Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BULACAN
SULIVAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SULIVAN, BALIWAG, BULACAN

Introduction to the Philosophy of the

Human Person
(1st Sem- Q1-Weeks 1-8)

ACTIVITY SHEET
NAME: __________________________________

GRADE AND SECTION: __________________________________

DATE OF SUBMISSION:__________________________________
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I. OBJECTIVES
CONTENT STANDARDS:
The learner..
1. understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
2. demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy
3. understands the human person as an embodied spirit
4. understands the interplay between humans and their environments
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
The learner..
1. reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
2. evaluate opinions
3. distinguishes his/her own limitations and the possibilities for his/her transcendence
4. is able to demonstrate the virtues of prudence and frugality towards his/her environment
MELCS:
WEEK 1-2
1.1 Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partialpoint of view
1.2 Realize the value of doing philosophy inobtaining a broad perspective on life
1.3 Do a philosophical reflection on a concretesituation from a holistic perspective
Week 3-4
2.1 Distinguish opinion from truth
2.2 Realize that the methods of philosophy lead towisdom and truth
2.3 Evaluate truth from opinions in different situationsusing the methods of philosophizing
Week 5-6
3.1 Recognize how the human body imposes limitsand possibilities for transcendence
3.2 Evaluate own limitations and the possibilities fortheir transcendence
Week 7-8
4.1 Notice things that are not in their proper place and organize them in an aesthetic way
4.2 Show that care for the environment contributesto health, well-being and sustainable development
4.3 Demonstrate the virtues of prudence and frugality towards environments

Preliminary activities
Pre-Test
Direction: Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the correct answer from among the given choices.
1. Why is Greece considered as the birthplace of philosophy?
a. It was the center of religious activities. b. It played a significant role in ancient trade.
c. It advocated for the life of reason and rational thought. d. It led to the birth of democracy
2. How important is Pythagoras to philosophy?
a. He coined the word philosophy first b. He founded logic
c. He wrote the book Politics d. He was the first philosopher
3. Which of the following supports the idea that philosophy aims at developing good judgment?
a.The art of questioning b. Big picture c. First cause d. love of wisdom
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4. Tony is interested in the nature of reality and existence. Which branch of philosophy should he be reading about?
a.Aesthetics b. Epistemology c. Metaphysics d. Ethics
5. Aristotle’s line “the whole is more than the sum of its parts” suggests
a. Parts are all interrelated b. Only one factor matters c. Partial thinking is better than holistic d. Reflection is vital to man’s life
6. Ethics is a branch of philosophy which deals with correct judgment. Which scenario depicts this?
a. President corrupted 1 million pesos b. boy returned lost wallet c. Amanda lied to her parents d. John did not study for his exam
7. What is the meaning of the ancient Greek word Sophia?
a. Question b. Wisdom c. Love d. Reflection
8. When Filipinos celebrate fiestas for the sake of religion, this is an example of ____________.
a. Partial thinking b. Holistic thinking c. Reflection d. Holism
9. Why philosophy is considered the science of first causes?
a. It studies wisdom b. It searches for meaning c. It promotes good life d. It seeks to know the very source

10. Which type of thinking advocates looking at the “big picture” when analyzing s situation or a circumstance?
a. Philosophy b. Aesthetic c. Holistic thinking d. Logic

II. LESSON PROPER

WEEK 1
Perspectives of Anthropology, Sociology andPolitical Science
Culture, cultural relativism, fieldwork, human diversity, holism, bio-cultural emphasis, are anthropological perspectives. The cross-cultural or comparative focus, its
evolutionary / historical focus, its ecological emphasis, and its holistic emphasis (Dudgeon) are the four primary viewpoints in anthropology. The study and solutions of
various facets of society, such as environmental pollution problems, health and medicine problems and other problems related to human activities, are an example of
this.
The sociological perspective introduces the sociological discipline, providing something about its history, issues, theory, and methods of study, and what separates it
from other disciplines of social study. Social contact and relationships , social environments, social structure, social change, the importance of diversity and human
difference are key characteristics.
Sociology includes three major theoretical perspectives:
1. the functionalist perspective;
2. the conflict perspective; and
3. the symbolic interaction perspective.
Where did Philosophy originate?
Philosophy traces its roots in Ancient Greece in the 6th Century BCE. Traditions had it that the word Philosophy was first coined by Pythagoras, a Greek
mathematician. He used this term to classify three classes of people who attended the ancient Olympic Games as lovers of gain, lovers of honor; and lovers of knowledge or
wisdom (Caraan 2016, 2). He favored the third class for not being driven by profit nor honor. Instead, they sought ways to arrive at the truth. He then called these people as

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philosophers. Among the ancient Greeks, philosophers became pioneers in history, biology, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and even physics.
What is Philosophy?
Many philosophers could not agree on the exact definition of the word philosophy. Despite its varying definitions and lack of general agreement to it, it does not mean that
the term cannot be defined and characterized. Here are some popular definition of philosophy: a. Etymological definition
The word philosophy is derived from philosophia which is a combination of the Greek terms philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom). Thus, philosophy means love of wisdom.”
Philosophers, therefore, are the people who are “lovers of wisdom” (Amanze, et. Al., 2010)

b. Technical definition

Philosophy can be best defined as the science of the first causes (Maritain, 2005). It seeks to know and clarify the very source of which all the chain of causes ultimately all
go back to it.

Philosophy is also a science since it utilizes reason and logic in an attempt to understand reality and answer fundamental questions concerning knowledge, life, morality, and
human nature.

Philosophy can be divided into four major branches namely:

a. Metaphysics
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the examination of existence (Landauer and Rowlands 2001, para. 1). It answers queries like “What is the meaning
of life? What is the purpose of life? Does God exist?”.
b. Epistemology
Epistemology studies the process of attaining knowledge. It answers the question, ‘How do we know?”. Among the biggest concerns of epistemology are the origin and the
verification or the confirmation of knowledge. It is also concerned with how the human person’s mind is associated with reality; and whether these relationships are valid or
invalid (Landauer and Rowlands 2001, para. 1).
c. Ethics
Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with correct judgment. It answers the question, “What I ought to do?” It is the study of right or wrong in human actions (Landauer
and Rowlands 2001, para. 1). It is concerned about human conduct. It deals with norms or standards of right and wrong applicable to human behavior.
d. Aesthetics
Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that delves into art (Landauer and Rowlands 2001, para. 1). The study includes what art is and the purpose behind it . The philosopher is
concerned with the analysis of aesthetic experience and the idea of what is beautiful. It attempts to answer questions like “is art subjective?”
How is holistic different from partial thinking?
In life, it is wise to adopt an all-inclusive perspective or view, which emphasizes on the idea that every part of a system has a mutual relationship. The interrelationship
among things was first conceived by Aristotle. It can be best summarized by the line, “The whole is more than the sum of its parts.” This means that all parts are all related
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to each other and that it cannot be understood independently without considering the other factors (Gallinero and Estaris 2017, 25). This view of taking all things as part of
a system is espoused in the philosophical doctrine of Holism.
Adhering to the doctrine of Holism, holistic thinking advocates looking at the “big picture” when analyzing s situation or problem. This would require one to be
open-minded to get the general sense or impression regarding an event. In this regard, therefore, all aspects in a given situation must be considered. On the contrary, partial
thinking adheres focusing on one factor in analyzing a situation or a problem to understand it. This kind of view is very limiting in nature.
Philosophy prefers holistic thinking to partial thinking. Developing a holistic perspective is essential to man since his life is not influenced or governed by a single
factor only. It allows him to see the totality of life while putting him in a different vantage point when looking at things. It also teaches critical thinking and cultivates a sense
of understanding in dealing with others.
As changes are inevitable, one must cultivate open-mindedness to many possibilities. In the same light, one must remember that every action one does create a ripple effect
that will influence many aspects of his life

Why does philosophy value questioning? In philosophy, almost all questions are valid since they aim at understanding the world better. Any question that is genuinely felt
and allows further exploration can be a philosophical one. In a general sense, questions are more important than the answers in the realm of philosophy.

For Plato, “Philosophy begins in wonder” (Abella 2016, 7). This means that one begins to embark on his philosophical journey through a life of questioning and
searching the truth. Thus, philosophy starts with a feeling of curiosity and puzzlement. And it is man’s role to be in search of answers.

The habit of questioning can activate the mind to think and find solutions to different problems. Questions can help improve the body of knowledge since they can
either challenge existing information or refine it. This is the reason why philosophy will endure because the act of questioning is eternal (Dy, 2005).

WEEK 2
Why we Need Philosophy?
Philosophy plays an important role in one’s life. Students who learn philosophy get a great many benefits from doing so.
Methods of Philosophizing
Logic – It is the study of correct thinking which focuses on the analysis of arguments (Ramos 2016, 33). It requires reasoning and critical thinking in analyzing and evaluating
an idea. The two types of logic are inductive and deductive reasoning. In inductive reasoning, a particular thought comes first before the general idea, while general idea
comes first before the specific one in deductive reasoning. The Socratic Method is an example of in-ductive thinking where arriving at truth is done through question and
answer.
Phenomenology – It is a method of philosophy which espouses the idea that reality is made up of events perceived and under-stood by human consciousness (Gallinero
and Estaris 2017, 34). Objects or events are studied from the position of the observer. Everyday life, objects, experiences, other people, ideas, and eve-rything are
considered factually real. In other words, human real-ity is a personal reality. Man’s subjective perceptions and inter-nal experiences (lived experiences) are the most
relevant reality.
Existentialism – This approach to finding the truth is heavily based on one’s attitude and outlook in life. Truth for existential-ists is a by-product of rational choice. Man is
viewed as a free agent and is capable of making choices. Just like phenomenolo-gy, existentialism believes in the subjectivity of truth since man has the free will (freedom)
to decide his reality (Ramos, 2016)

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 WEEK 3

Different Traits of a Person

1. Self-awareness refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself, including his thoughts, emotions, identity and actions.
2. Self-determination refers to the capability of persons to make choices and decisions based on their own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and be goal-
oriented and self- directed.
3. Externality refers to the capability of a person to reach out and interact with others and the world.
4. Dignity refers to the innate right to be valued and respected. Philosophers consider all humans as having an inherent worth or value. “You’re worthless!” is an insult since
it attacks the very notion of a person having value or worth.
5. Free will– It enables us to do actions whenever we want to and makes self-determination possible. It is the capacity to choose a course of action from various
alternatives.

WEEK 4
LIMITATIONS OF THE HUMAN PERSON
Human persons are naturally deficient beings. This means that we are not prepared with the best physical aspects among all the beings.
1. Human persons do not have the natural ability to fly.
2. Human persons cannot breathe underwater without the aid of breathing device.
LIMITATIONS CAN LEAD TO POSSIBILITIES
Transcendence is the ability to change, be dynamic, and continually redefining one’s self which works with our facticity to create change. Example, fulfilling a dream requires transcendence
because it opens a state of thinking and feeling that there is something more in life than just physical and material things. Much like Abraham Maslow’s self-actualization concepts,
transcendence is a state of being intrinsically satisfied with life regardless of physical and tangible factors.
Facticity refers to the things in our life that are already given. Example: LIFE We are free to define who we are and who we are to be.
Spatial-temporal being. As temporal beings, our most obvious limitation is our finitude ( our finite quality or state. ) For example, Walang forever, pero meron talaga.
As spatial beings, we are limited by our bodies to be present in two or more places at the same time. We are limited by space (spatial) and the time (temporal). Our spatial-temporal situa-
tion sets our preconditions of understanding.
LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE
Here are some limitations and possibilities for transcendence:
1. may not occur to everyone;
2. does not come at a specified period;
3. varies across all people;
4. may coincide with physical limitations of the body;
5. developing a positive outlook in life;
6. working towards reaching a goal; and
7. learning from experience.
POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANSCENDENCE
It is also important to know that transcendence may be ap-plied to present worries by living in the present. This means that life is lived from moment to moment in a carefree and cheerful
manner where concerns for stress are reserved for the future, and regrets or guilt feelings are kept in the past.
THE HUMAN BODY IN IMPOSING LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES

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From a biological and physical standpoint, it can be recognized that the human body, although it can perform many functions, also has limitations. Limits in the environment, demographics,
and society may also hinder a person from reaching
transcendence.
Here are some examples:
1. BODILY LIMITATIONS
- mental and emotional disorders (e.g. anxiety, intellectual
disability)
- disabilities (e.g. amputated leg, deafness)
- disease and illnesses (e.g. hypertension, cough)
- failures and experiences (e.g. failing a subject)
2. SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS
- socioeconomic status
- location of neighborhood (e.g. armed, disorganized, or violent
neighborhood)
- abusive relationships (e.g. emotional abuse) negative
influences (e.g. drug use)
OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS
Bodily limits can be tested by trying on new experiences and working on challenges with increasing levels of difficulty. The hu-man body, if given enough exposure to any situation, can attain
a goal with efficiency.
Social and environmental limitations are more difficult to over-come than bodily limitations because they involve the influence of other people and the external world. However, with a
proper mind-set, clearly defined goals, and motivation to rise above challenges, one may successfully overcome his or her limitations.
SOME POINT TO REMEMBER WHEN GOING BEYOND
YOUR LIMITATIONS
1. You are connected to the external or eternal world;
2. Challenges are learning opportunities
3. Your goal is more important than your fears;
4. Think outside the box; and
5. Recognize that everyone has fears.
WEEK 5
Environment Defined
➢ The circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surrounded. (Merriam- Webster )
➢ The air, water, and land in or on which people, animals, and plants live. Cambridge English Dictionary
Heraclitus, a Western philosopher in the ancient period claimed that the world is in constant change. For him, the world involves a continuing process governed by the law
of change. Up to this mo-ment, the same principles applies. There is an endless process of transformation in our environment through the rapid growth and progress in our
society. Philosophers in both east and west were asking questions about the universe. we live in and our place in it. Eastern thinkers probed nature’s depths intuitively
through the eyes of spiritual sages, while Greek intellectuals observed nature through cognitive and scientific eyes.

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In anthropocentric model, humans are superior and central to the universe while on ecocentric model, the ecological or relational integrity of the humans provides
significance in our morals and values. The ecological setting occurs in the past, present, and future, and with regard to our identifications, relations and attach-ments in,
about, with the environment. The domination of human-kind is linked to the domination of nature based on the anthropocen-tric model. The unjust and unfair distribution
or utilization results to ecological crisis. The arrogance of man towards nature is justifiable in order to satisfy human benefits. Humans sometimes adopt an ex-ploitive
attitude towards nature and considered it as an instrument for one’s profit or gain.
Different Environmental Problems and their Impacts
on Human Lives
1. Air Pollution- it refers to the contamination of the air in thermosphere, which produced by harmful gases and toxins released from the smoke of the industrial factories,
and agricultural machineries. Air pollution has harmful effects on ourhealth, especially to children.
2. Water Pollution- another environmental problem that is produced by oil spill, acid rain and other hazardous chemicals that mixed with water (SEPA, 2012). According to
WHO (2019), contamination in waters causes various diseases in human persons, particularly to children. Ex. Diarrhea- due to use of unsafe water, improper hygiene and
poor sanitation.
3. Waste Pollution- it is common in urban and densely populated areas. The wastes are usually in solid form which cause land, air and water pollutions if not properly
disposed. Experts agree that the increase in quantity of solid waste is due to overpopulation, lack of education on waste management and technological advancement.
Mismanagement of waste or improper waste disposal causes harm to human and non- human health as well as in our
environment. In fact, most of the epidemic outbreaks such as dengue, malaria, diarrhea and other airborne diseases in our society are mainly caused by waste pollution.
4.Acid Rain- it is considered as one of the common environmental problems we are facing today. It occurs when the harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are
released into the atmosphere through burning of fossil fuels and combustion of vehicle engines. When it rains, these harmful gases mixed with rainwater droplets which
cause heavy damage to plants, animals and humans .
5. Deforestation- it refers to the cutting of trees for agricultural, industrial, housing or urban use. Deforestation created by humans contributes to various environmental
risks that become harmful to humans, animals and other living creatures. In particular, it creates climate imbalance, soil erosion, extinction of wildlife animals, flashfloods,
and increases global warming. In the Philippines, most of the landslide prone areas now have history of deforestation.
How does Philosophy define the person’s relationship with the environment?
Like the physical sciences, Philosophy also seeks to explore the relationship between humanity and the environment.

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Environmental Philosophy or environmental ethics is the disci-pline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human be-ing with the environment and its non-
human contents. Environmen-tal philosophers tackle issues such as humanity’s role in the naturalworld, the interaction between nature and human activities , and human
humanity’s response to environmental challenges.
Philosophers believe that the person has a special relationship with nature. Unlike other organism that are merely part of ecosystems and exist to perform certain biological
roles, the person has the abil-ity to change the environment to suit his or her purposes.
As a rational being, the person is not only capable of transforming the world, but also of understanding the laws which govern nature. It can be said that the world is a text
which the person can read and understand in order to live a better life.
Three Major Views regarding the Relationship between Human-ity and the Environment
1. Anthropocentricism- Focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and
survive .This views believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its resources.
2. Biocentrism - Believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet, and that all organisms have inherent value and should be protected. This view
drives the activities of human organizations that advocate the ethical treatment of animals.
3. Ecocentrism—It places great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This views believes that humankind is part of a greater biological system or community
and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.
WEEK 6
What is Freedom?
-The ability to make choices and perform those choices.
-The ability to be what we want and to decide and create oneself.
Two concepts that will help us fully understand freedom:
1.Freedom itself –It is the quality or state of being free. It is our capacity to choose of what we wanted and an inner awareness of what is right and wrong that is traced to
our free will according to Aristotle. It is also an intrinsic and an essential property of a human person which basically means, it is a part of our human nature.
Example:
Think of yourself as a student, your teacher told you to study your lessons for the day for you will have a long quiz the next meeting. However, as you reached home you
find yourself having a good time doing Facebook and online chatting with your friends. Using your freedom, you can either choose to follow your teacher’s advice to study
your lessons for your quiz the next morning or continue doing the thing which you find enjoyable.
2. Free will -Our free will allows us to decide on things we do depending on the situation. It is our ability to choose between two different possible courses of action,
independently. Simply put it, free will is our ability to choose things according to our moral reasoning.
What is the Essence of Freedom?
1. Freedom is an intrinsic and essential person. This means that the human person by nature is a free being and that it is in his or her nature to seek freedom. An important
indication of human freedom is the ability to make choices and perform actions. Our freedom to act sets us apart from other beings.
2. Freedom is rooted in the human person’s self-determination and the exercise of intellect and free will. This means that a person’s every action is freely determined and
these actions define him or her. We can freely choose to be a good person and to act in a good way. A good act makes a person better while its opposite has a negative
impact on him or her as a person.
KINDS OF FREEDOM
1. Physical Freedom –It refers to the absence of any physical restraint. The person has the freedom of mobility to go where he or she wants to go. He or she is not impeded
in his or her actions by any physical force. Granted that the person has natural limitations, physical freedom allows him or her to act and move in determined manner. You
cannot be everywhere at once, but your freedom allows you to move one place to another and to go whenever you want to go.
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2. Psychological Freedom –It is also called freedom of choice. The person is free to perform actions that he or she considers right and wise. A person is also free to act or
not to act. Psychological freedom is innate and cannot be denied to a person. No outside force or influence can compel a person to take action against his or her will.
3. Moral Freedom Moral freedom refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness. Freedom is not an object that a person may use in
whatever way he or she pleases. A person must use his or her freedom to grow as a person. A person becomes freer when he or she uses freedom well, but
becomes less free when he or she uses it in a bad way. Humans have a natural inclination for what is true and good, and when a person uses his or her freedom to do acts
that violates human dignity and goodness, he or she dehumanizes himself or herself and effectively negates human freedom.
Two Elements that define Freedom
1. Voluntariness –It refers to the ability of a person to act out of his or her own free will and self-determination. This means that a person may decide to act or not to act,
and these decisions are made out of his her own free will. Voluntariness also means That a person may act even if he or she is not required or called to take action.
2. Responsibility—It refers to the person being accountable for his or her actions and their consequences. Taking responsibility can either mean a person voluntarily taking
responsibility for his or her own actions, or being held responsible by other people. Whenever you know you committed a bad action, you can either voluntarily confess to it
or other people will point it out and hold your responsible. Responsibility can also have a positive or negative meaning, and it goes hand-in hand with voluntariness in
determining the morality of an action.
WEEK 6
Filipinos in general love to watch drama on TV. Perhaps, you will agree that Ang Probinsyanobecame so popular not just because it is an action-packed soap opera but also
because it is filled with a lot of discussions about relationships or interpersonal relations that all of us can easily relate to. So, we laughed, cried, felt threatened, grieved,
loved, hoped, rejoiced, etc. together with Lola Flora, Cardo, Alyana and the rest of the characters. The word interpersonal is made from the combination of the
following:
a. inter = a prefix which means ‘between
b. person = which means ‘human’ or ‘individual’
c. -al = a suffix which means, ‘pertaining to’ or having the
character of’
Interpersonal thus, is a word we used in describing interactions (pakikipag-ugnayan o pakikipag-halubilo) between people. In philosophy however, when we say
interpersonal relations we are referring to interactions that exist between the Self (Ako) and the Other (lahat ng nakakasamuhamo, magingtao o bagay). The interaction
between the Self and the Other is related to the philosophical concept of intersubjectivity. Similar to the word interpersonal, the word intersubjectivity is also comprise of
three groups of letters and/or words, namely: a. inter = again this is a prefix which means ‘between’ b. subject = this refers to a person or thing that is being discussed with.
c. -ity = a suffix used to form nouns which expresses state or condition From this, we can
conclude that intersubjectivity means a condition of relationship between subjects or persons. If I relate with a friend for example, and he or she relates back to me,
intersubjectivity occurs. Philosophically, this means that when the Self recognizes the Other and the Other recognizes the Self, intersubjectivity happens.
Intersubjectivity also carries the meaning of a unique relationship between separate individuals or subjects. When we say unique, we are referring to the relationship that a
human person may experience when he or she engages in a very intimate and personal relationship with others. When a person, for example, loves others, he or she gives
himself or herself to them and at the same time receives them into his or her life and vice versa. This mutual self-giving and receiving becomes possible because of the
person’s inner life or interiority (panloobnabuhay) where his or her thoughts, feelings, inner struggles, reactions, and the like “resides.”
Intersubjectivity or the Self-Other interaction
comes in two levels, which are:
A. First Level = this refers to the simple awareness of the Self about the existence of the Other.
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B. Deeper Level = this refers to the awareness of the Self as being seen by Others.
Terms to Remember…
Alienation– This arises when a person ceases to view the other as a distinct and authentic person and merely considers the other person as a mere object or a means to
satisfy personal interests.
Availability– The willingness of a person to be present and be at the disposal of another
Dialogue– Lead humans to strive to achieve deeper and more substantial interactions and relations with other people.
Empathy- The ability to share emotions .
Ethics of care- It is an ethical theory that emphasizes the moral dimension of relationships and interactions.
Seeming- Where an individual presents himself or herself in a certain way when dealing with others.
“ Examples of People with Disabilities who have
Successfully Risen their Physical Limitations to
Live Productive Lives ”
1. Hellen Keller (1880-1968) -Was an American author, political activist, and the first deaf-blind person to earn a bachelor’s degree. She lost her hearing and sight when she
was an infant due to illness. Growing up, she developed a system of signs to communicate with her family. When Helen was seven years old, she met Ann Sullivan, a
teacher who was herself visually-impaired. -Anne taught Helen to recognize objects and learn their names; and Helen quickly learned . Helen went on to attend an institute
for the blind and deaf, and at the age of 16 entered the Cambridge School for Young Ladies. Four years later, she was admitted to Radcliffe College. Helen was accompanied
and guided by Anne Sullivan throughout her studies. Despite being blind and deaf, Helen learned to “ hear” people’s speech by feeling their lips with her hands. She became
proficient at using braille and reading sign language. She eventually learned how to speak , and became a well-known public speaker. Soon after graduating from college ,
Helen spent her time giving speeches and writing books. At age 22, she published an autobiography , The Story of My Life, which described her life and struggles growing
up. The book became the basis of a popular play entitled “ The Miracle Worker.”
2. Nicholas James “ Nick “ Vujicic ( born 1982 )- is an Australian evangelist and motivational speaker who was born with phocomelia, a condition in which a person is born
with no arms or legs. Nick’s condition meant that his early years well full of challenges. Nick was born with two small and deformed feet, and an operation enabled him to
use his toes to grab and manipulate objects. Because of his condition he was bullied as he grew up, but it did not stop him from pursuing his dreams. At 21, he graduated
with a degree in Commerce and went on to purse a career as a motivational speaker and evangelist . In 2005 , he founded Life Without Limbs, a non-profit organization and
ministry. He currently lives in California with his wife and two sons.
3. Roselle Ambubuyog( born 1980 )- is the first visually-impaired Filipino to graduate summa cum laude from Ateneo de Manila University in 2001. Roselle lost her eyesight
at the age of six due to illness. Despite her handicap, she was a consistent academic honoree in her school, graduating valedictorian in both elementary and high school. Her
excellent performance in school enabled her to participate I regular classes with sighted
students. In Ateneo , she studied Mathematics and the university supported Roselle by purchasing software and equipment that made braille copies of exams, lecture
notes, and other classroom materials. Due to her outstanding academic performance, she gained many awards and recognitions. Among the were Ten Outstanding
Students of the Philippines, the BPI Science Award from the BPI Foundation , and the Gawad Sentenaryo Awards from the National Centennial Commission. Upon he
graduation, Roselle continued to study for a master’s degree and also devoted her efforts helping visually– impaired students. She initiated “ Project Roselle” together with
the Rotary Club of Makati-Ayala , and provided schools with software and equipment, such as computers and printer, that will aid blind students in their studies. She
worked at Freedom scientific , Inc. as a consultant in developing software for people who are visually-impaired and those with learning disabilities. She also worked as
product and support manager at Code Factory, which is the world’s leading provider of software that allow the visually-impaired to access mobile devices such as cell
phones. Roselle is also a motivational speaker and has given several talks and seminars to students, teachers , and professionals.
WEEK 7
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Society– It is an organized group of people whose members interact frequently and have a common territory and culture. Society also refers to a companionship or friendly
association with others , an alliance , a community, or a union. Philosophers consider society the product of deliberate actions by individuals who come together in pursuit
of a common goal. Society is considered unique among all other group because of the nature of the human persons that compose it, as well as the relationship its
members. As individual persons, member of society are able to transform themselves and attain development through their interactions within society . In turn, humans are
also able to influence society through their actions. Enlightenment Philosophers and their Philosophical
Perspectives
1. Thomas Hobbes– He believed that person in their natural states are governed by their desires and these often lead to conflict with their fellowmen. Society, therefore , is
the means by which people seek to control their natural tendencies and impose order, individuals who establish societies enter to into a “ social contract ” an agreement
where individuals sacrifice an amount of their freedom and submit to a higher authority .
2. John Locke– Proposed his own ideas on the social contract with a different assumption . He considered persons in their natural states as more cooperate and reasonable,
and that society is formed through theconsent of the individuals that organized it. This is known as the consent of the governed.
3. Jean Jacques Rosseau’s- Ideas on the social contract led him to advocate the concept of the “ general will ” He believed that even if the people are the ones who
organized society and established an authority or government , in extreme cases, the government is able to impose its will on the people.
4. John Rawls– Redefined the social contract and explained that human beings approach social cooperation in a rational manner in order to meet their individual self-
interests. He introduced a version of the natural state which called the original position to explain social formation.

5. David Gauthier— He described people’s self –interest as a significant factor in building and maintaining societies. People choose to cooperate since it is beneficial to
meet their self- interest . But this selfish interest benefits society as a whole, since the actions of individuals in meeting their needs also further the interest of the other
members of society.
Different Types / Forms of Society
1. Hunting and Gathering Society -This form of society is recognized as the earliest and the simplest; basically small and composed mostly of families. They are nomadic,
meaning, they
kept on transferring from one place to another to look for food, thus, they do not have permanent houses. Men are tasked to hunt large animals while women are tasked in
the collection of vegetables and other crops.
2.Pastoral Society- This form of society is characterized by the raising (alaga) of animals to supply their food especially in the regions of the world where vegetable growing
is not possible. They also engage in buying and selling of goods with other groups.
3. Horticultural Society-This form of society engages in the growing of plants, fruits and vegetables. In this society, there is enough food supply. Some members of the
society also engage in making crafts and buying and selling of goods.
4. Agricultural society- This form of society grows rice and other crops. They also began to farm and raise animals for food. They lived permanently and improved the
technology for farming. Money Became a form of exchange for goods and services.
5. Feudal Society- It is a form of society in which the ruler or lord owned all the land while the farmers or laborers farmed it.
6. Industrial Society - This society used machineries in the production of goods and services. Through innovations and technological advances, daily activities become easier
and the lives of the people become better.
7. Post –Industrial Society -Also known as the virtual (computer) society, people use technology and the Internet to communicate, to engage in business and access
different information that can be if used to deal with daily activities.

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The virtual society is where the people organize themselves through communication technology and the internet. (Internet is a product of post-industrial society.
Individuals in a virtual society often engage in complex relationships. They often have fluid identities and do not necessarily subscribe to certain norms or established
standards of behavior. The freedom allowed in virtual worlds means that a person is able to engage in various activities, as well as access various kinds of information.
How does society influence our development as person?
1. The person and the society have a very dynamic relationship in which one cannot exist without the other.
Because of this reality, it is important to consider society’s role in the growth and development of a person, and the person’s role in transforming society.
2. Society influences our development as persons in various ways. Society is the backdrop by which we adopt the prevailing culture, identity,values, ideas, and knowledge
of the persons, groups, and communities that surround us.
3. Society also transforms human relations, which leads to the transformation of its members- The historical development of society has brought about significant
changes in the way human being relate to each other. Early societies were initially centered on the family and the clan. But the emergence of
industrial societies transformed human relations, as interactions were no longer based only on family and community ties. But also, interactions in the workplace. Virtual
societies have brought about another great transformation in human relations. As improved communication technologies make it possible for people from faraway places
to interact closely with each other. Today’s modern society enables various people from diverse backgrounds and varied societies to interact and establish close ties which
each other.

Terms that we need to remember…

Folkways- Less formal norms that arise from tradition and do not result in punishment when violated.
Laws– More forma and stringent norms that establish and define acceptable behavior of citizens.
Norms– Set of traits and behavior that society considers acceptable, and are thus encouraged and passed on to other.
Social contract– An agreement where individuals sacrifice an amount of their freedom and submit to a higher authority.
Social role- It is actions and behaviors expected of a certain individual. Individual who shares similarbackgrounds or perform similar roles are grouped together into social
groups or social class.
Social values– It is an actions or ideals that are considered important by society.
Social system- An organized or patterned set of relationships among individuals and groups that compose a society.
How does society enable me to become a better person?
1. Society recognizes the capability of the person to develop, and provides its members with opportunities to better themselves. Effective and efficient public service,
education, and the maintenance of peace and order are some of the ways society ensures that we are able to have productive lives and realize our potential.
2. Person can also undertake to contribute to society through their decisions and actions. One important way a person can contribute to social change is by enacting his or
her social responsibilities well. A son or daughter is expected to respect and obey his or her parents and elders and help each member of the family. A parent is expected to
provide for the needs of the family and raise his or her children well. A student is expected to study well and participate fully in school activities. A citizen is expected to
support democratic values andcooperate with members of the community and other institutions to uphold the welfare of the country and the common good.
WEEK 8
How should I live my life before it finally ends?
Understanding the person as a being –towards-death brings us back to a very important topic: freedom. It has been discussed previouslythat the essence of freedom is self-
determination– the capacity to choose and act for oneself. While there is no freedom in the inevitability of death, a person can still exercise freedom in choosing how to

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face the reality of death in their lives. For example, a person can-not stop himself from growing old. However, he or she can choose to enhance aging gracefully. You may
have seen older people who take pride in their gray hairs, wrinkles, and the fact that they have grand-children.
Biological being bound by natural laws and the inevitability of death; we cannot stop aging and the decline of our bodies. However, we can definitely choose to spend our
lives does doing good and rea-sonable things or even go against what is good. The person, there-fore, is the author and protagonist who determines the development and
conclusion of his or her life story.
The temporal existence of a person means that his or her life is temporary: he or she is not a being who exist permanently and for eternity. Accepting the fact that we have
a limited time in this world allows us to determine the course of our life– to paint a picture of how our life will progress and how we envision it to end.
Nothing lasts forever (walang forever). The cycle of being born, growing up and growing old and dying is a reality. We have limited time here on earth and whether we like
it or not, we are bound to die. Death is real. It is a part of our being. Death is commonly understood as the end of bodily functions. It also refers to the separation of body
and spirit. Everything that exists in this universe comes to an end and we humans are not exempted. The acceptance of being a temporary individual in this world gives us a
clearer vision on how to live life to the fullest and understand the meaning of our existence. We have the freedom to choose a well-lived life; doing good and doing what is
right.
Terminus- Which means the full stop or end of a line.
Telos– Which means “goal , purpose , or fulfillment”.
What makes us happy?
Happiness is a state of being (over all physical condition of a
person), not just only an emotion or a decision. We do not choose happiness because we feel it, we do not choose happiness because we need it but happiness is the
totality of who we are as human beings. Aside from that, we must consider also the goods and sources of our happiness.
Kinds of Good
1. Noble good is one which is pursued for its own sake, example is love and friendship.
2. Useful good is found only from what it can provide, example is money and any materials things.
3. Pleasurable good is good so long as it provides pleasure.
Whatever the source of our happiness right now, let us see to it that it is real and meaningful.
Why do we suffer?
Suffering takes place when we patiently endure unpleasantness, discomfort, and pain. It can come in the form of physical suffering, when we experience physical
sensations such as discomfort, hunger, distress, and pain. These are often caused by injury,disease, and the lack of basic needs. It can also be in the form of mental
suffering, which involves emotional and mental states such as depression, anxiety, fear, loneliness, and grief. These may be caused by unexpected situations in life such as
sudden changes in lifestyle, loss of employment, stressful situations, and grief caused by the death of a loved one. The tension between what a person is what he wants to
be also be an experience of suffering.
What causes suffering?
We normally experience difficulties in life, and how we deal with them is often determined by our mindset regarding suffering. Gener-ally, suffering is viewed as an
undesirable condition, and that we naturally seek pleasure and avoid pain. Those adopt this perspective often focus on the various means to avoid suffering or eliminate
itentirely from life. Another view considers suffering as necessary be-because it helps existence. Without it, we are humble to grow and im-prove, and our positive
experiences lose meaning and significance. Negative experiences are a part of our lives. We cannot shelter our-selves from suffering, but we can be prepared to deal with it
so does not break us. Philosophy helps us understand how suffering defines the state or condition of the person before, during, and after the experience. It is important to
remember that difficulties are not with-out reason. They can bring about good things even if we do not fully understand our circumstances at present. More often, our
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hard-ships bring about realizations and opportunities for us. Even if the outcome of a difficulty is unfavorable, dealing with suffering can im-prove our attitude towards life
and other people.
How do happiness,suffering , and death give meaning to your life?
As we approach our death, we experience both happiness and suffering. Although these are distinct experiences, the two are not really meant to be complete opposites, for
there may be instances when they enrich one another. The pursuit of happiness requires that we go through the effort to achieve it. Our efforts are often marked by
difficulties and discouragement.
For example, a person who wishes to pass or her exams must spend time to study and exert effort to perform well in his or her aca-demic tasks. Athletes who wish to
become the best in their sports often experience hardships in training,injuries, and several setback s before they are able to gain victory. Look back at an achievement in
your life which you consider your most significant triumph. Certainly, that victory was made more significant and “sweeter” by the fact that you were able to surmount the
challenges you faced.
If we are willing to suffer through adversities and maybe even suffer cheerfully, it makes the pursuit of happiness even more worthwhile. As a result, we not only attain the
happiness that we want, but we also become better persons in the process. The reality of death means that our existence is unique and that we will not always get another
chance to do the things we want in this life. Therefore, we should not easily give up on the pursuit of good things. Reflecting on the reality of death enables us to think of
how we can best live a meaningful life We can strive to leave behind a legacy either in the form of an inheritance, a reputation, or a significant achievement.
III . PROCEDURES
IV. Reflection
V. Assessment
WEEK 1
Directions: Using the ripple effect diagram below, write a willful (deliberate) act at the center. In the next circle, write down the effects of that act on yourself. Then, write how others were
affected by your decision at the outermost part of the diagram.
TRUE 1. The etymological definition of the word Philosophy means the love of wisdom.
FALSE 2. One must study Metaphysics if one wants to study about the concept of beauty and arts.
FALSE 3. According to ancient records, India is considered to be the birthplace of philosophy.
FALSE 4. Partial thinking requires one to open-minded in order to be able to see the big picture in order to understand the entire situation.
TRUE 5. Doing reflection is essential because it makes our actions and decisions well thought out and done in consideration of how it affects ourselves, others, and our surroundings.
TRUE 6. Some of the benefits of reflection are good judgment in practical matters and having a positive attitude in life.
FALSE7. Socrates is credited as the first person to coin the word philosophy.
TRUE 8. Ethics is a branch of philosophy which studies principles of concepts of right and wrong behavior.
TRUE 9. In phenomenology, we are encouraged to study our lived experience or conscious experience from a subjective (first person) point of view.
FALSE 10. Epistemology is essential to man’s existence for it nourishes his mind and soul in as much as what food does to the body.

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 WEEK 2
Activity 1 Let’s Review
Using a compare and contrast matrix, write down three attributes of TRUTH and OPINION.
Basis for Comparison Truth Opinion
Meaning
Basis
Type of Reality

WEEK 3
Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to correct
answer
1. It refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions.
A. Limitation B. Self C. Self-awareness D. Transcendence
2. It is the ability to surpass limits .
A. Limitation B. Self determination C. Self-awareness D. Transcendence
3. It refers to the capability of a person to reach out and interact with others and the world.
A. Dignity B. Externality C. Free will D. Limitation
4. It refers to the innate right to be valued and respected.
A. Dignity B. Externality C. Free will D. Limitation
5. It enables us to do actions whenever we want to and makes
self-determination possible. It is the capacity to choose a course
of action from various alternatives.
A. Dignity B. Externality C. Free will D. Limitation
6. What do you call the state of being or existence above and beyond
the limits of material experience?
A.Transition B.Transcendence C.Transformation D.Transgression
7. What does the term “ scandare “ mean?
A. “To exist” B. “To impart” C. “To climb” D. “To deduce”
8. According to this philosopher, the human person is an embodied
spirit. Who is he?
A. Socrates B. Aristotle C. Immanuel Kant D. St. Thomas
9. Which of the following is a biological limitation for transcendence
for a student whose goal is to be a valedictorian?
A. Joining a dance troupe
B. Being absent for a week due to fever
C. Watching videos over the internet
D. Criticism from his teacher on his science project
10. Which of the following is NOT a possibility for transcendence?
A. Looking for help
B. Having a positive outlook

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 C. Working to reach a goal
D. Learning from experience
WEEK 4

Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. In anthropocentric model, which of the following is the highest?

A. Human B. Technology C. Nature D. Mind
2. He believes that the world involves an ongoing process governed by the law of change.
A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Thomas Hobbes D. Heraclitus
3. It is a discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-environment contents.
A. Anthropocentricism B. Biocentrism C. Ecocentrism D. Environmental ethics
4. It focuses on the significant role of the human kind in the world and considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive.
A. Anthropocentricism B. Biocentrism C. Ecocentrism D. Environmental ethics
5. It believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet , and that all organisms have inherent value and should be protected.
A. Anthropocentricism B. Biocentrism C. Ecocentrism D. Environmental ethics
6. It places great value on ecosystems and biological communities.
A. Anthropocentricism B. Biocentrism C. Ecocentrism D. Environmental ethics
7. It is one philosophical view that believes maintaining order in the environment.
A. Anthropocentricism B. Biocentrism C. Environmental aesthetics D. Environmental ethics
8. It guides us in upholding the welfare of the environment and everything in it.
A. Anthropocentricism B. Biocentrism C. Environmental aesthetics D. Environmental ethics
9. It refers to prudence in decision-making regarding the use of resources to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste.
A. Equity B. Economic efficiency C. Environmental aesthetics D. Environmental ethics
10. Which of the following term describes as the capability to reach out and interact with others and the world?
A. Human B. Externality C. Person D. Transcendence
WEEK 5

Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. It is vital in the proper exercise of human freedom.
A. Freedom B. Responsibility C. Voluntariness D. Self-reflection
2. These are free acts which can be assigned a corresponding moral value.
A. Freedom B. Responsibility C. Voluntariness D. Self-reflection
3. It has a positive or negative meaning, and it goes hand-in-hand with voluntariness in determining the morality of an action.
A. Freedom B. Responsibility C. Voluntariness D. Self-reflection
4. It is the power to be what you want to be and the ability to decide and create yourself.
A. Freedom B. Responsibility C. Voluntariness D. Self-reflection
5. It means that a person’s every action is freely determined and these actions define him or her.
A. Freedom is rooted in the human person’s self-determination and the exercise of intellect and free will.
B. Freedom is experienced through the act of making choices.
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 C. Human freedom should be exercised with control and a recognition of reasonable limits.
D. Freedom should also be exercised with regard for knowledge and truth.
6. It is also possible that the choice not to take action may be an acceptable and moral choice in a given situation.
A. Freedom is rooted in the human person’s self-determination and the exercise of intellect and free will.
B. Freedom is experienced through the act of making choices.
C. Human freedom should be exercised with control and a recognition of reasonable limits.
D. Freedom should also be exercised with regard for knowledge and truth.
7. It requires sacrifice certain self-interest and accept certain realities that are beyond our control.
A. Freedom is rooted in the human person’s self-determination and the exercise of intellect and free will.
B. Freedom is experienced through the act of making choices.
C. Human freedom should be exercised with control and a recognition of reasonable limits.
D. Freedom should also be exercised with regard for knowledge and truth.
8. It is the ability to acquire information and truthful knowledge regarding a particular situation is very important, since it aids us in making wise and informed choices.
A. Freedom is rooted in the human person’s self-determination and the exercise of intellect and free will.
B. Freedom is experienced through the act of making choices.
C. Human freedom should be exercised with control and a recognition of reasonable limits.
D. Freedom should also be exercised with regard for knowledge and truth.
9. Which of the following describes as the ability to make choices and perform actions, and is an intrinsic and essential property of the human person?
A. Freedom B. Physical freedom C. Psychological freedom D. Responsibility
10. Which of the following describes as the freedom of choice?

A. Freedom B. Physical freedom C. Psychological freedom D. Responsibility

WEEK 6

Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. It refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons. It is made possible by the awareness of the self and the others.
A. Availability B. Empathy C. Intersubjectivity D. Seeming
2. It is an important aspect of intersubjectivity and its driven by a person’s awareness of the emotions and thoughts of other people. It enables a person to place himself or herself in the
shoes of others and leads to a greater understanding and appreciation of others.
A. Availability B. Empathy C. Intersubjectivity D. Seeming
3. It refers to the willingness of a person to be present for another and to render assistance to another.
A. Availability B. Empathy C. Intersubjectivity D. Seeming
4. It refers to the way a person presents himself or herself when dealing with others.
A. Availability B. Empathy C. Intersubjectivity D. Seeming
5. He was an American author, political activist and the first deaf-blind person to earn a bachelor’s degree. She spent her time giving speeches and writing at the age of 22, she published an
autobiography , The Story of My Life.
A. Roselle AmbubuyogB. Helen Keller C. Manny Pacquio D. Nicholas James “ Nick “ Vujicic
6. He is an Australian evangelist and motivational speaker who
was born with phocomelia .
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 A. Roselle Ambubuyog B. Helen Keller C. Manny Pacquio D. Nicholas James “ Nick “ Vujicic
7. It is a condition in which a person is born with no arms or legs.
A. Galactosemia B. Maple sugar urine disease C. Phocomelia D. Phenylketonuria

8. She is the first visually-impaired Filipino to graduate summa cum

laude from Ateneo de Manila University in 2001 and initiated
“ Project Roselle”.
A. Roselle Ambubuyog B. Helen Keller C. Manny Pacquio D. Nicholas James “ Nick “ Vujicic
9. It is a deep and genuine relationship between persons.
A. Availability B. Dialogue C. Intersubjectivity D. Seeming
10. This arises when a person ceases to view the other as a distinct
and authentic person and merely considers the other as a mere
object or a means to satisfy personal interests.
A. Availability B. Dialogue C. Intersubjectivity D. Seeming
THE ANSWER IS NOT HERE SO MY ANSWERS IS “ALIENATION”

WEEK 7

Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct

answer.
1. It is where people organize themselves through communication technology and the internet .
A Feudal Society B. Horticulture society C. Industrial society D. Virtual society
2. The lord depends on his vassals to provide him with resources, the vassals depend on the peasants for their service, while the peasants depend on their vassals for production.
A Feudal Society B. Horticulture society C. Industrial society D. Virtual society
3. This type of society is also characterized by cultural diversity and the presence of bureaucratic forms of organizations.
A Feudal Society B. Horticulture society C. Industrial society D. Virtual society
4. In this society, roles and responsibilities are more clearly defined with any tasks assigned according to gender.
A Feudal Society B. Horticulture society C. Industrial society D. Virtual society THE ANSWER IS NOT HERE SO MY ANSWER IS “ HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY “
5. It often produces surplus food and resources, which they trade with other societies.
A. Agrarian society B. Hunting and gathering society C. Pastoral society D. Post-Industrial society
6. This type of society is a further evolution of the pastoral and horticultural societies.
A. Agrarian society B. Hunting and gathering society C. Pastoral society D. Post-Industrial society THE ANSWER IS NOT HERE SO MY ANSWER IS “ INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY “
7. The hierarchy in this type of society is not very varied. Its members are generally treated equally and decisions are usually arrived at through a consensus.
A. Agrarian society B. Hunting and gathering society C. Pastoral society D. Post-Industrial society
8. He described people’s self –interest as a significant factor in building and maintaining societies.
A. David Gauthier B. John Locke C. John Rawls D. Thomas Hobbes
9. Which of the following defines as an organized group of people whose members interact frequently and have commonalities?
A. Society B. Social contract C. Social group D. Social systems
10. Which of the following philosophers believes that humans naturally seek a just and fair society because of self-interest?
A. Aristotle B. Plato C. John Locke D. John Rowls

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 WEEK 8

Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct

answer.
1. It refers to the separation of the soul and the body.
A. Death B. Good C. Happiness D. Human Person
2. It is the end of bodily functions which signals the end of a person’s life.
A. Death B. Good C. Happiness D. Human Person
3. It is embodied spirit or the unity of a body and spirit.
A. Death B. Good C. Happiness D. Human Person
4. It is a state of being, not just an emotional experience or a chosen mental attitude.
A. Death B. Good C. Happiness D. Human Person
5. It is a source of happiness and it has three kinds.( noble good, useful good and pleasurable good .)
A. Death B. Good C. Happiness D. Human Person
6. It can be found in more permanent and meaningful things.
A. Death B. Good C. Real Happiness D. Human Person
7. It takes place when we patiently endure unpleasantness, discomfort , and pain. It can be experienced physically or mentally.
A. Death B. Good C. Happiness D. Suffering
8. These are often caused by injury , disease , and lack of basic needs.
A. Death B. Good C. Suffering D. Physical suffering
9. It is generally viewed as an undesirable condition, and that we naturally seek pleasure and avoid pain.
A. Death B. Good C. Suffering D. Physical suffering
10. It is being oriented towards death.
A. Death B. Human C. Human condition D. Physical suffering

References
Books Abella, Roberto. . Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2016, 10-14.
Caraan, Aleli. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Makati City: DIWA Learning Systems Inc., 2016, 2.
Winston Gallinero and Richard Juanito Estaris. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Malabon: Mutya Publishing House, Inc., 2017, 6-9, 21-29.
Online Sources
A good idea from ... the Stoics. Independent.co.uk
https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/a-good-idea-from-the-stoics-1086664.html (accessed to the Five branches of Philosophy.
Importanceofphilosophy.com http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/FiveBranchesMain.html (accessed May 14, 2020)

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