TIMBER

Building Constrction And Materails

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TIMBER AND WOOD

TIMBER

The term ‘timber’ is used to refer to WOOD

the wood at any stage after the tree
has been felled. This can include the r
aw material, also known as rough
timber or the processed material. The term ‘wood’ is used to refer to
the substance that makes up the tre
Timber typically refers to sawn e. It is the hard, fibrous structural tis
wood products that will be used in sue that is commonly found in the ste
construction, such as floorboards. ms and roots of trees. The primary fu
'Timbers' may refer specifically to nction of wood is to support the tre
timber beams or boards used in hous e, enabling it to grow straight and ta
e building. ll enough to be able to absorb sunlig
ht for photosynthesis. Wood also en
ables the transfer of water and nutrie
nts to growing tissues and leaves.
SOURCES OF TIMBER
In the context of timber and man-made boards
, the original source is a tree. Trees are grow
n all over the world - some are for timber pro
duce, and others could be for paper. They ca
n be categorised as hardwood and softwood.
Hardwood trees take a long time to grow, aro
und 60 years (sometimes up to 100). Hardwo
ods include ash, balsa, beech, mahogany and
oak. Softwood trees take around half the time
, 25 to 30 years and include larch, pine and s
pruce. As trees are felled, it is important to p
lant new ones so that the timber source is sus
tainable.
 SEASONING OF TIMBER
Seasoning is the process of drying timber to remove the bound moisture contained in
walls of the wood cells to produce seasoned timber. Seasoning can be achieved in a
number of ways, but the aim is to remove water at a uniform rate through the piece to
prevent damage to the wood during drying (seasoning degrade).

Seasoned timber tends to have superior dimensional stability than unseasoned timber
and is much less prone to warping and splitting in service. In higher grades of timber,
particularly hardwoods, the process of seasoning can enhance the basic characteristic
properties of timber, increasing stiffness, bending strength and compression strength
.

TYPE OF SEASONING OF TIMBER:

(i) Natural seasoning.
(ii) Artificial seasoning
 NATURAL SEASONING:
It can be air seasoning or water seasoning. Air seasoning is done in the shed with a pla
tform. As shown in below fig, wooden piles are stacked on platforms approximately 30
0 mm high.
Care is taken to see that there is proper air circulation around each wooden hair. Over
a period, the moisture content decreases in a natural process.
A well-seasoned wood contains only 15% moisture. It is slow but has a good seasonin
g process.
Water is sprayed on the banks of rivers. The thick end of the wood is placed, pointing
upwards. After a period of 2 to 4 weeks, the wood is taken out.
During this period, the sap contained in the wood is largely washed away. The wood is
then stalked in a shed with free air circulation.
ARTIFICIAL SEASONING

There Are Different Ways of Seasoning:

(A) Boiling Seasoning:
(b) Kiln Masala Seasoning:
(c) Chemical Seasoning:
(d) Electrical Seasoning:
 ARTIFICIAL SEASONING
(a) Boiling Seasoning:
In this method, the wood is immersed in water, and then the water is boiled for 3 to 4 hours
.
It is then slowly dried. Hot steam can be circulated on wood instead of boiling water. proces
s of
The spice is sharp but expensive.

(b) Kiln Masala Seasoning:

The kiln is an airtight chamber. The seamed timber is placed inside it. Again
Fully saturated air with a temperature of 35 ° C to 38 ° C is forced into the kiln. Heat slowly
The kiln used may be stationary or progressive. Carts moving from one end of the wood kiln t
o the other end in the progressive kiln are gradually eliminated.
Hot air is supplied from the discharging end so that the temperature rise is gradual from the
charging end to the discharging end. This method is extensively used to make spices.
 ARTIFICIAL SEASONING
(c) Chemical Seasoning:
In this method, the wood is immersed in a suitable salt solution.
The wood is then dried in the kiln. Initial treatment by chemical seasoning ensures uniform spi
cing of the outer and inner parts of the wood.

(d) Electrical Seasoning:

In this method, a high-frequency alternating current is passed through the wood. The resista
nce to electric current is low when the moisture content in the wood is high.
Reduced moisture content reduces resistance. A measure of resistance may be used to prev
ent spice at the appropriate level.
However, it is expensive to process. This technique has not been attempted in some plywoo
d industries but on large scale wood spices.
QUALITIES OF GOOD TIMBER
Characteristics of Good Timber
A timber is said to be good based on the following characteristics
:

• Durability • Fire resistance

• Strength • Mechanical wear
• Permeability • Appearance
• Hardness • Colour
• Toughness • Shape
• Elasticity • Smell
• Workability • Sound
• Weight
• Structure
• Defects
 FORMS OF TIMBER
Timber can be divided into two categories - hardwoods and softwoods. The
re are many types of timber under these two categories. They are-
• Bamboo • Pine
• Birch • Plywood
• Cedar • Sapele Wood
• Cherry • Tulipwood
• Cross-laminated • Walnut
• Glulam • Wood Ash
• Green Timber • Spruce
• Lime • Fir
• Mahogany
• Oak
FORMS OF TIMBER
DEFECTS IN TIMBER DURING GROWTH
Knots: Knots are the most common defects caused due to natural forces. During the growth of a tree, bra
nches close to the ground or lower branches die. Bases of those branches remain in the tree as the trees
grow. These bases may create imperfection known as knots.

Types of Knots: Knots are of two types.

Dead knots: The remains of damaged branches after drying out they become loose and fall out.
Live knots: They are sound and firm. If small, are not great of a defect.

Live knots are usually not a problem as they remain firmly attached to the timber. But in dead knots, they ar
e loosely attached and reduce strength. Knots decrease the strength of the wood and thus lower its value
for structural uses. Knots cause serious defects when the load is perpendicular to the grains.

Twist: Twist in timber rotates the ends of the timber in opposite directions. The main reason behind this de
fect is twisting of the trees by the strong wind.
DEFECTS IN TIMBER DURING GROWTH
Shakes: Shakes are timber defects that occur around the annual ring or growth ring of a timber. In other w
ords, cracks or splits in the woods are called shakes.

It may or may not be a structural problem depending upon depth and use. The main problem is aesthetic. W
here the appearance is important, shakes are undesirable.

Types of shakes: Shakes can be classified into three main categories:-

Star Shakes: This type of shake starts propagating from the bark towards the sapwood and sometimes eve
n towards the heartwood along the lines of medullary rays. Cracks are wider on the outer edge or bark and
narrower on the inside (usually sapwood, sometimes heartwood). The main reasons behind star shakes are e
xtreme heat or frosting during the growth of the trees and rapid or uneven seasoning after cutting off the t
imber. Extreme heat or frost causes temperature difference, which causes shrinkage leading to the crack.
Cup and/or Ring Shakes: Cup shakes follow the annual growth ring. It is capable to separate the growth rin
g partially or completely. When the crack separates the annual ring completely, it is called ring shakes. So,
all ring shakes are cup shakes, but all cup shakes are not a ring shape. Excessive frost action is the main re
ason for this type of crack.
Heart Shakes: Unlike star shakes, heart shakes starts propagating from the pith to the sapwood along the l
ines of medullary rays. Shrinkage of the interior part of the timber causes this crack.
Defects in Timber during growth
Rind Galls: THe meaning of rind is bark and gall is abnormal growth. So abnormal growth of the bark of the t
rees is called rind galls. Improper cutting of branches causes this abnormal growth. Wood from this portion
of the timber lacks strength and desirable in structure.

Upsets: Upsets in various wood indicate that the tree was subjected to crushing or compression. Imprope
r felling of trees, heavy wind blowing during the young age of the tree these are the main reasons behind th
is type of defect.
DEFECTS IN TIMBER AFTER FALLING
DEFECTS DUE TO FUNGI

The attack of timber by fungi when moisture content of timber is above 20% and presence of
air and warmth for the growth of fungi the following defects are caused
Blue stain: Sap of wood is stained to bluish colour
Brown rot: Decay or disease of timber by removal of cellulose compounds from wood and wo
od assumes the brown colour
Dry rot: Convert the wood into dry powder form
Heart rot: This is formed when branch has come out of a tree and the tree becomes weak an
d gives out hallow sound when struck with a hammer
Sap stain: The sap wood looses its colour because of feed on cell contents of sap wood.
Wet rot: Caused chemical decomposition of wood of the timber and timber converts to greyi
sh brown powder known as wet rot.
White rot: Attack lignin of wood and wood assumes the appearance of white mass.
 DEFECTS IN TIMBERS AFTER FALLING

DEFECTS DUE TO INSECTS

Beetles: Small insects form holes of size about 2mm diameter and attack sap wood of all species of hard woods.
Tunnels are formed in all directions in sapwood by the larvae of these beetles and converted into fine flour like po
wder. They do not disturb outer cover and looks sound.
Marine borers: These make holes or bore tunnels in wood for taking shelter. The wood attacked by marine borers l
oses colour and strength
Termites: White ants are very fast in eating away the wood from the core of the cross section. They make tunnels i
nside in different directions and usually donot disturb the outer shell or cover
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLYWOOD AND VENEER

PLYWOOD

Plywood is a type of manufactured wood VENEER

panel. It is made by gluing together ply
wood layers, also called veneers. These
veneers are glued together with adjacen
t plies having their wood grain at right a Veneer, on the other hand, refers to thin
ngles to each other. Veneer, on the oth slices of wood that are practically peeled
er hand, refers to thin slices of wood th of the wood. The slices are usually less t
at are practically peeled of the wood. T han 3 mm (1/8 inch) thick. The thin slices
he slices are usually less than 3 mm (1/ can then be glued together to create eit
8 inch) thick. her laminated wood or plywood. Plywood
typically consists of three or more layers
of veneer.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BLOCKBOARDS AND PARTICLE BOARDS

BLOCKBOARDS

Blockboard consists of a core made of PARTICLE BOARDS

wooden strips or blocks, placed edge t
o edge between two layers of plywood,
which are then glued together under hig
h pressure. Generally, softwood is used Particle board is made by compressing w
in blockboards. ood chips with glue. In flat-pressed parti
cle board, the chips are mainly parallel to
the surface. The chips in the surface layer
are thinner than those in the middle layer,
so the surface of the particle board is de
nser and more compact than the middle.
 THANK YOU!
SUBMITTED TO: AR.SHIVDAYAL SINGH

SUBMITTED BY: ANISH KUMAR TIWARI

19/BARCH/9108
IIIRD SEM
BATCH 2019
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS

DOOR AND WINDOWS

CASE STUDY ON DOOR AND WINDOWS
CONTENT 01
DOORS
Definition
Parts
Site Doors

02 SITE DOORS VIEWS

Elevation
Section
Perspective

03 WINDOWS
Definition
Parts
Site Windows

04 SITE WINDOW VIEWS

Elevation
Section
Perspective
DOORS
Definition Parts Site Doors
DEFINATION
A door is a hinged or otherwise movable barrier that allows ingress into and egress from an
enclosure. The opening in the wall is a doorway or portal. A door's essential and primary purpose
is to provide security by controlling access to the doorway.

The definition of a door is a movable structure used for opening and closing an entrance or for
giving access to something.
 PARTS OF DOOR
Top Rail – The Top Rail Is The Horizontal Piece That Sits Across The Very Top Of The Door.

Freeze Rail - Similar To The Top Rail, Except It Sits Horizontally Across The Next Divide Down
Between The Panels On The Door. This Is Often At Eye Height And Not All Doors Have A
Cross Rail. This Is Sometimes Known As Cross Rail.

Middle Rail – Sits Horizontally Across The Middle Of The Door. Not All Doors Have A Middle
Rail.

Bottom Rail – Sits Horizontally Across The Very Bottom Of The Door.

Stiles – This Is The Collective Name For The Vertical Components That Sit On The Outside
Edge Of A Door.

Lock Stile – This Is The Vertical Edge Of The Door Which Sits On The Opposite Side Of The
Door To The Hinges, And Contains The Lock Or Latch.

Panel – The Panels, Which May Be Timber Or Glass, Are What Fill The Frame Formed By The
Stiles And Rails Of A Door.
 PARTS OF DOOR
Top Mullion - This Is The Vertical Element Of The Door That Forms A Division Between
Different Panels At The Very Top Of A Door. This Is Sometimes Known As First Mullion.

Mid Mullion - This Is The Vertical Element That Forms A Division Between Panels In The Area
Directly Below The Top Mullion. This Is Sometimes Known As Second Mullion.

Lower Mullion - This Is The Vertical Element That Forms A Division Between Panels In The
Area Directly Below The Mid Mullion. This Is Sometimes Known As Third Mullion.

Moulding – This Is Decorative Detailing That Can Be Used Around The Edge Of The Door
Stiles, Rails And Mullions. It May Be Simple Or Highly Decorative, Such As Crown Moulding.

Frame Or Lining – The Door Frame (External) Or Lining (Internal) Is What The Door Fits Within
And Which Covers The Walls.
 PARTS OF DOOR [FRAME]

Head – The head is the part of the door frame that sits horizontally to form the top of the
frame.

Legs/Jambs – These are the terms commonly used to refer to the vertical components that
form the sides of the door frame.

Stops – The stops are what the door rests against when closed, and are an integral part of
the frame. In the case of door linings these are thin strips of wood that are mounted along
the length of the jambs and head, to serve the same purpose.

Architrave - This refers to the decorative moulding on the outer most edge of the door frame
or lining.

Cill or threshold – This is the bottom portion of an exterior door frame, and is used internally
when transitioning from one floor covering to another.
PARTS OF DOORS
 SITE DOORS
Mainly there are three types of doors is used in the site. They are -

1. Bedroom Doors [Flush Doors]

2. Toilet doors [ACP Doors]

3. Main Entrance Door [Iron Doors]

 SITE DOORS
1. BEDROOM DOORS

Flush Door –

Flush doors are simple door designs that have plain facings on both sides.

Flush doors may have a solid, hollow or stave core. If the core is solid – low density
particle board or foam often being used to fill the space within the door completely –
it may be supplemented with a type of laminate or plywood on each side. Good for
exterior doors as they provide more insulation and strength.

Solid flush doors are, by definition, heavier than the alternatives, but are usually a
more suitable option when their function is to form a passage between two rooms.
 SITE DOORS
2 TOILET DOORS

Aluminum Composite Panel Door –

ACP Doors Are Now Most Commonly Used Doors Due To Its Greater Strength
Properties.

Acp Doors Are Water Resistant Hence Suitable To Be Used In Toilets.

They Have A Aluminum Frame In Which Aluminum Composite Panels Are Fitted.
SITE DOORS
3 Main Entrance Door

Iron Door –

The Main Entrance Has Iron Door Which Is Hinged To The Wall.

A Wood Door Can Rot; A Steel-cased, Wood-core Door Can Separate. Iron Entry
Doors Will Outlast The Home Around Them.

Iron Front Doors Are Elegant, Understated And Powerful.

 SITE DOORS VIEWS
Elevation Section Picture
BEDROOM DOOR VIEWS
ELEVATION SECTION
BEDROOM DOOR VIEWS
PICTURE
BATHROOM DOOR VIEWS
ELEVATION SECTION
BATHROOM DOOR VIEWS
PICTURE
MAIN ENTRANCE DOOR VIEWS
ELEVATION SECTION
MAIN ENTRANCE DOOR VIEWS
PICTURE
 WINDOWS
Definition Parts Site Windows
DEFINATION
An Opening Especially In The Wall Of A Building For Admission Of Light And Air That Is Usually
Closed By Casements Or Sashes Containing Transparent Material (Such As Glass) And Capable
Of Being Opened And Shut
 PARTS OF WINDOWS

Frame – A Window Frame Is The Framework That Surrounds And Supports

The Entire Window System. It Is Comprised Of The Head, Jamb And Sill.

Head – The Head Is The Main Horizontal Part Forming The Top Of The
Window Frame.

Jambs – Jambs Are The Main Vertical Parts Forming The Sides Of A Window
Frame.

Sill – A Sill Is The Main Horizontal Part Forming The Bottom Of The Frame Of
A Window.

Jamb Liner – A Jamb Liner Is A Strip Which Goes On The Sides Of A Window
Frame That Provides A Snug Fit For The Window Sash.
 PARTS OF WINDOWS
Sash – The Sash Is The Moveable Part Of A Window Made Up Of The Vertical And Horizontal
Frame That Holds The Glass.

Glass – This Refers To The Framed Sheet Of Glass Within A Window Frame.

Rail – A Rail Is The Horizontal Piece Of A Window Sash – Comprised Of The Lower Rail, The
Check Rail And The Upper Rail.

Lower Rail – The Lower Rail Is The Lower Part Of The Lower Sash.

Upper Rail – The Upper Rail Is The Top Part Of The Upper Sash.

Lift – Most Commonly Found On Wood Windows, A Lift Is A Handle Used For Raising The Lower
Sash In A Single- Or Double-hung Window.

Sash Lock – The Sash Lock Is A Locking Mechanism Used On A Single- Or Double-hung Window
That Engages With The Lock Strike To Reduce Rattling.
PARTS OF WINDOWS
 SITE WINDOWS

Mainly there are Three types of windows used in the site. They are -

1. Bedroom Windows [Aluminum Window]

2. Kitchen Windows [Aluminum Window]
3. Living Area Window [Aluminum Window]
 SITE WINDOWS
ALUMINUM WINDOWS

AIS Aluminium Sliding Window Is A Combination Of Two Sashes. The Two

Sashes Provide Sliding Motion Back And Forth That Allows The Window To
Open Or Close. One Of The Advantages Of AIS Aluminium Sliding Windows Is
The Ventilation. With High-grade AIS Aluminium Frame, The Sliding Windows
Can Have Various Profiles Depending On AIS Glass Of Choice.
SITE WINDOWS VIEWS
Elevation Section Picture
BEDROOM WINDOW VIEWS
ELEVATION SECTION
BEDROOM WINDOW VIEWS
PICTURE
KITCHEN WINDOW VIEWS
ELEVATION SECTION
KITCHEN WINDOW VIEWS
PICTURE
LIVING AREA WINDOW VIEWS
ELEVATION SECTION
LIVING AREA WINDOW VIEWS
PICTURE
SUBMITTED TO –

AR. SHIVDAYAL SINGH

SUBMITTED BY –

THANK YOU ANISH KUMAR TIWARI

19/BARCH/9108
IIIRD SEM
BATCH 2019
 RIMT
UNIVERSITY
LIVING AREA WINDOWS
BEDROOM WINDOWS KITCHEN WINDOWS

12' 6'
15'-1121 "
SUBJECT :
3'-441 " 3'-441 "
3'-141 " 3'-141 "
4' 1 34" 134"
134" 134" 134" 12"
1

1 " 12"
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
1
1 " 12"
1
3 3
4 4

3'-9" 3'-9"
10' 10' 4' 10' 4' 3'-521 "
4' 3'-521 " 3'-521 " 3'-521 " 3'-521" 3'-521" 4'
4' 4'

121 "
121" 1 "
3
4
1"
3
4
3
121" 1 "
4 1"
3
4
1 " 14"
1
2
3
AND MATERIALS
1'-4" 31'-4" 1'-4" 31'-4"
1'-8" 1'-8" 134" 2'-94" 2'-94"
134" 1 34" 1" 3
4 1"
3
4

ELEVATION VERTICAL VERTICAL

4'
SECTION
ELEVATION

3'-4 " 1
4
SECTION
ELEVATION

3'-4 "1
4
VERTICAL
SECTION TOPIC :
1'-934" 1'-934" 134" 3'-1 " 134"
1
134" 3'-1 " 134"
1
121 " 4 4

212"
134" 134" 134"
141 " 9"

134"
1 41"
1 14"
1'-4" 1'-4"
221 "
141 "
1'-4" 1'-4"
221 "
DOOR AND WINDOWS
121" 3'-521 " 121" 121" 134" 121 " 121" 134" 121"

WINDOW HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL

HORIZONTAL DETAIL
SECTION SECTION
SECTION

SCALE : DATE :
1:200 12/10/2020

SUBMITTED TO :
BATHROOM DOORS
AR. SHIVDAYAL SINGH
BEDROOM DOORS MAIN ENTRANCE DOOR

8' 8'-4"
12'
8'

221" 1
"
2'-6"
2'-3"
1 34" 314" 121" 112"
NOTES:
2
221" 11"

10' 10'
10'

7' 1 34" 6'-834" 7' 6'-541 "

6'-8" 6'-7" 6'-1021" 6'-1021" 6'-1021 " 4'-621" 6'-1021"
6'-821" 6'-834"

134" 11"
112"
121 " 1'-1121"
134" 134" 1 34"
134"
3'-4"
3'-7" ELEVATION VERTICAL VERTICAL 121 " 3'-11" 3'-11" 121"

SECTION ELEVATION ELEVATION

SECTION

SUBMITTED BY :
9'-10"
3'-7"
221" 8'-4"
3'-3" 2'-6"
2" 2" 8'-4"
5" 9" 1"
1 3
" 9"
121 " 121" 2 4
121"
1
" 1
" 2'-3"
2
3'-4" 2
4'-1" 4'-1"
121" 134" 134"
1" 3'-11" 3'-11"

HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL 2" 2"

SECTION
DOOR DETAIL SECTION HORIZONTAL ANISH KUMAR TIWARI
SECTION

19/BARCH/2020
BATCH 2019
IIIRD SEM
 STRAIGHT STAIRS L-SHAPED SAIRS
RIMT
A STRAIGHT STAIRCASE CAN BE DEFINED AS ONE HAVING
A SINGLE, STRAIGHT FLIGHT OF STAIRS LIKE A LADDER THAT 13 14 15 16
THE L-SHAPED STAIRS IS A VARIATION OF THE STRAIGHT STAIR
WITH A BEND IN SOME PORTION OF THE STAIR. THIS BEND IS
UNIVERSITY
12
CONNECTS TWO LEVELS OR FLOORS IN A BUILDING. A STRAIGHT USUALLY ACHIEVED BY ADDING A LANDING AT THE TRANSITION
12
11
10 STRAIGHT STAIRS ARE THE EASIEST TO CONSTRUCT AND HAVE 11
10
POINT. THE BEND IS OFTEN 90 DEGREES. IF THE LANDING IS CLOSER
9
9
8
7 A WIDE RANGE OF ADVANTAGES. 8 TO THE TOP OR BOTTOM OF THE STAIRS IT IS SOMETIMES REFERRED

SUBJECT :
7
6
6
5
4
5
4
TO AS A LONG L STAIR OR A QUARTER TURN STAIR.
3
3
2
2
1
1

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
PLAN PLAN
AND MATERIALS
HANDRAIL HANDRAIL
16
16
FLIGHT 14
15

FLIGHT 15
14
13
13
12
11
BALUSTER 12
12 BALUSTER

TOPIC :
12
11
10 11 11

RISER
10
9 10
RISER
10
9
8 9 9
8
8
7
6 TREAD
7
NEWEL CAP 7
8

NEWEL CAP
TREAD
7
6
5 6 6
5
4 5 5
4
4
3
2 NOSING 3
3
NOSING
4

NEWEL
3
2
2
1 1
1
2
NEWEL
STRINGER
1

STRINGER
TYPES OF STAIRS
ELEVATION RUN ELEVATION RUN

SIDE ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION

SCALE : DATE :
DOGLEGGED STAIR OPEN NEWEL STAIR 1:200 12/10/2020

THE DOG-LEGGED STAIRCASE IS ONE OF THE SIMPLEST FORMS THIS TYPE OF STAIRS CONSISTS OF TWO OR MORE FLIGHTS
SUBMITTED TO :
OF STAIRS IN WHICH A FLIGHT OF STAIRS GOES UP TO A HALF 7 8 9 10
ARRANGING A WALL OR OPENING BETWEEN THE BACKWARD
11
STEP BEFORE TURNING 108 DEGREES AND CONTINUING UPWARDS 6 11
12
AND FORWARD FLIGHTS. WHEN ALL THE STEPS ARE DIFFICULT AR. NAVJOT KAUR
10 5
9
8
12
13 STRUCTURALLY, THE FLIGHTS OF A DOG- LEG STAIR ARE USUALLY 4
3
13
14 TO ARRANGE IN TWO FLIGHTS, A SHORT THIRD FLIGHT OF 3 TO
7 14 2 15
6
5
15
16
SUPPORTED BY THE HALF LANDING, WHICH SPANS THE ADJOINING 1 16
6 STEPS MAY BE PROVIDED ALONG THE DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR
4 17
3
2
18
19
FLANK WALLS TO THE HALL

SUBMITTED BY :
1 20

PLAN
PLAN ANISH KUMAR TIWARI
19/BARCH/2020
6

BATCH 2019
20 5
19 20 4
18 19 3
17 18 2
16 1 6

HANDRAIL
17

15 16 5

14 15 4

IIIRD SEM
13 14 16 3

12
11
FLIGHT 12
13
14
15 2
1

11 13
10
10
9
BALUSTER 10
6
9
8
9
8 5 7
RISER
8
7 4
7
6 3 6
6
5 2 5

TREAD
5
4 1 4
4
3 3
3

2 2
2

1
NOSING 1
1

STRINGER

ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION

 THREE QUARTER TURN STAIRCASE BIFURCATED STAIRS
RIMT
7 8 9 10
A THREE QUARTER TURN STAIRS HAS ITS DIRECTION CHANGED
THREE TIMES WITH ITS UPPER FLIGHT CROSSING THE BOTTOM
THESE STAIRS ARE COMMONLY USED IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS. IN THIS
TYPE OF STAIRS, THE BOTTOM FLIGHT IS WIDER AND IS BIFURCATED
UNIVERSITY
6
5
11
12
ONE. IT MAY BE EITHER BE NEWEL TYPE OR OPEN NEWEL TYPE INTO TWO NARROWER FLIGHTS AT THE LANDING. THE BIFURCATED
4 13
3
2
14
15
SUCH TYPE OF STAIRS IS USED WHEN THE LENGTH OF THE STAIRS MAY BE OF TWO TYPES QUARTER TURN AND HALF TURN. IN THE
1 16
IS LIMITED AND WHEN THE VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO QUARTER TURN TYPE, THE UPPER THE LOWER FLIGHTS RUN AT RIGHT
FLOOR IS QUITE LARGE. ANGLE WHEREAS IN THE HALF TURN BIFURCATED STAIRS, THE SETS
OF FLIGHTS GO IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
SUBJECT :
PLAN
PLAN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
AND MATERIALS
6
5
4
3
2
1 6

4
16 3

TOPIC :
15 2
14 1

13
10
9
6 8
5 7
4
3 6
2 5
1 4

TYPES OF STAIRS
2
1

ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION

SCALE : DATE :
GEOMETRICAL STAIRS SPIRAL STAIRS 1:200 12/10/2020

THE GEOMETRICAL STAIRS ARE GENERALLY USED IN HIGH CLASS SPIRAL STAIRCASE ARE A TYPE OF ROUND STAIR OR CURVED
SUBMITTED TO :
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. THE STAIRS IS IN THE FORM OF SOME CURVE STAIRS THAT CONSISTS OF INDIVIDUAL STEPS, OR TREADS, THAT
HAVING ALL THE STEPS AS WINDOWS, RADIATING FROM THE CENTRE ARE CONNCECTED TO A CENTER COLUMN. THE TREADS ROTATE AR. NAVJOT KAUR
OF CURVATURE OF THE CURVE. THE HAND RAIL OF A GEOMETRICAL AROUND THIS CENTRAL POINT AS YOU GO UP OR DOWN THE STAIRS
STAIR, CONTINUES WITHOUT INTERRUPTION AND WITHOUT ANY CREATING A SPIRAL DESIGN. A SPIRAL STAIRCASE SHOULD NOT BE
ANGULAR TURN. THE MINIMUM WIDTH OF THESE STAIRS IS 5'8" CONFUSED WITH GEOMETRICAL STAIRS WHICH HAVE NO CENTER COL.

SUBMITTED BY :
PLAN
PLAN ANISH KUMAR TIWARI

19/BARCH/2020
BATCH 2019
IIIRD SEM

ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION

ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION
GLASS
MARKET
SURVEY
Presentation on glass market survey
 GLASS DEFINITION :

• Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, that

has widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for
example, window panes, tableware, and optics. Glass is most often
formed by rapid cooling of the molten form; some glasses such as
volcanic glass are naturally occurring.
TYPES OF GLASSES :
 Flat glass
 Toughened glass
 Patterned glass
 Laminated glass
 Mirrored glass
 Coated glass
 Tinted glass
 Sandblasted glass
 FLAT GLASS
• Flat glass is the basic first product from the float process of making glass. It has a uniform
thickness and makes the base for more advanced types of glass through further processing.
This glass tends to break into long shards, and will commonly be used in double-
glazing following further treatment.
• This glass type is the base material of many common products we see today, including:
windscreens, home windows, bus stops, electronics, appliances, and much more.

MIRRORED GLASS
• There are many types of glass available and another type is mirrored glass. Mirrored glass is
quite simply a mirror – and can be produced in all sizes, from small bathroom mirrors to full-
length wardrobe doors. It is made by applied a metal coating to one side of the glass, typically
made of silver, chrome, gold or aluminium.
TOUGHENED GLASS
• Toughened glass can be used in a range of ways; for shower doors, glass furniture, shelves
etc, and holds the advantage of being far more resistant to breaks. If it does break, the glass
will shatter into small, square fragments rather than shards, decreasing the risk of injury.
• Blasting the surface of glass with sand gives it a translucent milky-white appearance, making it
a popular technique used for shower doors or front doors where privacy is required, but also
some light. This technique can be used against a whole sheet of glass, or can be used to
create patterns using a sand-resistant mask.

PATTERNED GLASS
• Patterned glass is typically produced by passing heated glass through rollers containing
a regular pattern to be imprinted upon the glass. This type of glass is often used for bathroom
windows or doors where, like sandblasted glass, light may be required but not total
transparency.
 LAMINATED GLASS
• Laminated glass is a common option where increased security may be needed, for example,
for front doors, store window fronts or car windscreens. Laminated glass is held together by
an interlayer, meaning that it will not shatter on impact, reducing the risk of break-ins and any
hazards caused by shards of shattered glass.

COATED GLASS
• Coated glass is modified flat glass to give it specific characteristics, for example to make it
insulating and resistant to infra-red. It is commonly used for double glazed windows to
improve home insulation.
• Applying a coating to glass can help boost the thermal efficiency of your home
 TINTED GLASS
• If privacy is your priority, then tinted glass is the ideal choice for any doors or windows in your
home or business. Though tinted glass keeps out prying eyes, it still allows plenty of natural
sunlight to filter through, whilst reducing the discomfort of the sun’s glare. Tinted glass can
also lessen the amount of harmful UV filtering through, which will have health benefits for all
the family.

SANDBLASTED GLASS
• Also called glass carving, this option offers the perfect balance between beauty and privacy.
This glass is blasted with an abrasive material at high pressure to create a unique mist effect.
This frosted look can be used to protect the privacy of bathroom windows and shower doors,
and can be also formed into elegant patterns to produce decorative panes of glass to
enhance your interior design.
Pricing Of Glasses
PLAIN GLASS BLACK GLASS
• 3MM = Rs28 /SqFt. • 4MM = Rs40/SqFt.
• 4MM = Rs33 /SqFt. • 5MM = Rs50/SqFt.
• 5MM = Rs36 /SqFt.
• 8MM = Rs65 /SqFt.
• 10MM = Rs85 /SqFt.
• 12MM = Rs110 /SqFt. (on demand)
LOOKING MIRROR (BROWN)
• 5MM = Rs90 /SqFt. (WITHOUT COMPANY)
• 5MM = Rs120 /SqFt. (COMPANY)

LOOKING MIRROR (WHITE)

• 3MM = Rs45 /SqFt.

• 4MM = Rs65 /SqFt.
• 5MM = Rs70 /SqFt.
• 8MM = Rs95 /SqFt.
 ETCHED GLASS
• Any glass size can be used for etched glass as
per requirement .
• Etching price is (rs50 /sqft.)

BEVELED GLASS
• Any plain glass size can be used for beveled glass as per
requirement .
• Beveling price is (rs30/sqft. Runnung feet)
 THANK YOU
SUBMITTED TO : AR. NAVJOT KAUR
SUBMITTED BY : VARUN SINGLA
19/BARCH/9117
ANISH KUMAR TIWARI
19/BARCH/9108
KAVYA RUKHTA
19/BARCH/9121