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Science
Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Occurrence of Evolution
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Occurrence of Evolution
First Edition, 2020

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over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Maorin Mari R. Santos

Editors: Mary Rose S. Canoy, MSc
Ann Christian A. Francisco
Reviewer: Mary Queen P. Orpilla, PhD
Illustrator: Cornelio H. Espiritu, Jr.
Layout Artist: Al John U. Febrero
Management Team: May B. Eclar, CESO III
Librada M. Rubio, PhD
Ma. Editha R. Caparas, EdD
Nestor R. Nuesca, EdD
Larry B. Espiritu, PhD
Rodolfo A. Dizon, PhD
Mary Queen P. Orpilla, PhD

Printed in the Philippines by:

Department of Education – Region III

SDO – Science City of Muñoz
Curriculum Implementation Division-
Learning Resource Management Section (CID-LRMS)
Office Address : Bgy. Rizal, Science City of Munoz, 3119
E-mail Address : [email protected]
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Science
Quarter 3 – Module 6:
Occurrence of Evolution
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as
you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This
will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask
your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At
the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning.
Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest
in using these.

In addition to the material in the main test, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to
our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help
you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this
SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the
instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in
this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 What I Need to Know

This module will give you an idea that maintaining individual differences and
variety of characteristics are important to ensure the survival of species. This module
will also discuss the different sources of possible evidence for evolution such as fossil
records, and developmental and molecular biology which gave way to the different
concepts about the origin of life. It will also provide a variety of activities to help you
understand the processes and mechanism of evolution.

Through this module, it is hoped that you will be encouraged to further take
care of and protect our environment (e.g. natural resources), to ensure the survival of
species and conservation of our biodiversity.

At the end of this module you are expected to:

1. understand what evolution is and its theory;
2. identify the importance of understanding the origin of life.
3. explain why reproduction, variation, and adaptation are necessary for
the survival of species; and
4. discuss how natural selection promotes expression and propagation of
traits and species that adapt with the changing environment.

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 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it in your notebook/on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Charles Darwin was best known in the 19th century for:

a. creating the idea of evolution

b. creating the idea of uniformitarianism
c. making the idea of evolution acceptable for scientists and the educated
general public
d. all of the above
2. Which of the following statements DOES NOT describe evolution?

a. Evolution is continuous.
b. Evolution refers to change.
c. The world is stable and unchanging.
d. If there is mutation, there is evolution.
3. Through careful observation, Charles Darwin came to understand that:

a. populations of plants and animals in nature most often consist of individuals

that are clones of each other
b. populations of a species that become isolated from others by adapting to
different environmental niches quickly become extinct
c. those individuals whose variation give them an advantage in staying alive long
enough to reproduce are more likely to pass their traits on to the next
generation
d. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements best explains the Theory of Natural Selection?

a. Acquired characteristics of parents can be passed on to offsprings.

b. Organisms develop desirable structures to survive in a given environment.
c. Organs that are not used may disappear, while organs that are constantly used
may develop.
d. In nature, the organism with desirable characteristics may survive, while those
with weaker traits may not.
5. Which of the following statements is true about Charles Darwin?

a. He supported Lamarck's explanation of how evolution occurred.

b. He believed that evolution was due to the inheritance of acquired
characteristics.
c. He understood that the variation that exists in natural populations of plants
or animals is the result of repeated mutations.
d. None of the above

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6. Which of the following statements about Darwin is true?

a. He thought that the biggest and strongest animals are always at an advantage
in natural selection.
b. He failed to convince the majority of biologists and other educated people in
the late 19th century that life evolves.
c. The Origin of Species, his book that did not sell well and did not take much
notice from biologists in his time
d. None of the above

7. The organisms that survive in this world of competition are described as

a. the fittest
b. best looking
c. best adapted
d. the strongest

8. Natural selection results to______________________.

a. evolution due to natural selection

b. extinction due to natural selection
c. extinction due to artificial selection
d. evolution due to survival of the fittest

9. Which of the following statements supports the idea that extinction is necessary?

a. To know who is the fittest

b. To give way for other organisms to develop
c. To let other organisms evolve and progress
d. All of the above
10. Darwin observed the finches on the Galapagos island were similar in form except
for variations of their beaks. He deduced that these variations were useful for
__________________.

a. getting food
b. building nests
c. attracting a mate
d. surviving the cold

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 Lesson

1 Occurrence of Evolution

Do you know why dinosaurs no longer exist today? Why are some animals
very different from the animals we have now? From Grade 7 to Grade 9 you have
learned that organisms are grouped into Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, and Species. You also learned that organisms possess unique characteristics.
Some organisms may look the same but have distinct differences from each other,
others may not be related to one another but they have similar functional features and
characteristics. You may also wonder why some animals that are present before are
no longer existing today. Such extinction of organisms was caused by various
environmental factors and human activities.

What’s In

Directions: Complete the table given below. Choose your answers found inside the
word pool and write it in your notebook/on separate sheet of paper.

Era Period Organism

Cenozoic Recent

Quaternary

Mesozoic Cretaceous

Jurassic Dinosaurs

Triassic Crinoids

Paleozoic Permian

Carboniferous Vascular Plants

Devonian

Silurian Trilobites

Ordovician Trilobites

Cambrian

Trilobite Crinoid Stem Dinosaur Bone Vascular Plant

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 What’s New

Directions: List down at least 8 words you could find in the puzzle and write them in
your notebook/on a separate sheet of paper.

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 What is It

Theory of Evolution

A theory is an idea about how something in nature works that has gone through
rigorous testing through observations and experiments designed to prove the idea right
or wrong. When it comes to the evolution of life, various philosophers and scientists,
including an eighteenth-century English doctor named Erasmus Darwin, proposed
different aspects of what later would become evolutionary theory. But evolution did
not reach the status of being a scientific theory until Darwin’s grandson, the more
famous Charles Darwin, published his famous book On the Origin of Species. Darwin
and a scientific contemporary of his, Alfred Russel Wallace, proposed that evolution
occurs because of a phenomenon called natural selection.

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck was the first

evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time.
Using fossil records as a guide, Lamarck was able to
develop three theories; one is The Theory of Need which
states that organisms change in response to their
environment. Their ability to survive helped them develop
characteristics necessary for them to adapt in a given
environment.

Next is The Theory of Use and Disuse; which

according to Lamarck, organs not in use will disappear while
Figure 4. Jean Baptiste organs in use will develop. Lamarck believed that giraffes
de Lamarck before having short necks, but because of the need to
survive and in order to reach tall trees for food, they kept
stretching their necks until they became longer and able to reach taller trees. These
acquired characteristics were believed to be inherited by their offspring and propagated
by the next generation of giraffes. Lamarck called it The Theory of Acquired
Characteristics.

If you change the color of your hair from black to blond, do you think your child
can inherit the blond color of your hair? A young lady keeps on using whitening soap
and becomes fair? Can her child inherit her acquired fairness?

Many scientists rejected the theories of Lamarck. They understood that if there
were changes in cell or body structure, there could be changes in the genetic
information of the species.

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Darwinian Theory

The more popular Theory of Evolution proposed by Charles

Darwin based on natural selection is different from the theories of
Lamarck. According to Darwin, giraffe species originally had
varying neck lengths but natural selection favored the survival of
giraffes with longer necks that could feed on taller trees that were
available. Giraffes with short necks were eliminated due to lack of
accessible food supply.

Fifty years after Lamarck’s Theory of Use and Disuse,

Charles Darwin suggested the Theory of Natural Selection, after his
voyage to the Galapagos Island in HMS Beagle. He was fascinated Figure1. Charles Darwin
by the diversity of organisms he found along the journey.

In Galapagos Island, he observed that finch species have different beak

structures for different food types. The abundance of certain finch species in an island
was somehow related to the type of available food for these birds.

Darwin suggested that selection also takes place in nature. In selective

breeding, a farmer identifies and selects the best and desirable trait to propagate. In
natural selection, environmental factors promote the survival of the fittest and
eliminate the less fit.

Vegetarian tree finch Medium insectivorous finch Tool using finch Large ground finch

Figure 2. Sketches of the heads of finches from the Galapagos Islands showing the differences
in their beak shapes due to evolution

Natural Selection

Natural selection is the process through which species adapt to their

environments. It is the engine that drives evolution. Darwin developed the idea of
natural selection after a five-year voyage to study plants, animals, and fossils in South
America and on islands in the Pacific. In 1859, he brought the idea of natural selection
to the attention of the world in his best-selling book, On the Origin of Species.

Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms

adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that
they are all different in some ways. This variation means that some individuals have
traits better suited to the environment than others. Individuals with adaptive traits—
traits that give them some advantage—are more likely to survive and reproduce. These
individuals then pass the adaptive traits on to their offspring. Over time, these

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advantageous traits become more common in the population. Through this process of
natural selection, favorable traits are transmitted through generations.
Natural selection can lead to speciation, where one species gives rise to a new
and distinctly different species. It is one of the processes that drives evolution and
helps to explain the diversity of life on Earth.
Darwin chose the name natural selection to contrast with “artificial selection,”
or selective breeding that is controlled by humans. He pointed to the pastime of pigeon
breeding, a popular hobby in his day, as an example of artificial selection. By choosing
which pigeons mated with others, hobbyists created distinct pigeon breeds, with fancy
feathers or acrobatic flight, that were different from wild pigeons.

Figure 3. Illustration of Lamarck’s Giraffe (Left Side) and Darwin’s Giraffe (Right Side)

Variation and Adaptation

Organisms struggle for existence in order to survive; they compete for food and
space. Organisms with favorable and advantageous characteristics survive and
reproduce. Fitness refers to the ability of an organism to survive and produce offspring.
Different individuals in a population possess different characteristics and abilities.
This is called variation.

Variation among individuals in the population would likely bring a greater

chance of survival. An organism that is adapted and has structures fitted to survive
in a given environment would likely produce offspring.

Variation increases the chance of survival of living things. Organisms with the
best and desirable traits would likely adapt to environmental changes and may
gradually become better suited to survive in a given environment. Adaptation is the
ability of an organism to adjust and thrive in a given environment.

Organisms which are best adapted to the environment will continue to

reproduce and perpetuate their own kind. Mating between surviving populations of
the same species may shift the abundance of a new breed of organism because of
mutation, gene combination, and natural selection. This then leads to speciation and
may subsequently increase biodiversity.

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 What’s More

Directions: Observe the set of footprints in the diagram and tell a story on different
events then predict what may probably happen at the end of the diagram. Write your
answers in your notebook/on separate sheet of paper.

Source: Acosta et. al., 2015

Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Diagram 3 Diagram 4

Questions:

1. In Diagram 1, how many sets of footprints are there? Based on the size of
footprints, describe the organisms.
2. In what directions are the footprints going?
3. Describe or predict what is happening in Diagram 3. In Diagram 4.

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Species may change over time. Fossil records, Developmental and

Molecular Biology and Genetics may provide possible evidence for evolution.
Patterns in animal development suggest that some organisms may have one
common ancestor. Evidence in structure and molecular studies suggests that
organisms are related with one another. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck proposed
The Theory of Need, The Theory of Use and Disuse and The Theory of Acquired
Characteristics. Charles Darwin presented the Theory of Evolution based on
natural selection. Speciation or formation of a new species may occur through
mutation, gene combination, and natural selection. Speciation increases
biodiversity.

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 What I Can Do

Directions: Research about species that can be found in your region. Look for pictures
of the chosen species and describe their habits (habitat, nutritional needs, level in the
food web) in paragraph form. Write your answer in your notebook/on a separate sheet
of paper. It should include:
1. Title and species scientific and common names
2. Your answers to the following questions:
a. In what type of habitat does your species live?
b. What does your species eat?
c. What are the main predators of your species?
d. What animals does your species interact with on a daily basis?
RUBRICS

Good 20 pts Fair 10 pts Poor 5 pts

Length 3-5 paragraphs long 1-2 paragraphs long 1 or less

Content Little to no (<5) Several (5-10) spelling Multiple (10+)

spelling and and grammatical errors. spelling and
grammatical errors. Displays somewhat an grammatical errors.
Displays a clear understanding of the Little to no
understanding of the topic and requirements. understanding of
topic and Covers all/some points the topic or
requirements. Covers in a somewhat clear and requirements.
all points in a clear concise manner. Covers none/few of
and concise manner. the required points.

Paragraphs Fully formed, Somewhat formed, some Unclear progression

logically progressing unclear progression of of ideas. Incomplete
ideas, paragraph ideas. Some incomplete sentences/paragrap
structure. Uses sentences. hs.
complete sentences.

Visual Fully detailed and Moderately detailed, Did not attempt.

well designed. In unthoughtful design.
color. Fulfills all Missing some required
requirements in details, is not well-
manner that shows thought out. Is not color.
thorough Does not represent the
examination of person who drew it.
freedoms allowed and
not allowed.
Represents the
person well.

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 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it in your notebook/on
separate sheet of paper.
1. Charles Darwin was best known in the 19th century for:

a. creating the idea of evolution

b. creating the idea of uniformitarianism
c. making the idea of evolution acceptable for scientists and general public
d. all of the above
2. Which of the following statements DOES NOT describe evolution?

a. Evolution is continuous.
b. Evolution refers to change.
c. The world is stable and unchanging.
d. If there is mutation, there is evolution.
3. Through careful observation, Charles Darwin came to understand that:

a. populations of plants and animals in nature most often consist of individuals

that are clones of each other
b. populations of a species that become isolated from others by adapting to
different environmental niches quickly become extinct
c. those individuals whose variation give them an advantage in staying alive long
enough to reproduce are more likely to pass their traits on to the next
generation
d. all of the above
4. Which of the following statements best explains the Theory of Natural Selection?

a. Acquired characteristics of parents can be passed on to offsprings.

b. Organisms develop desirable structures to survive in a given environment.
c. Organs that are not used may disappear, while organs that are constantly used
may develop.
d. In nature, the organism with desirable characteristics may survive, while those
with weaker traits may not.
5. Which of the following statements is true about Charles Darwin?

a. He supported Lamarck's explanation of how evolution occurred.

b. He believed that evolution was due to the inheritance of acquired
characteristics.
c. He understood that the variation that exists in natural populations of plants
or animals is the result of repeated mutations.
d. None of the above

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6. Which of the following statements about Darwin is true?

a. He thought that the biggest and strongest animals are always at an

advantage in natural selection.
b. He failed to convince the majority of biologists and other educated people in
the late 19th century that life evolves.
c. The Origin of Species, his book that did not sell well and did not take much
notice from biologists in his time
d. None of the above
7. The organisms that survive in this world of competition are described as
a. the fittest
b. best looking
c. best adapted
d. the strongest
8. Natural selection results to______________________.

a. evolution due to natural selection

b. extinction due to natural selection
c. extinction due to artificial selection
d. evolution due to survival of the fittest
9. Which of the following statements supports the idea that extinction is necessary?

a. To know who is the fittest

b. To give way for other organisms to develop
c. To let other organisms evolve and progress
d. All of the above
10. Darwin observed the finches on the Galapagos island were similar in form except
for variations of their beaks. He deduced that these variations were useful for
__________________.

a. getting food
b. building nests
c. attracting a mate
d. surviving the cold

16
 Additional Activities

After learning about variation and adaptation you will now create a multimedia
presentation about the things an individual must do in order to adapt and survive in
environmental changes and challenges.

You can express your thoughts and ideas from the point of view of an
environmentalist, a climate change advocate, a mayor or governor of a particular town
or a barangay official. Your presentation should cater to the common citizens to
encourage them to be aware of environmental changes that can occur, to prepare them
for things they need to do, and to help them adapt and survive in these environmental
changes. You can interview people from Department of Environmental and Natural
Resources (DENR), Climate Change Commission, National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Council (NDRRMC), and other government agencies and Non-
Government Organization (NGO’s) where you can gather information that will help you
with your presentation.

Your multimedia presentation will be graded accordingly using a rubric. It will

be assessed based on purpose, content, understanding of the concepts, additional
information, and creativity.

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 18
What I Can Do What’s New
Answers may vary
Darwinian Variation
Fittest Beagle
Selective Lamarck
Fossil Survival
Beak Charles Darwin
Galapos
What I Know What's More Assessment
1. c Answers may vary 1. c
2. c 2. c
3. c 3. c
4. d 4. d
5. d 5. d
6. d 6. d
7. c 7. c
8. d 8. d
9. d 9. d
10. a 10. a
II. Answers may vary
Answer Key
References
Acosta, H.D., Alvarez, L.A., Angeles, D.G., Arre. R.D. Science Learner’s Material.
(Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, 2015)
Capco, CM. Phoenix Science Series: Biology (Quezon City Philippines: Phoenix
Publishing House, 2003).
Carale LR., Galvez, ER. and Risa, L. Biology Science and Technology for Better Life (Gil
Puyat Ave., Makati City Philippines: Basic Media System Inc.,1989).
Meyer, DE. Biological Science a Molecular Approach (Boulder, Colorado, USA Biological,
Science Curriculum Study, 1980).
Olivares, M., Bermio, E., and Cruz J., Science and Technology for the Modern World
(SEMP II Diwa Scholastic Press Inc., 2003).
Payawal, PC., Lannu, A., Lucia S.D., Sangalang, MF., Soligam, AC., Cadiz, NM., and
Torreta, NK., Biology: Study and Review Guide (Greenhills San Juan, Phil:
Academe Publishing House, 1993).

Electronic Sources:
http// petrified wood museum.org/imprints.htm
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/waldron/#evolution
Poole, Lynne Carbon -14. www.chem.uwec.edu
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/natural
selection/#:~:text=Natural%20selection%20is%20the%20process,to%20the%20envir
onment%20than%20others.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]

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