b.

Ontogeny ​- Study of individual

ZOOLEC SG1: (birth to death)
c. Genetics ​- Study of mechanisms of
Introduction to transmission of traits from parents to
offspring
Zoology III. Functional Zoology
Zoology​ (Gr. ​zoon,​ animal & ​logos​, study) a. Animal Physiology ​- Study of the

> Study of animals life-supporting, properties, functions,

> It includes the interaction of animal and processes of animals or their

kingdom in their ecosystems such as parts

classification, habits, structure, embryology, b. Animal Behavior/Ethology​ - Study

distribution, evolution, and extinct species. of animal behavior, usually with a

focus on behaviour under natural
conditions, and viewing behaviour as
Branches of Zoology
an evolutionary adaptive trait
I. Structural Zoology
IV. Systematic/Taxonomy
a. Morphology ​- Study of size, shape,
a. Protozoology ​- Study of protozoa
and structure of animals, plants, and
b. Entomology ​- Study of insects
microorganisms, and of the
c. Conchology ​- Study of shells
relationships of their constituent
d. Malacology ​- Study of molluscs
parts.
e. Herpetology ​- Study of amphibians
b. Anatomy ​- Study of the structure of
and reptiles
the entire organisms and their parts.
f. Ornithology ​- Study of birds
c. Histology ​- Study of tissues
g. Ichthyology ​- Study of fishes
d. Cytology ​- Study of structure and
h. Helminthology ​- Study of worms
function of cells
V. Medical Zoology
II. Developmental Zoology
a. Parasitology ​- Study of parasites,
a. Embryology ​- Study of the
their hosts, and the relationship
development of an animal from the
between them
fertilized egg to birth or hatching
 b. Pathology ​- Study of the causes and Zoology Disciplines
effects of disease or injury
● Comparative Anatomy ​- the study
VI. Distributional Zoology
of structures and functions of various
a. Zoogeography ​- deals with the
animal groups
geographical distribution of animals
● Taxonomy​ - the science of finding,
b. Ecology ​- (​oikos,​
describing, and classifying animals
house/environment),
● Entomology
interrelationship of living things and
● Ichthyology
non-living things
● Herpetology
VII. Historical Zoology
● Ethology
a. Paleontology ​- fossils and remains
● Malacology
of animals (extinct)
● Myrmecology ​- the study of ants
b. Phylogeny ​- origin of species
● Helminthology
c. Evolution ​- origin
VIII. Specialized Fields of Zoology
a. Molecular Zoology Examples of Specializations
-the structure and physiology of in Zoology
animals is studied under such fields
● Anatomy
as anatomy, embryology, pathology,
● Cytology
animal nutriology and physiology;
● Comparative Genomics and
- the common genetic and
Bioinformatics​ - study of the
developmental mechanisms of
structure, function, and evolution of
animals (and plants) is studied in
the genetic composition of groups of
molecular biology, molecular
animals using computer-based
genetics, cellular biology,
computational methods
biochemistry, and developmental
● Ecology
biology
● Embryology
● Genetics
● Histology
 ● Molecular Biology ​- study of ● Animal Rehabilitation
subcellular details of structure and ● Reproductive Biologist
function ● Fisheries Biologist
● Parasitology ​- study of animals that ● Animal Trainer
live in or on other organisms at the ● Veterinarian
expense of the host ● Geneticist
● Physiology ​- study of the function of ● Teacher
organisms and their parts
● Systematics ​- study of the History of Zoology
classification of, and the
● In ancient ​India​, ​texts ​described
evolutionary interrrelationships
some ​aspects of bird life
among animal groups
● In ​Egypt​, the ​metamorphosis of
insects and frogs​ was described
Examples of Specializations ● Egyptians and babylonians​ also

in Zoology by Taxonomic knew of ​anatomy and physiology in

various forms
Categories ● In ​ancient Mesopotamia​, ​animals
● Entomology were sometimes ​kept ​in what can be
● Herpetology described as the ​first zoological
● Ichthyology gardens
● Mammalogy ​- study of mammals ● Aristotle ​described many ​animals
● Ornithology and their behaviours​. He is the first
● Protozoology to ​devise a system of classifying
animals ​and is the ​“Father of

A Zoologist does the ff: Zoology”

● In ​ancient Rome​,​ Pliny the leader
● Biochemist/Lab Technician
is known for his knowledge of
● Marine Biologist
nature, wrote a book ​“Natural
● Wildlife Researcher
History”
● Claudius Galen​ became a ​pioneer in ● Robert Hooke​ published
physiology, medicine, and anatomy Micrographia​ in 1665 based on his
● Hippocrates ​(Greece) is the ​“Father observations using a microscope
of Medicine” ​who devised the ​code single lens. ​Described the
of medical ethics​. Establishment of compartments of cork tissue as
first biomedical tradition “cells”
● Leonardo da Vinci ​is an anatomist ● Anton Van Leeuwehoek
and scientist who made contribution (1632-1723) who ​made more than
by ​conducting autopsies on humans, 400 microscopes ​himself, was the
study the concept of homology first person to view single-celled
(similarity in embryonic origin and microbes
development)
● Andreas Vesalius ​is the first to The Growth of Modern
dissect cadaver​s and accurately
depict anatomy and is called the Zoology
“Father of Anatomy” ● In the 17th Century, adherents of the
● Conrad Von Gessner​ wrote the new philosophy of investigation of
book ​“Historia Animalium”​ which is nature by means of observation and
the​ basis of modern zoology experiment banded themselves into
● William Harvey​ made the 1st academies or societies for mutaul
accurate description of blood support and dialogue
circulation
● Marcello Malphighi ​is an 17th-18th Century
Anatomist and Entomologist who
● Systematizing and classifying
had such ​observations on blood
dominated biology
circulation, demonstration of
● Carolus Linnaeus​ (1707-1778), a
capillary circulation in the lungs of
Swedish botanist, developed a
Frosch
classification for animals based on
shared characteristics. He is the
 Father of Taxonomy, one of the ● Have enormous variety of color
Father of Modern Ecology​. Binomial patterns
System of Nomenclature ● Mouth brood their young
● George Cuvier​ is a French naturalist
and zoologist who ​established the A Scale-Eating Cichlid
fields of comparative anatomy and ● Perissodus Microlepis
paleontology ● Attack from behind as they feed on
scales of prey fish
19th Century ● Two body forms​ are maintained in
the population. One form is the
● In later part, the area of genetics
mouth is asymmetrically curved to
developed
the right and attack the prey’s left
● Gregor Mendel​ formulated his laws
side and vice versa for the second
of inheritance, published in 1866. He
form
is the​ “Father of Genetics”
● Endemic ​(found only in) to Lake
● Claude Bernard​ is a French
Tanganyika
physiologist and the ​Father of
Experimental Medicine
● In 1859, ​Charles Darwin​ ​published ZOOLOGY: An
The Origin of Species, by means of
Evolutionary Perspective
Natural Selection​. ​Father & Theory
● Animals share a common
of Evolution
evolutionary past and evolutionary
forces that influenced their history
CICHLIDAE ● Evolutionary processes are
● One large family of bony fish remarkable for their relative
● Contains 2,000-3,000 species simplicity, yet they have had
● One of the members: Tilapia awesome effects on life-forms
● 2.5 cm to 1m
 Evolutionary Processes of variation in a series of enzymes,
called ​allozymes​, and ​DNA
Organic Evolution ​is change in the genetic
structure
makeup of populations of organisms over
● Animals are named and classified
time.​ It is the source of animal diversity, and
into a ​hierarchy of relatedness
it explains family relationships within
● A ​two-past name​ describes each
animal groups
kind of organism
1st: Genus ; 2nd: Species epithet
Animal Classification and ● Verbal or written reference to a

Evolutionary Relationships species refers to an organism

identified by this two-part name. The
● Evolution ​not only explains why
species ephithet is generally not used
animals appear and function as they
without the accompanying genus
do, but also explains f​amily
name or its abbreviation.
relationships within the animal
kingdom​.
● Groups of ​individuals ​are more Hierarchy of Relatedness
closely ​related ​if they have more of ● Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
their ​genetic material (DNA) ​with Order, Family, Genus, Species
each other than with individuals in
other groups.
ZOOLOGY: An Ecological
Perspective
Allozymes and DNA
● Ecology ​(Gr. ​oikos​, house & ​logos​,
Structure to study) is the ​study of relationships
● Beyond morphological between organisms and their
characteristics environment
● With the advent of biological ● In the 1950s, the ​Giant Nile Perch
techniques, zoologists have added to (Lates niloticus)​ was introduced into
their repertoire of tools the analysis
 Lake Victoria in an attempt to ecological disasters like those we
increase the lake’s fishery. have described

World Resources and A Multifaceted

Endangered Animals Conservation Plan
● Focus of ecological concerns: global 1. A global system of national parks to
overpopulation and the exploitation protect large tracts of land and
of world resources wildlife corridors that allow
movement between natural areas

Population 2. Protected landscapes and multiple

use areas that allow controlled
● Global overpopulation is at the root
private activity and also retain values
of virtually all other environmental
as a wildlife habitat
problems
3. Zoos and botanical gardens to save
species whose extinction is imminent
World Resources
● Human overpopulation is stressing
world resources
● Deforestation also causes severe
regional water shortages and results
in the extinction of many plant and
animal species, especially in tropical
forests

Solutions
● An understanding of basic ecological
principles can help prevent the