Senior High School

Introduction to Philosophy of
the Human Person
Module 5:
Freedom of the Human Person

AIRs - LM
LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON
Module 5: Freedom of the Human Person
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Concepcion Dulay

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Content Reviewer: Reina C. Boac
Language Reviewer: Concepcion Dulay
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr.
Design and Layout: Ronnel M. Barrientos

Management Team:

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Schools Division Superintendent
Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief
Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS
Lorna O. Gaspar, PhD, EPS in Charge of Intro to Philosophy
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City, La Union
Telefax: 072 – 205 – 0046
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LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________
 Senior High School

Introduction to Philosophy of
the Human Person
Module 5:
Freedom of the Human Person

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Target

This learning material highlights freedom from the intellectual, political,

spiritual, and economic aspects. To be free is a part of humanity’s
authenticity. In one way, understanding freedom is part of our transcendence.
Freedom consists of going beyond situations such as physical or economic

This learning material consists of a lesson namely: Freedom of the

Human Person.

After going through this lesson and learning materials you are expected to:
a. Evaluate and exercise prudence in choices
b. Realize that:
-Choices have consequences
-Some things are given up while others are obtained in making
choices
c. Show situations that demonstrate freedom of choice and the
consequences of their choices

Subtasks:
• Define freedom
• Describe freedom from the philosopher’s point of view
• Use your freedom according to the choice you make based on
reason and will
• Organize your thoughts before making a choice and be
responsible on the actions you make
• Value the things you make in making a choice
• Develop a sense of love and spirituality in exercising your
freedom

Before we proceed to the lesson for this week lets have first a short activity that will give
you an initial knowledge and information about the topic you will take.

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Jumpstart

Activity 1: What Will I Choose?

Directions: See the two images given. What can you say about the pictures
below? Have you been in this kind of situation? What were the things that
you considered in making choices?
Picture 1 Picture 2

https://mystarjob.com/articles/printer.aspx?file=/2013/9/7/ https://steemit.com/introduceyourself/@tamimiqbal/8-
steps-in-decision-making-process
mystarjob_careerguide/13550955&sec=mystarjob_careerguide

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics

5 4 3 2
Development Ideas were Ideas may be Ideas were Ideas were
of Ideas clearly evident, but the present but poorly
organized, on organization of vague developed and
point and thoughts need lack
supported with to be
valid reasons strengthened
Elaboration Well written Well written and Awkward Poor writing
and fully most points writing style with little to
elaborated elaborated with and points no specific
points with clear are general. details
clear and Errors are
accurate also present.
information

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Lesson “All Actions Have
1 Consequences”

Discover

You have already an idea on the lesson you will learn due to the activity you
had. The next step is you read and analyze the meaning of Freedom so that you
will understand why we had to use it in choosing and making a choice.

The Nature of Human Freedom (Existentialism)

Freedom
• It is identified with the aspects of intellectual, political, spiritual, and
economic. To be free is a part of humanity’s authenticity.
Understanding freedom is part of transcendence. It consists of going
beyond situations such as physical or economic.

A. Aristotle- The Power of Volition

The imperative quality of judgment of practical intellect is meaningless,
apart from will. Reason can legislate, but only through will can its legislation
be translated into action. The task of practical intellect is to guide will by
enlightening it. Will is to be understood wholly in terms of intellect for there
is no intellect if there is no will The will of humanity is an instrument of free
choice.
Will is borne out by:
• inner awareness of an aptitude to do right or wrong.
• the common testimony of all human beings.
• the rewards and punishment of rulers; and
• the general employment of praise and blame.

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Moral acts are in our power, and we are responsible for them. Character
or habit is no excuse for immoral conduct.

Action

Reason

Figure 5.1. Aristotle: Intellectual Freedom

For Aristotle, a human being is rational. Reason is a divine

characteristic. Humans have the spark of the divine. If there were no intellect,
there would be no will. Reason can legislate, but only through will can its
legislation be turned into action. Our will is an instrument of free choice.
Reason, Will, and Action drives each other.

B. St. Thomas of Aquinas: Love is Freedom

St. Thomas Aquinas considers the human being as a moral agent, being
both a spiritual and body element, the spiritual and material. The unity
between both elements indeed helps us to understand our complexity as
human beings. Our spirituality separates us from animals; it delineates moral
dimension of our fulfillment in an action. Through our, spirituality, we have
a conscience. Whether we choose to be "good" or "evil" becomes our
responsibility.
A human being, therefore, has a supernatural, transcendental destiny,
rising above his ordinary self to a highest self. If a human being perseveringly
lives a righteous and virtuous life, he transcends his mortal state of life and
soars to an immortal.
Perfection by participation here means that it is a union of humanity
with God. Change should promote not just any purely private advantage, but
the good of the community.
St. Thomas gives a fourfold classification of law: the eternal law,
natural law, human law, and divine law.
Natural Law applies only to human beings; good is to be sought after
and evil avoided (instruct of self-preservation). There is inherent in every
human being an inclination that he shares with all other beings, namely, the
desire to conserve human life and forbids the contrary.

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 For Aquinas, both natural and human laws are concerned with ends
determined simply by humanity's nature. However, human being is ordained
to an end transcending his nature, it is necessary that he has a law ordering
him to that end, and this is the divine law or revelation.

Divine Law deals with interior disposition as well as external acts and
it ensures the final punishment of all evil doing. It gives human beings the
certitude where human reason unaided could arrive only at possibilities. This
divine law is divided into old (Mosaic) and the new (Christian) that are related
as the immature and imperfect to the perfect and complete.
Eternal Law the decree of God that governs all creation.
For Aristotle, the purpose of a human being is to be happy. To be happy,
one must live a virtuous life – to develop to the full their powers—rational,
moral, social, emotional, and physical here on earth.
For St. Thomas, human is to be happy that is perfect happiness that
everyone seeks but could be found only in God alone.
St. Thomas wisely and aptly chose and proposed Love rather than to
bring about the transformation of humanity. Love is in consonance with
humanity's free nature, for Law commands and complete; Love only calls and
invites. He also emphasizes the freedom of humanity but chooses love in
governing humanity's life. Since God is Love, then Love is the guiding principle
of humanity toward his self-perception and happiness his ultimate destiny.
C. St. Thomas of Aquinas: Spiritual Freedom
He establishes the existence of God as a first cause. Of all God's
creations, human beings have the unique Power to change themselves and
things around them for the better. As humans, we are both material and
spiritual, have conscience because of our spirituality. God is Love and Love is
our destiny

Actions
(Good or evil)

Conscience

God ‘s
Love

Figure 5.2. Spiritual Freedom

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
D. Jean Paul Sartre: Individual Freedom

The human person is the desire to be God the desire to exist as a being
which has its sufficient ground in itself (en sui causa). The human person
builds the road to the destiny of his/her choosing; he/she is the creator
(Srathern 1998).
Principle of Sartre’s Existentialism
• The person, first, exists, encounters himself and surges up in the world
then defines himself afterward. The person is nothing else but that what
he makes of himself.
• The person is provided with a supreme opportunity to give meaning to
one's life
• Sartre emphasizes the importance of free individual choice, regardless
of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs,
and decisions. To be human, to be conscious is to be free to imagine,
free to choose and to be responsible for one’s life.

E. Thomas Hobbes- Theory of Social Contract

Law of Nature (lex naturalis) a precept or general rule established by

reason, by which a person is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his
life or takes away the means of preserving the same; and to omit that by which
he thinks it may be best preserved.
• "The fundamental law of nature seeks peace and follows it, while at the
same time, by the sum of natural right, we should defend ourselves by
all means that we can.”
• The laws of nature are unable to achieve the desired end by themselves
alone; that is, unless there is coercive power able to enforce their
observance by sanctions.
• Hobbes developed social in favor of absolute monarchy.

F. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau interpreted the idea of social contract in terms of absolute
democracy and individualism.
• Rousseau and Hobbes believe that human beings must form a
community or civil community to protect themselves from one another,
because the nature of human beings is to wage war against one another,
and since by nature, humanity tends toward self-preservation, then it
follows that they must come to a free mutual agreement to protect
themselves.
• Rousseau believes that a human being is born free and good. But
human has become bad due to the evil influence of society, civilization,
learning, and progress. human being lost his original goodness, his
primitive tranquility of spirit.

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 • There must be a common power or government which the plurality of
individuals (citizens) should confer all their powers and strength into
(freedom) one will (ruler).
Sovereign/Ruler
(State)

Freedom
(General will or
mutual transferring
of rights)

Citizens
(Individual
rights)

Figure 5.3. Individual Rights

Explore

Activity 1: Match Me!

Direction: Match the corresponding statement in Column A to the different
philosophers in column B.
Column A Column B
1. Power of Volition A. St. Thomas of Aquinas
2. Absolute democracy and
B. Jean Paul Sartre
individualism
3. Love is freedom/Spiritual
C. Aristotle
freedom
4. Individual freedom D. Thomas Hobbes
5. Theory of social contract E. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Deepen

Activity 2: Analyze Me!

Directions: Read and comprehend the following questions. Answer it
substantially. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1.Expain Sartre’s belief: “Human being is free, human being is freedom.”
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. If your actions are causally determined, should you be taken as responsible
for any of your actions? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Reflective Journals: Write a short paragraph base on the following
questions as a guide and write it on a separate sheet of pad paper.
Journal 1: In your view, what consist of ‘free choice’? Cite examples in the
current situation.
Journal 2: Are you a slave to something (e.g., technology)? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics
5 4 3 2
Development Ideas were clearly Ideas may be Ideas were Ideas were
of Ideas organized, on evident, but the present but poorly
point and organization of vague developed
supported with thoughts need and lack
valid reasons to be
strengthened
Elaboration Well written and Well written and Awkward Poor
fully elaborated most points writing style writing with
points with clear elaborated with and points little to no
and accurate clear are general. specific
information Errors are details
also
present.

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Lesson
2 Prudence in Choices

Discover

Freedom involves choice. It is man’s capacity to do otherwise. As Sartre

said, it is through choice that man lives an authentic human life.
If human beings have no capacity to choose, which means that they
are determined, then this seems to reduce the value and dignity of man,
because it shows that man cannot control the situations around him.
Humanity without the capacity to choose is a pawn to whoever or whatever
nature allows to happen. When man cannot choose, he tends to believe that
he cannot be made responsible for the choices he makes because his actions
are not from a deliberate act of choosing but a causal connection between
events beyond his control.
If human beings are determined, life seems to be futile or even absurd,
because they live to simply go with the flow, with that the law of nature
dictates. Whatever action they “choose” is not really a choice, but it is what
nature dictates. This is fatalism, a view that states that one is powerless to do
anything than what he wants to do.
The act of choosing or the ability to choose is valuable because it
gives the human person the reason to make deliberate actions out of motives
that reveal his autonomy as an agent or as an individual. As what Sartre said?
“To act in bad faith is to allow others to choose for you or for chance to take
its lead.” Chance and choosing are not incommensurable.
If a person has the capacity to choose, then that person can be held
responsible over the consequences of his actions. If the choice lies in his own
hands, he will take considerable time before acting on something because he
knows that if the consequence is not what he intends to happen, he gets the
blame. Hence, the person becomes prudent with the choices he makes.
In the spirituality of imperfection, we learn to accept that life, our
environment, is both "evil" and ' 'good." B.F. Skinner believes that morality is
a conditioned response impressed on the child by society. To be responsible
is when one feels responsible. There must be added awareness that humans
did it "independently," "of his own initiative “, having knowledge about acting
on one's own desires - consciousness of freedom
Plato believes, the soul of every individual possesses the power of
learning the truth and living in a society that is in accordance with its nature.

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 We are responsible, whether we admit it or not, for what is in our power
to do; and most of the time, we cannot be sure what it is in our power to do
until we attempt.
Choices Have Consequences and Some Things Are Given Up while others
are Obtained in Making Choices
Twentieth century gave rise to the importance of the individual.
Aristotle, Rand believes that thinking is volitional. A person has the freedom
to think or not. Individual rights were upheld in capitalism that is the only
system that can uphold and protect them.
Individualism is lined in family dependency because Easterners believe
that the individual needs the community and vice versa. In Filipino's loob, for
instance, the individual is the captain of his own ship on a sea that is not
entirely devoid of uncertainties.
Filipinos' holistic and interior dimensions stress a being-with-others
and sensitivity to the needs of others that inhibits one's personal and
individual fulfillment.
It encompassed "give-and-take" relationship among Filipinos. As such,
repaying those who have helped us is a manifestation of utang na loob or debt
of gratitude. Self-sufficiency (kasarinlan) should recognize human worth and
dignity. The use of intermediaries or go-betweens, the values of loyalty,
hospitality, pakikisama (camaraderie), and respect to authority are such
values that relate to persons. Filipino generally believes in the innate goodness
of the human being.

Explore

Activity:1
Direction: Write True if you agree on the statement and False if not. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

_____ 1. Humanity without the capacity to choose is a pawn to whoever or

whatever nature allows to happen.
_____ 2. If a person has the capacity to choose, his neighbor can be held
responsible over the consequences of his actions.
_____ 3. To be responsible is when one feels responsible.
______ 4. A person has the freedom to think or not.
_____ 5. An individual is the captain of his own ship on a sea that is not
entirely devoid of uncertainties.

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LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Deepen

Enrichment Activity 2: Read Me!

Direction: Read and follow the simple direction on how to make a choice
answer substantially what is ask for.

After you graduated from high school, your parents told you that you
can either go to college or look for a job. Remember that each choice you will
make has a consequence.

1. How will you make a choice? Come up with three choices that you may
choose from.
2. Using your imagination, creativity, and observation, think of possible
consequences that are realistic and measurable.
3. Think before you make a choice.
4. Write the step- by- step process you followed to make the choice.
5. Produce the results of the process you went through in booklet form,
together with the step-by-step procedure.
6. Include drawings and/or inspiring quotes that helped you in visualizing
your choice-making process.

Rubrics

5 4 3 2-1
Development Ideas were Ideas may be Ideas were Ideas were
of Ideas clearly evident, but present but poorly
organized, on the vague developed
point and organization and lack
supported of thoughts
with valid need to be
reasons strengthened
Elaboration Well written Well written Awkward Poor writing
and fully and most writing style with little to
elaborated points and points no specific
points with elaborated are general. details
clear and with clear Errors are
accurate also present.
information

11

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Lesson Freedom of Choice and the
3 Consequences

Discover

The Act of Making a Choice

If you have understood the importance of being prudent in making
choices, you will realize in this section that any deliberate act of choosing
involves evaluating alternatives.
Robert Nozick – renowned American philosopher explains in his 1981
book, Philosophical Explanations, that making a choice seems to feel like there
are various reasons for and against doing each of the alternative actions or
courses of action one is considering, and it seems, and it feels as if one could
do anyone of these alternatives.
The act of making a choice involves evaluating the reasons and giving
weight to reasons. One alternative is chosen because the reason behind such
alternative has more weight than the others.
Nozick introduced the concept of weighing the reasons. He explained
that when you are choosing, the act involves not only weighing the reasons
but giving weight to reasons. After you have chosen each alternative, you will
realize that some considerations carry more weight than the others. That is
why you choose one alternative and discard the other.
Nozick further suggests a theory of values in the act of giving weights.
These values are intrinsic, instrumental, originative, and contributory.
Intrinsic value is the value that has in itself apart from or independent of its
consequences. If intrinsic value is applied to alternatives, you choose this
alternative by the weight you give to the alternative because the alternative
itself is valuable in its own right. For example, if you will have to choose
between studying and going out with your friends, these alternatives ca be
both valuable and independent of the consequences the alternative may lead
to.
The instrumental value is the function and measure of the intrinsic
value that it leads to. It may be the sum of the intrinsic values of different
things it leads to or some measure of the intrinsic values it might lead to as
weighed by probabilities such as expected intrinsic value. Hence the given
example, your decision to study or go out with your friends depends on two
things: (1) the intrinsic worth of the alternative you will choose and (2) the

12

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
weight of the consequences of the alternative you will choose. This suggest
that the weight you assign to each alternative or choice may be a combination
of intrinsic. So, if you choose to study over a night of fun with your friends,
such choice involves the following:
(1) Intrinsic value: Studying is a good act.
(2) Instrumental value: Studying will help you understand the lessons
well and it may help you earn a high grade.
The originative value introduces new values to the world. It may be
newly intrinsic values or newly instrumental values. Through this third value,
you may have all three kinds of values combined- intrinsic, instrumental, and
originative. That is why a person with an originative value can make a
difference in this world. His or her actions can effect change and different
valuable consequences can happen. However, the originative value can be
denied by causal determination.
Imagine yourself three or four years from now. You are given the choice
of working in an office or staying in school to finish college. Whatever you
choose from these two alternatives has neither intrinsic value nor an
instrumental value may produce an originative value after doing an action.
For example, you chose to continue your studies and you were able to
graduate from college; later, you became a scientist and invented a new tool
or gadget. The originative value is based on the invention which your choice
effected.
The contributory value focuses on the value contribution that a
human action effects. Most human beings want their actions to have
contributory values. At the very least, even if the contributory value is not an
original one, the contributory factor helps in differentiating the existing case
without the factors effected by the contributory value if it did exist.
When you make a choice, the act of choosing is always intentional or
purposeful. It is a free choice that you made from among the alternatives, and
such choice was based on the weight of the reasons you put on the choices.
In the act of giving weights to the alternatives, you may find that some of these
alternatives and their reasons may have more weight or are more important
to you, so you choose that alternative and act on it.
According to Rand, individual freedom should be aligned with economic
freedom. The Filipino “sakop” or harmony can be a helping value to the full
development of the Filipino if it opens to embrace the whole Philippine society.
Filipino “sakop” must begin to raise its members in a more responsible
way and the members should likewise se take this attempt to raise them
financially and socially seriously so as not to squander the help bestowed on
them. Moreover, they must come to realize that their personal worth and
dignity is not exterior to themselves; it is not found in the body of “sakop” but
in one’s “kalooban”. If these are fulfilled, The Filipinos shall not only be better
persons but a better nation with a sound economy (Andres 1994).
A leader or a manager with “magandang kalooban” is not passive but
plays active role in economic development. Leaders should not just focus on
the impact of job performance but treats every individual worker as person

13

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
and not as objects. Filipinos can attain a sound economy through an
integrative system as such there is support and help among unit of
organizations within a company. To make up for the inferiority complex of
Filipinos, a good Filipino leader/manager must encourage fellow Filipinos to
believe in themselves so that they can bounce back as an economic power.

Explore

Activity: Identify Me!

Direction: State the term that correspond to the statement. Write your
answer on another sheet of paper.
Choose your answer from the following:

Intrinsic value Instrumental value Originative value

Contributory value Filipino “Sakop”

____________ 1. It can be a helping value to the full development of the

Filipino if it opens to embrace the whole Philippine society.
_____________ 2. It is the function and measure of the intrinsic value that it
leads to.
_____________ 3. It introduces new values to the world. It may be newly
intrinsic values or newly instrumental values.
_____________ 4. It focuses on the value contribution that a human action
effects.
_____________ 5. It is the value that has in itself apart from or independent of
its consequences.

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LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Deepen

Activity 2: What Will Be!

Directions: Read, comprehend, and organize your thoughts on the following
situation and write the consequences on the other table. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
A.

Action Consequences

A student studying his or her lesson

A driver observing traffic lights
Athletes practicing in the gym
A person taking illegal drugs
A student practicing conservation of
natural resources

B. Answer briefly and substantially the following questions based on the

topic learned. Write your answer on a separate pad paper.
1. Why is weighing reasons important in making a choice?
2. What are the four kinds of values that are helpful in giving weights?
3. What did you personally learn from the statement of Sartre’s claim that
we must recognize the moral choices we make for all humankind and must
resist the urge to escape this responsibility for all humankind.
Rubrics
5 4 3 2-1
Development Ideas were Ideas may be Ideas were Ideas were
of Ideas clearly evident, but the present but poorly
organized, on organization of vague developed
point and thoughts need and lack
supported with to be
valid reasons strengthened
Elaboration Well written and Well written Awkward Poor writing
fully elaborated and most points writing style with little to
points with clear elaborated with and points no specific
and accurate clear are general. details
information Errors are
also present.

15

LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Gauge

Let’s find out how far you have understood your lesson.

Assessment: Multiple Choice

Directions: Read and understand each question. Select and write the capital
letter of your answer on another sheet of pad paper.

_______1. The philosopher who asserted “If there were no intellect, there
would be no will?’
A. Aristotle B. Plato C. Sastre D. St. Thomas
_______2. According to Aristotle, human being is rational, therefore human
reasoning is
A. Animal characteristic B. Divine characteristic
C. Human characteristic D. Technological characteristic
_______3. According to St. Thomas, “Of all creatures of God, human beings
have the unique power to change themselves and the things
around them for the better,” therefore he considers human being
as________.
A. Moral agent B. Investigator C. Manipulator D. Indicator
_______4. According to the philosopher Jean Paul Sartre, “the human person
has the desire to be God”, this is _______.
A. Individual freedom B. Powerful freedom
C. Spiritual freedom D. Social contract theory
_______5. In the given situations, which of the following character or habit of
a student is not excused for immoral conduct?
A. The student cut class, he/she is responsible for the
consequences of his/her actions.
B. The student failed in his grade in all his subject for the first
grading, therefore he/she dropped the subject.
C. The student didn’t regret when he cut classes and failed in all his
subject.
D. The student gives gifts to all his teachers in order to pass
him/her because his/her parents will get angry.
_______6.” A human being has a supernatural, transcendental destiny”, what
does this mean?
A. He will be like God
B. He can be powerful among all creatures.
C. He can do everything he want in this world.
D. He can rise above his ordinary being or self to a highest being or
self.

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LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
_______7. Among the following philosophers, who believe that thinking is
volitional aside from Aristotle?
A. Hobbes B. Plato C. Rand D. Rousseau
_______8. He stated that freedom is not about wanting to do things but
being-for – itself acting upon autonomous choices
A. Rene Descartes B. Sartre
C. Socrates D. Thomas of Aquinas
_______9. The following statement is what Sartre asserts except one.
A. Bad faith is real as transcendence.
B. Faith is to believe what you do not see; the reward of this faith
is to see what you believe
C. You make your choice, and you take responsibility for your
choice.
D. You may choose to see your perpetual freedom either as a limit
or as a possibility
_______10. Studying will help you understand the lessons well and it may
help you earn a high grade. This example is what theory of values?
A. Contributory Value B. Intrinsic Value
C. Instrumental Value D. Originative Value
_______11. Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple, was a college dropout. He chose
not to finish college and instead focused on developing
computers and such devices. The choice that Steve Jobs made
ultimately led to the inventions of Mac computers, iPhones,
and iPads. This theory of value is called___.
A. Contributory B. Instrumental Value
C. Originative Value D. Value Intrinsic Value
_______12. What opposes the notion of freedom or free will is the concept of
_______.
A. Determinism B. Ecumenism
B. Existentialism D. Fatalism
_______13. You chose to continue your studies and you were able to
graduate from college; later, you became a businessman and put
up a mall. This theory of values is
A. Contributory B. Instrumental Value
C. Originative Value D. Value Intrinsic Value
_______14. Studying will help you understand the lessons well and it may
help you earn a high grade; this theory of value is ____.
A. Contributory Value B. Instrumental Value
C. Originative Value D. Value Intrinsic Value
_______15. Which is True among the following.
A. Freedom involves choice.
B. Mood of anxiety reveals the good personality of the person.
C. Chance and choosing are commensurable.
D. Of all the creatures of God, animals have the unique power to
change themselves and the things around them for the better.

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LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
II. Matching Type: Match column A to column B. Write the letters only on a
separate sheet of pad paper.

Column A Column B
1. Foster prudence and moderation or A. Aristotle
frugality toward environment.
2. His philosophy is considered to be a B. St. Thomas of Aquinas
representative of existentialism
3. Gives a fourfold classification of law: C. Jean Paul Sartre
eternal, natural, human, and divine
4. His first law of nature is to seek peace D. Thomas Hobbes
5. He introduced the concept of weighing
the reasons. E. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
6. Disclosed that the mood of anxiety
reveals the nothing F. B.F Skinner
7. For him, human being is rational.
8. His book Social Contract, elaborated G. Martin Heidegger
his theory of human nature.
9. Maintains that behavior is shaped and H. Robert Nozick
maintained by its consequences.
10. Individual mind is the tool for I. Ayn Rand
economic progress vis-à-vis laissez faire
capitalism J. Erich Fromm

II. Essay: Answer briefly and substantially the following questions. Write your
answers on the blanks provided.
1. According to St. Augustine, “Rightness means pleasing to God”, can
you give examples of what he stated? Whether you are Catholic and
non-Catholic, give examples of doing “right” actions.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. For St. Augustine he says, “We are free, yet morally bound to obey
the law”. Do you agree with his statement? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 Rubrics

5 4 3 2-1
Development Ideas were Ideas may be Ideas were Ideas were
of Ideas clearly evident, but present but poorly
organized, on the vague developed
point and organization and lack
supported of thoughts
with valid need to be
reasons strengthened
Elaboration Well written Well written Awkward Poor writing
and fully and most writing style with little to
elaborated points and points no specific
points with elaborated are general. details
clear and with clear Errors are
accurate also present.
information

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LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
20
Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3
Explore: Activity 1 Explore: Activity 1 Explore: Activity 1
1. C 1. True 1. Filipino Sakop
2. E 2. False 2. Instrumental value
3. A 3. True 3. Original value
4. B 4. True 4. Contributory value
5. D 5. True 5. Intrinsic value
Assessment
I. Multiple Choice Matching Type
1. A 1. E
2. B 2. C
3. A 3. B
4. A 4. D
5. B 5. H
6. D 6. G
7. C 7. A
8. C 8. D
9. A 9. I
10. C 10. F
11. C
12. A
13. C
14. B
15. A
Answer Key
References
Books
Ramos, Christine Carmela R. (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy, First Edition,
Rex Bookstore, Manila Philippines
Caraan, Aleli M. (2016). Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person, Diwa
Learning Systems INC. Makati City Philippines

Website:
https://blogs.pschcentral.com/relationships/2012/08/the-timeline-of- your-life-
story-probing-to create-shift-to-life-liberating-meanings-2-of-2/
https://www.google.com/search?q=Introduction+to+the+philosophy+of+the+huma
n+person+learning+activities&oq=Introduction+to+the+philosophy+of+the+human+
person+learning+activities&aqs=chrome..69i57.20762j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=U
TF-8

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LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
[email protected]
[email protected]

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LU_Introduction to Philosophy_Module 5