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  • Argument Based On Mathematics and Argument From Definition (AutoRecovered)

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    Thu Bích
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    The document discusses two common patterns of deductive arguments: 1) Arguments based on mathematics, which derive conclusions from mathematical calculations or measurements. These are usually deductive, but can sometimes be inductive if the premises allow for the possibility of the conclusion being false. 2) Arguments from definition, which claim conclusions are true by definition based on the meaning of terms. These are always deductive, as statements following by definition are necessarily true if the definitions are true.

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    The document discusses two common patterns of deductive arguments: 1) Arguments based on mathematics, which derive conclusions from mathematical calculations or measurements. These are usually deductive, but can sometimes be inductive if the premises allow for the possibility of the conclusion being false. 2) Arguments from definition, which claim conclusions are true by definition based on the meaning of terms. These are always deductive, as statements following by definition are necessarily true if the definitions are true.

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    2K views2 pages

    Argument Based On Mathematics and Argument From Definition (AutoRecovered)

    Uploaded by

    Thu Bích
    The document discusses two common patterns of deductive arguments: 1) Arguments based on mathematics, which derive conclusions from mathematical calculations or measurements. These are usually deductive, but can sometimes be inductive if the premises allow for the possibility of the conclusion being false. 2) Arguments from definition, which claim conclusions are true by definition based on the meaning of terms. These are always deductive, as statements following by definition are necessarily true if the definitions are true.

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    of 2

    1.

    Argument based on mathematics :


    We have a definition
     Mathematics is a model of logical, step-by-step reasoning. The arguments prove that
    conclusion is on the basis of precise mathematical concepts and reasoning
    In an argument based on mathematics, the conclusion is claimed to depend largely
    or entirely on some mathematical calculation or measurement
     For example :
     Eight is greater than four.
    Four is greater than two.
    Therefore, eight is greater than two.

     Mark has twice as many cats as Susan


    Susan has 3 cats
    Therefore, Mark has 6 cats

    In these examples, they based on some basic mathematical calculations like


    numeration or addition and they are totally true

     Arguments based on mathematics are usually best treated as deductive. However,


    arguments based on mathematics can be inductive

    Here is example :
    My blind uncle told me that there were 8 men, 6 women, and 12 kids at the party.
    By simple addition, therefore, it follows that there were 26 people at the party.
    Here, the conclusion clearly does not follow from the premise because it is possible
    for the premise to be true and the conclusion false. (Maybe my blind uncle
    miscounted, for example.) For that reason, the argument is best treated as inductive

    2. Argument from definition :


     In an argument from definition , the conclusion is presented as being “true by
    definition,” that is, as following simply by definition from some key word or phrase
    used in the argument

     For example:
     John is a bachelor. Therefore, John is unmarried

     Marry is a grandmother. Therefore, she is a woman


    We can see that these statements are based on definition from some keywords like bachelor
    or grandmother so the conclusion like “john is unmarried or she is a woman” are totally true
    by definition

    ( phần ni t tự nói nha : Because a statement that follows by definition is necessarily true if
    the relevant definition is true )

     Arguments from definition are always deductive

    (Dấu chấm ở dưới là kiểu tổng hợp cho phần common patterns of đeuctive á nha )
    That all for the common patterns of deductive reasoning, and we will summary
    them :

     Our discussion of common patterns of deductive reasoning can be summarized as


    follows:
     Arguments by elimination and arguments from definition should always be
    treated as deductive.
     Logically reliable hypothetical syllogisms, categorical syllogisms, and
    arguments based on mathematics should always be treated as deductive.
     Logically unreliable hypothetical syllogisms, categorical syllogisms, and
    arguments based on mathematics should be treated as deductive unless
    there is clear evidence that they are intended to be inductive.

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