghi = ½ m (vf2- vi2) + mg(hf - hi) OR
W nc = ½ mvf2 + mghf - ½ mvi2 - mghi OR W f + W F = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvi2 + mghf - mghi
Wf + 4,8 x 106 = [½ (1 500)(25)2 + -0] +[(1 500)(9,8)(200) - 0]
Wf = - 1,39 x 106 J (-1,40 x 106J )
OR
W nc = K + U OR W nc = ½ mvf2 - ½ mvi2 + mghf - mghi = ½ m (vf2- vi2) + mg(hf - hi) OR
W nc = ½ mvf2 + mghf - ½ mvi2 - mghi
Wf + 4,8 x 106 = [½ (1500)(25)2 + (1500)(9,8)(200) ] - [0 + 0] (5)
Wf = - 4,8 x 106 + 3,4 x 106 = - 1,39 x 106 J (-1,40 x 106 J ) [13]
QUESTION 15
15.1 Tension
15.2 There is friction/tension in the system.
OR Friction/tension is a non-conservative force/ The system is not isolated because there is
friction/tension. (1)
15.3
N
Accepted labels
T
w Fg/Fw/weight/mg/gravitational force
f Friction/Ff/fk/178,22 N
N Normal (force)/F normaL/F N /F reaction
f T FT/FA/Fapplied//700 N/Tension
w
(4)
15.4 W = F∆xcosθ
Wf = [178,22(4)cos180o]
= - 712,88 J (3)
15.5 OPTION 1
W net = ∆EK
Wf + W g + WT = K
Wf + mgsin∆xcosθ + W T = ∆K
-712,88 + (70)(9,8) (sin 30°)(4) cos 180° + (700 x 4 x cos 0°) = ½ 70(vf2 – 0)
vf = 4,52 ms-1
OPTION 2
W nc = ∆EK + ∆Ep
WT + W f = ∆EK + ∆Ep
(700)(4) cos 0°) + (-712,88) = [(70)(9,8) 4(sin 30°). - 0 ] + ½ 70(vf2 – 0)
vf = 4,52 ms-1
OPTION 3
Fnet = FT – [mgsinθ + fk]
= 700 – [(70)(9,8sin30°) + 178,22]
= 178,78 N
W net = ∆EK
Fnet . ∆xcosθ = ∆EK
(178,78)(4)cos0° = ½ 70(vf2 – 0) ∴ vf = 4,52 ms-1 (5)
15.6 2(-712,88) = -1425,76 J (1)
[15]
QUESTION 16
16.1 A conservative force is a force for which the work done in moving an object between two points is
independent of the path taken. (2)
16.2 Gravitational (force) (1)
16.3 No There is friction (between the object and the track). (2)
16.4 EP = mgh = (1,8)(9,8) (1,5) = 26,46 J (3)
16.5 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
W nc = K + U Any one W net = K
Wf = ½m(vf2 – vi2) + mg(hf – hi) Wf + W g = ½mvf2 - ½mvi2 Any one
= ½(1,8)(4 – 0,95 ) + (0 – 26,46)
2 2
Wf + mgh = ½m(vf2- vi2)
= -12,87 J Wf + mgh = ½mvf2 - ½mvi2
Wf + 26,46 = ½(1,8)[(4)2 - (0,95)2]
Wf = -12,87 J (- 12,872 J) (4)
16.6 (W net =) 0 J / zero (1)
[13]
DOPPLER EFFECT
QUESTION 1
1.1.1 An apparent change in observed/detected frequency/pitch/wavelength as a result of the relative
motion between a source and an observer/listener. (2)
1.1.2 Towards
Observed/detected frequency is greater than the actual frequency. (2)
v vL v
1.1.3 fL f s OR fL fs
v vs v vs
343
1 200 = (1130) vs = 20,01 m∙s-1 (5)
343 v s
1.2 The star is approaching the earth./The earth and the star are approaching (moving towards) each
other
The spectral lines in diagram 2 are shifted towards the blue end/are blue shifted. (2)
[11]
QUESTION 2
2.1.1
v= f (2)
2.1.2
(6)
2.2 The wavelength in QUESTION 2.1.2 is shorter because the waves are compressed as they approach
the observer. (2)
2.3 The red shift occurs when the spectrum of a distant star moving away from the earth is shifted toward
the red end of the spectrum. (2)
[12]
QUESTION 3
3.1 An apparent change in observed/detected frequency/pitch/wavelength as a result of the relative
motion between a source and an observer/listener. (2)
v vL v
3.2 fL f s OR fL f s The following values are obtained using other points:
v vs v vs
v
Vs (m∙s v (m∙s-1)
-1
825 = (800) ) Frequencies
v vs vs = 20 850 310
(1,03125 )(v – 10) = v vs = 20 845 375,56
v = 330 m∙s-1 vs =30 880 330
40 910 331
(5)
3.3 Straight line with negative gradient / frequency decreases (linearly).
(fL)
0
vs (2)
[9]
QUESTION 4
4.1.1 Frequency (of sound detected by the listener (observer). (1)
4.1.2 An apparent change in observed/detected frequency/pitch/wavelength as a result of the relative
motion between a source and an observer/listener.
4.1.3 Away Detected frequency of source decreases. (2)
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 92 FS/2020
(3)
5.2.1 Towards the bat. (1)
5.2.2
(6)
[10]
QUESTION 6
6.1 X (1)
6.2 As ambulance approaches the hospital the waves are compressed or wavelengths are shorter.
Since the speed of sound is constant the observed frequency must increase. Therefore the
hospital must be located on the side of X (from v = f)
OR: The number of wave fronts per second reaching the observer are more at X..
For the same constant speed, this means that the observed frequency increases therefore the
hospital must be located on the side of X. (from v = f) (3)
v vL
f s fL = 340 (400) fL = 438,71 Hz
v
6.3 fL f s OR fL (5)
v vs v vs 340 30
6.4 v = fλ 340 = 400λ λ = 0,85 m (3)
[12]
QUESTION 7
7.1.1 An apparent change in observed/detected frequency/pitch/wavelength as a result of the relative
motion between a source and an observer/listener. (2)
7.1.2 v = fλ 340 = f(0,28) fs = 1 214,29 Hz (3)
7.1.3 POSITIVE MARKING FROM QUESTION 7.1.2.
v vL v vL v v
fL f s OR fL OR fL fs
v vs v vs s v vs
340 340 340
fL 1214,29 OR fL fL = 1 331,80 Hz
340 30 340 30 0,28 (5)
7.1.4 Decreases (1)
7.2 The spectral lines of the star are/should be shifted towards the lower frequency end, which is the
red end (red shift) of the spectrum. (2)
[13]
QUESTION 8
8.1 Speed (1)
8.2 3 m·s-1 (1)
8.3.1 An apparent change in observed/detected frequency/pitch/wavelength as a result of the relative
motion between a source and an observer/listener. (2)
8.3.2 345 m·s-1 (1)
v v L 345 0 1000
8.3.3 fL fs 1 200 Hz (4)
v vs 345 57,5 1
8.3.4 295 (K) (1)
(6)
12.4 Doppler flow meter/Measuring foetal heartbeat/Ultra sound/Sonar/Radar (for speeding) (1)
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 94 FS/2020
[11]
QUESTION 13
13.1 An apparent change in observed/detected frequency/pitch/wavelength as a result of the relative
motion between a source and an observer/listener. (2)
13.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
v vL v v vL
fL f s OR fL fs fL f s OR fL v v
v vs v vs v vs v - vs s
340
(5100) = fs 340 340
340 - 240 (5100)
340 240 S
fs = 1 500 Hz
v = fλ 340 = (1 500)λ λ = 0,23 m λ= 0,23 m (7)
13.3 Greater than (1)
[10]
QUESTION 14
14.1 An apparent change in observed/detected frequency/pitch/wavelength as a result of the relative
motion between a source and an observer/listener. (2)
14.2 Away from Observed frequency lower (2)
14.3 v = f 340 = f (0,34) f = 1 000 Hz (3)
14.4 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
v vL v v vL
fL f s OR fL fs fL f s OR fL v v
v vs v v s v vs v - vs s
340 - v L
vL = 17 m∙s-1 x
340 - 10
950 = 1 000 950 = (1000 )
340 + 0 340 + 0 (6)
Distance x = vΔt = (17)(10) = 170 m Distance x = 170 m [13]
QUESTION 15
d 300
15.1 ∆x = vi∆t + ½ a∆t2 OR v= = = 30m∙s-1
t 10
300 = vi (10)
vi = 30 m∙s-1 (2)
15.1.2 The change in frequency (or pitch) (of the sound) detected by a listener because the source and the
listener have different velocities relative to the medium of sound propagation. (2)
15.1.3 Car/source (just) passes observer. (2)
v vL v
15.1.4 fL fs OR fL fs
v vs v vs
340 ∴ fs = 849,76 Hz (4)
932 = f
340 - 30 s
15.2 ANY TWO:
Doppler / Blood flow meter/Measuring the heartbeat of a foetus/Radar/Sonar/Used to determine
whether stars are receding or approaching earth. (2)
[12]
QUESTION 16
16.1 Doppler effect (1)
16.2 P registers a shorter period/higher frequency./Q registers a longer period/lower frequency. (1)
1 1
16.3 f= = = 5,88 x 10 2 = 588,24 Hz (3)
T 17 x 10 -4
f= 1 = 5,56 x 10 2 = 555,56 Hz
18 x 10 -4
v vL
fL fs OR fL v fs
v vs v vs
340
555,56 588,24 ∴ v = 20 m∙s-1 (6)
340 v
[11]
ELECTROSTATICS
QUESTION 1
1.1 To ensure that charge does not leak to the ground/is insulated. (1)
QR Q S 8 ( 4 )
1.2 Net charge = = = 2 µC (2)
2 2
1.3
Criteria for sketch:
Correct direction of field lines
Shape of the electric field
No field line crossing each other / No
field lines inside the spheres.
(3)
1.4 T
●
FS on T FR on T (2)
1.5 Q 1Q 2
F= k
r2
(9 10 9 )(1 10 6 )(2 10 6 ) 1 1
FST = 2
= 0,45 N left OR FTS = FRT = (1,8) = 0,45 N left
(0,2) 4 4
(9 10 9 )(1 10 6 )(2 10 6 )
FRT = = 1,8 N right OR FRT = 4FST = 4(0,45) = 1,8 N right regs
(0,1) 2
Fnet = FST + FRT = 1,8 + (-0,45) = 1,35 N or towards sphere S or right S (6)
1.6 Force experienced per unit positive charge placed at that point. (2)
1.7 OPTION 1
F 1,35
E= = = 1,35 x 106 N∙C-1
q 1 10 6
OPTION 2
kQ (9 10 9 )(2 10 6 )
ER 2 = = 1,8 x 106 N∙C-1 right
r (0,1) 2
kQ (9 10 9 )(2 10 6 )
ES = = 4,5 x 105 N∙C-1 left
r2 (0,2) 2 (3)
Enet = 1,8 x 106 - 4,5 x 105 = 1,35 x 106 N∙C-1 [19]
QUESTION 2
2.1 The (magnitude of the) electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is
directly proportional to the product of the (magnitudes of the) charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them. (2)
2.2.1
(4)
2.2.2
(3)
2.3.1 Left / West (1)
2.3.2
(8)
[18]
QUESTION 3
3.1 The (magnitude of the) electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is
directly proportional to the product of the (magnitudes of the) charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them. (2)
Q 1Q 2
3.2 F= k
r2
6 6
F31 = (9 10 )(5 10 )(6 10 ) = 3 N to the left
9
(0,3) 2 F31 θ
(9 10 9 )(5 10 6 )(3 10 6 ) FR
F32 = = 13,5 N downwards F32
(0,1) 2
FR = F31 + F32 FR = (3) 2 (13,5) 2 = 13,83 N Can use any trigonometric ratio
13,5
θ = tan-1 = 77,47°
3
OR θ = tan-1 3 = 12,53° ∴ Net force = 13,83 N in direction192,53° / 77,47° (7)
13,5
[9]
QUESTION 4
Q
4.1 For object N: n Q = (5 x 106)(-1,6 x 10-19) = - 8 x 10-13 C (3)
qe
4.2 Charge on M (QM) is +8 x 10-13 C (2)
4.3 The electrostatic force experienced per unit positive charge placed at that point. (2)
kQ
4.4 E 2
r
(9 10 9 )(8 10 13 )
EPM = = 0,12 N∙C-1 to the right
(0,25) 2
(9 10 9 )(8 10 13 )
EPN = = 0,72 N∙C-1 to the left
(0,1) 2
Enet = EPM - EPN = 0,12 – 0,72 = - 0,60 N∙C-1 Enet = 0,60 N∙C-1 to the left (6)
[13]
QUESTION 5
Q 0,5 10 6
5.1 n n= 19
= 3,13 x 1012 elektrone ........(3)
e 1,6 10
5.2 T
Accepted labels
w Fg / Fw / weight / mg / gravitational force
T FT / tension
FE
FE Electrostatic force/FC/ Coulombic force/FQ /FRP/PR
P
w
(3)
5.3 The (magnitude) of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is
directly proportional to the product (of the magnitudes) of the charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them. (2)
Q1Q 2
5.4 FE k
r2
T sin
= FE
T cos
T sin 7 (9 10 9 )(0,5 10 6 )(0,9 10 6 )
∴ = ∴T = 0,83 N (5)
T cos 83 (0,2) 2
[13]
QUESTION 6
kQ 2 kQ 8
6.1 EX = E2 + E(-8) = 2
+ correct equation
r r2
(9 10 9 )(2 10 5 ) (9 10 9 )(8 10 6 )
= +
(0,25) 2 (0,15) 2
= 2,88 x 106 + 3,2 x 106 = 6,08 x 106 N∙C-1 to the east/right
OR
kQ
E
r2
10 5 )
(9 10 9 )(2
E2 = 2
= 2,88x 106 NC-1 to the east/right
(0,25)
10 6 )
(9 10 9 )(8
E-8 = = 3,2 x 106 N∙C-1 to the east/right
(0,15) 2
EX = E2 + E(-8) = (2,88 x 106 + 3,2 x 106) = 6,08 x 106 N∙C-1 to the east/right (6)
6.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
FE = QE F(-2)Q1 = qE(2)
= (-2 x 10-9) (6,08 x 106) = (2 x 10-9) (2,88x 106 )
-3
= -12,16 x 10 N = 5,76 x 10-3 N to the west/left
FE = 1,22 x 10 N to the west/left
-2
F(-2)Q2 = qE(8)
= (2 x 10-9)(3,2 x 106)
= 6,4 x 10-3 N to the west/left
(3)
7.3.2
(5)
[11]
QUESTION 8
8.1
(6)
[10]
QUESTION 9
9.1 Q 32 10 9 Q 32 10 9
n = n =
e 1,6 10 19 e 1,6 10 19
= 2 x 1011 electrons = 2 x 1011 electrons (3)
9.2
T Accepted labels
w Fg/Fw/weight/mg/gravitational force
●
T FT/tension
w
FE Felectrostatic/FQ1Q2 /Coulomb force/F
FE
(3)
Q 1Q 2
.3 Fnet = mg + FE - T = 0 ∴ mg + k -T=0
r2
(32 10 9 )(55 10 9 )
∴ (0,007)(9,8) + (9 x 109) =T ∴ T = 9,39(4) x 10-2 N (5)
(0,025) 2
[11]
QUESTION 10
10.1 The (electrostatic) force experienced by a unit positive charge (placed at that point). (2)
10.2
Marking guidelines
Lines must not cross / Lines must touch the
+
+ spheres but not enter spheres
Arrows point outwards
Correct shape
(3)
kQ
10.3 E
r2
(9 10 9 )(30 10 6 ) (9 10 9 )(45 10 6 )
EQ1X = & EQ2X =
(x) 2 (0,15 x ) 2
(9 10 9 )(30 10 6 ) (9 10 9 )(45 10 6 )
Enet = 0 EQ1X = EQ2X =
(x) 2 (0,15 x ) 2
x = 0, 67 m (0,667 m) (5)
[10]QUESTION 11
11.1 The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is
directly proportional to the product of the (magnitudes of the) charges and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them. (2)
11.2.1 Negative (2)
Q1Q 3
11.2.2 F = k
r2 FQ23 FQ13
(9 10 9 )Q1(2 10 -6 )
0,012 = Q1 = 4,17 x 10 C -6
Fnet
(2,5) 2
Fnet = FQ13 + FQ23
(9 10 9 )( Q 2 ) (2 10 - 6 ) (9 10 9 )( Q 2 ) (2 10 - 6 )
- 0,3 = 0,012 - OR 0,3 = - 0,012 +
12 12
Q2 = 1,6 x10 C
-5
(7)
[11]
QUESTION 12
12.1.1 The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is
directly proportional to the product of the (magnitudes of the) charges and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them. (2)
12.1.2 FE/Electrostatic force (1)
12.1.3 The electrostatic force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges. (1)
FE 0,027 0
12.1.4 Slope = = = 4,82 x 10-3 N∙m2
1 5,6 0
2
r
Slope = FEr2 = kQ1Q2 = kQ2 ∴ 4,82 x 10-3 = 9 x 109 Q2 ∴ Q = 7,32 x 10-7C (6)
12.2.1
Criteria for drawing electric field:
Direction
Field lines radially inward
(2)
kQ
12.2.2 E
r2
Right as positive:
(9 10 9 )(0,75 10 6 )
EPA = 2
= 8,33 x 105 N∙C-1 to the left
(0,09)
(9 10 )(0,8 10 6 )
9
EPB = = 8 x 106 N∙C-1 to the left
(0,03) 2
Enet = EPA + EPC = [-8,33 x 105 + (- 8 x 106)] = - 8,83 x 106 = 8,83 x 106 N∙C-1
Left as positive: Enet = EPA + EPC = (8,33 x 105 + 8 x 106) = 8,83 x 106 N∙C-1 (5)
[17]
QUESTION 13
13.1 Electric field is a region of space in which an electric charge experiences a force. (2)
13.2
Marking criteria
Correct shape as shown.
Direction away from positive
Field lines start on spheres and do not cross.
(3)
13.3 EPA =
kQ
=
9 10 5 10 9
-6
= 2,88 x 10 4
N∙C-1 to the right
r 2
1, 252
EPB =
kQ
=
9 10 9 5 10 - 6
= 8,00 x 104 N∙C-1 to the left
r2 0,752
Enet = EPA + EPB = 2,88 x 104 + (-8,00 x 104) = 5,12 x 104 N∙C-1 (5)
[10]
QUESTION 14
14.1.1 Removed (1)
Q 6 10 -6
14.1.2 n = = 3,75 x 1013 electrons (3)
e 1,6 10 -19
14.2.1 Negative (1)
14.2.2
F2,3
• Q3
F1,3
(2)
kQ1Q 2
14.2.3 F
r2
F1,3x
9 10 210 6 10 cos 45 0,0764
9 -6 -6
o
(3)
2 2
r r
kQ1Q 2
14.2.4 F
r2
F2,3x
9 10 2 10 6 10 cos
9 -6 -6
45
o
0,0764
2
r r2
Fx = F1,3x + F2,3x
0,0764 0,0764 0,0764
Fx = 2
2
=2 Addition
r r r2
NOTE: Fy net = 0
0,1528
(0,12) = r = 1,128 m (4)
r2
14.3.1 The electric field at a point is the (electrostatic) force experienced per unit positive charge
placed at that point. (2)
kQ (9 10 9 )Q
14.3.2 E 2 100 Q = 4 x 10-9 C
r (0,6) 2
When the electric field strength 50 is N∙C-1:
kQ (9 1 0 9 )(4 10 -9 ) equation
E 2 50
r r2
r = 0,85 m (0,845) m (5)
[21]
QUESTION 15
15.1 The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is
directly proportional to the product of the (magnitudes of the) charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them. (2)
15.2 OPTION 1
kQ Q (9 10 9 )(6 10 -6 )(8 10 6 )
F 12 2 = = 10,8 N
r (0,2) 2
OPTION 2
kQ (9 10 9 )(8 10 6 )
E= 2 = = 1,8 x 104 N∙C-1
Both r (0,2) 2
F = Eq = (1,8 x 104)(6 x 10-6) = 10,8 N (4)
15.3
FXY
15.4 OPTION 1
2
Fnet FXY
2
FZY
2
Any one
15,20 2 10,8 2 FZY
2
FZY = 10,696 N
Q Q 8 10 -6 Q Z
FZY = k Z 2 Y 10,696 = 9 10 9 QZ = 1,34 x 10-5 C
r (0,30) 2
OPTION 2
10,8
cosθ = θ = 44,72o
15,2
FZY F
sin 44,72 = OR tan 44,72 = ZY FXY = 10,8 N
15,2 FXY
θ
FZY = 10,696 N
Q Q Fnet = 15,20 N
FZY = k Z 2 Y
r
8 10 -6 Q Z
10,696 = 9 10 9
(0,30) 2
QZ = 1,34 x 10-5 C (4)
[13]
QUESTION 16
16.1 Electric field at a point is the force per unit positive charge placed at that point. (2)
kQ
16.2 E 2
r
Enet = (EA + EB)
= 9 10
9 1,5 10
-6
9 10
- 6
9 2,0 10
0,42 0,32
= 2,84 x 10 N∙C
5 -1
(4)
16.3 FE = qE
= (3,0 x 10-9)( 2,84 x 105)
= 8,52 x 10-4 N (3)
[9]
QUESTION 17
17.1 The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is
directly proportional to the product of the (magnitudes of the) charges and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them. (2)
17.2
(2)
(7)
-1,27 x 10-6 = 150Q – 450Q 4,23 x 10-9 C [11]
QUESTION 18
18.1
Marking criteria:
Shape (radial)
Polarity of A
(2)
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 102 FS/2020
18.2
(3)
18.3
Positive marking from Q8.2 for this option.
(6)
[11]
QUESTION 19
19.1 The two forces must be equal in magnitude but in opposite directions. (2)
19.2 The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is
directly proportional to the product of the (magnitudes of the) charges and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them. (2)
QQ
19.3 F = k 12 2
r
FPQ = (9 × 10 9 )(Q)(5 × 10 -6 ) = 45103 Q
( x )2 x2
FVQ = (9 × 10 )(Q)(7 × 10 ) = 63 10 Q
9 -6 3
(1- x )2 1 - x 2
(Fnet = FPQ - FVQ = 0)
45103 Q = 63 103 Q 6,708(1 - x) = 7,937x x = 0,46 m away from P (5)
x2 1 - x 2
[9]
QUESTION 20
20.1
(2)
20.2 Q = ne = (8 x 1013)(-1,6 x10-19) or (8 x 1013)(1,6 x 10-19) = - 12,8 x 10-6 C
Net charge on the sphere Qnet = (+ 6 x 10-6 ) + (-12,8 x 10-6) = - 6,8 x 10-6 C
kQ
E= 2
r
E
9 10 9 6,8 10 -6
0,52
= 2,45 x 105 NC-1 towards sphere (7)
[9]
QUESTION 21
21.1 Qnet = Q1 Q2 Q3 -3 x 10-9 = -15 10 - 9 Q 2 x10 -9 Q = + 4 x 10-9 C (2)
3 3
21.2
Correct shape
Correct direction
Lines must not cross and must touch spheres
(3)
21.3 The magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is
directly proportional to the product of the (magnitudes) of the charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them. (2)
21.4 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
kQ Q kQ (9 × 10 9 )(3 × 10 -9 )
F 12 2 Es 2 =
r r (0,1) 2
(9 ×10 9 )(3 ×10 -9 )(3 × 10 -9 ) = 2 700 N.C-1
FSP =
(0,1)2
= 8,1 x 10-6 N downwards kQ (9 × 10 9 )(3 × 10 -9 )
ET = =
(9 ×10 9 )(3 ×10 -9 )(3 × 10 -9 ) r2 (0,3) 2
FTP =
(0,3)2 = 300 N.C-1
= 9 x 10-7 N left
Fnet2 = (FSP)2 + (FTP)2 E net = E S2 + E 2T = (2700 ) 2 + (30 ) 2
(F ) = 2 716,62 N.C-1
+ (FTP )
2 2
Fnet = SP for any
QUESTION 23
23.1.1 Positive (1)
23.1.2 F kQ1Q 2
r2
9 6
3,05 = (9 x 10 )(6 x 10 ) Q
2
0,2
Q = 2,259 x 10 C (2,26 x 10-6 C)
-6
(3)
23.1.3 T Accepted labels
w Fg / Fw / weight / mg / gravitational force
T FT / tension
FE Electrostatic force/ Coulomb force/ F E Field
FE
w (3)
23.1.4 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Fnet = 0 T FE
FE = Tsin10° =
Any one sin 90° sin10°
FE = T cos80°
3,05 = Tsin10° T 3,05
Any one =
= Tcos80° 1 sin 10°
T = 17,56 N (17,564 N) T = 17,56 N (3)
23.2.1 The electric field at a point is the (electrostatic) force experienced per unit positive charge placed at
that point. (2)
23.2.2 Electric field at M due to A (+2 x10-5 C):
kQ (2 10 -5 ) = 4,5 x106 N∙C-1 (to the right)
E A 2 = 9 × 10 9
r (0,2) 2
Electric field at M due to B (-4 x10-5 C):
kQ
EB OR qB = 2x qA
r2
= 9 × 10 9 ( 4 10 )
-5
EB = 2x EA
(0,2) 2
= 9 x106 N∙C-1 (to the right) = 9 x 106 N∙C-1 (to the right)
Enet at M = EA + EB = (4,5 x106 + 9 x106) = 1,35 x107 N∙C-1 to the right (6)
[18]
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
QUESTION 1
1.1.1 Keep the temperature (of battery) constant. (1)
1.1.2
(8)
2.2.1
(3)
2.2.2
(7)
2.2.3 Decrease
The total resistance increases. (2)
[22]
QUESTION 3
3.1 Negative (1)
V 1,36
3.2 I2 = 0,23 A (3)
R ( 4 2)
3.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
V 1,36 V 1,36
I3 = = 0,45 A I3 = = 0,45 A
R 3 R 3
IT = I2+I3 = 0,23 + 0,45 = 0,68 A IT = I2 + I3 = 0,23 + 0,45 = 0,68 A
Vint/”lost” = ε - Vext = 1,5 - 1,36 = 0,14 V 1 1 1 1 1 1
Vint/”lost” = Ir RP = 2 Ω
R p R1 R 2 Rp 6 3
0,14 = (0,68)r r = 0,21 Ω
ε = I(R + r) 1,5 = 0,68(2 + r) r = 0,21 Ω (7)
3.4 Decreases Effective resistance across parallele circuit decreases. Terminal poetantial difference
decreases. Resistance in ammeter branch remains constant. (4)
[15]
QUESTION 4
4.1 The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current in the conductor at
constant temperature. (2)
4.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
V8 = IR = (0,5)(8) = 4 V = V16 V8 = IR = (0,5)(8) = 4 V
V 4 1 1 1 1 1
I16 = = = 0,25 A = ∴ R = 5,33 Ω
R 16 R p R1 R 2 8 16
4
Itot// = IA1 = (0,5 + 0,25) = 0,75 A Itot// = = IA1 = 0,75 A
5,33 (4)
4.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
V20Ω = IR =( 0,75) (20) = 15 V 1 1 1 1 1
= ∴ R = 5,33 Ω
R p R1 R 2 8 16
V//tot = (15 + 4) = 19 V
VR = 19 V R// + R20 = (5,33 + 20) = 25,33 Ω
P = VI V//tot = I(R// + R20 ) = (0,75)(25,33) = 19 V
∴ 12 = (19)IR P = VI ∴ 12 = (19)IR
∴ IR = IA2 = 0,63 A ∴ IR = IA2 = 0,63 A (5)
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 107 FS/2020
(3)
5.1.2
(4)
5.1.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
(5)
5.2 Removing the 2 Ω resistor increases the total resistance of the circuit. Thus otal current decreases,
decreasing the Vint (Vlost). Therefore the voltmeter reading V increases. (3)
[15]
QUESTION 6
6.1.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
2 P = VI P=VI
V
P= 4 = I(12) 4 = I(12) ∴ I = 0,33 ..A
R I = 0,33...A P = I2 R
4
V 2
12 R = 36 Ω V = IR
2
4 = (0,332)R
R R 12 = 0,33R ∴R = 36,36 Ω ∴R = 36,73 Ω (3)
6.1.2 Increase (1)
6.1.3 No change Same potential difference (and resistance) (2)
6.1.4 V = IR ∴ 5 = I(6) ∴ I = 0,83 A
V”lost” = Ir OR ε = I(R + r)
1 = (0,83)r 6 = (0,83)(6 + r)
r = 1,20 Ω r = 1,23 Ω (4)
6.2.2 Maximum work done (or energy provided) by a cell per unit charge passing through it. (2)
6.2.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
V”lost” = Ir V”lost” = Ir
1,5 = I(1,2) 1,5 = I(1,2) ∴ I = 1,25 A
I = 1,25 A V|| = IpRp
4,5 = (1,25)Rp
V|| = I6R6 Rp = 3,6 Ω
4,5 = I6(6) 1 1 1
I6 = 0,75 A R // Rx R6
Vx = IRx 1 1 1
4,5 = (1,25 – 0,75)Rx R // Rx 6
Rx = 9 Ω 6R x
∴R// = = 3,6 ∴ RX = 9 Ω (5)
Rx 6 [17]
QUESTION 7
7.1.1 Maximum work done (or energy transferred) by a battery per unit charge passing through it. (2)
7.1.2 12 V (1)
7.1.3 0 V / Zero (1)
●
5,0
●
●
4,0
Potential difference/
●
3,0
●
(V)
2,0
●
1,0 ●
Current (A)
00 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0
8.1.3 5,5 V (Accept any value from 5,4 V to 5,6 V.) NOTE: The value must be the y-intercept. (1)
V y -y 5,5 - 0
8.1.4 Slope = or 2 1 = = - 1,2 Internal resistance(r) = 1,2 Ω
I x 2 - x1 0 - 4,6
NOTE: Any correct pair of coordinates chosen from the line drawn (3)
8.2.1 V = IR 21,84 = Itot(8) Itot = 2,73 A (3)
1 1 1 1 1 1
8.2.2 R// = 12 Ω (2)
R // R 30 R 20 R // 30 20
8.2.3 OPTION 1
Rtot = (8 + 12 + r) = (20 + r)
ℇ = I(R +r) 60 = 2,73(20 + r) r = 1,98 Ω
OPTION 2
V// = Itot x R// = 2,73(12) = 32,76 V
R// =
510 = 3,33 Ω V|| = IR||
5 10 = (1,62)(3,33)
= 5,39 V
R
VR // // Vtot ∴ VR// =
3,33 20 = 5,41 V
R tot 12,33
9.2.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
P = IV P = I2R
Ptot = P8Ω + P// + P1Ω
= (1,62)(20) = I2(R8 +R//+ R1 ) (3)
= 32,4 W = (1,62)2[8 +3,33 + 1)] = 32,36 W [19]
QUESTION 10
10.1.1 The potential difference (voltage) across a conductor is directly proportional to the current in the
conductor at constant temperature. (1)
10.1.2 Equivalent resistance (1)
V 2-0
10.1.3 Gradient = = = 4 (Ω) NOTE: Any correctly chosen pair of coordinates. (2)
I 0,5 - 0
10.1.4 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
In series R1 + R2 = 4 Ω ................(1) For graph X: R1 + R2 = 4 ……….(1)
R1R 2 1 1 1
In parallel = 1 Ω .........(2) For graph Y:
R1 R 2 R // R1 R 2
R1R2 = 4 Ω 1 1 1
∴ R1 = R2 = 2 Ω ...................(2)
R1 R 2 1
R12 - 4R1 4 0 ∴ R1 = 2 Ω (4)
V 5 5
10.2.1 I = 0,83 A (3)
R (R M R N ) (6)
10.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Ɛ = I(R + r) = 0,83[(6 +1,5) + 0,9] Ɛ = (Vs + V// + Vr ) / Vext + Vint
= [5 + (0,833 x 1,5) + (0,9 x 0,833)]
= 6,997 V = 7(,00) V (6,972 – 7,00 V)
= 6,999 V = 7(,00) V (6,972 – 7,00 V) (4)
10.2.3 The resistance RN will be 3 Ω
The voltage divides (proportionately) in a series circuit. Since the voltage across M is half the total
voltage, it means the resistances of M and N are equal. (2)
[18]
QUESTION 11
11.1.1 The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current in the conductor at
constant temperature. (2)
11.1.2 Graph X. Graph X is a straight line (passing through the origin) therefore potential difference is
directly proportional to current. (2)
11.2.1 R = 10 + 6 + 2
= 18 Ω
(5)
11.2.2 Decrease
The total resistance of the circuit increases. (2)
11.2.3 Increase (1)
11.2.4 The total resistance in the external circuit increases,
Current decreases
''Lost'' volts decreases (3)
[15]
QUESTION 12
12.1.1 The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current in the conductor at
constant temperature.
OR The ratio of potential difference across a conductor to the current in the conductor is constant,
provided the temperature remains constant. (2)
12.1.2 V1 = IR = (0,6)(4) = 2,4 V (3)
12.1.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 2
V4Ω = V6Ω ∴ I4ΩR1 = I6ΩR2
I6Ω =
V
=
2,4
= 0,4 A
6
I 0,6 (0,6)(4) = I6Ω(6)
R 6 10
∴ I = 1 A ∴I6Ω = 0,4 A I6Ω = 0,4 A (2)
12.1.4 V2 = IR = (0,4 + 0,6)(5,8) = 5,8 V (2)
12.1.5 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Vext = (5,8 + 2,4) = 8,2 V 1 1 1 = 1 + 1 = 5 ∴Rp = 2,4 Ω
V int = Ir
Rp R1 R2 6 4 12
= (1) (0,8) = 0,8 V
Emf = 0,8 + 8,2 = 9 V Rext = (2,4 + 5,8) = 8,2 Ω
Emf = I(R + r) = 1 (8,2 + 0,8) = 9 V (3)
1 1 1 1,94 = 5,6 R 2
= + 5,6 + R 2
1,94 5,6 R 2
R2 = 2,97 (2,92 )
R2 = 2,97 (2,92 )
1
1 X = (2 , 97 )
X = (2 , 97 ) 2
2 = 1,49 (1,46 – 1,49 )
= 1, 49 (1,46 – 1,49 )
OPTION 3 OPTION 4
Ɛ = I(R + r) Ɛ = I(R + r)
13 = 4(Rext + 1,31) 13 = 4(Rext + 1,31)
Rext = 1,94 (1,92 ) Rext = 1,94 (1,92 )
1 1 1 R1 R 2
= + Rp =
RP R1 R 2 R 1 +R 2
(5,6)(2 X)
1 1 1 1,94 =
= + 5,6 + 2 X
1,94 5,6 2 X
(1,94)(5,6 + 2X) = 11,2 X
2X = 2,97 (2,92 )
1 X = 1,49
X = (2 , 97 )
2 (5)
= 1,49 (1,46 – 1,49 ) [19]
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
QUESTION 1
1.1 Electromagnetic induction (1)
1.2 Rotate coil faster./Increase number of coils./Increase the strength of the magnetic field. (1)
1.3 Slip rings (1)
1.4 The AC potential difference/voltage that produces the same amount of electrical energy as an
equivalent DC potential difference/voltage. (2)
V 339,45
1.5 Vrms = max = Vrms = 240,03 V (3)
2 2
[8]
QUESTION 2
2.1.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
2
Vrms V 340
Pave Vrms max 240,04
R 2 2
340 2
) 2 Vrms
( Pave
2 R
100 =
R (240,04) 2
R = 578 Ω 100 = R = 578 Ω
R (5)
2.1.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Pave = IrmsVrms Vrms = IrmsR
340 340
100 = Irms ∴ Irms = 0,417 A = Irms(578) ∴ Irms = 0,417 A
2 2 (3)
2.2 Can be stepped up or down. / Can be transmitted with less power loss. (1)
[9]
QUESTION 3
3.1.1 Anticlockwise (1)
3.1.2
+100
Potential difference/
voltage (V)
0,1 t(s)
-100
Criteria for graph:
Two full cycles with correct shape.
Showing the maximum voltage.
Showing the time 0,1s for two cycles.
(3)
3.1.3 Decrease the frequency/ speed of rotation (1)
3.2 Pave = VrmsIrms 1 500 = (220)(Irms) Irms = 6,82 A
I max
I rms Imax = 2 (6,82) = 9,65 A (5)
2
[10]
QUESTION 4
4.1.1 Move the bar magnet very quickly OR up and down inside the coil. (2)
4.1.2 Electromagnetic induction (1)
4.1.3 Commutator (1)
4.2.1 OPTION 1
V2 (220 ) 2 V2 (220) 2
Pave rms = W rms t (1)
R 40,33 R 40,33
= 1 200,10 W (J∙s-1) = 1200,10 J
OPTION 2
V 220 V 220
I rms rms = 5,45 A I rms rms = 5,45 A
R 40,33 R 40,33
Pave Irms
2
R (5,45) 2 40,33 2
W = I rms R∆t = (5,45)2(40,33)(1)
= 1 197,9 W /1 200,10 W = 1 197,9 J / 1 200,10 J (4)
4.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
V Pave = VrmsIrms
Vrms = max 1200,1 = (220)Irms
2
Irms = 5,455 A
Vmax Imax =
220 = 2 (5,455)
2
any = 7,71 A (7,715 A)
Vmax = 311,13 V formula
Vmax 331,13
Imax = = 7,71 A
R 40,33
OR
Vmax Imax
Pave =
2
311,13I max
1200,1 = Imax = 7,71 A
2
OPTION 3 OPTION 4
Pave Irms
2
R Vrms = IrmsR
1200,1 = I2rms(40,33) 220 = Irms(40,33)
Irms = 5,455 A Irms = 5,455 A
Imax = 2 Irms = 2 (5,455) = 7,71 A Imax = 2 Irms = 2 (5,455) = 7,71 A (3)
[11]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers
Physical Sciences P1 (Physics) Gr 12 115 FS/2020
QUESTION 5
5.1.1 North pole (1)
5.1.2 Q to P (1)
5.2.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
I max 8 V V
Irms = = = 5,66 A Vrms = max 220 = max
2 2 2 2
Vrms = IrmsR Vmax = 311,12 V
220 = 5,66R Vmax = ImaxR
R = 38,87 Ω 311,12 = 8R
R = 38,89 Ω (5)
5.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
Pave = VrmsIrms 2
Pave = I rms R 2
Vrms (220 ) 2
= (220)(5,66) Pave =
= (5,66)2(38,87) R 38,87
= 1 245,2 W
= 1 245,22 W = 1 245,18 W
W
P W W
t P P
t t
W
1 245,22 = W W
7200 1 245,22 = 1 245,22 =
7200 7200 (5)
W = 8 965 584 J
W = 8 965 584 J W = 8 965 584 J [12]
QUESTION 6
6.1.1 a to b (1)
6.1.2 Fleming's left hand rule /Left hand motor rule (1)
6.1.3 Split rings /commutator (1)
6.2.1 Mechanical/Kinetic energy to electrical energy (2)
6.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
V 430 Vmax = ImaxR
Vrms = max = = 304,06 V 430 = Imax(400)
2 2
Imax = 1,075
V 304,06 I 1,075
I=
R
=
400
= 0,76 A Irms = rms = = 0,76 A
2 2
OPTION 3 OPTION 4
V 430 V 430
Vrms = max = = 304,06 V Vrms = max = = 304,06 V
2 2 2 2
2 2
Vrms (304,06) 2 Vrms (304,06) 2
Pave = 231,13 W Pave = 231,13 W
R 400 R 400
Pave = IrmsVrms Pave = I2rmsR
231,13 = Irms(304,06) Irms = 0,76 A 231,13 = I2rms (400) Irms = 0,76 A (5)
[10]
QUESTION 7
7.1.1 DC-generator
Uses split ring/commutator (2)
7.1.2 OR
Induced emf (V)
Induced emf (V)
time (s)
(2)
9.3 Any TWO:
Increase the speed of rotation.
Increase the number of coils (turns).
Use stronger magnets. (2)
9.4 The AC potential difference/voltage that produces the same amount of electrical energy as an
equivalent DC potential difference/voltage. (2)
A C A
Induced emf
B D OR t (s)
B D
A C A t (s)
(4)
[9]
QUESTION 12
12.1.1 Split ring/commutator (1)
12.1.2 Anticlockwise (2)
12.1.3 Electrical energy to mechanical (kinetic) energy (2)
12.2.1 DC generator: split ring/commutator and AC generator has slip rings (1)
12.2.2 V = Vmax = 320 = 226,27 V (3)
rms
2 2
I
12.2.3 Imax Vmax = 320 = 9,14 A Irms max = 9,14 = 6,46 A (4)
R 35 2 2
[13]
QUESTION 13
13.1.1 Y to/na X (1)
13.1.2 Faraday’s Law Electromagnetic Induction
OR Electromagnetic induction/Faraday's Law (1)
13.1.3 Mechanical (kinetic) energy to electrical energy (2)
13.2.1 340 V (1)
13.2.2 Vrms/wgk Vmax/maks = 340 Vrms/wgk = 240,42 V (3)
2 2
13.2.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
2
Vrms V 2 max/maks
Pave / gemid
/ wgk 2
Vrms
V 2 max/maks
R Pave / gemid
/ wgk 2
(240,42) 2 R R 2R
1 600 = R = 36,13 Ω (340) 2
R 1 600 = R = 36,13 Ω (3)
2R [11]
QUESTION 14
14.1 Slip rings (1)
14.2 B (1)
V 312 = 220,62 V
14.3 Vrms/wgk max/maks = (3)
2 2
14.4.1 OPTION 1
2
Vrms 2
Paver / gemid / wgk
= (220,62) = 1216,83 W
R 40
OPTION 2
Vrms / wgk
Irms =
R any one
(220,62)
=
40
= 5,515
Pave = I2rmsR
= (5,515)2(40)
= 1216,61 W
OR
Pave = VrmsIrms = (220,62)(5,515) = 1216,72 W (3)
14.4.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
V Pave = VrmsIrms
Imax = max/maks
R 1 216,83 = 220,62 Irms
Irms = 5,515 A Any one
312
= I
Irms = max/maks
40
2
= 7,8 A
I
5,515 = max/maks ∴ Imax = 7,8 A
2 (4)
[12]
QUESTION 15
15.1.1 DC (1)
15.1.2 Emf is induced as a result of the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil. (2)
15.1.3
OR
Output voltage (V)
QUESTION 2
2.1 The minimum energy needed to emit an electron from (the surface of) a metal. (2)
2.2
(4)
2.3
(4)
2.4.1 Increasing the intensity does not change the energy / frequency / wavelength of the incident photons.
OR: The energy of a photon remains unchanged (for the same frequency). (1)
2.4.2 Increases (1)
2.4.3 More photons/packets of energy strike the surface of the metal per unit time. Hence more (photo)
electrons ejected per unit time leading to increased current. (2)
[14]
QUESTION 3
3.1.1 The particle nature of light. (1)
3.1.2 Shorter wavelength means higher photon energy.
Photon energy is inversely proportional to wavelength ( E hc ).
For the same metal, kinetic energy is proportional to photon energy. (2)
3.2.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
34 c = fλ 3 x 108 = fo(330 x 10-9)
c (6,63 10 )(3 10 )
8
Wo h = fo = 9,09 x 1014 Hz
330 10 9 W o = hfo for both equations
= (6,63 x 10-34)( 9,09 x 107)
W o = 6,03 x 10-19 J = 6,03 x 10-19 J (4)
3.2.2 OPTION 1
E = W o + Ek
hf = hfo + Ek
Any one
hf = hfo + ½ mv2
2
E = W o + ½ mv
(6,63 x 10-34)( 1,2 x1015) = (6,03 x 10-19) + ½(9,11 x 10-31)v2 v= 6,5 x 105 m·s-1
OPTION 2
EK = Elight – W o Any one
= hflight – hfo
= (6,63 x 10-34)( 1,2 x1015) - 6,03 x 10-19 = 1,926 x 10-19 J (5)
EK = ½mv2 ∴ 1,926 x 10-19 = ½ (9,11 x 10-31)v2 ∴v = 6,5 x 105 m∙s-1 [12]
QUESTION 4
4.1 It is the process whereby electrons are ejected from a metal surface when light of suitable frequency
is incident/shines on it. (2)
4.2
Graph of Ek(max) vs
•
6
4
•
Ek(max) x (10 -19 J)
2 •
•
0
1 2 3 4 5
-2
-4
(5)
5.5 The photocurrent is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light. (2)
[12]
QUESTION 6
6.1.1 Light has a particle nature. (1)
6.1.2 Remains the same.
For the same colour/ frequency/wavelength the energy of the photons will be the same.
(The brightness causes more electrons to be released, but they will have the same maximum kinetic
energy.)
OR Maximum kinetic energy of ejected photo-electrons is independent of intensity of radiation. (2)
6.1.3 E = W 0 + Ek OR hf = hf0 + Ek OR hf = hf0 + ½ mv2 OR E = W 0 + ½ mv2
QUESTION 10
10.1.1 (Line) emission (spectrum) (1)
10.1.2 (Line) absorption (spectrum ) (1)
10.2.1 Emission (1)
10.2.2 Energy released in the transition from E4 to E2 = E4 – E2
E4 – E2 = (2,044 x 10-18 – 1,635 x 10-18) = 4,09 x 10-19 J
E = hf 4,09 x 10-19 = (6,63 x 10-34)f f = 6,17 x 1014 Hz (4)
10.2.3 E = W o + Ek(max) OR hf = hfo + Ek(max) OR hf = hfo + ½ mv2 OR E = W o + ½ mv2
4,09 x 10 = (6,63 x 10 )(4,4 x 10 ) + Ek(max) Ek(max) = 1,17 x 10-19 J
-19 -34 14
OR
Ek(max) = Elight – W o Any one
= hflight – hfo
= (6,63 x 10-34)( 6,17 x1014) - (6,63 x 10-34)(4,4 x 1014) = 1,17 x 10-19 J (4)
10.2.4 No
The threshold frequency is greater than the frequency of the photon.
OR: The frequency of the photon is less than the threshold frequency.
OR: Energy of the photon is less than the work function of the metal. (2)
[13]
QUESTION 11
11.1.1 Greater than
Electrons are ejected from the metal plate. (2)
11.1.2 Increase in intensity implies that, for the same frequency, the number of photons per second increases
(ammeter reading increases), but the energy of the photons stays the same. Therefore the
statement is incorrect.
OR An increase in energy of photons only increases kinetic energy of the photoelectrons and not the
number of photoelectrons, thus the ammeter reading will not change. (2)
11.1.3 Light has a particle nature. (1)
11.2.1 The minimum frequency needed for the emission of electrons from the surafce of a metal. (2)
11.2.2 W o = hfo
= (6,63 x 10-34)(5,73 x 1014)
= 3,8 x 10-19 J (3)
11.2.3 E = W o + Ek(max) OR hf = hfo + Ek(max) OR hf = hfo + ½ mv2 OR E = W o + ½ mv2
(6,63 x 10-34)f = 3,8 x 10-19 + [½(9,11 10-31)(4,19 x 105)2]
f = 9,94 x 1014 Hz (3)
[13]
QUESTION 12
12.1 The minimum energy needed to eject electrons from the surface of a certain metal. (2)
12.2 (Maximum) kinetic energy of the ejected electrons (1)
12.3 Wavelength/Frequency (of light) (1)
12.4 Silver
According to Photoelectric equation, hf = W o + ½ mv2
(For a given constant frequency), as the work function increases the kinetic energy decreases.
Silver has the smallest kinetic energy and hence the highest work function. (3)
12.5 2 c
hf = W o + ½mv max/maks OR h = W o + Ek(max/maks)
-34 8
(6,63 × 10 )(3 × 10 )
= W o + 9,58 × 10 -18
2 × 10 - 8
9,945 x10-18 = W o + 9,58 x 10-18
W o = 3,65 x 10-19 J (4)
12.6 Remains the same
Increasing intensity increases number of photons (per unit time), but frequency stays
constant and energy of photon is the same. Therefore the kinetic energy does not change. (3)
[14]
QUESTION 13
13.1 The minimum energy needed to eject electrons from the surface of a certain metal. (2)
13.2 Potassium / K
fo for potassium is greater than fo for caesium
OR
Work function is directly proportional to threshold frequency (2)
13.3 OPTION 1
c = fλ 3 x 108 = f(5,5 x 10-7) f = 5,45 x 1014 Hz fuv < fo of K(potassium)
Ammeter in circuit B will not show a reading
OPTION 2
34
E = hc = (6,63 10 )(3 10 ) = 3,6164 x 10-19 J
8
5,5 10 7
W o = hfo = (6,63 x 10-34)(5,55 x 1014) = 3,68 x 10-19 J
W o > E or hfo > hf ∴The ammeter will not register a current
OPTION 3
c = foλo
3 x 108 = (5,55 x 1014)λ
λo = 5,41 x 10-7 m
λo(threshold) < λ(incident) ∴ the ammeter will not register a current (3)
13.4 OPTION 1
1 c c
E W0 Ek (max) OR hf hfo mv max 2 OR h =h + EK(max)
2 λ λ 0
(6,63 10 34 )(3 10 8 ) = (6,63 x 10-34)(5,07 x 1014) + Ek(max)
5,5 10 7
EK = 2,55 x 10-20 J (Range: 2,52 x 10-20 – 2,6 x 10-20 J)
OPTION 2
1 c c
E W0 Ek (max) OR hf hfo mv max OR h
2
=h + EK(max)
2 λ λ 0
(6,63 x 10-34)(5,45 x 1014) = (6,63 x 10-34)(5,07 x 1014) + Ek(max)
EK = 2,52 x 10-20 J (Range: 2,52 x 10-20 – 2,6 x 10-20 J) (5)
13.5 Remains the same (1)
[13]
QUESTION 14
14.1 The minimum frequency of light needed to eject electrons from a metal surface. (2)
14.2 OPTION 1/ OPTION 2
c c = fλ Both
E= h 3 x 108 = f(5 x 10-7)
λ 14
f = 6 x 10 Hz
=
(6,63 × 10 -34 )(3 × 10 8 )
E = hf
5 × 10 -7 = (6,63 x 10-34)(6 x 1014)
= 3,98 x 10-19 J = 3,98 x 10-19 J (3)
14.3 OPTION 1
E = W 0 + Ekmax
1 2
hf = W0 + mv max
2
c Any one
h = W 0 + EK(max/maks)
λ
c
h = hf0 + EK(max/maks)
λ
3,98 x 10-19 = (6,63 x 10-34)(5,55 x1014) + EK(max)
EK(max) = 3,0 x10-20 J
EK(max > 0
(The electrons emitted from the metal plate have kinetic energy to move between the plates,
hence the ammeter registers a reading.)
OPTION 2
W o = hfo = (6,63 x 10-34)(5,55 x1014) = 3,68 x 10-19 J
Ephoton > W o
(The energy of the incident photon is greater than the work function of potassium. From the
equation hf = W 0 + EKmax, the ejected photoelectrons will move between the plates, hence the
ammeter registers a reading.) (4)
14.4 The increase in intensity increases the number of photons per second.
Since each photon releases one electron the number of ejected electrons per second increases. (3)
[12]
QUESTION 15
15.1 The process whereby electrons are ejected from a metal surface when light of suitable frequency
is incident/shines on the surface. (2)
15.2 7,48 x 10-19 (J)
E = W 0 + E kmax (= W 0 + ½mv2max)
When Ek = 0, E = W 0 (3)
15.3 Mass (of photo-electron) (1)
15.4 OPTION 1
Gradient = ½m
11,98x 10 -19 - 7,48 x 10 -19
= ½(9,11 x 10-31)
X-0
X = 0,9868 (0,99 or 9,87)
OPTION 2
E = W 0 + ½mv2max
11,98 x 10-19 = 7,48 x 10-19 + ½(9,11 x 10-31) v2 [or ½(9,11 x 10-31)X]
4,5 x 10-19 = 4,56 x 10-31v2
v2 = 0,9868 x 1012
X = 0,9868 (0,99) (5)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Department of Basic Education, National Senior Certificate Physical Sciences Question Papers, 2014 – 2019,
Pretoria