General Biology 2

Quarter 2 - Module 1
COMPARE AND CONTRAST PROCESSES IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS (Week 1 –
4)

Name: Ria Geleka P. Ocenar Grade & Section: 12 – STEM (CYGNUS)

Teacher: Mr. Eriberto A. Viros
Lesson 1: Reproduction and Development

What I know

1. Asexual Reproduction- Mode of reproduction in which the progeny are produced

by a single organism rather than by the union of gametes as in sexual reproduction.
2. Sexual Reproduction- the creation of new creatures by the fusion of the genetic
material of two individuals of different sexes
3. Fission- is the partition of a single entity into two or more pieces, followed by the
regeneration of those parts into independent entities that resemble the original.
4. Fragmentation- refers to the process of fragmentation—breaking down into pieces
or being separated into bits. It can also refer to the state or outcome of being split or
broken up.
5. Budding- A kind of asexual reproduction in biology in which a new individual
arises from a generative anatomical site of the parent organism.
6. Sporulation- refers to the development of spores from vegetative cells in the face
of adverse environmental circumstances. As such, it may be regarded as an adaptive
reaction that permits the organism to live in the face of adversity (radiation, extreme
heat or cold, lack of nutrition etc.).
7. Isogamy- is a reproductive system in which all gametes are physically similar,
especially in size, and there is no distinction between male and female gametes.
8. Heterogamy- Sexual reproduction requiring the fusing of opposing gametes that
frequently vary in size, shape, and physiology.
9. Bisexual Reproduction- is the generation of children from the union of gametes
from two genetically distinct parents.
10. Development- the gradual changes in size, structure, and function that occur
over an organism's existence when its genetic potentials (genotype) are translated
into functional mature systems (phenotype).
11. Haploid- is the characteristic of a cell or organism with a single pair of
chromosomes. Haploid organisms reproduce asexually.
12. Diploid- is a cell or creature with two chromosomes, one from each parent. Other
than human sex cells, all cells in humans are diploid and have 23 pairs of
chromosomes.
13. Gametogenesis- is the biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor
cells divide and differentiate into mature haploid gametes.
14. Fertilization- can be described as the union between two haploid gametes, the
spermatozoa and the oocyte, heretofore referred to as the egg, in order to restore the
diploid state, form a zygote through the process of egg activation, and initiate a
series of mitotic divisions that results in proliferation and differentiation and embryo
development.
15. Cleavage- a sequence of mitotic divisions that split the massive volume of egg
cytoplasm into multiple smaller, nucleated cells These cleavage-stage cells are
referred to as blastocyst.
16. Gastrulation- is described as the early developmental process through which an
embryo converts from a one-dimensional layer of epithelial cells (blastula) to a
multilayered and multidimensional structure known as the gastrula.
17. Organogenesis- the set of structured integrated processes that converts an
amorphous mass of cells in the growing embryo into a whole organ
18. Growth- the increases in cell size and quantity that occur during an organism's
life span
19. Follicular phase- is the longest advance in the monthly cycle, enduring from the
primary day of a period to ovulation, meaning the arrival of the egg. This basic
advance in the improvement of an egg pre-treatment (meaning penetrative sex), and
can endure somewhere in the range of 11 and 27 days.
20. Ovulation- The arrival of an egg from an ovary during the monthly cycle.

What’s new

PRE-ACTIVITY:
1. Differentiate Asexual Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction.
 Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to
a single parent. In sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic
information to produce unique offspring.

2. Identify the types of asexual reproduction and give examples.

Types of Asexual Reproduction Examples
1. Fission Bacteria, Protists, Unicellular Fungi
2. Fragmentation Starfish, some worms, fungi, plants,
lichens
3. Vegetative Reproduction Plants
4. Budding Yeast, Hydra

1. Summarize the differences between asexual and sexual

reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Number of Parents
Involved 1 2
Gametes There is no combination of During sexual propagation,
gametes and no blending of two haploid gametes
hereditary data. participate during the time
spent treatment to create a
diploid zygote.
Genetic composition of Normally indistinguishable Incredible hereditary
offspring assortment

What’s more

ACTIVITY:
1. Identify and Describe the types of
Life
Cycles
Types of Life Cycles Description
1. haplontic life cycle A zygotic meiosis is a meiosis of a
zygote following karyogamy, which is
the blend of two cell centers. Thusly,
the living being shuts its diploid stage
and makes a couple of haploid cells.
These telephones segment mitotically to
shape either greater, multicellular
 individuals, or more haploid cells
2. diplontic life cycle In gametic meiosis, rather than quickly
separating meiotically to deliver
haploid cells, the zygote isolates
mitotically to create a multicellular
diploid individual or a gathering of
more unicellular diploid cells. Cells
from the diploid people then, at that
point, go through meiosis to deliver
haploid cells or gametes.
3. haplodiplontic life cycle In sporic meiosis (likewise ordinarily
known as mediator meiosis), the zygote
isolates mitotically to deliver a
multicellular diploid sporophyte. The
sporophyte makes spores through
meiosis which additionally then gap
mitotically delivering haploid people
called gametophytes. The gametophytes
produce gametes by means of mitosis.
In certain plants the gametophyte isn't
just little measured yet additionally
brief; in different plants and numerous
green growth, the gametophyte is the
"prevailing" phase of the existence
cycle.

Lesson 2: Nutrition

What I know

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms

1. Nutrient- are substances the body needs for energy, building materials, and
control of body processes.
2. Autotrophs- s a creature that can deliver its own food utilizing light, water, carbon
dioxide, or different synthetic substances. Since autotrophs produce their own food,
they are here and there called makers. 6 - 12+ Biology, Ecology.
3. Heterotrophs- is a living being that can't fabricate its own food via carbon
obsession and accordingly infers its admission of sustenance from different
wellsprings of natural carbon, chiefly plant or creature matter. In the natural order of
things, heterotrophs are optional and tertiary purchasers.
4. Symplast Route- the arrangement of protoplasts in plants, which are
interconnected by plasmodesmata. This viably frames a ceaseless arrangement of
cytoplasm limited by the plasma layers of the cells. The development of water
through the symplast is known as the symplast pathway.
5. Apoplasts route- works with the vehicle of water and solutes across a tissue or
organ. This cycle is known as apoplastic transport.
6. Root Hairs- are round and hollow augmentations of root epidermal cells that are
significant for obtaining of supplements, organism connections, and plant mooring.
7. Root Nodules- an enlarging on the foundation of a leguminous plant, for example,
the pea or clover, that contains microbes of the class Rhizobium, fit for nitrogen
obsession.
8. Mycorrhizae (singular, mycorrhiza)- a private relationship between the stretched,
rounded fibers (hyphae) of a parasite (realm Fungi) and the foundations of higher
plants.
9. Calorie- a private relationship between the stretched, rounded fibers (hyphae) of a
parasite (realm Fungi) and the foundations of higher plants
10. Carbohydrates- is a natural compound like sugar or starch, and is utilized to
store energy. Like most natural mixtures, starches are worked of little, rehashing
units that structure bonds with one another to make a bigger atom.
11. Proteins- are enormous, complex particles that assume numerous basic parts in
the body. They do a large portion of the work in cells and are needed for the
construction, capacity, and guideline of the body's tissues and organs.
12. Fats- are a subgroup of mixtures known as lipids that are found in the body and
have the overall property of being hydrophobic (meaning they are insoluble in
water). Fats are otherwise called fatty substances, particles produced using the mix
of one atom of glycerol with three unsaturated fats
13. Amino acids- are little atoms that are the structure squares of proteins.
14. Fatty acids- are the structure squares of the fat in our bodies and in the food we
eat. During processing, the body separates fats into unsaturated fats, which can then
be consumed into the blood. Unsaturated fat particles are typically consolidated in
gatherings of three, framing an atom called a fatty oil.
15. Phagocytosis- The interaction by which a phagocyte (a sort of white platelet)
encompasses and annihilates unfamiliar substances (like microorganisms) and
eliminates dead cells.
16. Pinocytosis- an interaction by which fluid drops are ingested by living cells.
Pinocytosis is one kind of endocytosis, the overall interaction by which cells
overwhelm outside substances, gathering them into unique layer bound vesicles
held inside the phone.
17. Digestive System- is a gathering of organs comprising of the focal
gastrointestinal (GI) lot and its related frill organs that separate food into more
modest parts so supplements can be ingested and absorbed. This gives the vital
energy to support the body.
18. Endocytosis- is an overall term portraying a cycle by which cells ingest outer
material by overwhelming it with the cell layer.
19. Ingestion- Food enters the stomach related framework through the mouth. This
interaction is called ingestion. Once in the mouth, the food is bitten to shape a wad
of food called a bolus. This passes down the throat and into the stomach.
20. Digestion- grouping by which food is separated and synthetically changed over
so it very well may be consumed by the phones of an organic entity and used to
keep up with fundamental physical processes.
21. Absorption- is the development of processed food atoms through the mass of the
digestive tract into the blood or lymph.
22. Elimination- the demonstration of releasing or discharging side-effects or
unfamiliar substances from the body.

What’s new
PRE-ACTIVITY:

Side root Leaf Stem Taproot Lateral root

FLOWER

Bud

Stem Upholds the plants and transport the supplements

Leaf Perform photosynthesis

Flower Site multiplication happens
Bud The major photosynthetic surface of the plant

Taproot To retain water and minerals to the plant

Lateral root Branch out taproot

What’s more

ACTIVITY:
1. Illustrate the steps in the digestive system. Label the organs involved and
specify their
functions.

What I’ve learned

POST QUIZ:
1. Give three examples of nutrient deficiencies in plants and the
corresponding symptoms.
A. Stunted growth- eaves can become limp, twist, or drop. Seed follows additionally
become limp and twist around.
B. Chlorosis- This is the yellowing of leaves with an organization of dull green veins.
In more extreme cases, the whole leaf becomes yellow or white, and the external
edges might singe or become brown.
C. Necrosis- is the passing of plant tissues because of the lacks of calcium,
magnesium, copper, and potassium.
2. Research on examples of parasitic plants and predator plants. Give an
example for each. What structural adaptations are present in these plants that allow
them to acquire nutrition through parasitism and predation?
An illustration of parasitic is the mistletoes and hunter plants are the Venus
flytrap. Parasitic method of sustenance is the point at which a life form (parasite)
daily routine on or in another experiencing living being (have) accordingly hurting
the host. A commonplace illustration of a parasitic plant is the mistletoes. They exist
as outer parasites on another plant. This implies that it doesn't infer its supplements
straightforwardly structure the dirt yet rather from different plants as it conveys
roots' constructions on them. Hunter plants can benefit from bugs and more modest
living beings for their own sustenance. An average model is the Venus flytrap. The
Venus flytrap has a unique gadget for catching and processing bugs and other little
life forms. They generally develop in places with minimal nitrogenous salts. They
subsequently use bugs or other little creatures as their wellspring of nitrogen.
3. What contributes to the absorption capacity of the small intestine?
Microvilli: The phones on the villi are pressed brimming with minuscule
hairlike designs called microvilli. This helps increment the outer layer of every
individual cell, implying that every cell can ingest more supplements.
4. Why doesn’t gastric juice destroy the stomach cells that make it?
Gastric juice doesn't annihilate stomach cells that make this is on the grounds
that this large number of fixings stay latent until they are delivered into the lumen.
Pepsinogen and HCl are first emitted into the lumen of the stomach. Hydrochloric
corrosive believers the pepsinogen (idle structure) into pepsin.
5. What are the cells making up the gastric glands of the stomach
The gastric organs by and large contain three kinds of secretory cells. The mucous
cell, the main cells and the parietal cell.
Lesson 3: Gas Exchange

What I know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Respiration- is the substance interaction by which natural mixtures discharge
energy or the demonstration or cycle of relaxing: the breathing in of oxygen and the
breathing out of carbon dioxide.
2. Cellular Respiration- the interaction by which creatures join oxygen with staple
particles, redirecting the compound energy in these substances into life-supporting
exercises and disposing of, as byproducts, carbon dioxide and water.
3. Positive pressure breathing- the arrangement of air under tension by a
mechanical respirator, a machine intended to work on the trading of air between the
lungs and the air.
4. Negative pressure breathing- is the manner by which we inhale typically, without
the guide of pack valve-veils or mechanical ventilators.
5. Air Sacs- any of the air-filled expansions of the breathing contraption of numerous
creatures. Air sacs are found as minuscule sacs off the bigger breathing cylinders
(tracheae) of bugs, as augmentations of the lungs in birds, and as end organs in the
lungs of specific different vertebrates.
6. Oxygen Transport- the vehicle of oxygen is the association between alveolar gas
trade and interior breath performed by the vehicle of oxygen broke up in blood
plasma and bound to hemoglobin.
7. Carbon dioxide transport- is essentially less confounded than oxygen transport.
Carbon dioxide is created in tissues during the vigorous digestion of glucose and is
shipped in the blood to the lungs, where it is breathed out.

What’s new
PRE-ACTIVITY:
1. Identify the Organs of the Respiratory System and its functions.
2. Identify the Plant structures responsible for gas exchange and its functions.
Stomata direct gas trade in the leaf. Contingent upon how bloated the watchman
cells are, every stoma might be open or shut. In the light Osmosis makes the
watchman cells assimilate water, become bloated, and the stoma to open. In
obscurity the gatekeeper cells lose water and become limp, which makes the stoma
close.
 What I’ve learned

1. A
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. B
Lesson 4: Transport and Circulation

What I know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Define the following words.
1. Xylem- the vascular tissue in plants that behaviors water and broke up
supplements up from the root and furthermore assists with framing the woody
component in the stem.
2. Phloem- likewise considered bast, tissues in plants that direct food varieties made
in the passes on to any remaining pieces of the plant. Phloem is made out of different
particular cells called strainer tubes, friend cells, phloem filaments, and phloem
parenchyma cells.
3. Diffusion- process coming about because of irregular movement of atoms by
which there is a net progression of issue from an area of high fixation to a district of
low focus.
4. Cell transport- is development of materials across cell films. Cell transport
incorporates aloof and dynamic vehicle.
5. Circulation- the development of blood through the vessels of the body that is
initiated by the siphoning activity of the heart and serves to appropriate
supplements and oxygen to and eliminate side-effects from all pieces of the body -
see pneumonic course, fundamental dissemination.
6. Arteries- is a vessel that diverts blood from the heart and toward different tissues
and organs. Veins are important for the circulatory framework, which conveys
oxygen and supplements to each cell in the body.
7. Veins- are a kind of vein that get deoxygenated blood from your organs once
again to your heart.
8. Valves- in life systems, any of different membranous constructions, particularly in
the heart, veins, and lymph channels, that capacity to close briefly a section or
opening, allowing development of a liquid in one heading as it were. A valve might
comprise of a sphincter muscle or a few membranous folds or creases.
9. Systemic Circulation- fundamental course moves blood between the heart and
the remainder of the body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns
deoxygenated blood to the heart.
10. Pulmonary Circulation- is the arrangement of transportation that shunts de-
oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be re-immersed with oxygen prior
to being scattered into the fundamental dissemination.
 What’s new
PRE-ACTIVITY:
1. What are the functions of xylem and phloem?
The xylem conveys water and disintegrated minerals vertical through
the plant, from the roots to the leaves. The phloem conveys food descending
from the passes on to the roots.
Lesson 5: Regulation of Body Fluids

What I know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Internal Environment- the conditions inside the body, including temperature,
pulse, glucose level, and corrosive base equilibrium, instead of those in the outer
climate.
2. Osmolarity- the grouping of osmotically dynamic particles in arrangement, which
might be quantitatively communicated in osmoles of solute per liter of arrangement.
3. Osmosis- the unconstrained entry or dissemination of water or different solvents
through a semipermeable layer (one that impedes the section of disintegrated
substances-i.e., solutes).
4. Osmoregulation- support by a creature of an inward harmony among water and
broke up materials paying little heed to natural conditions.
5. Osmoconformers- are living beings that keep their inward liquids isotonic to their
current circumstance, that is, they keep an interior saltiness like their surrounding
conditions (e.g., most marine spineless creatures, seagrass).
6. Osmoregulators- firmly manage their body osmolarity, which generally remains
steady, and are more normal in the animals of the world collectively.
Osmoregulators effectively control salt fixations regardless of the salt focuses in the
climate.
7. Ammonia- a dismal gas that is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, has a sharp
smell and taste, can be effectively made fluid by cold and pressure, and is utilized in
cleaning items and in making manures and explosives.
8. Urea- is the boss nitrogenous final result of the metabolic breakdown of proteins
in all warm blooded creatures and a few fishes. It happens in the pee of vertebrates
as well as in their blood, bile, milk, and sweat.
9. Uric Acid- is a synthetic made when the body separates substances called purines.
Purines are ordinarily delivered in the body and are additionally found in certain
food varieties and beverages.
10. Filtration- is the method involved with isolating suspended particles from the
liquid through a permeable material in which the liquid can pass while the
suspended particles are held.

What’s new
PRE-ACTIVITY: Answer the following questions briefly.
1. What are the possible consequences should there be a failure in the ability of
the body to dispose or eliminate toxic metabolic wastes?
One of the potential results is it will cause a cascading type of influence in our
body. The kidney will be quick to fall flat, then, at that point, the circulatory system
will follow, blood will course the harmful material to our significant frameworks
and appropriate it all through our body. When the harmful material has been totally
dispersed to our body, it will then, at that point, make the actual body come up short
or bite the dust.
2. What are the two types of animals based on the osmolarity of their body
fluids in relation to the environment?
Two significant sorts of osmoregulation are osmoconformers and osmoregulators
3. Identify the three types of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals.
Nitrogenous waste is discharged in various structures by various species.
These incorporate (a) alkali, (b) urea, and (c) uric corrosive.

What’s more
 ACTIVITY:
1. Identify the structures and functions of the Kidney.
Lesson 6: Immune Systems

What I know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Innate immune Response- Intrinsic, or vague, invulnerability is the safeguard
framework with which you were conceived. It secures you against all antigens.
Natural invulnerability includes hindrances that hold destructive materials back
from entering your body. These boundaries structure the primary line of guard in
the invulnerable reaction
2. Adaptive immune response- are done by white platelets called lymphocytes.
There are two wide classes of such reactions immunizer reactions and cell-
interceded insusceptible reactions, and they are done by various classes of
lymphocytes, called B cells and T cells, separately.
3. Immunity- is the capacity of a person to perceive "oneself" particles that make up
one's own body and to recognize them from such "non-self" atoms as those found in
irresistible microorganisms and poisons. This cycle has a noticeable hereditary part.
4. Humoral Response- the invulnerable reaction including the change of B cells into
plasma cells that produce and discharge antibodies to a particular antigen.

Renal Capsule- covers outer surface

Major and Minor Calyx- takes urine of the kidney.
to the renal pelvis then the ureter.
Renal Cortex- ultrafiltration
happens here
Renal Pelvis- collects urine
produced by the kidneys and takes
it to the ureter.

Renal medulla- the innermost

Renal Artery/renal vein- Renal Veins
part of kidney.
carry filtered blood from the
kidneys to the posterior vena cava.
Renal Arteries carry unfiltered blood
from the aorta to the kidneys.

Ureter- connects kidneys to the

bladder.

Medullary pyramid- takes urine to

calyx.
5. Cell mediated response- is a safe reaction that doesn't include antibodies but
instead includes the initiation of macrophages and NK-cells, the development of
antigen-explicit cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the arrival of different cytokines in
light of an antigen.
6. antibodies- a blood protein delivered in light of and balancing a particular
antigen. Antibodies join synthetically with substances which the body perceives as
outsider, like microscopic organisms, infections, and unfamiliar substances in the
blood.
7. antigen- substance that is equipped for invigorating a safe reaction, explicitly
enacting lymphocytes, which are the body's contamination battling white platelets.
8. infection- the intrusion and development of microbes in the body. The microbes
might be microscopic organisms, infections, yeast, parasites, or different
microorganisms. Diseases can start anyplace in the body and may spread all through
it. A disease can cause fever and other medical issues, contingent upon where it
happens in the body.

What’s new
PRE-ACTIVITY:
1. What are the different types of Immunity?
People have three sorts of resistance - inborn, versatile, and inactive.

What’s more
ACTIVITY:
a. Describe when inflammation is good and when it is bad.
Whenever it's great, it wards off unfamiliar trespassers, mends wounds and cleans
up flotsam and jetsam. Be that as it may, when its terrible, aggravation lights an
extensive rundown of problems: joint inflammation, asthma, atherosclerosis, visual
deficiency, disease, diabetes and, conceivably, chemical imbalance and psychological
instability.
b. What are the five hallmarks of inflammation?
In light of visual perception, the people of old described irritation by five cardinal
signs, in particular redness (rubor), enlarging (cancer), heat (calor; simply relevant to
the body' furthest points), torment (dolor) and loss of capacity (functio laesa).
c. What is the importance of inflammation in the immune response?
Aggravation is an imperative piece of the insusceptible framework's reaction to
injury and disease. It is the body's approach to flagging the insusceptible framework
to recuperate and fix harmed tissue, just as protect itself against unfamiliar
intruders, for example, infections and microbes.

Lesson 7: Chemical and Nervous Control

What I know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Nervous System- the sensory system controls all that you do, including breathing,
strolling, thinking, and feeling. This framework is comprised of your mind, spinal
string, and every one of the nerves of your body. The nerves convey the messages to
and from the body, so the cerebrum can decipher them and make a move.
2. Peripheral Nervous System- comprises of the nerves that branch out from the
cerebrum and spinal string. These nerves structure the correspondence network
between the CNS and the body parts. The fringe sensory system is additionally
partitioned into the physical sensory system and the autonomic sensory system.
3. Central Nervous System- controls most elements of the body and brain. It
comprises of two sections: the mind and the spinal string. The cerebrum is the focal
point of our considerations, the translator of our outside climate, and the beginning
of command over body development.
4. Brain- is an intricate organ that controls thought, memory, feeling, contact,
coordinated movements, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and each interaction
that directs our body.
5. Spinal Cord- is the pathway for messages sent by the mind to the body and from
the body to the cerebrum.
6. Motor Neurons- are neuronal cells situated in the focal sensory system (CNS)
controlling an assortment of downstream targets. This capacity gathers the presence
of MN subtypes matching the personality of the objectives they innervate.
7. Sensory Neurons- are the nerve cells that are initiated by tangible contribution
from the climate - for instance, when you contact a sweltering surface with your
fingertips, the tactile neurons will be the ones terminating and shipping off signs to
the remainder of the sensory system about the data they have gotten.
8. Somatic Nervous System- assumes a crucial part in starting and controlling the
developments of your body. The framework is answerable for practically all
deliberate muscle developments, just as for handling tactile data that shows up by
means of outer upgrades, including hearing, contact, and sight.
9. Autonomic Nervous System- is a part of the fringe sensory system that manages
compulsory physiologic cycles including pulse, circulatory strain, breath,
assimilation, and sexual excitement. It contains three physically particular divisions:
thoughtful, parasympathetic, and intestinal.
10. Axon- part of a nerve cell (neuron) that diverts nerve driving forces from the cell
body.
11. Myelin Sheath- is a protecting layer, or sheath that structures around nerves,
remembering those for the cerebrum and spinal rope. It is comprised of protein and
greasy substances. This myelin sheath permits electrical motivations to communicate
rapidly and effectively along the nerve cells.
12. Neurons- are data couriers. They utilize electrical driving forces and compound
signs to send data between various region of the mind, and between the cerebrum
and the remainder of the sensory system.
13. Hypothalamus- is a piece of the mind that plays a fundamental part in
controlling many physical processes including the arrival of chemicals from the
pituitary organ.
14. Tropisms- the turning of all or part of a creature in a specific heading in light of
an outside upgrade.
15. Thermoreceptors- tactile cycle by which various degrees of hotness energy
(temperatures) in the climate and in the body are distinguished by creatures.
16. Pain receptors- are a gathering of tangible neurons with specific sensitive spots
generally appropriated in the skin, profound tissues (counting the muscles and
joints), and the greater part of instinctive organs.

What’s new
PRE-ACTIVITY:
1. How animals respond to environmental stimuli?
Creatures might react to natural improvements through practices that incorporate
hibernation, relocation, safeguard, and romance.
2. How plants respond to environmental stimuli?
Plants react to changes in the climate by developing their stems, roots, or leaves
toward or away from the boost. This reaction, or conduct, is known as a tropism.
What’s more
ACTIVITY:
1. What are the divisions of the nervous system?
The physical divisions are the focal and fringe sensory systems. The CNS is the mind
and spinal string. The PNS is all the other things and incorporates afferent and
efferent branches with additional regions for physical, instinctive and autonomic
capacity.
2. Differentiate the functions of the endocrine and the nervous system
The sensory system can react rapidly to improvements, using activity possibilities
and synapses and the reactions to sensory system feeling are commonly speedy yet
fleeting. While the endocrine framework reacts to excitement by discharging
chemicals into the circulatory framework that movement to the objective tissue and
the reactions to endocrine framework feeling are ordinarily sluggish yet durable.
Lesson 8: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

What I know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Photoreceptors- are the cells in the retina that react to light. Their distinctive
component is the presence of a lot of firmly stuffed film that contains the
photopigment rhodopsin or a connected particle.
2. Mechanoreceptors- are a sort of somatosensory receptors which transfer
extracellular improvement to intracellular sign transduction through precisely gated
particle channels. The outside improvements are generally as contact, pressure,
extending, sound waves, and movement.
3. Chemoreceptors- process by which living beings react to synthetic upgrades in
their surroundings that relies essentially upon the feelings of taste and smell.
4. Thermoreceptors- are free sensitive spots that live in the skin, liver, and skeletal
muscles, and in the nerve center, with cold thermoreceptors 3.5 times more normal
than heat receptors.
5. Pain receptors- likewise called nociceptors, are a gathering of tactile neurons with
specific sensitive spots generally conveyed in the skin, profound tissues (counting
the muscles and joints), and the majority of instinctive organs.
6. Sclera- is a defensive covering that folds around the majority of the eyeball. It
stretches out from the cornea in the front to the optic nerve toward the back. This
solid layer of tissue, which is something like a millimeter thick, gives your eyeball its
white tone.
7. Cornea- is our eye's reasonable, defensive external layer. Alongside the sclera (the
white of our eye), it fills in as a hindrance against soil, microbes, and different things
that can cause harm.
8. Conjunctiva- is a free connective tissue that covers the outer layer of the eyeball
(bulbar conjunctiva) and reflects back upon itself to shape the inward layer of the
eyelid (palpebral conjunctiva). This tissue solidly sticks to the sclera at the limbus,
where it meets the cornea.
9. Retina- is a slim layer of tissue that lines the rear of the eye within. It is situated
close to the optic nerve. The motivation behind the retina is to get light that the focal
point has centered, convert the light into neural signals, and convey these messages
on to the cerebrum for visual acknowledgment.
10. Optic Nerve- second cranial nerve, which conveys tactile nerve motivations from
the more than 1,000,000 ganglion cells of the retina toward the visual focuses in the
mind.
11. Eustachian tube- is a little path that associates your throat to your center ear. At
the point when you sniffle, swallow, or yawn, your Eustachian tubes open. This
keeps pneumatic stress and liquid from developing inside your ear. However, in
some cases an Eustachian cylinder may get stopped. This is called Eustachian tube
brokenness.
12. Hydrostatic Skeleton- is an adaptable skeleton upheld by liquid strain.
Hydrostatic skeletons are normal among basic invertebrate creatures.
13. Endoskeleton- is a skeleton found inside the inside of the body; it offers primary
help and security for the interior organs and tissues of a creature.
14. Appendicular skeleton- is the piece of the skeleton of vertebrates comprising of
the bones that help the extremities. There are 126 bones. The affixed skeleton
incorporates the skeletal components inside the appendages, just as supporting
shoulder support and pelvic support.

What’s new
PRE-ACTIVITY:
 1. how different animals sense their environment. Examples: dogs sniffing
chemicals.

Animals Sense their environment

1. Crab Has hairs on paws and different pieces
of the body to recognize water flow and
vibration.
2. Cat Night Vision

3. Pig Tongue contains 15,000 taste buds. For

correlation, the human tongue has 9,000
taste buds.
4. Spiders Can distinguish electrical fields in the air

5. Mosquito Drawn to have by human personal

stench (particularly foot scent), carbon
dioxide, body hotness and body
mugginess.

What’s more
ACTIVITY:

1. Explain echolocation in bats.

Bats can consider to be well as people can, however they have advanced a complex
strategy for utilizing sound that empowers them to explore and track down food in
obscurity called echolocation. Bats produce echolocation by emanating high
recurrence sound heartbeats through their mouth or nose and paying attention to the
reverberation. With this reverberation, the bat can decide the size, shape and surface
of items in its current circumstance. Bat echolocation is modern that these creatures
can recognize an article the width of a human hair.

2. Discuss the evolution of the vertebrate eye.

The development of vertebrate "camera" eyes and focuses on shading vision and
visual colors. The vertebrate camera eye with a focal point, a variable understudy
gap, and a photosensitive receptor layer in the retina, advanced in crude jawless fish
under moderately brilliant light in shallow oceans. With the expansive otherworldly
scope of sunshine, four unearthly classes of cone photoreceptor quickly advanced,
offering the advantage of tetrachromatic shading vision to exploit the visual data
accessible in the climate. This exceptionally effective plan has been incredibly
changed as vertebrates developed into every one of the significant classes,
expanding their ecological reach into the seas, the remote ocean, freshwater, earthly
environments, and the air.3. Draw the differences among striated or skeletal muscle,
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

Lesson 9: Feedback Mechanisms

What I know
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Define the following terms:

1. Homeostasis- is any automatic interaction by which a creature will in general keep

up with security while acclimating to conditions that are best for its endurance.
Assuming homeostasis is effective, life proceeds; on the off chance that it's fruitless,
it brings about a catastrophe or passing of the creature.
2. Positive feedback mechanism- happens in nature when the result of a response
prompts an increment in that response. In the event that we check out a framework
in homeostasis, a positive criticism circle moves a framework further away from the
objective of harmony.
3. Negative feedback mechanism- is a sort of guideline in organic frameworks
wherein the finished result of a cycle thus decreases the boost of that equivalent
interaction.

What’s new
PRE-ACTIVITY: Answer the following questions.

1. Explain why homeostasis is important to organisms.

Homeostasis assists creatures keep up with stable inward and outside conditions
with the best conditions for it to work. It is a unique cycle that requires steady
checking of all frameworks in the body to recognize changes, and components that
respond to those changes and reestablish dependability.
What’s more

ACTIVITY:

1. Identify and describe 10 disorders that result from the disruption of

homeostasis.
1. Diabetes- is an illness portrayed by unusually significant degrees of blood
glucose. Diabetes results from the body being not able to keep up with the glucose
level in homeostatic equilibrium.
2. Addison’s disease - Addisonian crisis- is what is going on that outcomes in low
circulatory strain, low blood levels of sugar and high blood levels of potassium. You
will require quick clinical consideration. Individuals with Addison's infection
normally have related immune system sicknesses.
3. Uremia- is a development of poisons in your blood. It happens when the kidneys
quit sifting poisons through your pee. Uremia is regularly an indication of end-stage
renal (kidney) infection.
4. Mental confusion due to lack of oxygen- Cerebral hypoxia happens when there
isn't sufficient oxygen getting to the mind. The mind needs a steady stock of oxygen

and supplements to work. Cerebral hypoxia influences the biggest pieces of the
mind, called the cerebral sides of the equator.
5. Hypothyroidism- is a typical condition where the thyroid doesn't make and
delivery enough thyroid chemical into your circulation system. This makes your
digestion delayed down. Additionally called underactive thyroid, hypothyroidism
can cause you to feel tired, put on weight and not be able to endure cold
temperatures.
6. Concussion- is a kind of horrible cerebrum injury-or TBI-brought about by a
knock, blow, or shock to the head or by a hit to the body that makes the head and
mind move quickly to and fro.
7. Clostridium Difficile colitis - because of annihilation of colonic microbiome
8. Blood sugar regulation- Carb and fat digestion are managed by insulin, a
chemical delivered by the pancreas.
9. Aging- is a wellspring of homeostatic unevenness as the control instruments of the
criticism circles lose their proficiency, which can cause cardiovascular breakdown.
10. Carbon monoxide poisoning- happens when carbon monoxide develops in your
circulatory system. When an excessive amount of carbon monoxide is in the air, your
body replaces the oxygen in your red platelets with carbon monoxide. This can
prompt genuine tissue harm, or even demise.

SUMMATIVE TEST:
1. This refers to the increase in size of the body and its organs by cell division and
cell expansion.
a. development b. reproduction c. Morphogenesis d. growth

2. ___________ is the process by which different types of cells arise from less
specialized cells, leading to cells with specific structures and functions.
a. morphogenesis b. development c. differentiation d.
expansion

3. What type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or
change in the number of chromosomes?
a. sexual reproduction c. asexual reproduction
b. morphogenesis d. differentiation

4. Which of the following correctly describes the difference between asexual and
sexual reproduction?
a. Sexual reproduction only happens in single celled organisms, while sexual
reproduction only happens in multi cellular organisms.

b. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of one gamete by another gamete,

while asexual reproduction only requires one parent to produce an offspring.

c. Sexual reproduction only happens in animals, while asexual reproduction only

happens in plants.
d. Sexual reproduction only happens when cells have a nucleus, while asexual
reproduction only happens when cells do not have a nucleus.

5. Which statement about sexual reproduction is correct?

a. two gametes combine during sexual reproduction
b. sexual reproduction is only used by organisms in the animal
kingdom
c. an organism divides into two equal parts during sexual
reproduction
d. sexual reproduction is only use by single-cell organisms

6. Is a form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology,

found in most unicellular organisms.
a. Diploid b. Heterogamy c. Isogamy d.
Haploid

7. Is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell

division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes.
a. Gastrulation b. Gametogenesis c. Sporulation
d. Organogenesis

8. Is the quality of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes.

a. Diploid b. Heterogamy c. Isogamy d. Haploid

9. The following are types of asexual reproduction, which one is not?

a. fertilization b. budding c. fission d.
fragmentation

10. The illustration below shows example of what type of asexual reproduction?

a. Parthenogenesis b. budding c. fission d. fragmentation

10. An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple
inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide is called ____________.
a. Autotrophs b. Heterotrophs c. Pinocytosis
d. Mycorrhizae

11. Organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from
other organisms. Examples are animals and fungi.
a. Autotrophs b. Heterotrophs c. Pinocytosis
d. Mycorrhizae

12. On average, how many calories are in every gram of carbohydrates?

a. 5 Calories b. 10 Calories c. 9 Calories
d. 4 Calories

13. Are used to build cell membranes, steroid hormones, and other cellular
structures; also used to insulate nervous tissue, and also serve as an energy source.
a. Fats b. Carbohydrates c. Protein
d. Minerals

14. These are needed for synthesis of proteins and enzymes; among the 20 amino
acids, eight could not be synthesized by humans: lysine, tryptophan, threonine,
methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine.
a. essential fatty acid b. essential amino acids c. essential
nutrients d. vitamins

15. Used for making special membrane lipids; an example is linoleic acid in
humans.
a. essential fatty acid b. essential amino acids c. essential nutrients d.
vitamins

16. This process refers to the breakdown of food into particles, then into nutrient
molecules small enough to be Chemical digestion by enzymes involves breaking
of chemical bonds through the addition of water.
a. Ingestion b. Digestion c. Absorption
d. Elimination
17. The act of eating or feeding; this is coupled with the mechanical breakdown of
food into smaller pieces allowing for a greater surface area for chemical digestion
is called
a. Ingestion b. Digestion c. Absorption
d. Elimination

18. The passage of digested nutrients and fluid across the tube wall and into the
body fluids; the cells take up (absorb) small molecules such as amino acids and
simple sugars is called
a. Ingestion b. Digestion c. Absorption
d. Elimination

19. The region in the back of the throat that serves as the entrance to the
esophagus that connects to the stomach and trachea (windpipe) that serves as
airway to the lungs.
a. Oral Cavity b. Pharynx c. Esophagus d.
Small Intestine

20. The complete digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins occurs in the
a. stomach b. large intestine c. duodenum d. jejunum and ileum

21. The following are the processes occur in the stomach. Which one is not?
a. it mixes and stores ingested food
b. It is where most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules
from food occurs
c. it secretes gastric juice that helps dissolve and degrade the food,
particularly proteins
d. it regulates the passage of food into the small intestine

22. Is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of
organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules[1] or nutrients into
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
a. Cellular respiration b. Oxygen transport c. respiration d.
Photosysnthesis

23. Which gas is released when plant cells respire aerobically?

a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide c. Nitrogen d. a and b

24. Which of these is the correct equation for photosynthesis?

a. carbon dioxide +water→glucose +oxygen
b. glucose+oxygen→carbon dioxide +water
c. carbon dioxide + glucose → water + oxygen
d. all of the above

25. How do plants obtain the carbon dioxide they need for photosynthesis?
a. By osmosis b. By diffusion c. By active transport
d. none of the above

26. This transport system distributes water and dissolved minerals upward
through the plant, from the roots to the leaves.
a. Xylem b. Phloem c. Arteries d.
Veins

27. Is the process by which water evaporates from the leaves, therefore causing
more water to be drawn up from the roots. -The answer is Transpiration.
a. evaporation b. diffusion d. Circulation
d. Systemic

28. Unicellular organisms rely on which of the following process for transport of
nutrients and removal of waste.
a. diffusion c. Circulatory system
b. closed circulatory system d. all of the above
29. What system consisting of blood vessels that transport deoxygenated blood
from the heart to the lungs and return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
heart?
a. Systemic Circulatory System c. Coronary system
b. Pulmonary Circulatory System d. none of the above

30. This refers to the part of the circulation system that leaves the heart, carrying
oxygenated blood to the body's cells, and returning deoxygenated blood to the
heart.
a. Pulmonary Circulation System c. systemic Circulation
b. Diffusion d. Closed Circulatory
System

31. What happens when the blood reaches capillaries?

a. oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells
b. waste and carbon dioxide diffuse out of cells and into blood
c. The deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.
d. a and b

32. These are the cells in the retina that respond to light.
a. Photoreceptors b. mechanoreceptors c. chemoreceptors d.
thermoreceptors

33.Is a specialized sensory receptor cell which transduces a chemical substance

(endogenous or induced) to generate a biological signal.
a. Photoreceptors b. mechanoreceptors c. chemoreceptors d.
thermoreceptors

34. Is a receptor that is located near a stimulus in the external environment, such
as the somatosensory receptors that are located in the skin.
a. exteroceptor b. interoceptor c. proprioceptor
d. photoreceptor
35. Is a receptor located near a moving part of the body, such as a muscle or joint
capsule, that interprets the positions of the tissues as they move.
a. exteroceptor b. interoceptor c. proprioceptor
d. photoreceptor

36. Is one that interprets stimuli from internal organs and tissues, such as the
receptors that sense the increase in blood pressure in the aorta or carotid sinus.
a. exteroceptor b. interoceptor c. proprioceptor
d. photoreceptor

37. A watery liquid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens. Helps
mentain the shape of the eyes.
a. Iris b. Sclerotic layer c. ciliary muscles d. Aqueous humour

38. Is the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by
living systems.
a. positive feedback mechanism c. negative feedback
mechanism
b. homeostasis d. none of the above

39.In this mechanism, if a level is too high, the body does something to bring it
down, and conversely, if a level is too low, the body does something to make it go
up.
a. positive feedback mechanism c. negative feedback
mechanism
b. positive feedback loops d. fluctuation

40. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback mechanism.

a. maintenance of blood glucose levels
b. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to decrease
c. uterine contractions during childbirth
d. a and c