Final Year Project (Lie Detector) Report

Project Stage II Report
On
“Lie Detector using MATLAB”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
By
Vikram Singh Rathaur (1614110981)

Ankit Raj (1614111007)
Ankit Raj (1614110788)
Under the guidance of
Prof. Prasad D. Kadam
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University
College of Engineering,Pune – 4110043
Academic Year 2019-20
i
BHARATI VIDYAPEETH DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE – 4110043
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project report entitled, “Lie Detector using MATLAB” is a bonafide work done by
Vikram Singh Rathaur, Ankit Raj and Ankit Raj in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering.
Prof. Prasad D. Kadam Prof. P V Deshmukh & Prof. Aarti Sawant Prof.Dr. S.K. Oza
(Guide) (Project Coordinator) (HOD)
Examiner1:
Examiner2:
Date: / /2020
Place: Pune
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to the Principal Dr. A. R. Bhalerao, Head of
Department Electronics & Telecommunication, Prof. S.K. Oza, for nurturing a congenial yet
competitive environment, which motivates all the students not only to pursue goals but also to
elevate the Humanitarian level.
Inspiration and guidance are invaluable in every aspect of life, which we have received from
our respected Project Guide Prof. Prasad D. Kadam, who gave us his careful and ardent
guidance because of which we are able to complete this project. More words won’t suffice to
express our gratitude to his untiring devotion. She undoubtedly belongs to the members of the
artistic gallery who are masters in all aspects.
We would also like to thank all the faculty members who directly or indirectly helped us from
time to time with their invaluable inputs.
iii
ABSTRACT
Crime records are reported to show an increasing pattern over the years and it is heart breaking
since crimes cases will affect a lot of people especially the victims since they have to face
severe loss. Interrogations in crime cases are fundamental since this is the element that will
determine the status of the crime and the perpetrator. In order to prevent from any deceptions
by the criminals, lie detector might be an invention that will be a great help to separate truth
and lies. Due to this, the study proposed a lie detector technique using APG signal. APG signal
is the second derivative of PPG that can be obtained by placing detector at the fingertip.
Literature reviews on related topics were conducted to gather more information regarding
deception detection. In order to realise our objective, the proposed methodology is constructed
with data collection as the first step. The data were collected form 10 subjects in form of PPG
signals. The next step is signal transformation where PPG signals are converted into APG
waveforms and the transformed signals will then undergo pre-processing to eliminate noise.
Both techniques use MATLAB as the platform to obtain the output. The following step is
feature extraction where the filtered signals undergo segmentation to point out the important
information to be used in the next stage. The last step is classification where the extracted data
is analysed to perform a conclusion whether the subject is lying or telling the truth. This process
involves analysing 3 characteristics of the signals which are the Peak to Peak Interval (PPI),
Peak Height Difference and Cardioid graph. Results from the experimentation indicates that
PPI is not suitable as a mean to differentiate deception and truth as the difference between these
two signals are trivial. Peak Height Difference and Cardioid graph are more suitable to detect
lies in both PPG and APG signals since there are significant different in PPG and APG waves
when subject are telling lies as compared to telling the truth.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUTION 10
1.1 OVERVIEW 10
1.2 CONVENTIONAL METHODS 11
1.3 DRAWBACKS OF CONVENTIONAL METHODS 11
1.4 TECHNOLOGY GOING TO BE USED 12
1.5 ADVANTAGES OF METHODOLOGY USED 12
1.6 OBJECTIVE 16
1.7 MOTIVATION 16
1.8 LITRATURE SURVEY 17
2 LIE DETECTOR USING MATLAB 18
2.1 PRICIPLE 19
2.2 APPLICATIONS 20
2.3 COMPONENTS 23
2.3.1 ARDUINO UNO 23
2.3.2 LM 35 TEMPRATURE SENSOR 26
2..3.3 BPM SENSOR 28
2.3.4 16X2 JHD LCD DISPLAY 31
2.3.5A LED 33
2.3.5B BUZZER 33
2..3.6 ARDUINO IDE 36
2.3.7 MATLAB SIMULINK 37
3 IMPLEMENTATION 40
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 40
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 41
3.3 WORKING MODEL 41
3.4 SIMULATION 43
4 SOURCE CODE 45
4.1 SIMULATION 46
5 CONCLUSION AND RESULT 49
v
5.1 CONCLUSION 49
5.2 RESULT 51
6 ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS 54
6.1 ADVANTAGES 55
6.2 DRAWBACKS 55
7 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT 57
8 REFRENCES 59
9 RESEARCH PAPER 63
vi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO NAME OF TABLE PAGE NO.
2.3.1 PIN DESCRIPTION OF ARDUINO UNO 26

2.3.2 PIN DESCRIPTION OF LM35 28
2.3.3 PIN DESCRIPTION OF BPM SENSOR 30
2.3.4 PIN DESCRIPTION OF LCD 32
2.3.5 LCD COMMANDS 32
2.3.6 BUZZER PINS 36
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. NAME OF THE FIGURES PAGE NO.
2.1 PRINCIPLE MODEL 20

2.3.1 ARDUINO UNO 24
2.3.2 LM 53 27
2.3.3 BPM SENSOR 30
2.3.4 LCD 31
2.3.5 LED 33
2.3.6 BUZZER 35
2.3.7 ARDUINO IDE 36
2.3.8 MATLAB AND SIMULINK 38
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 40
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 41
3.3 HARDWARE MODEL 42
3.4.1 SIMULATION 43
3.4.2 SIMULATION RESULT 44
5.1 ARDUINO SERIAL MONITOR 50
5.2.1 HARDWARE RESULT 51
5.2.2 SERIAL MONITOR 51
5.2.3 SIMULINK RESULT 52
5.2.4 SIMULINK PLOT 53
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
S.NO ABBREVIATION FULL FORM
1 LCD LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

2 LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
3 MATLAB MATHEMATICS LABORATORY
4 IDE INTEGRATED DEVELOPEMENT
ENVIRONMENT
5 SIMULINK SIMULATING AND ANALYSING
MULTIDOMAIN DYNAMIC
SYSTEM
6 SDA SERIAL DATA
7 SCL SERIAL CLOCK
8 BPM BEAT PER MINUTE
9 GND GROUND
ix
Lie Detector Using MATLAB
1.INTRODUCTION
BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 10

1. INTRODUCTION
For our final project for experimental engineering we will design, calibrate and implement a
polygraph test. We will sample data from two sensors collecting two distinct types of data. The
first sensor is a galvanic skin response sensor, which will measure the perspiration rate of the
subject’s hand. The second sensor, which is an electrocardiogram, measures movement of the
person who is being tested. After the detector is assembled, we will initially gather data from
a group of volunteers. Their movement and perspiration will be recorded while they are asked
a series of test questions. Afterwards they will be asked which questions they answered false.
Based on these we will calibrate the data and determine how much of a change indicates a lie.
From these determined values, a SIMULINK program will be assembled that will acquire
future readings from subjects and compare these new values to the calibrated data. If the new
readings are above our pre-determined level, the SIMULINK program will activate a light
indicating that the subject is most likely telling a lie.
1.1 OVERVIEW
A “lie detector” or polygraph instrument measures changes occurring in the body of a subject
such as: heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, electro dermal activity, and arm and leg
motions. These measurements are then compared to the normal levels of the subject.
Polygraphs do not detect lies; however, they are designed to look for substantial involuntary
changes in bodily rates, which occur in a person's body when that person is subjected to stress,
such as the stress associated with deception.
1.2 CONVENTIONAL METHOD

Years of study have shown that people generally exhibit certain characteristics when they are
lying. These studies have produced the modern polygraph. However, how do we know that
these studies are accurate for all people? The American Polygraph Association states that it
“has a compendium of over 80 research projects, involving 6,380 examinations. Researchers
conducted 12 studies of the validity of field examinations, following 2,174 field examinations
providing an average accuracy of 98%. Researchers conducted 11 studies involving the
reliability of independent analyses of 1,609 sets of charts from field examinations confirmed
by independent evidence providing an average accuracy of 92%.” Most errors occur with
inexperienced polygraph examiners. One misconception with the accuracy figures presented
by the American Polygraph Association is the fact that the numbers do not take inconclusive
results into account. Thus a 98% accuracy reading does not mean that polygraphs are able to
determine 98% of all questions correct, only 98% of the questions it is able to provide an answer
for. Although the claims of nearly perfect accuracy for the modern polygraph are impressive,
United States courts rarely allow them admissible. The inadmissibility of polygraphs in courts
is mainly due to questions of inaccuracy. Most people are still uncertain about how emotions
such as being nervous, scared, or embraced will affect the monitor. Other questions arise from
subjects being able to manipulate the given rates being tested. Many websites and books are
available on how to fool a polygraph. Some of the methods suggested are sedatives,

antiperspirant on fingertips, tacks placed in shoes (to give the subject pain after each question),
and biting the tongue, lip, or cheek. These countermeasures may not even go into the accuracy
levels provided by the American Polygraph Association because the measures may produce
inconclusive results, not errors. Although measures can be made to stop some countermeasures,
some may be hard to detect. The validity of our detector is very inaccurate because of our
design. We have fewer sensors than a normal polygraph and our sensors are likely to be less
accurate. Due to these reasons, our lie detector is merely a primitive model that will portray
how a real polygraph works.
1.3 DRAWBACKS OF CONVENTIONAL METHOD

They include
 Popular use by the public and reality TV has diminished its reputation.
 Accuracy rates can vary from 50 percent to 87.5 percent.
 The polygraph examiner training is expensive and requires a one-year internship, but
there is no recertification option to determine continuing compliance.
1.4 TECHNOLOGY GOING TO BE USED

The implementation of Lie Detector is very simple. The technologies used in here are as
follows:-
1.4.1 MATLAB
MATLAB is a programming language developed by Math Works. It started out as a matrix
programming language where linear algebra programming was simple. It can be run both under
interactive sessions and as a batch job. This tutorial gives you aggressively a gentle introduction
of MATLAB programming language. It is designed to give students fluency in MATLAB
programming language. Problem-based MATLAB examples have been given in simple and
easy way to make your learning fast and effective.
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions
are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include:
 Math and computation
 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

 Scientific and engineering graphics

 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those
with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program
in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.The name MATLAB stands for matrix
laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix software
developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects, which together represent the state-of-the-
art in software for matrix computation.MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input
from many users. In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for
introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry,
MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important
to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology.
Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the
MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are
available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets,
simulation, and many others. The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:
The MATLAB language.
This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data
structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both
"programming in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and
"programming in the large" to create complete large and complex application programs.
The MATLAB working environment.
This is the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or programmer.
It includes facilities for managing the variables in your workspace and importing and exporting
data. It also includes tools for developing, managing, debugging, and profiling M-files,
MATLAB's applications.
Handle Graphics.
This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for two-dimensional
and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation
graphics. It also includes low-level commands that allow you to fully customize the appearance

of graphics as well as to build complete Graphical User Interfaces on your MATLAB

applications.
The MATLAB mathematical function library.
This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions like
sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse,
matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).
This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB.
It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB
as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
1.4.2 Arduino Software IDE
 Fix command line: works again with relative paths (regression)

 Fix command line: "--save-prefs" works again (regression)
 AVR toolchain has been updated with a tentative fix for the ld-returned-5-exit-status bug
 Update arduino-builder to 1.3.25
- avoid name clashing for libraries
- cache core archives to speedup compilation consistently
 Allow BoardManager to fetch FreeBSD tools
 Serial monitor: the input string box is automatically focused when window is selected
 Serial monitor: now cannot be opened during upload
 Serial monitor: now properly decodes UTF8 characters
 Serial monitor: added 500k, 1M and 2M baud rates
 Updated R Syntax Text Area to 2.6.1 (text area component)
 Updated jmdsn (mDNS discovery)
 Allow plugins to attach a listener to compile progress
 Add Atmel-ICE and JTAGICE3 programmers for AVR chips
 AVR: Set unused bits of extended fuse to 1, should remove some avrdude warning during
burn bootloader
 AVR: USB: send ZLP when needed (allows full 64 bytes packets)
 AVR: USB: use IAD descriptors instead than Generic

 SAM platform source code has been moved to its own repository
(https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-sam) - all PRs and issues have been moved as
well.
 Update Wifi101 Firmware Updater plugin
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -
contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with
buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and
Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.
1.5 ADVANTAGES OF METHODOLOGY USED
 A very large (and growing) database of built-in algorithms for image processing and
computer vision applications.
 MATLAB allows you to test algorithms immediately without recompilation. You can
type something at the command line or execute a section in the editor and immediately
see the results, greatly facilitating algorithm development.
 The MATLAB Desktop environment, which allows you to work interactively with your
data, helps you to keep track of files and variables, and simplifies common
programming/debugging tasks.
 The ability to auto-generate C code, using MATLAB Coder, for a large (and growing)
subset of image processing and mathematical functions, which you could then use in
other environments, such as embedded systems or as a component in other software.
 Technical support from a well-staffed, professional organization (assuming your
maintenance is up-to-date).
Advantages of Arduino IDE
 The biggest advantage of Arduino is its ready to use structure
 Arduino has its library of examples present inside its software
 Arduino has easy effortless function
 Arduino has many forums present on the internet

1.6 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of our project work is to develop a model for lie detector.The above
mentioned objective of our project work can be achieved using the following steps one by
one as follows:
1. lie detection tests record a number of different bodily responses which can then be
used to determine whether someone is telling the truth. They usually measure things
like blood pressure, change in a person's breathing, and sweating on the palms and
sudden changes in body temperature.
2. lie detection tests record a number of different bodily responses which can then be
like blood pressure, change in a person's breathing, and sweating on the palms and
sudden changes in body temperature.
3. This project obtain the related autonomic signals from a subject and analyses them
to detect nervousness of the subject. Further, the detected signal is given to a GUI of
the signals to simplify analysis and finally set up a conducive environment for
inducing lie related stress.
1.7 MOTIVATION
Lie detectors can be helpful to the judiciary of our country in making faster decisions .No ,
guilty person would be able to get away from his/her doings. Narcotics test are very harmful to
the charged persons neural system and sometimes even fatal . So this can be an alternative to
the narcotic analysis. The polygraph lie detector is not an accurate version of lie detector
making it a difficult choice for investigations our modifications will make it more accurate and
trustworthy.lie detection tests record a number of different bodily responses which can then be
like blood pressure, change in a person's breathing, and sweating on the palms and sudden
changes in body temperature.Conventional method requires the presence of an individual
during the test for examining the results which most of the times lead to discrepancy during the
results. Implementation of digital database in lie detection helps to control the discrepancy
involved.

1.8 LITRATURE SURVEY

Research [1] has been conducted where a lie detector was made using GSR and Heart rate sensor and
LAB VIEW from NI but the GSR soutput was quite unstable since sweating vary drastically from
person to person so it can’t be a parameter for comparision .
More research [2] has been conducted on the serial communication between Arduino UNO and
MATLAB Simulink about it’s accuracy and dependence.
More research [3] has been conducted with refrnce of the text book “The Polygraph And Lie Detection
“ by Mark Moore that how does lie detection process works.
Next reserch [4] has been conducted a lie detector was made using Arduino and TMP36 temprature
sensor the project was working but we used LM35 since The LM35 boasts a slightly higher temperate
range at -55°C to 150°C versus the -40°C to 125°C range of the TMP36.

2.LIE DETECTOR USING MATLAB

2. LIE DETECTOR USING MATLAB

for lie detection using MATLAB.Here we are using two sensors first one is a blood pressure
monitor sensor(B.P.M) and the other one is the temperature sensor and we sample the output
data from the two sensors.The LM35 temperature sen sor will measure the body temperature
of the individual by the help of skin contact. The second sensor is the BPM sensor which will
measure the beats per minute of the of the individual and display the output on the LCD. These
two sensors will be used to assemble the lie detector. After the assembling we will initially
gather data from a group of volunteers. We will also design a Simulink model and a Simulink
program so that we can serially communicate to the lie detector with the MATLAB and then
digitally acquire the Realtime readings on the MATLAB Simulink model. The hardware
reading can be seen on the liquid crystal display (LCD). We took both hardware and software
readings for the purpose of calibration of the device. So, after getting both the readings we can
calibrate the device. All the measurement such as temperature and blood pressure are compared
to the normal reading of any individual. The lm35 is mounted on a wrist band and then placed
on the wrist of the individual. The BPM is taken using an infrared sensor is mounted on the
fingertip. The reading can also be observed at the serial window of the Arduino ide (integrated
development environment).
2.1 PRINCIPLE
 The implementation of our project is done using Arduino UNO (ATMEGA 328)
microcontroller development board. The LM35 temperature sensor is in contact with
the skin of the individual and when the temperature rises, the LM35 module gives
output in the form of output analog voltage.
 Similarly, when the BPM sensor is connected to the fingertip of the individual and it
has two sides, a side for LED and other for amplifying circuitries detects the BPM and
again gives output in analog form.
 The output of both sensors is fed to the analog pins of Arduino uno and the digital pins
of the Arduino are connected to LCD. The ADC (analog to digital converter) in Arduino
convert analog signal to digital form and then display it on LCD.
 Both temperature and BPM has a fixed threshold and whenever temperature or BPM
crosses the threshold the buzzer beeps and LED blinks. Now coming to the
implementation of software parts of the project. The Arduino and Simulink are
connected through serial communication port.
 On the Simulink model the real time reading is taken from Arduino through serial
communication port at 9600 baud rates. The output of Simulink model is plotted on
graph simultaneously for both the sensors.

Fig 2.1 Principle Model
2.2 APPLICATION
Lie detector testing is used to determine if a person is truthful or not, based on the circumstances
surrounding their particular case. Lie detection tests are costly because they are carried out by
Gleaning out the truth from several complicated circumstances can be a tough job to handle all
by yourself. That’s why you’d likely need the services of a reputable lie detection company to
help you get one step closer to the truth you’ve been yearning to learn.There are several
circumstances where lie detector tests can be used to determine the truth and solve a PPG is
used to determine if a person is truthful or not, based on the circumstances surrounding their
particular case.Lie detection tests are costly because they are carried out by professional
examiners trained in discerning the truth from polygraph test results Gleaning truth from
several complicated circumstances can be a tough job to handle all by yourself. That’s why
you’d likely need the services of a reputable lie detection company to help you get one step
closer to the truth you’ve been yearning to learn.There are several circumstances where lie
detector tests can be used to determine the truth and solve a case. This article presents This
article presents various types of cases where polygraph testing/lie detection can be especially
useful. Poly graph Testing for Qualified Employees. If you’re a business owner seeking to hire

the most qualified individuals for your job vacancies, polygraph testing could be an essential
step in your hiring process. Some companies require potential employment candidates to
undergo screening with polygraph testing. This is to help identify the integrity of the potential
employee and ensure that the company is hiring an individual of good integrity. Most
government employees in the United States undergo lie detector tests before being accepted
into their posts. Testing for pre-employment purposes often comes with a series of questions
aimed at know in a person’s educational status, previous work history, and any activities related
to gambling, criminality, and drug use. Polygraph results may be used to filter out potential
employees that do not meet the integrity standards of the hiring company.case.This article
presents various types of cases where polygraph testing/lie detection can be especially
useful.Polygraph Testing for Qualified Employees. If you’re a business owner seeking to hire
the most qualified individuals for your job vacancies, polygraph testing could be an essential
step in your hiring process. Some companies require potential employment candidates to
undergo screening with polygraph testing. This is to help identify the integrity of the potential
employee and ensure that the company is hiring an individual of good integrity. Most
government employees in the United States undergo lie detector tests before being accepted
into their posts. Testing for pre-employment purposes often comes with a series of questions
aimed at know in a person’s educational status, previous work history, and any activities related
to gambling, criminality, and drug use. Polygraph results may be used to filter out potential
employees that do not meet the integrity standards of the hiring company.
2.2.1 Partner-Related Domestic

Problems Infidelity is a common problem among partners, whether they are civilly united or
married. Lie detection tests seek to help men and women find the truth about each other,
especially if they have several trust issues. Most people who have themselves or their partners
undergo polygraph testing are experiencing partner’s deceptive ways by using a polygraph
test. Confidentiality is highly regarded, especially in resolving domestic issues.
The end results from the lie detector test will help you decide what to do to either improve
your union or move forward from it.
2.2.2 Private Investigations
Most lie detection companies work hand-in-hand with private investigators to resolve various
crimes or issues. Investigators often have their case subjects take a polygraph test to determine

if they’re truly a part of the case development or not. The subject’s participation in the case
and his guilt can also be determined via testing Fraud and Theft Cases Lie detectors are widely
used to resolve fraud and theft cases. Subjects are often put under through tests to help
determine if they truly committed the theft or fraud, the amount of resources stolen, and the
manner by which the theft or fraud was committed. The test results can be used to either
develop stronger evidence against the persons involved in the cases, or free the subject from
the case.
2.2.3 Testing for Sexual Offences
Sexual assault and other similar offences are highly disturbing cases that call for
meticulouprobes to find out the truth. Since cases of this nature are very sensitive, professional
polygraph examiners are trained to observe confidentiality at all times.Lie detector technology
can be used on the alleged sexual predator to determine if they really are guilty of the offence
and the manner by which they carried out the crime. When combined with other investigation
methods and medical records, polygraph testing can be of great help toresolve sexual offences
and crimes. Test results can be valuable sources or foundations upon which evidence for the
case can be built and retrieved.
2.2.4 Source Verification for Media Personnel
Media sources claiming to offer knowledge of controversial issues may undergo truth veri
fication via lie detector technology. This is to help media personnel discern if their source
are truthful before they publish the stories told by these sources.be out. From finding valuable
information about criminal cases to verifying the integrity of potential company employees,
polygraph testing is a helpful tool that promises to bring truth to all.

2.3 COMPONENTS
We divided our task into two parts to make the task easy and simple and to avoid complexity
and make it error free.The first is the hardware parts which includes following components:
 Arduino Uno
 LM 35
 BPM sensor
 16 X 2 JHD LCD
 LED and Buzzer
 Power Supply Board
The second is the software parts which comprises of the following main components:
 Arduino IDE
 Simulink (MATLAB)
2.3.1 ARDUINO UNO

The main hardware tool that we are using is Arduino Uno which is a microcontroller board
based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all
preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features
the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8,
ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash
memory, pins, and features. The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that
facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may
connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple, and possibly stacked shields may be
individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator.
Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the
optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-
232 logic levels and transistor-transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips
such as the FTDI FT232. The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for

use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins,
six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also
be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54
mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino
Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male
header pins on the underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards.
The original Arduino hardware was produced by the Italian company Smart Projects. Some
Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies SparkFun Electronics
and Adafruit Industries. As of 2016, 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been
commercially produced.
Figure 2.3.1 Arduino Uno

Key features
Inexpensive and flexible hardware
Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller platforms,
ranging from 8-bit microcontrollers to IoT applications.
Simple programming environment
The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced
users.
Cross-platform
The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Mac OSX, and Linux operating systems.
Open source and extensible software
The Arduino software is published as open source tools, available for contribution by
programmers worldwide. The language can be extended through C/C++ libraries and ported to
other hardware platforms.
Open source and extensible hardware
The diagrams of the Arduino boards are published under a Creative Commons license, so
experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the different modules, extending
and improving them or simply learn how they are built. Novices can build breadboard versions
of the board in order to understand how it works and save money.
PINS DESCRIPTION
0 D0
1 D1
2 D2
3 D3
4 D4
5 D5
6 D6
7 D7
8 D8
9 D9
10 D10
11 D11

12 D12
13 D13
14 GND
15 AREF
16 SDA
17 SCL
18 A0
19 A1
20 A2
21 A3
22 A4
23 A5
24 VIN
25 GND
26 GND
27 5V
28 3.3V
29 RESET
30 IOREF
31 NC
Table 2.3.1 Pin Description for Arduino Uno

2.3.2 LM 35
LM35 is a temperature sensor that outputs an analog signal which is proportional to the
instantaneous temperature. The output voltage can easily be interpreted to obtain a temperature
reading in Celsius. The advantage of lm35 over thermistor is it does not require any external
calibration. The coating also protects it from self-heating. Low cost (approximately $0.95) and
greater accuracy make it popular among hobbyists, DIY circuit makers, and students. Many
low-end products take advantage of low cost, greater accuracy and used LM35 in their
products. Its approximately 15+ years to its first release but the sensor is still surviving and is
used in any products.
LM35 Temperature sensor Features
 Calibrated Directly in Celsius (Centigrade)
 Linear + 10-mV/°C Scale Factor
 0.5°C Ensured Accuracy (at 25°C)
 Rated for Full −55°C to 150°C Range
 Suitable for Remote Applications
 Operates from 4 V to 30 V
 Less than 60-µA Current Drain
 Low Self-Heating, 0.08°C in Still Air
 Non-Linearity Only ±¼°C Typical
 Low-Impedance Output, 0.1 Ω for 1-mA Load
Figure 2.3.2 LM 35

LM35 can measure from -55 degrees centigrade to 150-degree centigrade. The accuracy level
is very high if operated at optimal temperature and humidity levels. The conversion of the
output voltage to centigrade is also easy and straight forward.
The input voltage to LM35 can be from +4 volts to 30 volts. It consumes about 60
microamperes of current. Lm35 has many family members a few names are LM35C, LM35CA,
LM35D, LM135, LM135A, LM235, LM335. All LM35 family members work on the same
principles but temperature measuring capacity varies and also they are available in many
packages (SOIC, TO-220, TO-92, TO ). In order to understand the working principle of LM35
temperature sensor we have to understand the linear scale factor. In the features of LM35 it is
given to be +10 mills volt per degree centigrade. It means that with increase in output of 10
mills volt by the sensor vout pin the temperature value increases by one. For example, if the
sensor is outputting 100 mills volt at vout pin the temperature in centigrade will be 10-degree
centigrade. The same goes for the negative temperature reading. If the sensor is outputting -
100 mills volt the temperature will be -10 degrees Celsius. LM35 can be used in two circuit
configurations. Both yield different results. In the first configuration, you can only measure the
positive temperature from 2 degrees Celsius to 150 degrees Celsius. In this first configuration,
we simply power lm35 and connect the output directly to analog to digital converters. In the
second configuration, we can utilize all the sensor resources and can measure the full range
temperature from -55 degree centigrade to 150-degree centigrade. This configuration is a little
complex but yields high results. We have to connect an external resistor, in this case, to switch
the level of negative voltage upwards. The external resistor value can be calculated from the
formula given below the configuration circuit. The second configuration circuit can be made
in various ways.To see about the second configuration circuits visit the LM35 datasheet by
Texas Instruments. Texas Instruments data sheet enlists the circuit with clear component
values. Although the first configuration did not need a resistor at the output side, I recommend
connecting an 80 k to 100 k resistor between vout and gnd pin. When I performed several
experiments. I noticed that the readings some time fluctuate and the vout pin floats. So a resistor
between vout and gnd tights the vout pin low and prevents the pin from floating. The accuracy
parameters for both configurations are different. The average accuracy level is +- 1 degree
Celsius for both configurations. But the accuracy level decreases for temperature between 2
degrees to 25-degree centigrade. Now that we have discussed the LM35 temperature sensor
pinout, structure, linear scale factor and accuracy level its time to list down the steps on how
to measure temperature using LM35 temperature sensor.
PIN NO. FUNCTIONS
1 VCC
2 OUT
3 GND
Table 2.3.2 Pin Description for LM 35

2.3.3 BPM SENSOR

Heartbeat sensor provides a simple way to study the function of the heart which can be
measured based on the principle of psycho-physiological signal used as a stimulus for the
virtual- reality system. The amount of the blood in the finger changes with respect to time.The
Sensor is Based IR moulded in silicon , So Once the Finger is inserted Heart Beat will not miss
t. In order to calculate the heart rate based on the blood flow to the fingertip, a heart-rate sensor
is assembled with the help of OP-AMP for monitoring the heartbeat pulses.Thumb Sensor
Amped is a plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino and Arduino compatibles. It can be used by
students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who want to easily incorporate live
heart-rate data into their projects. Thumb heart Sensor adds amplification and noise cancellation
circuitry to the hardware. It's noticeably faster and easier to get reliable pulse readings. Heart
beat Sensor works with either a 3V or 5V Arduino. Using the pulse sensor is straight forward, but
positioning it in the right way matters. Since all the electronics on the sensor are directly exposed it is
also recommended to cover the sensor with hot glue, vinyl tape or other non conductive materials. Also
it is not recommended to handle these sensors with wet hands. The flat side of the sensor should be
placed on top of the vein and a slight presser should be applied on top of it, normally clips or Velcro
tapes are used to attain this pressure.To use the sensor simply power it using the Vcc and ground pins,
the sensor can operate both at +5V or 3.3V system. Once powered connect the Signal pin to the ADC
pin of the microcontroller to monitor the change in output voltage. If you are using a development board
like Arduino then you can use the readily available code which will make things a lot easier. The
working of the Pulse/Heart beat sensor is very simple. The sensor has two sides, on one side the LED
is placed along with an ambient light sensor and on the other side we have some circuitry. This circuitry
is responsible for the amplification and noise cancellation work. The LED on the front side of the sensor
is placed over a vein in our human body. This can either be your Finger tip or you ear tips, but it should
be placed directly on top of a vein.Now the LED emits light which will fall on the vein directly. The
veins will have blood flow inside them only when the heart is pumping, so if we monitor the flow of
blood we can monitor the heart beats as well. If the flow of blood is detected then the ambient light
sensor will pick up more light since they will be reflect ted by the blood, this minor change in received
light is analysed over time to determine our heart beats. The principle behind the working of the
Heartbeat Sensor is Photoplethysmograph. According to this principle, the changes in the volume of
blood in an organ is measured by the changes in the intensity of the light passing through that organ.
Usually, the source of light in a heartbeat sensor would be an IR LED and the detector would be any
Photo Detector like a Photo Diode, an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) or a Photo Transistor.With
these two i.e. a light source and a detector, we can arrange them in two ways: A Transmissive Sensor
and a Reflective Sensor.In a Transmissive Sensor, the light source and the detector are place facing

each other and the finger of the person must be placed in between the transmitter and receiver.Reflective
Sensor, on the other hand, has the light source and the detector adjacent to each other and the finger of
the person must be placed in front of the sensor.
Figure 2.3.3 BPM Sensor
PIN NO. FUNCTIONS

1 VCC
2 OUT
3 GND
Table 2.3.3 Pin Description for BPM Sensor

2.3.4 16X2 JHD LCD

16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of combinations
available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. But the most used one is the 16*2 LCD, hence we
are using it here. All the above mentioned LCD display will have 16 Pins and the programming
approach is also the same and hence the choice is left to you. Below is the Pinout and Pin
Description of 16x2 LCD Module:
Figure 2.3.4 LCD

4-bit and 8-bit Mode of LCD:
The LCD can work in two different modes, namely the 4-bit mode and the 8-bit mode. In 4 bit
mode we send the data nibble by nibble, first upper nibble and then lower nibble. For those of
you who don’t know what a nibble is: a nibble is a group of four bits, so the lower four bits
(D0-D3) of a byte form the lower nibble while the upper four bits (D4-D7) of a byte form the
higher nibble. This enables us to send 8 bit data.Whereas in 8 bit mode we can send the 8-bit
data directly in one stroke since we use all the 8 data lines.Now you must have guessed it, Yes
8-bit mode is faster and flawless than 4-bit mode. But the major drawback is that it needs 8
data lines connected to the microcontroller. This will make us run out of I/O pins on our MCU,
so 4-bit mode is widely used. No control pins are used to set these modes. It's just the way of
programming that change.

Read and Write Mode of LCD:

As said, the LCD itself consists of an Interface IC. The MCU can either read or write to this
interface IC. Most of the times we will be just writing to the IC, since reading will make it
more complex and such scenarios are very rare. Information like position of cursor, status
completion interrupts etc.
Table 2.3.4 Pin Description for LCD

LCD Commands:
There are some preset commands instructions in LCD, which we need to send to LCD through
some microcontroller. Some important command instructions are given below:
Table 2.3.5 LCD commands

2.3.5 A LED
The Light emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. In 1962, Nick Holonyak
has come up with an idea of light emitting diode, and he was working for the general electric
company. The LED is a special type of diode and they have similar electrical characteristics of
a PN junction diode. Hence the LED allows the flow of current in the forward direction and
blocks the current in the reverse direction. The LED occupies the small area which is less than
the 1 mm2. The applications of LEDs used to make various electrical and electronic projects.
In this article, we will discuss the working principle of the LED and its applications. The
lighting emitting diode is a p-n junction diode. It is a specially doped diode and made up of a
special type of semiconductors. When the light emits in the forward biased, then it is called as
a light emitting diode.
Figure 2.3.5 LED

The light emitting diode simply, we know as a diode. When the diode is forward biased, then
the electrons & holes are moving fast across the junction and they are combining constantly,
removing one another out. Soon after the electrons are moving from the n-type to the p-type
silicon, it combines with the holes, then it disappears. Hence it makes the complete atom &
more stable and it gives the little burst of energy in the form of a tiny packet or photon of light.
The working principle of the Light emitting diode is based on the quantum theory. The quantum
theory says that when the electron comes down from the higher energy level to the lower energy
level then, the energy emits from the photon. The photon energy is equal to the energy gap
between these two energy levels. If the PN-junction diode is in the forward biased, then the
current flows through the diode.
The flow of current in the semiconductors is caused by the both flow of holes in the opposite
direction of current and flow of electrons in the direction of the current. Hence there will be
recombination due to the flow of these charge carriers.
The recombination indicates that the electrons in the conduction band jump down to the
valence band. When the electrons jump from one band to another band the electrons will emit
the electromagnetic energy in the form of photons and the photon energy is equal to the
forbidden energy gap. For an example, let us consider the quantum theory, the energy of the photon
is the product of both Planck constant and frequency of electromagnetic radiation. The mathematical
equation is shown
Eq = hf
Where h is known as a Planck constant, and the velocity of electromagnetic radiation is equal
to the speed of light i.e c. The frequency radiation is related to the velocity of light as a f= c /
λ. λ is denoted as a wavelength of an electromagnetic radiation and the above equation will
become as a
Eq = he / λ
From the above equation, we can say that the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is
inversely proportional to the forbidden gap. In general silicon, germanium semiconductors this
forbidden energy gap is between the condition and valence bands are such that the total
radiation of electromagnetic wave during recombination is in the form of the infrared radiation.
We can’t see the wavelength of infrared because they are out of our visible range.
The infrared radiation is said to be as a heat because the silicon and the germanium
semiconductors are not direct gap semiconductors rather these are indirect gap semiconductors.
But in the direct gap semiconductors, the maximum energy level of the valence band and
minimum energy level of conduction band does not occur at the same moment of electrons.
Therefore, during the recombination of electrons and holes are a migration of electrons from
the conduction band to valence band the momentum of electron band will be changed.

2.3.5 B BUZZER
A buzzer is a small yet efficient component to add sound features to our project/system. It is very
small and compact 2-pin structure hence can be easily used on breadboard, Perf Board and even on
PCBs which makes this a widely used component in most electronic applications.
There are two types are buzzers that are commonly available. The one shown here is a simple
buzzer which when powered will make a Continuous Beeeeeeppp.... sound, the other type is
called a readymade buzzer which will look bulkier than this and will produce a Beep. Beep.
Beep. Sound due to the internal oscillating circuit present inside it. But, the one shown here is
most widely used because it can be customised with help of other circuits to fit easily in our
application.
This buzzer can be used by simply powering it using a DC power supply ranging from 4V to
9V. A simple 9V battery can also be used, but it is recommended to use a regulated +5V or
+6V DC supply. The buzzer is normally associated with a switching circuit to turn ON or turn
OFF the buzzer at required time and require interval.
Figure 2.3.6 BUZZER

Buzzer Features and Specifications
 Rated Voltage: 6V DC
 Operating Voltage: 4-8V DC
 Rated current: <30mA
 Sound Type: Continuous Beep

PIN NUMBER PIN NAME DESCRIPTION

1 POSITIVE Identified by (+) symbol or
longer terminal lead. Can be
powered by 6V DC
2 NEGATIVE Identified by short terminal
lead. Typically connected to
the ground of the circuit
Table 2.3.6 BUZZER PINS
2.3.6 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for
Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to write and
upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of 3rd party cores, other
vendor development boards.The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General
Public License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special
rules of code structuring.The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project,
which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires
two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and
linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU
toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.The Arduino IDE employs the program
avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded
into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.
Figure 2.3.7 ARDUINO IDE

2.3.7 MATLAB SIMULINK

Simulink is a block diagram environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based
Design. It supports system-level design, simulation, automatic code generation, and continuous
test and verification of embedded systems. Simulink provides a graphical editor, customizable
block libraries, and solvers for modeling and simulating dynamic systems. It is integrated with
MATLAB®, enabling you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models and export
simulation results to MATLAB for further analysis.
Key Features
• Graphical editor for building and managing hierarchical block diagrams
• Libraries of predefined blocks for modeling continuous-time and discrete-time systems
• Simulation engine with fixed-step and variable-step ODE solvers
• Scopes and data displays for viewing simulation results
• Project and data management tools for managing model files and data
• Model analysis tools for refining model architecture and increasing simulation speed
• MATLAB Function block for importing MATLAB algorithms into models
• Legacy Code Tool for importing C and C++ code into models
Modeling is a way to create a virtual representation of a real-world system. You can simulate
this virtual representation under a wide range of conditions to see how it behaves. Modeling
and simulation are valuable for testing conditions that are difficult to reproduce with hardware
prototypes alone. This is especially true in the early phase of the design process when hardware
is not yet available. Iterating between modeling and simulation can improve the quality of the
system design early, by reducing the number of errors found later in the design process. You
can automatically generate code from a model and, when software and hardware
implementation requirements are included, create test benches for system verification. Code
generation saves time and prevents the introduction of manually coded errors. In Model-Based
Design, a system model is at the center of the workflow. Model-Based Design enables fast and
cost-effective development of dynamic systems, including control systems, signal processing
systems, and communications systems.The following list gives brief description of some of
them −
 Stateflow allows developing state machines and flow charts.
 Simulink Coder allows the generation of C source code for real-time implementation
of systems automatically.
 xPC Target together with x86-based real-time systems provide an environment to
simulate and test Simulink and Stateflow models in real-time on the physical system.
 Embedded Coder supports specific embedded targets.
 HDL Coder allows to automatically generate synthesizable VHDL and Verilog.

 SimEvents provides a library of graphical building blocks for modelling queuing

systems.
Simulink is capable of systematic verification and validation of models through modelling style
checking, requirements traceability and model coverage analysis.Simulink Design Verifier
allows you to identify design errors and to generate test case scenarios for model checking.
Figure 2.3.8 MATLAB AND SIMULINK

3.IMPLEMENTATION

3.IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation of our project is done using Arduino UNO (ATMEGA 328) microcontroller
development board. The LM35 temperature sensor is in contact with the skin of the individual and
when the temperature rises, the LM35 module gives output in the form of output analog voltage.
Similarly, when the BPM sensor is connected to the fingertip of the individual and it has two sides, a
side for LED and other for amplifying circuitries detects the BPM and again gives output in analog
form. The output of both sensors is fed to the analog pins of Arduino uno and the digital pins of the
Arduino are connected to LCD. The ADC (analog to digital converter) in Arduino convert analog
signal to digital form and then display it on LCD. Both temperature and BPM has a fixed threshold
and whenever temperature or BPM crosses the threshold the buzzer beeps and LED blinks. Now
coming to the implementation of software parts of the project. The Arduino and Simulink are
connected through serial communication port. On the Simulink model the real time reading is taken
from Arduino through serial communication port at 9600 baud rates. The output of Simulink model is
plotted on graph simultaneously for both the sensors.
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The proposed methodology that is going to be used in your project work should be presented in this
chapter. The proposed methodology adopted in the present project work is depicted in the Fig. 4.1.
shown above in a very highly abstracted manner with various blocks numbered as 1 through , which
are explained as follows.
1. Block 1 .A PPG sensor is used for the detection of volume change in the micro-vascular bed of
tissue. Whenever oxygenated blood reaches the tips of the fingers there is a surge in the volume of
blood and when the de-oxygenated blood leaves through the vessels the volume decreases and the
sensors detects this and give output in the form of varying voltage.
2. Block 2 The output from the sensor is obtained and filtered to suppress the large DC component
and boost the pulsating AC voltage.

3. Block 3 The Arduino development board is the interfaced with Matlab and Simulink package , the
data is collected Per second and is saved in the memory.
4. Block 4 The signal transformer convert the signal to graphical form in the form of
polygraph.Finally, the result is obtained and will be presented in the final stage on a serial monitor
and mobile handset , which may conclude the effectiveness of proposed methodology developed
by us.
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3 WORKING MODEL
Figure 3.3 HARDWARE MODEL

A PPG sensor is used for the detection of volume change in the micro-vascular bed of tissue.
Whenever oxygenated blood reaches the tips of the fingers there is a surge in the volume of
blood and when the de-oxygenated blood leaves through the vessels the volume decreases. The
output from the sensor is obtained and filtered to suppress the large DC component and boost
the pulsating AC voltage. The Arduino development board is the interfaced with Matlab and
Simulink package , the data is collected Per second and is saved in the memory.The signal
transformer convert the signal to graphical form in the form of polygraph .The principle of
operation of Infrared thermometers is simple, all bodies at a temperature above 0°Kelvin
(absolute zero) emit an infrared energy which can be detected by the infrared thermometer
sensor. It’s design includes a lens that focuses the infrared energy being emitted by the object
in front of a detector. The detector converts the energy into an electrical signal which then can
be passed to a microcontroller to interpret and display in units of temperature after
compensating for the variation in ambient temperature.The matalb and Simulink package
collects the data per second and plot The graph on the matlab.
3.4 SIMULATION
We have used the Simulink Support Package for Arduino Uno Hardware for communicating
between MATLAB and Arduino as used A library of Simulink Blocks is provided by the
support package which allows access to Arduino I/O pins and Serial Port. The package allows
implementation of Simulink Models in Arduino board such that the board acts as stand-alone
hardware.It takes in inputs from the circuits and sends them serially to Simulink. The Simulink
model counts the number of incoming pulses and displays the heart rate . The counter is updated
every 5 seconds to have a continuous monitoring over any changes in the heart-rate. Every
person has a different normal heart rate. Before conducting a test, the model requires calibration
unique to each individual. On questioning if at any point of time the subject’s heart rate
elevates, it implies that he has lied.
Figure 3.4.1 SIMULATION

Figure 3.4.2 SIMULATION RESULT

4 .SOURCE CODE

4 .SOURCE CODE
4.1 SIMULATION
The source code for the Lie Detector is as follows:-
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
#define USE_ARDUINO_INTERRUPTS true
#include <PulseSensorPlayground.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11,10,9,8,7);
const int sensor=A0; // Assigning analog pin A0 to variable 'sensor'
float tempc; //variable to store temperature in degree Celsius
float tempf; //variable to store temperature in Fahreinheit
float vout; //temporary variable to hold sensor reading
int Buzz=A1;
int led=6;
float temp=0;
const int PulseWire = A5; // PulseSensor PURPLE WIRE connected to ANALOG PIN 0
const int LED13 = 13; // The on-board Arduino LED, close to PIN 13.
int Threshold = 550;
PulseSensorPlayground pulseSensor; // Creates an instance of the PulseSensorPlayground object

called "pulseSensor"
void setup()
pinMode(sensor,INPUT); // Configuring pin A1 as input
pinMode(Buzz,OUTPUT);
pinMode (6, OUTPUT);
pulseSensor.analogInput(PulseWire);
pulseSensor.blinkOnPulse(LED13); //auto-magically blink Arduino's LED with heartbeat.
pulseSensor.setThreshold(Threshold); // Double-check the "pulseSensor" object was created and

"began" seeing a signal.
if (pulseSensor.begin())

Serial.println("We created a pulseSensor Object !"); //This prints one time at Arduino power-up, or
on Arduino reset.
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("BPM:"); // BEATS PER MINUTE
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
delay(500);
void loop()
vout=analogRead(sensor);
vout=(vout*500)/1023;
tempc=vout; // Storing value in Degree Celsius
tempf=(vout*1.8)+32; // Converting to Fahrenheit
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("in DegreeC= ");
lcd.print(tempc);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
//lcd.print("in Fahrenheit=");
//lcd.print(tempf);
if (tempc>30)
digitalWrite(Buzz,HIGH);
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
else

digitalWrite (Buzz,LOW);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
int myBPM = pulseSensor.getBeatsPerMinute(); // Calls function on our pulseSensor object that

returns BPM as an "int".
// "myBPM" hold this BPM value now.
if (pulseSensor.sawStartOfBeat()) { // Constantly test to see if "a beat happened".
// Serial.println("♥ A HeartBeat Happened ! "); // If test is "true", print a message "a heartbeat
happened".
Serial.print("BPM: "); // Print phrase "BPM: "
Serial.println(myBPM); // Print the value inside of myBPM.
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("BPM:");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(myBPM);
delay(1000); //Delay of 1 second for ease of viewing in serial monitor

5 .CONCLUSION AND RESULT

5 .CONCLUSION AND RESULT

5.1 CONCLUSION
This can be concluded that urn project i.e. the lie detector was not accurate enough to detect
the lie of a person but certainly it is a big step in the field of lie detection using MATLAB .Use
of MATLAB open the doors for Artificial intelligence and neural networks for the betterment
of lie detector. The MATLAB made the project more effective and accurate. It is not a 100
percent perfect lie detector but certainly by further modification we can make the project more
accurate.
The output at Arduino uno ide serial monitor is as follows:-
Figure 5.1 ARDUINO SERIAL MONITOR

5.2 RESULT
Figure 5.2.1 HARDWARE RESULT
Figure 5.2 .2 SERIAL MONITOR

Figure 5.2.3 SIMULINK RESULT

Figure 5.2.4 SIMULINK PLOT

6. ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS

6.1 ADVANTAGES
• Law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies in the countries are by far the
biggest users of polygraph technology.
• The reason for the use of lie detector test is its legality of using inhuman degrading
methods to confess the crime.
• Advantage over narco-analysis which involve the usage of drugs on the accused. it can
cause a permanent damage to brain if dosage not calculated properly.
• The most important aspect is to ban the use of torture to seek information on the
accused.

6.2 DRAWBACKS
 The temperature sensor output is not up to the mark since LM35 sensor are slow and
senses the output after some delay.
 Due to latency of sensors the output at LCD and Simulink are difficult to match.
 Requires a operator for proper working of the project.

7. APPLICATIONS

7. APPLICATIONS
Polygraph testing is used to determine if a person is truthful or not, based on the
circumstancessurrounding their particular case. Lie detection tests are costly because they are
carried out by Gleaning out the truth from several complicated circumstances can be a tough
job to handle allby yourself. That’s why you’d likely need the services of a reputable lie
detection company to helpyou get one step closer to the truth you’ve been yearning to
learn.There are several circumstanceswhere lie detector tests can be used to determine the truth
and solve a PPG is used to determine if a person is truthful or not, based on the circumstances
surrounding their particular case.Lie detection tests are costly because they are carried out by
professional examiners trained in discerning the truth from polygraph test results Gleaning
truth from several complicated circumstances can be a tough job to handle allby yourself.
That’s why you’d likely need the services of a reputable lie detection company to help you
get one step closer to the truth you’ve been yearning to learn.There are several circumstances
where lie detector tests can be used to determine the truth and solve a case. This articlepresents
This article presents various types of cases where polygraph testing/lie detection can be
especially useful.Polygraph Testing for Qualified Employees. If you’re a business owner
seeking to hire the most qualified individuals for your job vacancies, polygraph testing could
be an essential step in your hiring process. Some companies require potential employment
candidates to undergo screening with polygraph testing. This is to help identify the integrity
of the potential employee and ensure that the company is hiring an individual of good integrity.
Most government employees in the United States undergo lie detector tests before being
accepted into their posts. Testing for pre-employment purposes often comes with a series of
questions aimed at know in a person’s educational status, previous work history, and any
activities related to gambling, criminality, and drug use. Polygraph results may be used to filter
out potential employees that do not meet the integrity standards of the hiring
company.case.Thisarticle presents various types of cases where polygraph testing/lie detection
can be especially useful.Polygraph Testing for Qualified Employees. If you’re a business
owner seeking to hire the most qualified individuals for your job vacancies, polygraph testing
could be an essential step in your hiring process. Some companies require potential
employment candidates to undergo screening with polygraph testing. This is to help identify
the integrity of the potential employee and ensure that the company is hiring an individual of
good integrity. Most government employees in the United States undergo lie detector tests

before being accepted into their posts. Testing for pre-employment purposes often comes with
a series of questions aimed at know in a person’s educational status, previous work history, and
any activities related to gambling, criminality, and drug use. Polygraph results may be used to
filter out potential employees that do not meet the integrity standards of the hiring company.
7.1 PARTNER RELATED DOMESTIC

Problems Infidelity is a common problem among partners, whether they are civilly united or
married. Lie detection tests seek to help men and women find the truth about each other,
especially if they have several trust issues. Most people who have themselves or their partners
undergo polygraph testing are experiencing partner’s deceptive ways by using a polygraph
test. Confidentiality is highly regarded, especially in resolving domestic issues.
The end results from the lie detector test will help you decide what to do to either improve
your union or move forward from it.
7.2 PRIVATE INVESTIGATIONS
Most lie detection companies work hand-in-hand with private investigators to resolve various
crimes or issues. Investigators often have their case subjects take a polygraph test to determine
if they’re truly a part of the case development or not. The subject’s participation in the case
and his guilt can also be determined via testing Fraud and Theft Cases Lie detectors are widely
used to resolve fraud and theft cases. Subjects are often put under through tests to help
determine if they truly committed the theft or fraud, the amount of resources stolen, and the
manner by which the theft or fraud was committed. The test results can be used to either
develop stronger evidence against the persons involved in the cases, or free the subject from
the case.
7.3 TESTING OF SEXUAL OFFENCES
Sexual assault and other similar offences are highly disturbing cases that call for
meticulouprobes to find out the truth. Since cases of this nature are very sensitive, professional
polygraph examiners are trained to observe confidentiality at all times.Lie detector technology
can be used on the alleged sexual predator to determine if they reallyare guilty of the offence
and the manner by which they carried out the crime. When combined with other investigation
methods and medical records, polygraph testing can be of great help toresolve sexual offences
and crimes. Test results can be valuable sources or foundations uponwhich evidence for the
case can be built and retrieved.

7.4 SOURCE VERIFICATION OF MEDIA PERSONAAL

Media sources claiming to offer knowledge of controversial issues may undergo truth veri
fication via lie detector technology. This is to help media personnel discern if their source
are truthful before they publish the stories told by these sources.be out. From finding valuable
information about criminal cases to verifying the integrity of potential company employees,
polygraph testing is a helpful tool that promises to bring truth to all.

8.REFRENCES

8.REFRENCES
[1] Akarsh Sinha, M. Pavithra, K.R. Sutharshan, “Arduino based pulse width modulated output
voltage control of a dc-dc boost converter using PID strategy,” unpublished.
[2]Calin Corciova, Radu Ciorap, Dan Zaharia and Daniela Matei, 2011. On Using Impedance
Plethysmography for Estimation of Blood Flow, IEEE.
[3]Edward Sazonov, Timothy Haskew, Andrew Price, Bryant Grace and Stephanie Schuckers,
2012.
[4]Electronic and Electromechanical Tester of Physiological Sensors , Sixth International
Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST).
[5]Introducing easy pulse: A diy photoplethysmographic sensor for measuring heart rate.
(2012, September 12). Retrieved from http://embedded-lab.com/blog/?p=5508
[6]Geddes, L.A., 2002. Purdue University, The truth shall set you free: Development of the
Polygrapgh, IEEE Engineering In Medicine and Biology.
[7]Hashem, M.M.A., Rushdi Shams, Md. Abdul Kader and Md. Abu Sayed, 2010. Design and
Development of a Heart Rate Measuring Device using Fingertip, International Conference on
Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2010), 11-13 May 2010, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
[8] Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches by SIAMON MONK
[9] The Polygraph and Lie Detection Book by Mark Moore

9.RESEARCH PAPER

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 03 | Mar 2020 www.irjet.net
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Lie Detector using MATLAB, Arduino and Biomedical Sensors

Mr. Prasad D. Kadam1, Mr. Ankit Raj2, Mr. Vikram Singh Rathaur3, Mr. Ankit Raj (1614110788)4
1
Professor, Dept. of E&TC, B.V. (D.U). C.O.E. P, Maharashtra, INDIA
2,3,4
Final Year Student of Dept. of E&TC, B.V. (D.U). C.O.E. P, Maharashtra, INDIA
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Generally the crime punishes itself, but it desen’t means that the criminal should be left unpunished. The rate of
commitment of crime in our country is increasing exponentially. The question arises that what is the reason behind it? Is the
judiciary ofour nation weekendorthecrimes are not illegal anymore? No, the reasonsfortheincreasedcrime rates inournation
is the presence of loopholes in our judicial system. The culprit commits the crime and moves away with it without getting the
punishment. This is the most heart-breaking part of the crime. Our lie detector using MATLAB and biometric sensors might act
asa filter between truth and lies. Due to which we are proposing a project using BPM and temperature sensor to detect lies.
Our proposed project will take input from sensors and process it and give output on LCD, LED, buzzer and MATLAB.
Key Words: Final year project, LM35, BPM, Arduino ide, Simulink, Result
1. EINLEITUNG
For our final year project, we are designing an experimental setup for lie detection using MATLAB. Here we are using two
sensors first one is a blood pressure monitor sensor (B.P.M) and the other one is the temperature sensor and we sample the
output data from the two sensors. The LM35 temperature sensor will measure the body temperature of the individual by the
help of skincontact. The second sensor is the BPMsensor which will measure the beats perminute of the individual anddisplay
the output on the LCD. These two sensors will be used to assemble the lie detector. After the assembling we will initially
gather data from a group of volunteers. We will also design a Simulink model and a Simulink program so that we can serially
communicate to the lie detector with the MATLAB and then digitally acquire the Real-time readings on the MATLAB
Simulink model. Thehardware reading can be seen on theliquidcrystal display (LCD). We took both hardware and software
readings for the purpose of calibration of the device. So, after getting both the readings we can calibrate the device. All the
measurement such as temperature and blood pressure are compared to the normal reading of any individual. The lm35 is
mounted on a wrist band and then placed on the wrist of the individual. The BPM is taken using an infrared sensor is
mounted on the fingertip. The reading can also be observed at the serial window of the Arduino ide (integrated
development environment).
2. LITRATURE SURVEY
Research [1] has been conducted where a lie detector was made using GSR and Heart rate sensor and LAB VIEW from NI but
the GSR output was quite unstable since sweating vary drastically from person to person so it can’t be a parameter for
comparisons.
More research [2] has been conducted on the serial communication between Arduino UNO and MATLAB Simulink about
its accuracy and dependence.
More research [3] has been conducted with reference of the text book “The Polygraph and Lie Detection “by Mark Moore
that how does lie detection process works.
Next reserch [4] has been conducted a lie detector was made using Arduino and TMP36 temperature sensor the project
was working but we used LM35 since The LM35 boasts a slightly higher temperate range at -55°C to 150°C versus the -
40°C to 125°C range of the TMP36.
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 64
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
3. SYSTEM DESIGN
Figure 1: System Design
3.1 HARDWARE DESIGN
Figure 2: Hardware System Design
LM 35
LM35 is a temperature sensor. The output voltage is directly proportional to temperature and for every 10mv there is
increase in 1-degree celcius. It does not require any external calibration; it is calibrated to degree celcius. It is a linear
sensor and operates from 4v to 30 v.
BPM Sensor Module
The BPM sensor senses the heart beats per minute, this is done using optical method. The sensor is placed at the fingertip
since the rate of change in vascular level of blood is high at the finger tips. When the density of blood at fingertip changes,
the infrared light catches the rate of change in blood density and is amplified by an amplifier circuit and then passed on to
the analog pins of the Arduino
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Arduino
Arduino is a microcontroller development board containing ATMEGA328 microcontroller. It consists of 14 digital pins (d0 –
d13) and 6 analog pins (a0 – a5). Programing in Arduino is done in embedded c language. It is a single board microcontroller
and has Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) memory. It has storage of flash or EEPROM.
LCD
LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is an output device used to display output. They are commonly used in LED TV, smart
phone and instrument panels. It has a total of 16 pins, here we will interface the LCD in 4 – bit mode. It has a register select
pin which when low the input is command and when high the input is data. The read and write pin when low write to LCD
and when high read from LCD. The last configuration pin is enabling pin which should come from high too low for writing
to LCD.
3.2 SOFTWARE DESIGN
Simulink
Simulink is a MATLAB simulation tool developed by math work. We would need the Arduino package, Simulink package and
legacy package to interface the Arduino using MATLAB(R2018). The communication between MATLAB and Simulink is done
withthe help of serial communication. The serial communication port is used to communicate Arduino and MATLAB.
Arduino IDE
It is basically an open source software used to program Arduino microcontroller board. The programming is done in
embedded c language. The IDE contains serial window and serial monitor to see the Real-time output of the system.
4. IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation of our project is done using Arduino UNO (ATMEGA 328) microcontroller development board. The
LM35 temperature sensor is in contact with the skin of the individual and when the temperature rises, the LM35 module
gives output in the form of output analog voltage. Similarly, when the BPM sensor is connected to the fingertip of the
individual and it has two sides, a side for LED and other for amplifying circuitries detects the BPM and again gives output in
analog form. The output of both sensors is fed to the analog pins of Arduino Uno and the digital pins of the Arduino are
connected to LCD. The ADC (analog to digital converter) in Arduino convert analog signal to digital formand then display it
on LCD. Both temperature and BPM has a fixed threshold and whenever temperature or BPM crosses the threshold the
buzzer beeps and LED blinks. Now coming to the implementation of software parts of the project. The Arduino and Simulink
are connected throughserialcommunicationport. On the Simulink model the real time reading is taken from Arduino through
serial communication port at 9600 baud rates. The output of Simulink model is plotted on graph simultaneously for both the
sensors.
4.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Figure 3: Hardware implementation
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
4.2 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Figure 4: Software implementation
5. RESULT AND OUTPUT ANALYSIS
The project when implemented produces various outputs using various inputs from the sensors which are shown in the
table 1.
INPUT OUTPUT
Temperature Sensor It detects the change in temperature in the
individual’s bodyand gives the output in the
form of analog voltage.
BPM Sensor It detects the change in BPM in the
individual’s body and gives the output in the
form of analog voltage to the radio.
Table no: 1
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
5.1 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OUTPUT OF TEMPRATURE SENSOR
Figure 5: Temperature sensor hardware result
Figure 6: Temperature sensor Software result
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
6. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OUTPUT OF BPM SENSOR
Figure 7: BPM sensor hardware result
Figure 8: BPM sensor hardware result
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to extend our gratitude towards all our faculty members especially our project guide Prof. Prasad D. Kadam
for their continues support and guidance.
REFERENCES
[1] Akarsh Sinha, M. Pavithra, K.R. Sutharshan, “Arduino based pulse width modulated output voltage control of a dc- dc boost
converter using PID strategy,” unpublished.
[2] Calin Corciova, Radu Ciorap, Dan Zaharia and Daniela Matei, 2011. On Using Impedance Plethysmography for Estimation
of Blood Flow, IEEE.
[3] Edward Sazonov, Timothy Haskew, Andrew Price, Bryant Grace and Stephanie Schuckers, 2012.
[4] Electronic and Electromechanical Tester of Physiological Sensors, Sixth International Conference on Sensing Technology
(ICST).
[5] Introducing easy pulse: A diy photoplethysmographic sensor for measuring heart rate. (2012, September 12). Retrieved
from http://embedded- lab.com/blog/?p=5508
[6] Geddes, L.A., 2002. Purdue University, The truth shall set you free: Development of the Polygrapgh, IEEE Engineering In
Medicineand Biology.
[7] Hashem, M.M.A., Rushdi Shams, Md. Abdul Kader and Md. Abu Sayed, 2010. Design and Development of a Heart Rate
Measuring Device using Fingertip, International Conference onComputerand CommunicationEngineering(ICCCE2010), 11-13
May 2010, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.
[8] Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches by SIAMON MONK
[9] The Polygraph and Lie Detection Book by Mark Moore
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino_Uno
BIOGRAPHIES
PHOTOS BIOGRAPHY
Mr. Prasad D. Kadam is Assistant Professor in
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication at
B.V(D.U)C.O.E. Pune. He completed his M.Tech in
Electronics. He was the project guide throughout the
project.
Mr. Ankit Raj (1614111007) is a final year student in

B.V(D.U)C.O.E. Pune .He is persuing his B.Tech in
Electronics and telecommunication .He was the project
member throughout the project .
Mr. Vikram singh Rathaur is a final year student in

B.V(D.U)C.O.E. Pune. He is persuing his B.Tech in
member throughout the project.
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Mr. Ankit Raj (1614110788) is a final year student in

B.V(D.U)C.O.E. Pune .He is persuing his B.Tech in
member throughout the project .
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Final Year Project (Lie Detector) Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Year Project (Lie Detector) Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Project Stage II Report

“Lie Detector using MATLAB”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements

Vikram Singh Rathaur (1614110981)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Prasad D. Kadam

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Academic Year 2019-20

CHAPTER NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

7 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT 57

TABLE NO NAME OF TABLE PAGE NO.

2.3.1 PIN DESCRIPTION OF ARDUINO UNO 26

FIGURE NO. NAME OF THE FIGURES PAGE NO.

2.1 PRINCIPLE MODEL 20

S.NO ABBREVIATION FULL FORM

1 LCD LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 10

1.2 CONVENTIONAL METHOD

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 11

1.3 DRAWBACKS OF CONVENTIONAL METHOD

1.4 TECHNOLOGY GOING TO BE USED

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 12

 Scientific and engineering graphics

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 13

of graphics as well as to build complete Graphical User Interfaces on your MATLAB

1.4.2 Arduino Software IDE

 Fix command line: works again with relative paths (regression)

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 14

1.5 ADVANTAGES OF METHODOLOGY USED

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 15

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 16

1.8 LITRATURE SURVEY

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 17

2.LIE DETECTOR USING MATLAB

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 18

2. LIE DETECTOR USING MATLAB

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 19

Fig 2.1 Principle Model

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 20

2.2.1 Partner-Related Domestic

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 21

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 22

2.3.1 ARDUINO UNO

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 23

Figure 2.3.1 Arduino Uno

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 24

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 25

Table 2.3.1 Pin Description for Arduino Uno

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 26

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 27

Table 2.3.2 Pin Description for LM 35

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 28

2.3.3 BPM SENSOR

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 29

Figure 2.3.3 BPM Sensor

PIN NO. FUNCTIONS

Table 2.3.3 Pin Description for BPM Sensor

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 30

2.3.4 16X2 JHD LCD

Figure 2.3.4 LCD

BV(DU)COE, Pune Page 31

Read and Write Mode of LCD:

Table 2.3.4 Pin Description for LCD