Aonvspon 12497647249553 Phpapp01
Aonvspon 12497647249553 Phpapp01
Table of content
1. Basic facts 3
2.1. Bandwidth 6
3. Summary 12
4. Glossary 13
1. Basic facts
The key technical difference between active close as possible, ideally right into the sub-
and passive access technology is that a passive scribers’ houses and apartments. This FTTH-
splitter is used for passive optical networks. solution is technically the best option with
The splitter is basically a kind of multi-mirror respect to the transmission quality and the
that distributes the optical signal for the bandwidth.
subscriber line to fibre optic routes without any
electrical current (which is why it is called
passive). 1.1. Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
The first active optical access networks used As regards the core network, the first network
TDM technology. The first passive optical element of a PON network is the OLT (Optical
networks on the other hand used ATM for voice Line Termination Unit), that provides n x 1 Gbps
and data traffic (APON, BPON, ITU-T Standard and n x 10 Gbps Ethernet interfaces to the core
G.983). Because early PON systems could network and the PON interfaces to the sub-
already transmit a TV broadcast signal on a scriber. The PON types used here today are
separate wavelength in the optical spectrum, usually Ethernet-PON (EPON), Gigabit-PON
simultaneously to the voice-data signal, they (GPON) or Gigabit-Ethernet-PON (GEPON).
were popular in cable TV networks. The Ethernet technology is the common denomina-
topologies of PON and CATV networks are also tor in all these technologies. Nowadays,
very similar to one another, so existing cable EPON installations tend to occur more in the
lines, or ducts can be used and costs saved in Far East and GPON more in the USA and
the network rollout. The objective of both Europe. Consequently, we will be looking at
PON and AON is to get the fibre optics as the GPON-type (ITU-Standard G.984) below.
ket
Line OLT) Pac twork
ical ( Ne
Opt ination
r m
Te
l
tica
s i v e opter
Pas Split ork
l N etw ion
ica nat
Opt Termi NT)
(O ode
essN
Acc
Figure 1: Subscriber line in a PON
et
ern
GPON’s current standard can provide a maxi- al Eth
Optic wor
k
mum of 2.5 Gbps towards the subscriber l Net tion
i c a a
(downlink) and 1.25 Gbps towards the core Opt Termin NT)
(O
network (uplink) per PON interface on the OLT.
To the subscriber, a passive splitter, that is
Figure 2: Subscriber line in an AON
either fitted to an outdoor cabinet in a colloca-
tion room, or in the end subscriber’s premises, This type of AN can be designed differently,
multiplies the signal on the fibre optics into n depending on specifications. Usually Metro-
optical subscriber branches. In other words, Ethernet-Switches, IP-Edge routers or Multi-
the network structure is a point-to-multipoint Service Access Nodes (MSANs) with optical
structure (PMP). The structure is similar to a Ethernet interfaces are used in this case. The
tree, colloquially called a PON tree, or a twig or fibre optics can be terminated by an ONT here
branch is referred to in the subscriber access too, but also by any Ethernet switch or IP router
line (see figure 1). with an optical uplink interface. If the last mile
In an FTTH network architecture, subscriber to the subscriber is to be bridged using copper
access is implemented using optical network wire, DSLAMs or other MSANs are used. When
termination (ONT) that terminates the optical MSANs are used, both copper and optical lines
signal and converts it into one or more electri- can be used for the last mile from the same
cal interfaces, such as for example 100BaseTx, access node.
POTS, ISDN or Coax. If copper wire is used for
the last mile, an optical network unit (ONU) can
be used instead of the optical network termina-
tion in the PON, which then provides interfaces
such as POTS, ISDN or DSL. In this case, the
network architecture is a Fibre-to-the-Curb
(FTTC) connection.
All PON subscribers receive the same optical
signal at the end of the fibre optics. The
personal allocation of data is carried out via a
time multiplex procedure, i.e. each subscriber
receives their own time slot to transmit and
receive. Synchronisation of the right user time
slot is carried out in the ONT.
ket T tter ON
U MDF
Pac t OL
Curb
Spli
ne
MDU
ket
Pac twork DN
ne S/IS plus s
OLT
POTDSL2
A
s e hold
ket tter
Ho u pe
rk ty
Pac t OLT Spli
ne
ON
U NT
w o
Net
U
ON
ket E
Pac twork
ne lus
L2p L2
NT FTT
NT
OLT DN ADS VDS NT
ase
FX S/IS plus
00B POTDSL2VDSL2 B
nx
10
r
A
NT FTT
tte
Spli
tter
Spli C
s
Gbp s ON
T FTT
2,5 Gbp
w n linkk 1,25
Do Uplin H Copper double pair
ON
T FTT Optical fibre
H
FTT
As figure 3 and 4 show, PON and AON can be last mile with copper wire. For PON this can
used to implement all network topologies, be implemented directly from the OLT, or in
starting with Fibre-to-the-Exchange (FTTE), to AON from the access node. Optical Network
Fibre-to-the-Curb (FTTC), Fibre-to-the-Building Units (ONUs), or DSL Access Multiplexers
(FTTB) and Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH). (DSLAMs) can be integrated to provide the
POTS or ISDN interfaces for telephony and
Both technologies have to take the fibre optics
various DSL types for High-Speed Internet (HSI).
to the end subscriber, but can also bridge the
ket
Pac work CO
net
ket et
ern h AN
MDF
Pac work Eth Switc
net
Curb
MDU
ket et AN
Pac work ern h
Eth Switc DN
S/IS plus
net
s
hold
POTDSL2
A
u s e e
Ho k typ
ket
Pac work
net NT
w o r
Net
AN
AM
ket et DSL
Pac work ern h E
net Eth Switc
AN lus
L2p L2
NT FTT
NT
AN DN ADS VDS NT
seF
X S/IS plus
0Ba POTDSL2VDSL2 B
nx
100 A
NT FTT
C
link
own bps ON
T FTT
li n k/D100 M
Up ≥
H Copper double pair
ON
T FTT Optical fibre
H
FTT
Despite the obvious aspects both technologies PON and AON technology is so widespread
have in common, there are variations inherent and changing from one to the other is costly,
in the systems that affect operations, costs and operators should be aware of all the facts. The
the value they provide differently. Because main differences are shown below.
ADSL2plus
The following table compares PON and AON
[km] 1 2 3 4 5 6 transmission bandwidth.
Source: DSL Forum, FTTx Summit 2007, Munich
To sum up, the PON network’s predefined Nowadays, the Triple Play offerings, imple-
topology makes individual changes more mented via copper wire often consist of two
difficult. By terminating all the fibre optics at television channels with standard resolution
the OLT, i.e. the same fibre optic topology as in (SDTV), a high-speed Internet connection
the AON (point-to-point), this disadvantage can (>3 Mbps) and at least one POTS or ISDN
be overcome. Therefore, for future-proof telephone connection. The current state of the
infrastructure investment, reliable point-to- art is that network operators are planning
point fibre optics technology should always be approx. 15 Mbps downlink capacity.
considered.
In the future the end customer will be demand-
ing high definition TV (HDTV). Two simultane-
2.2. Security and quality of services ous TV channels will mean an unacceptable
restriction for a family of four in the long term.
An aspect in public networks that is regaining Furthermore, currently ADSL 16 Mbps Internet
importance is Quality-of-Service (QoS), which access is already being marketed to private
considering today‘s financial restraints is often customers and including n telephone lines.
forced to take a back seat. At the dawn of the Online gaming – in the Far East popular for
ADSL rollout, the majority of services offered years – is also looking promising in Europe. In
took a best effort approach, i.e. the data this case, top rates of 50 Mbps per subscriber
channel guaranteed neither a minimum band- line could easily be reached. Today, standard
width, nor any other quality features worth VDSL2 access would not be able to cope.
mentioning. As today however, Triply Play
services (telephony, data and TV down one The scenario described above indicates what
single line) are already transmitted to the the private consumer will look like in the near
subscriber, QoS applies more than ever. When future. If such a scenario appears exaggerated,
surfing the Web, short delays of 1 – 2 seconds, we only have to recall the situation 10 years
e.g. when clicking on a link, do not really ago when modern end customers still used
matter. During a phone call, this level of delay 56 kbps dial-up modems to read e-mails, for
is however completely unacceptable. When sending faxes and for home banking. In
watching TV, it is also no fun if the picture comparison to today’s standard 3.5 Mbps ADSL
freezes before a goal is scored. As a result, the connection, the bandwidth has increased
Triple Play services must be clearly separate 62-fold! Special requirements from business
and allocated priority. customers, or demands for the backhaul of
sub-networks, server connections or high
Although theoretically unlimited bandwidth is performance IT applications would easily
available in a fibre optic line, QoS not be exceed these quality specifications and require
forgotten. Not all QoS aspects can be even greater high quality performance.
responded to with bandwidth and neither PON
nor AON can really provide unlimited band-
width.
2.3. Business case aspects ogy is used), it sometimes takes more than 10
years.
Using fibre optic cable promises virtually
unlimited bandwidths, however the network Nevertheless, depending on the application
operator only ever has just the copper wire line and conditions at the time, business cases vary
in the last mile. That means that if the DSL greatly, depending on whether passive or
technology is no longer adequate, new optical active access technology is used for an FTTH
cables must always be laid. rollout. The main differences in investment
costs (capital expenses, CAPEX) and operating
The high investment costs of this infrastructure, costs (operational expenses, OPEX) are com-
combined with telecommunications providers’ pared with one another below.
falling revenue at the same time, mean it is
often difficult to put a business case to inves-
tors and network providers’ management
boards. Nowadays the ICT industry is spoilt
with returns on investment of 1 – 3 years. But
when expanding FTTH and FTTC networks,
(regardless of whether PON or AON technol-
2.4. Flexibility and scope for usage ences. Apart from technological differences,
there are further differences between the two
Previous findings in the comparison of AON optical access technologies, depending on the
and PON have already highlighted key differ- operator’s business strategy.
AON PON Assessment
Suitability for connecting up housing estates (green field)
Satisfactory Good PON’s advantage
The requirements for rolling out active The fibre optic infrastructure is simpler. Because of the lower requirements, a
networks are higher. The requirements for passive splitters PON network can be installed more
in outdoor cabinets are low (no power quickly and cheaply.
needed, no problems with heat/cold).
Level of suitability for connecting large-scale/business customers
Very good Poor AON’s advantage
In this case advantages on flexibility, se- The customers in a PON tree are all Requirements from bulk customers are
curity and performance really pay out. treated the same. Individual features always special, PON network concepts
A router or switch can be used as an can only be implemented at protocol tend to be more static. Therefore, in
optical network termination to separate level above layer 3. this case the active approach is a lot
services. better.
Level of suitability to provide telephony and high-speed Internet (HIS) at the same time
Good Good Undecided
No major restrictions. No major restrictions. From a technical point of view, both
PON and AON can be used here with-
out any problems.
Level of suitability to provide telephony, HSI and television (Triple Play) at the same time
Good Satisfactory AON’s advantage
For transmitting n HDTV channels, AON PON does have the advantage that An optical network rollout is a long
can also mobilise enough bandwidth some systems are capable of transmit- term investment. If we assume that
reserves. ting analogue TV (similar to a CATV HDTV will be the standard format in
network), however the usual bandwidth the future, active networks have the
for broadcasting several HDTV channels upper hand, due to their high levels of
might not be sufficient. bandwidth reserves.
Suitability to provide additional services
Good Poor AON’s advantage
AON technology can be adapted to The range of specialised terminal The requirements for additional and
suit individual requirements. equipment is very limited because of possibly new services when designing
dependency on manufacturers. The a new network are often not specified
rather inflexible bandwidth manage- to the last detail. PON's limits could
ment, based on TDM procedures, is a significantly inhibit business cases in the
disadvantage. future.
Flexibility of usages as regards optical network termination
Good Poor AON’s advantage
As AON uses standardised Ethernet Today there is no real interoperability In this case, the operator of an AON
interfaces, a variety of different devices between rival PON technologies, even network can act more flexibly and make
can be used for network termination. within the same PON technology. use of real price savings. When using
Operators are forced to purchase the feature-rich IP equipment instead of
ONTs and ONUs from the OLT supplier an ONT, the provider can expand his
(dependency). range of services by leasing addi-
tional features (additional VPNs, hosted
PBX…)
Ranges (max. length of the subscriber access line)
Very good Good AON’s advantage
Maximum of about 70 km without Up to 20 km depending on passive Optical components can be selected
repeaters. splitter. individually
Backhaul of sub-networks and network elements
Good Poor AON’s advantage
A normal AN subscriber interface can A PON interface board can only be As an active access node is similar to an
also be used for backhaul jobs (e.g. of a used for implementing PON trees. Ethernet switch in the way it works and
DSLAM, radio equipment etc). provides standard Ethernet interfaces,
it can also be used for various backhaul
jobs.
3. Summary
Finally we should not forget that a generic customers, multi-dwellings, universities, local
comparison of technologies, such as this one, authorities etc…), as in these cases flexibility,
cannot always apply in all cases. The balance quality and security are demanded. And
can easily shift from one side or the other because of the way they are structured, PON
depending on statutory, commercial or struc- networks struggle to fulfil these requirements.
tural constraints. As standardised ONTs are used, the commer-
cial aspects of supplying households on a large
Basically, passive optical networks are a better
scale should be weighed up too and can
choice for network operators who want to
compete with PON systems.
supply a very large number of subscribers, like
the (previous) network operators who had a Nevertheless, as PON networks are on the
monopoly. These operators tend to aim more increase, it is likely that some of the disadvan-
for the mass and private customer market. In tages of PON listed here will gradually be
this case, PON can throw its commercial eliminated. However some of the inherent
benefits into the balance and at the end of the features of a PON will remain. But one thing is
day compensate for various operational almost certain, the fibre optic based access
disadvantages. network, and therefore end customer products
too, will constantly be upgraded to handle
Active optical technology is more suitable for
more than 50 Mbps. The whole issue is set to
private network operators, that either lay their
stay an exciting one
own fibre optic infrastructure, or use debun-
dled fibre optic lines (Fibre Local Loops).
AON is perfect for high-profit end customer
segments (such as for example business
4. Glossary
Abbreviation Description Abbreviation Description
100BaseTx 100Mbit/s Ethernet, copper interface ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
3G Third generation of the mobile telephony ITU-T International Telecommunication Union,
standard Telecommunication Standardisation
Sector
4G Fourth generation of the mobile te-
lephony standard LTE Long Term Evolution
ADSL Asymmetrical DSL MDF Main Distribution Frame
AN Access node MDU Multi Dwelling Unit
AON Active Optical Network MSAN Multi-Service Access Node
APON ATM PON NMS Network Management System
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode OLT Optical Line Termination
BPON Broadband PON ONT Optical Network Termination
CaTV Cable television P(A)BX Private (Automatic) Branch Exchange
CO Central Office PMP Point-to-Multipoint
DSL Digital Subscriber Line PON Passive Optical Network
DSLAM DSL Access Multiplexer POTS Plain Old Telephony Service
EFM Ethernet First Mile PTP Point-to-Point
EPON Ethernet PON QoS Quality of Service
FTTC Fiber-to-the-Curb SAL Subscriber access line
FTTE Fiber-to-the-Exchange SDTV Standard Definition TV
FTTH Fiber-to-the-Home TDM Time Division Multiplex
GEPON Gigabit Ethernet PON VDSL Very high-speed Digital Subscriber Line
GPON Gigabit PON WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access
HDTV High Definition TV
ICT Information Communication Technology
IP Internet Protocol
IPTV Television over IP
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