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Sneak Preview: Symbolic Logic Study Guide
Sneak Preview: Symbolic Logic Study Guide
First published in the United States of America in 2009 by University Reader Company, Inc.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
13 12 11 10 09 12345
ISBN: 978-1-934269-79-4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iii
Symbolic Logic Study Guide: Class Notes 1
Arguments
(1) Some examples of arguments
Swan a is white.
Swan b is white.
......
Swan n is white.
Definition: An argument is a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are
claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion).
2 Symbolic Logic Study Guide: Class Notes
Premise 1
Premise 2
support
Conclusion
Premises provide some grounds (not necessarily guarantee) for the truths of the conclusion. There is
an inferential relationship between premises and conclusion.
A definition:
Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish good / cogent from bad
/fallacious argument.
A good argument: (a) All Ps are acceptable (true) and (b) Ps support C to the extent that if all Ps are
true, then it is impossible for C to be false.
Validity
Definitions:
An Argument is valid if and only if it is logically impossible for the conclusion to be false if
all the premises to be true.
An argument is valid iff the truths of the premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion.
Truth
premises conclusion
Hypothetical situation: Suppose / assume that all the premises are true, not that all the
premises are actually true. For example, the following argument is valid although all the
premises are actually false:
Symbolic Logic Study Guide: Class Notes 3
Examples:
All cats are mammals. (T) All cats are sea creatures. (F)
Invalid Form All dogs are mammals. (T) All dogs are sea creatures. (F)
All S are M All cats are dogs. (F) All cats are dogs. (F)
All P are M
All cats are animals. (T) All cats are females. (F)
All S are P. All mammals are animals. (T) All mammals are females. (F)
Soundness
Definition: An argument is sound iff it is valid and all its premises are true.
Example:
Mary will marry John only if John loves her. Marry (Mary, John) Love (John, Mary)
John loves Mary. Love (John Mary)
M L
L
All the students in the room are logic students. x [(S (x) I (x)) L (x)]
Some logic students are really boring. x [L (x) B (x)]
Some students in the room are boring. x [(S (x) I (x)) B (x) ]
Step II—Formal proof: using some formal methods to determine the validity of the argument in
logical notion.
truth-tree method
Formal methods truth-table method
natural derivation