Mother of Mercy Academy  Purok 6 Pob.

Barobo, Surigao del Sur

0907 699 0817
Barobo, Surigao del Sur @ [email protected]

Name: ______________________________________________ Grade 11 TVL-CSS

Parent’s Signature: ________________________________________ Teacher: Marilie L. Espera – 09398335382

COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING 1

WEEK 9 - 10
Self-Learning Module
Lesson 5

Subject Description: This module covers the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed to perform computer operations
which include inputting, accessing, producing, and transferring data using the appropriate hardware and software.

Topic Title: Memory

Discussion:

Memory refers to the electronic components of the computer that stores data and instructions either temporarily or permanently.
Any storage device on PC including the hard disk, floppy disk, ROM, RAM, and cache are all considered as memory. Memory is
part of the computer that handles data and instructions before and after they are transferred to the processor for analysis and
execution.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as the main memory, primary storage and system memory, stores every piece of
data and instruction processed or executed by the processor. RAM is random access because each memory location is
individually addressed and can be accessed randomly and directly. The term random was first used to differentiate internal core
memories from external memory units such as tape drives, which have to be accessed sequentially and serially. RAM is
designed to support access requests for data and instructions assigned in random locations. The type of RAM to be used on a
PC depends on the system type. RAM is identified by different characteristics:

 Volatility – The most common form of RAM is called Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM). It is volatile memory which
needs a continuous power source to store and hold data. When the power source is interrupted, DRAM is unable to recover
any data or instructions that was stored in it. The contents of DRAM change whenever a key on the keyboard is pressed or
when the mouse cursor is moved. A system crash can wipe out the entire contents of the DRAM. It must be constantly
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refreshed every 15 minutes in order to retain its content. Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) is a non-volatile memory
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which is able to store contents with little or no power supplied to it at all. SRAM does not need to refresh periodically and is
 faster that DRAM thus making it more capable of keeping pace with modern CPUs. Data can be accessed in SRAM at a
speed of 0.45 ns or less and suitable for processors running 2.2 GHz of faster.
 Synchronization — Data is transferred across the memory bus by the memory controller either without being synchronized
to the system clock or completely in time to the system clock's signals. Asynchronous DRAM which transfers data without
synchronizing to the system clock is best used on systems with memory bus speeds lower than 66 MHZ. Synchronous
DRAM (SDRAM) synchronizes data movement to the system clock and is suited to higher speed memory buses.
 Speed - The speed of a memory type is expressed as its access speed, which is the lowest possible time required for the
memory to complete a read or write operation to memory. RAM is measured in bytes.
Here are the most commonly used measurement units for RAM:

Unit Size Data Unit Stored

Bit One binary digit Binary 0 or 1
Byte 8 bits One character
Word 16 to 64 bits Use to store numeric values, including addresses
Kilobyte (KB) 1, 024 bytes Memory sizing unit on pre-Pentium PCs
Megabyte (MB) 1, 048, 576 bytes Memory sizing unit on Pentium class PCs
Gigabyte (GB) 1, 073, 741, 824 bytes Memory sizing unit on servers and high-end PCs
Terabyte (TB) 1, 099, 511, 627, 776 bytes Memory sizing on larger network or content servers
Petabyte (PB) 1, 125, 899, 906, 824, 624 bytes The next level of memory sizing to come
** To put the units in perspective, one byte holds a single alphabetic character, one KB holds one page of double spaced text,
one MB holds a short novel (no graphics) and one GB holds 1,000 short novels (no graphics).
Memory speed was originally measured in nanosecond (ns). But nowadays, they are measured in Megabytes per second
(MBPS) and Megahertz (MHz). A nanosecond is equivalent to 1 x 10-9 or one billionth of a second. A Megahertz is equivalent to
1 million cycles per second.
To convert nanosecond to MHz, find the reciprocal of nanosecond and multiply it to 1000;
Example: To covert 210 ns to MHz : 1/210X 1000 = 4.77 MHz
To convert 6 MHz to ns : 1/6 X 1000 = 167 ns

Memory Technologies
Several different RAM technologies and types are used in PCs. The most common technologies are the following:
1. Asynchronous DRAM (DRAM)
DRAM is the common type of RAM used in desktop and laptop PCs. DRAM is cheap and stores a large number of bits on a
single small chip. Each DRAM storage cell contains a capacitor which holds one bit of data. The capacitor holds either a
positive or negative voltage value to indicate a 1 or 0 binary value. It is the slowest type of memory with a clock time of 50
ns or higher.
2. Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
SDRAM is the type of RAM used in newer desktop and portable PCs. SDRAM is dynamic and must be refreshed. It is the
fastest form of RAM.
3. Static RAM (SRAM)
SRAM is used primarily for PC cache memory and in PC cards. The main differences between DRAM and SRAM are that
the latter is more expensive and requires more board space. SRAM is primarily used for Level 1 and 2 caching usually as
an onboard caching built into the CPU or motherboard.
4. Video RAM (VRAM)
VRAM is used exclusively for video and color graphics support. It is a memory built into the video adapter to give better and
faster graphics support. VRAM needs dual-porting where data written to VRAM by the system CPU is simultaneous to the
data read from RAM by the video controller to refresh the display image.
a. Video RAM (VRAM) — This VRAM is DRAM that has been dual-ported and needs to be refreshed less often than
normal DRAM. It acts as a buffer between the processor and the video display.
b. Window RAM (WRAM) — This is also a dual-ported video memory type but it can be accessed in blocks and is
faster than VRAM. WRAM is a high-performance video RAM type that is about 25 percent more efficient than
VRAM.
c. Synchronous Graphics RAM (SGRAM) —A single-ported, clock synchronized video RAM that is four times faster
than DRAM memories. It uses specialized instructions to handle data more efficiently.

Memory Module
A memory chip or module should be matched to the bus capacity of the motherboard over which data travels from the memory
to the CPU or peripheral devices. The bus capacity is measured in bits and shows how much data can be transferred in one
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clock cycle. The memory circuits on a motherboard are arranged to cope up with the width of the data bus and to efficiently
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transfer data.
Dual Inline Packaging (DIP)
DRAM chips were first mounted on the motherboard as single memory chips in a
bank of chips or as part of an integrated memory module that was mounted on an
expansion slot. Most of the motherboards that use DIP contain one or more memory
banks. A memory bank is an arrangement of memory that provides an equal number
of bits to match the capacity of the data bus width.

Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) DRAM chip

SIMM consists of DRAM chips packaged in Small Outline J-Lead (SOJ) or Thin,
Small Outline Package (TSOP) soldered on a small circuit board with either a 30- or 72-pin edge connector. Its capacity can
range from 1 to 128 MB with chips mounted on either side or both sides of the board. The SIMM is installed on the motherboard
in a special socket designed to maximize the amount of memory that can be installed in a small amount of space. 30-pin SIMMs
must be installed in pairs to provide the correct amount of data bus width used by the memory bus. A single 72-pin module can
provide up to 32 bits of data and can be used to populate a memory bank.

Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

DIMM is an adaptation of SIMM that became the memory standard for newer and larger PCs. It has different signal pins on each
side of the module, producing two rows of electrical contacts. DIMMs are available in four types; 168-pin SDR, 184-pin DDR,
240-pin DDR2, and 240-pin DDR3.

Memory Banks
Memory chips are arranged in banks on motherboards and memory cards. When installing memory to the system, it is
necessary to know the memory bank and layout position on the motherboards and memory cards. The banks typically
correspond to the capacity of the data bus of the system's CPU.
Processor Data Memory Bank 30 – Pin SIMMs 72-Pin SIMMs DIMMs per
Bus Width per Bank per Bank Bank
8088 8-bit 8 bits 1 N/A N/A
8066 16-bit 16 bits 2 N/A N/A
286 16-bit 16 bits 2 N/A N/A
386SX, SL, SLC 16-bit 16 bits 2 N/A N/A
486SLC, SLC2 16-bit 16 bits 2 N/A N/A
386DX 32-bit 32 bits 4 1 N/A
486SX, DX, DX2, DX4, 5x86 32-bit 32 bits 4 1 N/A
x86 and x86-64 running single
64-bit 64 bits N/A N/A 1
channel mode
x86 and x86-64 running dual-channel
64-bit 128 bits N/A N/A 2
mode
X86 and x86-64 running tri-channel
64-bit 192 bits N/A N/A 3
mode

Memory Standards
Industry-standard specifications for chips and modules were developed to keep memory
affordable and interchangeable. The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), an association
that represents at fields of electronic industry, appointed the Joint Electron Device
Engineering Council (JEDEC) as the semiconductor engineering standardization body.

JEDEC produces most industry-standard memory chip and module designs. Examples of JEDEC memory standards are FPM,
SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, and DDR3 SDRAM.
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____________________________
Parent’s Signature
 Memory Types

Maximum Maximum Maximum

Memory Type/ Desktop Module Maximum Clock
Laptop Module Type Volt Throughput Single- Memory Type Throughput Dual- Throughput Triple-
Years Popular Type Speed
Channel Channel Channel

Fast Page Mode Fast Page Mode

30/72-pin SIMM 72/144-pin SIMM 5v 22MHz 177MBps N/A N/A
(FPM) DRAM (FPM) DRAM

Extended Data Out

Extended Data Out
(EDO) DRAM/ 72-pin SIMM 72/144-pin SODIMM 5v 33MHz 266MBps N/A N/A
(EDO) DRAM
1995-1998

Single Data Rate

Single Data Rate
(SDR) SDRAM/ 168-pin DIMM 144-pin SODIMM 3.3v 133MHz 1066MBps N/A N/A
(SDR) SDRAM
1998-2002

Double Data Rate

Double Data Rate
(DDR) SDRAM/ 184-pin DIMM 200-pin SODIMM 2.5v 400MTps 3200MBps 6400MBps N/A
(DDR) SDRAM
2002-2005

DDR2 SDRAM/
240-pin DDR2 200-pin SODIMM 1.8v 1066MTps 8533MBps DDR2 SDRAM 17066MBps N/A
2005-2008

DDR3 SDRAM/ 240-pin DDR3

204-pin SODIMM 1.5v 2133MTps 17066MTps DDR3 SDRAM 34133MBps 51200MBps
2008+ DIMM

Legend:
DIMM – Dual Inline Memory Module MTps – Million Transfers per second MBps – Million Bytes per second
SODIMM – Small Outline DIMM SIMM – Single Inline Memory Module
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Fast Page Mode DRAM (FPM)
Fast Page Mode DRAM uses a technique called paging. Instead of changing both row and column
addresses, FPM maintains the row address and only changes the column address to make access to
the data being processed faster. FPM applies a simple scheme that divides memory into pages thus it
is able to access data on the same memory page faster than data on other memory pages. FPM
memory has a 30-pin or 72-pin SIMM form and is used by 386, 486 and Pentium systems from 1987
through 1995.
Extended Data Out DRAM (EDO DRAM)
EDO DRAM also referred to as Hyper Page mode, is a modified form of FPM and became
available for Pentium systems in 1995. EDO memory is composed of special chips that permit
a timing overlap between successive accesses. EDO improved cycle times by allowing the
memory controller to start a new column address instruction while data is read at the current
location. Systems with CPU speed of up to 66 MHz use EDO RAM.
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
JEDEC set the SDRAM as the standard for a type of DRAM that operates synchronously with
the memory bus. SDRAM moves information at a very high-speed clocked interface. Single
data rate (SDR) SDRAM supports system bus cycling with a speed of up to 133 MHz and
was used primarily by most PCs from 1998 through 2002. Single data rate (SDR) SDRAM
typically has 168pin DIMMs running at different speeds.

SDR SDRAM Module Types

Cycles per
Module Type Chip Type Clock Speed Bus Speed Bus Width Transfer Rate
Clock
15 ns
PC66 66 MHz 1 66 MTps 8 bytes 533MBps
10 ns
PC100 8 ns 100 MHz 1 100MTps 8 bytes 800MBps
7.5 ns
PC133 133 MHz 1 133MTps 8 bytes 1066MBps
7 ns

DDR SDRAM Module Types

Dual-
Module
Module Base Clock Cycles/ Channel
Chip Type Cycle Time Bus Speed Bus Width Transfer
Type Speed Clock Transfer
Rate
Rate
PC1600 DDR200 100MHz 10 ns 2 200MTps 8 bytes 1600MBps 3200MBps
PC2100 DDR266 133MHz 7.5 ns 2 266MTps 8 bytes 2133MBps 4266MBps
PC2700 DDR300 166MHz 6.0 ns 2 333MTps 8 bytes 2667MBps 5333MBps
PC3200 DDR400 200MHz 5.0 ns 2 400MTps 8 bytes 3200MBps 6400MBps

DDR2 SDRAM
DDR2 is a faster version of DDR memory. It achieves higher throughput by using different pairs of
signal wires to transfer data faster without noise and disruption problems. DDR2 DIMMs have 240
pins and a speed ranging from 400MHz to 1600MHz. DDR2 uses lower voltage than DDR thus
reducing power consumption and heat generation. It was the most popular type of memory in PCs
from 2005 through 2008.

DDR2 SDRAM Module Types

Dual-
Module
Module Base Clock Cycles/ Channel
Chip Type Cycle Time Bus Speed Bus Width Transfer
Type Speed Clock Transfer
Rate
Rate
PC3200 DDR2 400 200MHz 5 ns 2 400MTps 8 bytes 3200MBps 6400MBps
PC4200 DDR2 533 266MHz 3.75 ns 2 533MTps 8 bytes 4266MBps 8533MBps
PC5300 DDR2 667 333MHz 3.0 ns 2 667MTps 8 bytes 5333MBps 10667MBps
PC6400 DDR2 800 400MHz 2.5 ns 2 800MTps 8 bytes 6400MBps 12800MBps
PC8500 DDR 066 533MHz 1.88 ns 2 1066MTps 8 bytes 8533MBps 17066MBps

DDR3 SDRAM
DDR3 is the latest JEDEC memory standard. It consumes lesser power and has higher levels of performance than DDR2.
DDR3 modules implement advanced data transfer techniques, self-driver correction and data coordination. DDR3, like DDR2
 comes in 240-pin DIMM module but customizable with different keying thus making the two modules incompatible. DDR3
modules have a speed of 800 MHz and higher. It is the popular type of memory in PCs since 2008.

DDR3 DRAM Module Types

Module Type PC3 6400 PC3 8500 PC3 10600 PC3 12800 PC3 14900 PC3 17000
Chip Type DDR3 800 DDR3 1066 DDR3 1333 DDR3 1600 DDR3 1866 DDR3 2133
Base Clock
400 MHz 533 MHz 667 MHz 800 MHz 933 MHz 1066 MHz
Speed
Cycle Time 2.50 ns 1.88 ns 1.50 ns 1.25 ns 1.07 ns 0.94 ns
Cycles per
2 2 2 2 2 2
Clock
Bus Speed 800 MTps 1066 MTps 1333 MTps 1600 MTps 1866 MTps 2133 MTps
Bus Width 8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes 8 bytes
Dual-Channel
12800 MBps 17066 MBps 21333 MBps 25600 MBps 29866 MBps 34033 MBps
Transfer Rate
Tri-Channel
19200 MBps 25600 MBps 32000 MBps 38400 MBps 44800 MBps 51200 MBps
Transfer Rate

Activity 1:
Draw the Computer Memory Hierarchy

Activity 2: Answer the following questions:

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1. Differentiate volatile and non-volatile.

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2. What makes DDR2 popular in the year 2005 to 2008 than DDR?
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3. Differentiate DDR2 and DDR3.

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Activity 3: Convert the following:

1. Convert 133 MHz to ns: Answer:_________________________
2. Convert 150 MHz to ns: Answer:_________________________
3. Convert 733 MHz to ns: Answer:_________________________
4. Convert 125 ns to MHz Answer:_________________________
5. Convert 1.54 ns to MHz Answer:_________________________

Activity 4. Fill in the blanks. Complete the information missing from the table.
Fast Page Extended Data Double Data
Single Rate
Memory Type Mode (FPM) Out (EDO) Rate (DDR) DDR2 SDRAM DDR3 SDRAM
(SDR) SDRAM
DRAM DRAM SDRAM

Years Popular

Desktop
Module Type

Laptop Module 72/144-pin 144-pin 200-pin 204-pin

Type SODIMM SODIMM SODIMM SODIMM

Volt 5v 5v 3.3v 2.5v 1.8v 1.5v

Maximum
Clock Speed
Maximum
Throughput
Single-Channel
Maximum
Throughput
Dual-Channel
Maximum
Throughput
Triple-Channel
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____________________________
Parent’s Signature