Hands-On Machine Learning with TensorFlow.js: A guide to building ML applications integrated with web technology using the TensorFlow.js library
By Kai Sasaki
()
About this ebook
Get hands-on with the browser-based JavaScript library for training and deploying machine learning models effectively
Key Features
- Build, train and run machine learning models in the browser using TensorFlow.js
- Create smart web applications from scratch with the help of useful examples
- Use flexible and intuitive APIs from TensorFlow.js to understand how machine learning algorithms function
Book Description
TensorFlow.js is a framework that enables you to create performant machine learning (ML) applications that run smoothly in a web browser. With this book, you will learn how to use TensorFlow.js to implement various ML models through an example-based approach.
Starting with the basics, you'll understand how ML models can be built on the web. Moving on, you will get to grips with the TensorFlow.js ecosystem to develop applications more efficiently. The book will then guide you through implementing ML techniques and algorithms such as regression, clustering, fast Fourier transform (FFT), and dimensionality reduction. You will later cover the Bellman equation to solve Markov decision process (MDP) problems and understand how it is related to reinforcement learning. Finally, you will explore techniques for deploying ML-based web applications and training models with TensorFlow Core. Throughout this ML book, you'll discover useful tips and tricks that will build on your knowledge.
By the end of this book, you will be equipped with the skills you need to create your own web-based ML applications and fine-tune models to achieve high performance.
What you will learn
- Use the t-SNE algorithm in TensorFlow.js to reduce dimensions in an input dataset
- Deploy tfjs-converter to convert Keras models and load them into TensorFlow.js
- Apply the Bellman equation to solve MDP problems
- Use the k-means algorithm in TensorFlow.js to visualize prediction results
- Create tf.js packages with Parcel, Webpack, and Rollup to deploy web apps
- Implement tf.js backend frameworks to tune and accelerate app performance
Who this book is for
This book is for web developers who want to learn how to integrate machine learning techniques with web-based applications from scratch. This book will also appeal to data scientists, machine learning practitioners, and deep learning enthusiasts who are looking to perform accelerated, browser-based machine learning on Web using TensorFlow.js. Working knowledge of JavaScript programming language is all you need to get started.
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Hands-On Machine Learning with TensorFlow.js - Kai Sasaki
Hands-On Machine Learning with TensorFlow.js
A guide to building ML applications integrated with
web technology using the TensorFlow.js library
Kai Sasaki
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Hands-On Machine Learning with TensorFlow.js
Copyright © 2019 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
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Contributors
About the author
Kai Sasaki works as a software engineer at Treasure Data. He engages in developing large-scale distributed systems to make data valuable. His passion for creating artificial intelligence by processing large-scale data led him to the field of machine learning. He is one of the initial contributors to TensorFlow.js and keeps working to add new operators that are required for new types of machine learning models. Because of his work, he received the Google Open Source Peer Bonus in 2018.
About the reviewers
Edoh Kodjo graduated twice as an engineer in networking and in computer science, and is a software developer/data scientist. He started developing an interest in machine learning and artificial intelligence soon after graduating. Since then, his interest in the field has kept on growing. He currently works as a software engineer on a project for computer vision. As a frontend and JavaScript fanatic, he is a machine learning for the web advocate. Here is his motto—Life is an endless road, coding is an endless loop for a while!, which sums up how much he loves coding.
Nick Bourdakos is a developer advocate at IBM in NYC and the creator of Cloud Annotations, a collaborative open source image annotation tool for training computer vision models. His expertise is in machine learning, mainly deep learning applied to computer vision problems. He is passionate when it comes to teaching people about machine learning and has a course on YouTube regarding TensorFlow.js.
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Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright and Credits
Hands-On Machine Learning with TensorFlow.js
About Packt
Why subscribe?
Contributors
About the author
About the reviewers
Packt is searching for authors like you
Preface
Who this book is for
What this book covers
To get the most out of this book
Download the example code files
Download the color images
Conventions used
Get in touch
Bewertungen
Section 1: The Rationale of Machine Learning and the Usage of TensorFlow.js
Machine Learning for the Web
Technical requirements
Why machine learning on the web?
Operation graphs
Visualizing an operation graph
Automatic differentiation
What is TensorFlow.js?
Seamless integration with web technologies
Hardware acceleration using web browser APIs
Compatibility with TensorFlow
Data privacy
Installing TensorFlow.js
tfjs-converter
The low-level API
Tensors
Operations
Memory
Eager execution
The Layers API
Sequential model
Functional model
Model summary
Custom layers
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Importing Pretrained Models into TensorFlow.js
Technical requirements
The portable model format
Protocol buffers
GraphDef
NodeDef
Exporting a model from TensorFlow
TensorFlow's SavedModel
The SavedModel format
Simple save
The SavedModelBuilder API
The Keras HDF5 model
Converting models using tfjs-converter
Converting a TensorFlow SavedModel
The Keras HDF5 model
The TensorFlow Hub module
Loading the model into TensorFlow.js
Supported operations
Summary
Questions
Further reading
TensorFlow.js Ecosystem
Technical requirements
Why high-level libraries?
Using existing models
MobileNet in tfjs-models
Supported models
Image classification application
Example applications in the community
Loading the data from various kinds of storage
Data sources
Webcam
Pose detection with ML5.js
Supported models
PoseNet in ML5.js
Drawing cats with Magenta.js
Sketch drawing
XOR classification with machinelearn.js
Random forest classifier
Summary
Exercises
Further reading
Section 2: Real-World Applications of TensorFlow.js
Polynomial Regression
Technical requirements
What is polynomial regression?
Supervised learning
The simplest linear model
General polynomial model
The loss function
Optimizer for machine learning
Optimizers in TensorFlow.js
Two-dimensional curve fitting
Preparing the dataset
Applying the 2-degree polynomial model
Loss function by mean squared error
Looking into the optimization process
Fitting the curve
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Classification with Logistic Regression
Technical requirements
Background of binary classification
What is logistic regression?
The behavior of the probabilistic generative model
Optimization process
Classifying two-dimensional clusters
Preparing the dataset
Logistic regression model with the Core API
Optimizing with the cross-entropy loss function
Implementing a logistic regression model with the Layers API
Implementing a logistic regression model with machinelearn.js
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Unsupervised Learning
Technical requirements
What is unsupervised learning?
Learning how K-means works
Centroid
Algorithm
Evaluation
Generalizing K-means with the EM algorithm
The algorithm
Relationship with K-means
Clustering two groups in a 2D space
The three clusters
K-means implementation
Summary
Exercise
Further reading
Sequential Data Analysis
Technical requirements
What is Fourier transformation?
Constituent frequencies as a feature
Discrete Fourier transform
Fast Fourier transform
Cosine curve decomposition
Complex number type
The cosine curve
Fourier transformation for cosine curves
Fourier transformation for composite curves
Inversed Fourier transform
Summary
Exercise
Further reading
Dimensionality Reduction
Technical requirements
Why dimensionality reduction?
Curse of dimensionality
Understanding principal component analysis
Variance maximization
Projecting 3D points into a 2D space with PCA
Three-dimensional clusters
Principal component calculation
The variance of projected datasets
Word embedding
What is word embedding?
Loading the IMDb dataset
Embedding the model
Visualization of embeddings
Summary
Exercise
Further reading
Solving the Markov Decision Process
Technical requirements
Reinforcement learning
MDP
Discounted total reward
State-value function
Bellman equation
Q-learning
Solving the four-states environment
Designing the environment
The Q-learning process
Summary
Exercise
Further reading
Section 3: Productionizing Machine Learning Applications with TensorFlow.js
Deploying Machine Learning Applications
Technical requirements
The ecosystem around the JavaScript platform
JavaScript in modern web browsers
Node.js
Node package manager
Benefits of TypeScript in ML applications
Module bundler
Parcel
Webpack
Deploying modules with GitHub Pages
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Tuning Applications to Achieve High Performance
Technical requirements
The backend API of TensorFlow.js
Operations that use the CPU backend
Low overhead
Memory management
Implementing higher parallelism using the WebGL backend
Avoid blocking the main thread
Prefer tf.tidy to be free from memory management
Floating number precision
Save the overhead of shader compilation
Using TensorFlow with the Node.js backend
Tensor management
Tensor construction
Tensors as variables
Revisiting tensor destruction
Asynchronous data access
Profiling
Chrome profiler
Model visualization
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Future Work Around TensorFlow.js
Technical requirements
Experimental backend implementations
WebGPU – a new standard for accelerated graphics and computations
WebAssembly – where the web meets the hardware instruction set
React Native – moving forward to mobile-native applications
Creating a React Native app
Installing the dependencies required for TensorFlow.js
Writing an application
Running the application
Electron – cross-platform desktop environment
AutoML edge helper
Summary
Questions
Further Reading
Other Books You May Enjoy
Leave a review - let other readers know what you think
Preface
TensorFlow.js is a framework that enables you to create performant machine learning (ML) applications that run smoothly in a web browser. With this book, you will learn how to use TensorFlow.js to implement various ML models through an example-based approach.
In this book, you'll understand how ML models can be built on the web. Moving on, you will get to grips with using the TensorFlow.js ecosystem to develop applications more efficiently. The book will then guide you through implementing ML techniques and algorithms such as regression, clustering, fast Fourier transform (FFT), and dimensionality reduction. You will later use the Bellman equation to solve Markov decision process (MDP) problems and understand how it is related to reinforcement learning. Finally, you will explore techniques for deploying ML-based web applications and training models with TensorFlow Core. Throughout this ML book, you'll discover useful tips and tricks that will build on your knowledge.
By the end of this book, you will be equipped with the skills you need to create your own web-based ML applications and fine-tune models to achieve high performance.
Who this book is for
This book is for web developers who want to learn how to integrate ML techniques with web-based applications from scratch. This book will also appeal to data scientists, ML practitioners, and deep learning enthusiasts who are looking to perform accelerated, browser-based ML on the web using TensorFlow.js. Working knowledge of the JavaScript programming language is all you need to get started.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Machine Learning for the Web, will show you the importance of ML on the web platform. Fundamentally, ML applications should provide some value to the users through a user-facing interface such as a web platform. In this chapter, we will leverage ML on the web platform to remove the fences between the user-facing environment and the environment where traditional server-side ML runs. You will learn how to install TensorFlow.js and set up the environment around it.
Chapter 2, Importing Pretrained Models into TensorFlow.js, explains how to import Keras pretrained models into TensorFlow.js. Since TensorFlow Core can train such a model efficiently, we can easily reuse the model in a client-side application.
Chapter 3, TensorFlow.js Ecosystem, shows you how to use some frameworks and libraries running with TensorFlow.js that are used to construct ML models, so that you can develop your own application more efficiently.
Chapter 4, Polynomial Regression, shows you how TensorFlow.js APIs are used with the simplest models. The application we look at predicts the y value of a sine curve with a given x value by using a polynomial regression model, implemented with a neural network.
Chapter 5, Classification with Logistic Regression, teaches you how to implement a classification model such as a logistic regression model. With the help of a practical example, we will teach you how to write a logistic regression application to classify flower types with the Iris dataset.
Chapter 6, Unsupervised Learning, demonstrates the potential of TensorFlow as an ML framework by implementing a clustering algorithm such as k-means and demonstrating unsupervised learning. We will be implementing the k-means algorithm using the Iris dataset.
Chapter 7, Sequential Data Analysis, explains how the FFT algorithm is implemented in TensorFlow and how to use it in an ML application. You will also learn how complex numerical types are implemented in TensorFlow.js.
Chapter 8, Dimensionality Reduction, introduces t-SNE and how it can be implemented in TensorFlow.js.
Chapter 9, Solving Markov Decision Problems, introduces the implementation of the Bellman equation for solving MDP problems and explains how it is related to reinforcement learning.
Chapter 10, Deploying Machine Learning Applications, shows you the general ways to create a package from a TensorFlow.js application.
Chapter 11, Tuning Applications to Achieve High Performance, shows you how to make use of certain backend implementations to pursue high performance as well as giving you tips for tuning an application written in TensorFlow.js.
Chapter 12, Future Works around TensorFlow.js, covers more advanced features and optimizations implemented in TensorFlow.js so that you can learn about what is going on in TensorFlow.js projects.
To get the most out of this book
Working knowledge of JavaScript will be handy.
Download the example code files
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Conventions used
There are a number of text conventions used throughout this book.
CodeInText: Indicates code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles. Here is an example: "GraphDef is a definition to describe the graph structure in the protocol buffer."
A block of code is set as follows:
message GraphDef {
repeated NodeDef node = 1;
VersionDef versions = 4;
FunctionDefLibrary library = 2;
}
Any command-line input or output is written as follows:
$ ls my_tfjs_model
Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or words that you see on screen. For example, words in menus or dialog boxes appear in the text like this. Here is an example: "For example, ResNet-50, which is one of the major deep learning models for image classification, takes up 100 MB."
Warnings or important notes appear like this.
Tips and tricks appear like this.
Get in touch
Feedback from our readers is always welcome.
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Section 1: The Rationale of Machine Learning and the Usage of TensorFlow.js
In this section, readers will explore how machine learning applications work on the web platform. They will also learn how to set up an environment to run TensorFlow.js. Furthermore, readers will learn how to import pretrained models from Keras into TensorFlow.js. This section will also cover the ecosystem around TensorFlow.js.
This section contains the following chapters:
Chapter 1, Machine Learning for the Web
Chapter 2, Importing Pretrained Models into TensorFlow.js
Chapter 3, TensorFlow.js Ecosystem
Machine Learning for the Web
In this book, we will learn how to use TensorFlow.js to create machine learning applications. You'll need to be familiar with the following in order to get started:
Web-based programming languages, such as JavaScript and TypeScript
Web platform technology stacks (only a basic knowledge is required)
The fundamentals of machine learning algorithms
In this chapter, we are going to clarify why machine learning on the web is crucial in modern machine learning use cases and when to use web technology so that you can run your applications. You will also be introduced to the basic APIs of TensorFlow.js so that you can construct machine learning models. These topics act as the basis for the chapters that follow.
In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:
Why machine learning on the web?
Operation graphs
What is TensorFlow.js?
Installing TensorFlow.js
The low-level API
The Layers API
Technical requirements
In this chapter, as a prerequisite, you need to prepare the following libraries or frameworks in your