Chapter 2 - Revi

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains related literature, which and classified as conceptual literature and
related studies. The topics selected are the guide in formulating the discussion related to
the present study.
2.1 Conceptual Literature
Smoking is one of the most dangerous widespread phenomena that threatens lives of a
huge number of people worldwide. It starts as a way of having fun, but ends as an addiction
that is therefore so difficult to give up. Today, we often hear of “smoking among students”.
So why do students smoke and what effects smoking has on them?
There are many reasons behind the phenomenon of smoking among students. To start
with, students smoke because they are curious and want to discover the world of those
who smoke. They are just trying to have some fun when they smoke the first cigarette.
Other students take up smoking due to the family problems, especially when they see their
parents fighting together. So why do students smoke and what effects smoking has on
them?
There are many reasons behind the phenomenon of smoking among students. To start
with, students smoke because they are curious and want to discover the world of those
who smoke. They are just trying to have some fun when they smoke the first cigarette.
Other students take up smoking due to the family problems, especially when they see their
parents having quarrels. Moreover, some students smoke since they think a cigarette would
relieve stress they had during the day, especially at school. Last but not least,
students try to imitate adult smokers because they want to show that they are adults, too.
If we look at the consequences of smoking, we will find so many. Smoking causes cancer. As
a result, the addict students would suffer from health problems that end in death. Another
effect is that after certain years, the addict would develop respiratory problems and will
face a lot of problems in running without losing breath. So, asthma, bronchitis, and
emphysema are always a lingering threat. One more important effect of smoking is that it
causes a lot of anger for the addict. Whenever they lack cigarettes, they start reacting
angrily and strangely.
To sum up, smoking is an ongoing threatening danger for addicts and might affect the next
generation.
The main substance use to do smoking is the tobacco or cigarette.Tobacco is the common
name of several plants in the Nicotiana genus and the Solanaceae (nightshade) family, and
the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of the tobacco plant.
More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the chief commercial crop is N. tabacum.
The more potent variant N. rustica is also used around the world.
2.2 Related Studies
The researchers used this related studies as a comparison and guidance to their current
research paper.Here are the following related studies.
Cigarette smoking, hereafter referred to as “smoking,” is the largest single risk factor for
premature death in developed countries. According to Andrew W. Bergen

et.al(1999)Cigarette smoking is the largest preventable risk factor for morbidity and
mortality in developed countries. In United States, the number of men who engage in
smoking are reducing, while women who smoked are decreasing, eventhough the number
of women smokers are decreasing the current smoking levels to approximately one quarter
of adult population are reduces and because of that the differences in smoking prevalence
and smoking-attributable diseases between the sexes was also decreasing. And based to
the current smoking in United States , the smokers was usually younger age, lower income,
reduced educational achievement, and also those who lived in disadvantaged
neighborhood environment. Daily smokers will smoke cigarettes to maintain their brain's
nicotine levels, that can make their day stressless and has a good mood. The causes of
smoking was usually associated demographics, social factors, comorbid psychiatric
conditions, and genetic factors to understand this complex human behavior. Ehsan Taheri
et.al,Tobacco consumption is the second major cause of death and the fourth most
common risk factor for diseases, worldwide. Epidemiologic studies have traced the use of
alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances among medical students and physicians.
According to Joan Cheruiyot,et.al(2013),the causes to become smokers in adolescence
remain unclear. Some of the factors on engaging smoking was being identified, but the
extent of its influence still obscure, the extent of influence of the identified factors when
teens are group according to gender and use group of 13 to 16 years old versus 17-19 years
of age.
Helena B. Florendo(2014), observed that most of the smokers have a high level of
anxiety. The anxiety can be related to the developmental stage in starting smoking in just
one cigarette consumed per day. (Doss, 1998), conclude that there are some harmful
chemicals that can affect our body and our health condition, that we can get from cigarette
smoking. Smoking cigarette can kill people in just 5 to 20 minutes, and cigarette smoking
killed almost 10 million smokers.
Allison,et.al(1999), give the other causes of adolescent substance use, the most
extensive cause of cigarette smoking is the familial and peer context. And the other causes
of smoking is the school and neighborhood setting. But the advantaged of school setting is
that, It can provide educational services to the students who share similar educational
abilities and behavioral repertoires. The neighborhood resources, including for substance
use and drug sales involvement, has a big contribution to adolescent cigarette smoking.
Best,et.al(1984), the social‐influences program was designed to teach youth about peer,
parent, and media influences affecting smoking onset and to provide them with skills in
resisting these influences. Social‐models risk showed a direct relationship, with greater risk
being associated with greater program impact. Implications both for evaluation research
and prevention programs are discussed.
Santos(2010), In the current years, the target of cigarette is the young people, among
Filipino youth aged 13-15 years, 3 out of 10 was the users of cigarettes. According to World
Health Organization(WHO), tobacco kills is no very relevant to young smokers, who believe
themselves to be immortal. By the time they understand the health risks are ready to quit
smoking, addiction has taken hold.
One of the school of Bayugan City Divison, there are many students who engage in cigarette
smoking particularly the senior high school, in the different related studies discussed above,
there are many reasons why students smoked cigarette. In connection to the researchers
study, they will now investigate those students who engage in cigarette smoking on what
are there reasons on engaging cigarette smoking. Is it desame to the reasons discussed to
the different related studies?

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5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

the present study.

2.1 Conceptual Literature

So why do students smoke and what effects smoking has on them?

angrily and strangely.

2.2 Related Studies

research paper.Here are the following related studies.

premature death in developed countries. According to Andrew W. Bergen

reduced educational achievement, and also those who lived in disadvantaged

smoking was usually associated demographics, social factors, comorbid psychiatric

According to Joan Cheruiyot,et.al(2013),the causes to become smokers in adolescence

killed almost 10 million smokers.

and prevention programs are discussed.

smoking, addiction has taken hold.

the different related studies?

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