2022 2023 COI With Front and Back Cover

˜°˜˜˛˜°˜˝
COURSE OF INSTRUCTION
COURSE OF
INSTRUCTION
HANDBOOK
This Handbook Contains General Information Concerning
Graduation Requirements, Academic Registration
Procedures, Course Offerings, and Academic Programs
Effective Fall 2022 at the United States Air Force Academy.
As directed in USAFA Instruction 36-3526, the Dean of the Faculty publishes this handbook
annually. Procedures for initiating changes to this handbook are contained in USAFA Instruction
36-3526. The Course of Instruction Handbook documents the curriculum of the United States Air
Force Academy, as approved by the Academy Board.
This handbook contains information relating to the academic year 2022-2023. Every effort has
been made to ensure its accuracy, but USAFA reserves the right to make corrections and changes
to any information contained in this and subsequent issues of the Course of Instruction Handbook
or in any of its other publications. Courses of instruction, programs, degree requirements, and any
other matters are subject to change.
Information concerning this handbook and additional copies may be obtained from the Curriculum
and Academic Affairs Division, Office of Student Academic Affairs and the Academy Registrar
(DFVR), 2354 Fairchild Drive, Ste 2G13, USAF Academy, Colorado, 80840. This handbook is
available under the Academics and Registrar tab at http://www.usafa.edu. This handbook was
edited by the Curriculum and Academic Affairs Division (DFVRC, 719-333-2452).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables...................................................................................................................................9
List of Figures.................................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 1, OVERVIEW ..........................................................................................................10

SECTION 1-1, INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................10
1-1.1. Purpose of the Course of Instruction Handbook........................................................................ 10
1-1.2. Handbook Contents ...................................................................................................................... 10
1-1.3. Course of Instruction Change Proposals .................................................................................... 10
1-1.4. Objectives of the Academy Curriculum...................................................................................... 10
1-1.5. Graduation and Residency Requirements .................................................................................. 13
1-1.6. International Cadets ..................................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 2, ACADEMICS ........................................................................................................17

SECTION 2-1, REGISTRATION ................................................................................................17
2-1.1. Responsibility for Registration .................................................................................................... 17
2-1.2. Academic Counseling and Advising ............................................................................................ 18
2-1.3. Program Planning ......................................................................................................................... 19
2-1.4. CAMIS ........................................................................................................................................... 21
2-1.5. Registration Periods...................................................................................................................... 25
2-1.6. Changes Affecting Future Semesters........................................................................................... 26
2-1.7. Changes Affecting Current Semester.......................................................................................... 27
2-1.8. Changing an Academic Program Summary............................................................................... 29
2-1.9. Waivers .......................................................................................................................................... 30
2-1.10. Independent Study Courses ....................................................................................................... 33
2-1.11. Special Topic Courses ................................................................................................................. 35
2-1.12. Auditing........................................................................................................................................ 35
SECTION 2-2, SCHEDULING ...................................................................................................37

2-2.1. The Academic Week ..................................................................................................................... 37
2-2.2. Academic Course Scheduling....................................................................................................... 37
2-2.3. Cadet Excusal from Academic Time ........................................................................................... 37
2-2.4. Final Examinations ....................................................................................................................... 37
2-2.5. The Summer .................................................................................................................................. 37
2-2.6. Academic Day Schedule of Calls.................................................................................................. 38
2-2.7. Courses with Unusual Schedules ................................................................................................. 39
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2-2.8. Minimum Enrollment Size for Majors and Classes................................................................... 41
SECTION 2-3, GRADING ...........................................................................................................42

2-3.1. Grades and Quality Points ........................................................................................................... 42
2-3.2. Grades ............................................................................................................................................ 42
2-3.3. Departed Cadet Grade Assignments ........................................................................................... 42
2-3.4. Grade Changes .............................................................................................................................. 42
2-3.5. Academic Appellate Procedure.................................................................................................... 43
2-3.6. Special Grades ............................................................................................................................... 44
2-3.7. Transfer and Validation Credit ................................................................................................... 45
2-3.8. Grade Point Average..................................................................................................................... 46
2-3.9. Major’s GPA ................................................................................................................................. 47
2-3.10. Overall Performance Average (OPA) ....................................................................................... 47
2-3.11. Graduation Recognition ............................................................................................................. 48
2-3.12. Honor List Requirements ........................................................................................................... 48
2-3.13. Exchange Program Grades ........................................................................................................ 49
SECTION 2-4, ACADEMIC DEFICIENCY AND PROBATION .............................................50

2-4.1. Academic Deficiency ..................................................................................................................... 50
2-4.2. Placement on Academic Probation.............................................................................................. 51
2-4.3. Academic Probation Policies........................................................................................................ 52
2-4.4. Removal from Academic Probation ............................................................................................ 54
2-4.5. Academic Review Committee Responsibilities ........................................................................... 55
2-4.6. Academic Review Committee Preparation ................................................................................. 56
2-4.7. Academic Review Committee Procedures .................................................................................. 58
2-4.8. Disenrollment Procedures ............................................................................................................ 59
2-4.9. Class Attendance by Cadets Recommended for Disenrollment................................................ 60
2-4.10. Why Should Cadets Worry about Academic Disenrollment?................................................. 61
2-4.11. What Can a Cadet Do to Prevent Academic Problems? ......................................................... 61
SECTION 2-5, SPECIAL PROGRAMS......................................................................................63

2-5.1. Cadet Semester Exchange Abroad Program .............................................................................. 63
2-5.2. Cadet Semester Study Abroad Program..................................................................................... 63
2-5.3. CSEAP/CSSAP Selection, Preparation, and Academics. .......................................................... 63
2-5.4. Service Academy Exchange Program ......................................................................................... 66
2-5.5. ROTC Exchange Program ........................................................................................................... 66
2-5.6. Academic Success Center ............................................................................................................. 67
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2-5.7. English as a Second Language Program ..................................................................................... 68
2-5.8. Academically At-Risk Program ................................................................................................... 68
2-5.9. Hospital Instruction ...................................................................................................................... 69
2-5.10. Extra Instruction......................................................................................................................... 69
2-5.11. Return-to-Learn Concussion Protocol ...................................................................................... 69
2-5.12. Academy Scholars Program....................................................................................................... 74
2-5.13. Summer Programs. ..................................................................................................................... 76
2-5.14. Basic Cyber Operations.............................................................................................................. 80
2-5.15. Basic Space Operations............................................................................................................... 80
2-5.16. Airmanship Courses.................................................................................................................... 80
2-5.17. Rated Assignment Requirements............................................................................................... 82
2-5.18. Graduate School Opportunities ................................................................................................. 83
2-5.19. Scholarship Preparation............................................................................................................. 85
2-5.20. Basic Meteorology Program....................................................................................................... 86
SECTION 2-6, THE CORE .........................................................................................................88

2-6.1. Integrated Core ............................................................................................................................. 88
2-6.2. Foundational Principles................................................................................................................ 88
2-6.3. Academy Outcomes....................................................................................................................... 89
2-6.4. Courses and Programs.................................................................................................................. 91
2-6.5. Levels of the Core.......................................................................................................................... 91
2-6.5. Outcome Courses and Programs ................................................................................................. 94
Critical Thinking Outcome................................................................................................................................ 96
Clear Communications Outcome ...................................................................................................................... 97
Application of Engineering Methods Outcome................................................................................................. 98
Scientific Reasoning and the Principles of Science Outcome ........................................................................... 99
Ethics and Respect for Human Dignity Outcome............................................................................................ 100
The Human Condition, Cultures, and Society Outcome ................................................................................. 101
National Security of the American Republic Outcome ................................................................................... 102
Warrier Ethos as Airmen and Citizens Outcome............................................................................................. 103
Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational Management Outcome .............................................................. 104
SECTION 2-7, ACADEMIC PROGRAMS ...............................................................................114

2-7.1. Purpose of the Academic Program Section............................................................................... 114
2-7.2. How to Use the Academic Program Section ............................................................................. 114
2-7.3. Types of Academic Programs .................................................................................................... 114
2-7.4. Academic Program Requirements............................................................................................. 115
2-7.5. Initial Choice of a Program........................................................................................................ 116
2-7.6. Timeline to Declare a Major ...................................................................................................... 116
2-7.7. Change of a Major ...................................................................................................................... 117
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2-7.8. How Do I Choose an Academic Program?................................................................................ 117
2-7.9. How Do I Declare a Minor? ....................................................................................................... 117
2-7.10. How Do I Declare an Academic Major? ................................................................................. 118
2-7.11. What If I Choose the Wrong Major? ...................................................................................... 118
2-7.12. How Can I Lose My Academic Major or Minor? .................................................................. 118
2-7.13. Can I Get My Major Back after I Have Lost It?.................................................................... 118
2-7.14. Multiple Majors or Minors ...................................................................................................... 118
2-7.15. How Do I Declare a Double Major? ........................................................................................ 119
2-7.16. Can I Declare the Bachelor of Science Program? .................................................................. 119
2-7.17. Governance of Academic Minors............................................................................................. 119
2-7.18. Accreditation ............................................................................................................................. 119
SECTION 2-8, DISCIPLINARY AND INTERDISCIPLINARY MAJORS AND MINORS..121

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING ................................................................................................... 122
AIRPOWER STUDIES MINOR .......................................................................................................... 126
AMERICAN STUDIES MINOR .......................................................................................................... 128
ASTRONAUTICAL ENGINEERING ................................................................................................. 130
BASIC SCIENCES................................................................................................................................. 134
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES.................................................................................................................. 137
BIOLOGY............................................................................................................................................... 143
CHEMISTRY ......................................................................................................................................... 146
CIVIL ENGINEERING......................................................................................................................... 153
COMPUTER SCIENCE ........................................................................................................................ 157
CYBER SCIENCE ................................................................................................................................. 161
DATA SCIENCE .................................................................................................................................... 164
DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION STUDIES MINOR ......................................................................... 168
ECONOMICS......................................................................................................................................... 170
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING........................................................................ 175
ENGLISH................................................................................................................................................ 180
FOREIGN AREA STUDIES ................................................................................................................. 184
FOREIGN LANGUAGE MINOR ........................................................................................................ 190
GENERAL ENGINEERING ................................................................................................................ 192
GEOSPATIAL SCIENCE ..................................................................................................................... 194
GLOBAL LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT MINOR ........................................................................... 199
HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING MINOR ............................................................................. 201
HISTORY................................................................................................................................................ 203
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HUMANITIES........................................................................................................................................ 206
LEGAL STUDIES .................................................................................................................................. 208
MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................................................... 212
MATHEMATICS................................................................................................................................... 215
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ........................................................................................................ 220
METEOROLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 225
MILITARY & STRATEGIC STUDIES .............................................................................................. 228
NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND STRATEGY MINOR ......................................................................... 231
OPERATIONS RESEARCH ................................................................................................................ 233
PHILOSOPHY MAJOR........................................................................................................................ 237
PHILOSOPHY MINOR ........................................................................................................................ 241
PHYSICS................................................................................................................................................. 242
POLITICAL SCIENCE......................................................................................................................... 248
RELIGION STUDIES MINOR ............................................................................................................ 251
ROBOTICS MINOR.............................................................................................................................. 253
SOCIAL SCIENCES.............................................................................................................................. 255
SPACE WARFIGHTING MINOR....................................................................................................... 258
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ................................................................................................................. 263
SECTION 2-9, THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE PROGRAM...............................................270
SECTION 2-10, COURSE DESCRIPTIONS ...........................................................................272

AERONAUTICS .................................................................................................................................... 273
AIRMANSHIP........................................................................................................................................ 277
ASTRONAUTICS .................................................................................................................................. 282
AVIATION.............................................................................................................................................. 285
BASIC SCIENCES................................................................................................................................. 287
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES.................................................................................................................. 287
BIOLOGY............................................................................................................................................... 293
CHARACTER AND LEADERSHIP.................................................................................................... 298
CHEMISTRY ......................................................................................................................................... 299
CIVIL ENGINEERING......................................................................................................................... 305
COMMISSIONING EDUCATION ...................................................................................................... 311
COMPUTER SCIENCE ........................................................................................................................ 312
CREATIVE ARTS ................................................................................................................................. 316
CYBER.................................................................................................................................................... 318
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CYBER SCIENCE ................................................................................................................................. 319
DATA SCIENCE .................................................................................................................................... 320
ECONOMICS......................................................................................................................................... 321
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING........................................................................ 326
ENGINEERING ..................................................................................................................................... 332
ENGLISH................................................................................................................................................ 333
ENGLISH for ACADEMIC PURPOSES ............................................................................................ 339
FOREIGN AREA STUDIES ................................................................................................................. 340
FOREIGN LANGUAGES ..................................................................................................................... 343
GEOSPATIAL SCIENCE ..................................................................................................................... 349
HISTORY................................................................................................................................................ 354
HUMANITIES........................................................................................................................................ 365
LAW ........................................................................................................................................................ 367
LEADERSHIP ........................................................................................................................................ 371
LEARNING STRATEGIES .................................................................................................................. 372
MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................................................... 372
MATHEMATICS................................................................................................................................... 377
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ........................................................................................................ 383
METEOROLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 388
MILITARY & STRATEGIC STUDIES .............................................................................................. 390
MILITARY TRAINING........................................................................................................................ 395
OPERATIONS RESEARCH ................................................................................................................ 402
PHILOSOPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 404
PHYSICAL EDUCATION .................................................................................................................... 408
PHYSICS................................................................................................................................................. 415
POLITICAL SCIENCE......................................................................................................................... 420
READING STRATEGIES..................................................................................................................... 426
SOCIAL SCIENCE................................................................................................................................ 427
SPACE..................................................................................................................................................... 429
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ................................................................................................................. 430
UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................... 433
SECTION 2-11, USAFA INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOME WHITE PAPERS .........................435

Critical Thinking ............................................................................................................................................. 435
Clear Communication...................................................................................................................................... 437
Application of Engineering Methods .............................................................................................................. 439
Scientific Reasoning and the Principles of Science......................................................................................... 441
Ethics and Respect for Human Dignity ........................................................................................................... 443
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The Human Condition, Cultures, and Societies .............................................................................................. 445
National Security of the American Republic................................................................................................... 447
Warrior Ethos as Airmen and Citizens ............................................................................................................ 449
Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational Management.............................................................................. 451
CHAPTER 3, DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................................................................453
INDEX.........................................................................................................................................459
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List of Tables
Table 1. AP/IB Credit ................................................................................................................... 16

Table 2. Semester Hour Requirements ......................................................................................... 21
Table 3. Activity Codes................................................................................................................. 23
Table 4. Semester Titles................................................................................................................ 25
Table 5. Course Coordination ...................................................................................................... 28
Table 6. Course Drop Timeline .................................................................................................... 30
Table 7. Final Waiver Approval Authority................................................................................... 31
Table 8. Block Schedules .............................................................................................................. 40
Table 9. Scheduling Considerations............................................................................................. 40
Table 10. Courses with Special Schedules ................................................................................... 40
Table 11. Grades and Quality Points ........................................................................................... 42
Table 12. Graduation Honors ...................................................................................................... 48
Table 13. Academic Deficiency - "Very Low GPA" ..................................................................... 51
Table 14. Exchange/Abroad Program Transfer Credits .............................................................. 65
Table 15. Return-to-Learn Stages ................................................................................................ 69
Table 16. Concussion Symptoms and Accommodations............................................................... 74
Table 17. Academy Scholars Program Courses........................................................................... 76
Table 18. Athletic Department Timeline..................................................................................... 108
Table 19. Physical Education Requirements.............................................................................. 108
Table 20. Military and Airmanship Requirements ..................................................................... 109
Table 21. Academic Requirements ............................................................................................. 110
Table 22. Core and Outcome Map ............................................................................................. 111
Table 23. Academic Prerequisites .............................................................................................. 112
Table 24. Majors and Minors with Sponsoring Departments and Hours .................................. 114
List of Figures
Figure 1. Academic Program Summary ........................................................................................22

Figure 2. Academic Grad Check ...................................................................................................24
Figure 3, Academic Waiver Request, USAFA Form 69 ................................................................32
Figure 4. Request for Permission to Enroll in an Independent Study, USAFA Form O-498........34
Figure 5. Request to Audit an Academic Course...........................................................................36
Figure 6. Cadet Academic Schedule..............................................................................................39
Figure 7. Grade Change Request Letter .......................................................................................43
Figure 8. Award of Course Transfer or Validation Credit Request Letter ...................................46
Figure 9. Airmanship Experience Model ......................................................................................82
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CHAPTER 1 – OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
1-1.1. PURPOSE OF THE COURSE OF INSTRUCTION HANDBOOK. The Office of Student

Academic Affairs (DFVR), Curriculum and Academic Affairs Division (DFVRC), publishes the
Course of Instruction Handbook at the beginning of each academic year. Together with the
USAFA Catalog, published by the Office of Admissions (RR), it documents the curriculum of the
United States Air Force Academy as approved by the Academy Board. The Course of Instruction
Handbook contains general information concerning graduation requirements, academic
registration procedures, course offerings, academic programs and majors, and academic probation.
If you have questions, contact DFVRC in Fairchild Hall, Room 2G13, (719) 333-2452.
1-1.2. HANDBOOK CONTENTS. This handbook is organized into three main topic areas.
Sections 1-1 – 2-5 contain information concerning academic registration procedures, grades,
scheduling, academic deficiencies, and special programs. Sections 2-6 – 2-8 address the core
requirements, academic programs, and majors and minors; Section 2-9 is a description of the
Bachelor of Science Program. Sections 2-10 – 2-11 contain course descriptions, USAFA
Institutional Outcome White Papers, and definitions.
1-1.3. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION CHANGE PROPOSALS. The Academy has established

procedures for updating and revising the USAF Academy curriculum. These procedures are
explained in detail in USAFA Instruction 36-3526, USAFA Course of Instruction and Change
Control.
1-1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE ACADEMY CURRICULUM.
a. USAFA Institutional Outcomes
(1) The Academy develops a diverse pool of professional Air Force officers who:
(a) Lead with Character and Respect by demonstrating skilled leadership, teamwork,
and organizational management, while living ethically with unwavering respect for
human dignity;
(b) Integrate Knowledge about Human Cultures and the Natural World by valuing the
human condition, cultures, and societies, employing the principles of science and
scientific reasoning, and harnessing the fundamentals of engineering;
(c) Address complex and uncertain problems with agile intellectual skills sustained by
effective communication and critical thinking;
(d) Defend our nation in air, space, and cyberspace by maintaining the national
security of the American Republic, with dedication to the warrior ethos as citizens and
airmen.
(2) The USAFA Institutional Outcome white papers are included in Section 2-11. The
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USAFA Institutional Outcomes are:
(a) Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational Management – to apply character-

based leadership principles at the personal, interpersonal, team, and organizational
levels.
(b) Ethics and Respect for Human Dignity – to recognize ethical alternatives among
the options available, use ethical judgment to select the best alternative, and act
consistently to respect the dignity of all affected persons.
(c) The Human Condition, Cultures, and Societies – to comprehend what it means to
be human, the individual situated in a culture and society, and the interactions of people
from different socio-cultural milieus.
(d) Scientific Reasoning and the Principles of Science – to apply scientific habits of
mind, including proficiency in the nature of science, scientific reasoning, and the
principles of science.
(e) Application of Engineering Problem-Solving Methods – to understand the

opportunities, requirements, and constraints imposed by the scientific and
mathematical workings of the universe, supported by knowledge of the current and
projected state of technology.
(f) Clear Communication – to express ideas in writing or in a prepared, purposeful

presentation with the intent to enhance knowledge, foster understanding, and stimulate
new thinking by the receivers.
(g) Critical Thinking – to apply self-aware, informed, and reflective reasoning for
problem solving and decision making in the absence of ideal information.
(h) National Security of the American Republic – to possess the knowledge necessary
to protect the fundamental values and core interests of the United States, and recognize
the broader political context in which military force must be employed.
(i) Warrior Ethos as Airmen and Citizens – to persevere despite physical and mental
hardships, embrace the oath of office and the profession of arms, adopt the core values,
and value all Airmen.
b. Officer Development System
(1) USAFA’s Officer Development System (ODS) is founded on the idea that professional
commitments can be fostered through deliberate connections to the principles of
professional military service. The ODS provides a holistic framework designed to
coordinate and integrate cadet developmental activities across their entire four-year
experience with emphasis on cadet ownership. Above all else, it focuses on character-
based officership and prepares cadets for a career of continual professional development
in service to the Air Force and the nation.
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(2) The threefold purpose of the ODS is to develop each cadet’s appreciation that being
an officer is a noble way of life, to foster a commitment to character-based officership, and
to develop competencies essential to this identity as a character-based officer-leader.
(3) The officership, academic, physical education, and airmanship programs work together
to support USAFA’s ODS goals. The four-year Officership curriculum is executed in
tandem with the 47-Month Cadet Development System in a purposefully integrated,
aligned, and synergistic manner across mission elements to provide a seamless learning
experience for cadets.
c. Officership
(1) Officership 100, taught to fourth-class cadets, consists of Leadership 100 (Foundations
for Personal Leadership, 0.75 sem hr), Character & Leadership 100 (C&L 100), and
Commissioning Education 100 (CE 100 – Commissioning Education for Personal
Leadership). Officership 100 supports the foundational level of the Leadership,
Teamwork, and Organizational Management outcome.
(2) Officership 200, taught to third-class cadets, consists of Leadership 200 (Foundations
for Interpersonal Leadership, 0.75 sem hr), Character & Leadership 200 (C&L 200), and
Commissioning Education 200 (CE 200 – Commissioning Education for Personal
Leadership). Officership 200 supports the foundational level of the Leadership,
(3) Officership 300, taught to second-class cadets, consists of Leadership 300 (Foundations
for Team Leadership, 0.75 sem hr), Character & Leadership 300 (C&L 300), and
Commissioning Education 300 (CE 300 – Commissioning Education for Team
Leadership). Officership 300 supports the intermediate level of the Leadership,
(4) Officership 400, taught to first-class cadets, consists of Leadership 400 (Organizational
Dynamics, 0.75 sem hr), Character & Leadership 400 (C&L 400), and Commissioning
Education 400 (CE 400 – Commissioning Education for Organizational Leadership).
Officership 400 supports the intermediate level of the Leadership, Teamwork, and
Organizational Management outcome.
d. Academic Program.
(1) Provides cadets with general courses in the basic sciences, engineering, social sciences,
and humanities to form a Liberal Arts foundation for their development as future Air Force
officers. The broad core curriculum at USAFA continues to hold true to the belief of its
founders, that national leaders require multidisciplinary perspectives and skills to solve the
nation’s complex problems.
(2) Offers elective courses to meet cadets' needs and desires.
(3) Motivates cadets toward advanced education through enrichment courses (e.g.,
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advanced placement, audit, special topics, and independent study).
(4) Prepares cadets to fulfill their intellectual responsibilities as citizens and dedicated
public servants in the Air Force.
e. Physical Education and Athletics.
(1) Further develops desirable traits of character essential to leadership, including

persistence, desire to win, aggressiveness, and esprit de corps.
(2) Teaches skills needed to perform physical tasks.
(3) Encourages a positive attitude toward physical fitness.
f. Airmanship.
(1) Airmanship programs include soaring, parachuting, powered flight, Unmanned Aerial
Systems/Remotely Piloted Aircraft operations, and all associated competition teams. Per
USAFA Mission Directive Six, USAFA/A3 is the Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR).
(2) USAFA is authorized to utilize unique airmanship programs in support of the cadet
development mission (AFI 36-3501, USAFA Operations). The overall goal is to foster
"Airmindedness:” a global, strategic mind-set providing perspective through which the
battlespace is not constrained by geography, distance, location, or time. This goal is
achieved through three program objectives:
(a) Educate all cadets on the concept of airpower, as defined in Air Force Doctrine
Volume I as the ability to project military power or influence through the control and
exploitation of air, space, and cyberspace to achieve strategic, operational, or tactical
objectives. Cadets should understand the intellectual foundations behind airpower,
articulate its proper applications, and understand Air Force aviation's history,
traditions, demands, and emerging capabilities.
(b) Inspire cadets and provide motivational, character-building experiences that

contribute to informed career decisions and allow USAFA to meet its Rated Training
Allocation requirements.
(c) Train cadets to ensure graduates awarded rated assignments possess the attitude,
aptitude, skills and confidence necessary to excel in Undergraduate Pilot Training.
1-1.5. GRADUATION AND RESIDENCY REQUIREMENTS. To graduate from the USAF

Academy, a cadet must demonstrate an aptitude for commissioned service and leadership, display
acceptable conduct, maintain proficiency in physical education and the commissioning education
program, and meet all requirements for an academic major unless approved for the Bachelor of
Science Program.
a. To fulfill academic requirements, cadets must satisfactorily complete the core curriculum
13
with a minimum 2.0 core grade point average (GPA). Cadets must also meet the minimum
standard of a 2.0 cumulative GPA. All cadets must declare a major, unless approved for the
Bachelor of Science Program, and earn a minimum 2.0 major’s GPA in that major.
b. A cadet must complete at least eight semesters in residence at USAFA. A semester spent
in a USAFA-sponsored exchange program/semester abroad, not to exceed one, counts as a
semester in residence. A cadet must take at least 125 semester hours at USAFA (including
those completed in USAFA-sponsored exchange programs, not to exceed 24 semester hours)
to satisfy residency requirements, regardless of semester hours transferred and validated.
Courses which do not fulfill residency requirements include those validated or transferred,
courses carrying no semester hour credit, and failed courses.
c. A cadet's commissioning education includes a course of study in professional military

education and the leadership laboratory experience provided by being part of the Cadet Wing.
Each cadet is evaluated on military performance each semester and must maintain a minimum
2.0 cumulative military performance appraisal (MPA) level of performance for graduation.
Before graduation, each cadet must successfully complete each of the Core Military Training
programs as a student. Each cadet must successfully complete two leadership programs, one
of which must be a Military Leadership program. Leadership credit can be obtained during
the school year if key leadership positions within the Cadet Wing are held for the entire
semester.
d. To fulfill the Physical Education requirements, cadets take 5.0 semester hours (ten 0.5
semester hour courses) of Phy Ed credit over their four academic years. Participation in
intramurals, clubs, or intercollegiate athletics is required in each of their eight academic
semesters. Proficiency is also required in both the physical fitness test (PFT) and aerobic
fitness test (AFT). Athletic proficiency for graduation is demonstrated by meeting the
minimum standard of a 2.0 cumulative physical education average (PEA). PEA is a weighted
4.0 grading scale (50% PFT + 35% Phy Ed courses + 15% AFT).
e. Transfer/validation credit. Cadets who attended another college or university or who

validate courses may earn validation or transfer credit that is included in the total semester
hour count. The appropriate department, dependent on the subject matter or discipline, will
review materials (e.g., transcript, syllabus, textbook, etc.) to determine whether USAFA
transfer credit is appropriate for the coursework completed at another college or university.
The Office of Student Academic Affairs & Academy Registrar will maintain the transcript in
the cadet’s record for any coursework approved for transfer credit. If cadets leave the
Academy prior to Lesson 9 of their first semester, transfer/validation credit will not appear on
their USAFA transcripts.
(1) A cadet who is readmitted following disenrollment or resignation may be given transfer
or validation credit for courses taken while away from USAFA. If the transfer or
validation credit is for a course previously taken and failed at USAFA and subsequently
repeated at another college or university, the transfer/validation credit should fill the
course requirement on the grad check and the ‘F’ grade will be listed under "Other
Courses Taken" for active cadets; the ‘F’ grade continues to count in the cumulative
GPA.
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(2) Credit (grades and corresponding quality points) will be accepted for courses completed
with a proficient grade at USAFA by USAFA Preparatory School cadets upon entering
USAFA. If a Cadet Candidate from the USAFA Preparatory School is receiving a
deficient grade, he/she will be withdrawn from the course.
(3) Phy Ed courses can be transferred from other universities, particularly for cadets on
semester exchange to foreign military academies and sister service academies.
Regardless of the total number of Phy Ed courses transferred, a minimum of eight
USAFA Phy Ed courses must be taken and counted toward graduation requirements.
(4) Chemistry Initial Placement and Major Declaration. Transfer credit, validation credit,
and placement into Chem 100 or Chem 200 in the fall or spring will be based on college
transcripts and AP scores, as well as a survey of incoming cadets. Cadets completing
Chem 100 in the 4° fall and interested in declaring chemistry, biology, or pursuing a
Pre-Med track should be placed into Chem 200 in the 4° spring. Cadets with a strong
interest in chemistry are encouraged to declare early (NLT spring 4° year). Depending
upon validation and transfer credit, cadets interested in chemistry should be placed in
Chemistry 233 (Organic Chemistry I) in the fall of their 3° year.
(5) Validation credit based on AP (College Board) and IB (International Baccalaureate)

testing is in accordance with Table 1 below:
15
Table 1. AP/IB Credit
AP Score IB Score
AP Test Course
AP/IB Subject for for Comments
Code Validated
Credit Credit
20 4/5 5/6/7 (HL)
Biology Biology 215
6/7 (SL)
Chemistry 25 4/5 Chem 100
Econ-Mac 35 4/5 Econ 355
Econ-Mic 34 4/5 6/7 Econ 201
Eng Lang/Comp 36 5 English 111
Eng Lit/Comp 37 5 6/7 English 111
Physics C-Mech 80 4/5 Physics 110
Physics C-Elec/Mag 82 4/5 Physics 215
Psychology 85 5 5/6/7 (SL & HL) Beh Sci 110
World History 93 5 6/7) History 300
European History 43 5 6/7 History 230
7 5 History 210 or
U.S. History 6/7 See Note 1
History 220
Human Geography 53 4/5 Geo 250
Chinese Lang/Culture 28 3/4/5 Chinese See Note 2
French Language 48 3/4/5 French See Note 2
German Language 55 3/4/5 German See Note 2
Japanese 64 3/4/5
Japanese See Note 2
Lang/Culture
Spanish Language 87 3/4/5 Spanish See Note 2
Note 1: coordinate with the Department of History for appropriate credit.
Note 2: coordinate with the Department of Foreign Languages for appropriate credit; Chinese, French, German,
Japanese, and Spanish validation credit is based upon AP scores and USAFA foreign language placement scores.
Note 3: Math validation and placement is based on a combination of placement scores (Pearson) taken before
inprocessing in addition to AP/IB scores and previous college coursework, if applicable.
1-1.6. INTERNATIONAL CADETS. Students that are citizens of foreign countries are
designated International Cadets. International Cadets for whom English is a second language are
awarded validation credit for their native language. They must fulfill all other Academy graduation
requirements to earn a Bachelor of Science degree; those International Cadets who do not fulfill
all requirements before graduation are awarded a certificate of completion stating they attended
the USAF Academy for four years. For details, refer to Faculty Operating Instruction 36-164,
Policies and Procedures for Cadets Who Speak English as a Second Language. International
cadets are not authorized to participate in RPA Airmanship courses.
16
CHAPTER 2 – ACADEMICS
SECTION 2-1
REGISTRATION
2-1.1. RESPONSIBILITY FOR REGISTRATION.
a. Cadet Responsibilities. The primary responsibility for completion of graduation

requirements rests with the cadet. Each cadet is expected to plan a course of study and
maintain satisfactory standards of scholarship and conduct. The faculty stands ready to help
when called upon, but the initiative rests with the cadet. Cadets must meet with their academic
advisors or Associate Air Officers Commanding for Academics (AAOCA) at least once each
semester prior to the registration deadline for the following semester. In addition, cadets will
take the following steps:
(1) Deliver all annotated Academic Program Summaries (APSs) with course changes for
the following semester to DFVRC if after the registration deadline.
(2) Verify the accuracy of each document returned from the Office of Student Academic
Affairs following the processing of course change requests.
(3) Ensure the latest copy of the APS reflects plans for meeting graduation requirements.
(4) Coordinate with their AAOCAs prior to declaring an academic major(s). Cadets must
declare a major no later than a week prior to the registration deadline during their third
semester (fall of third-class year). However, some majors – e.g. Computer Science,
Chemistry, and Biology (particularly those interested in pursuing medical school) – should
be declared before the end of the fourth-class year due to course sequencing requirements.
(5) Submit a USAFA Form O-498, Request for Permission to Enroll in an Independent
Study Course, when necessary (see Para 2-1.10).
(6) Comply with all registration change, academic major declaration, and academic major
change procedures and deadlines described in this handbook.
b. Advisor-in-Charge (AIC), Academic Advisor, and AAOCA responsibilities.
(1) Hold cadets accountable for meeting deadlines established in this handbook. To ensure
accomplishment of all necessary administrative requirements, advisors and AAOCAs must
meet with their advisees at least once each semester prior to the registration deadline for
the following semester.
(2) Be available for cadet appointments concerning registration changes, academic

program declarations, and academic program changes.
(3) Coordinate all advisee registration changes, academic program declarations, and
17
academic program changes by completing the online registration process.
(4) Verify each advisee's program meets course prerequisite requirements and that waivers
and department approvals have been obtained and processed as required.
(5) Be responsible for accomplishing counseling, registration changes, or academic

program changes with advisees as directed by the Academic Review Committee (ARC).
(6) Initiate, at the beginning of the semester, an annotated APS to drop all overload courses
for cadets who do not meet minimum GPA criteria for overloads.
(7) Make sure each advisee's academic program includes all requirements for graduation.
(8) Ensure cadets on academic probation are counseled at each progress report.
(9) Assist and counsel advisees preparing for ARC interviews.
(10) Provide mentoring and guidance towards achievement of the cadets’ personal and
professional goals.
2-1.2. ACADEMIC COUNSELING AND ADVISING. The Dean of the Faculty has delegated to
DFVR responsibility for administering the academic advising and counseling program. DFVRC
trains and educates the AAOCAs and AICs for each academic program the Academy offers.
Academic advising is an integral part of the Academy learning experience. Academic advising
includes assisting cadets with course and program selection and registration, helping cadets
develop realistic self-perceptions, and successfully transitioning cadets to the Academy
environment.
a. AAOCA. Each AAOCA provides general advice and counsel on academic programs to
cadets of his/her squadron. AAOCAs mentor cadets in selecting an academic program that
mirrors the cadets’ life goals and is supported by the cadets’ abilities. AAOCAs keep records
on all advisees.
b. Advisor-in-Charge (AIC). Each AIC is responsible for the advising of all cadets within the
applicable academic program. The AIC may have a number of assistants (advisors) to help
counsel cadets interested in that discipline; however, it is the AIC that makes all final decisions
in administering the program. The AIC, in general, oversees the proper completion and timely
submission of all inputs to the registration system. In this regard, the AIC serves as the single
point of control for all paperwork and procedures concerning the program; DFVRC will honor
only the AIC's signature or that of a designated alternate.
When advising cadets on alignment between USAFA majors and future AFSCs, advisors and
cadets should review the Air Force Officer Classification Directory (AFOCD), Appendix A,
CIP Education Matrix, to ensure that the selected USAFA major is required, desired, or
permitted for the AFSC the cadet is pursuing. For entry into the AFSC, it is mandatory that
an officer accession meet at least one of the tiers listed in the CIP matrix for the AFSC in
which they are to be accessed. Each AFSC will work to fill the first Tier prior to filling the
18
other Tiers. Each AFSC has a different set of requirements and tier structure. If an officer
doesn't meet any of the tier requirements in the matrix, they are not qualified to enter the AFSC.
Target Accession Rates are defined in each AFSC’s CIP Education Matrix. Tier 1 target
accession rates are generally the largest because the desired population for each AFSC should
be a Tier 1 officer. Tier 2 and Tier 3 target accession rates follow suit. There are some AFSCs
which have only one Tier due to the strict educational entry requirements. For example,
61CXN and 61DXN have only one Tier defined with target accession rates for these AFSCs
being 100%. When distributing officer accessions across the education needs of all AFSCs,
Tier 1 requirements are considered first until the pool of available accessions with matching
education has been exhausted. Tier 2 accessions will then be considered, then Tier 3.
c. Maintenance of Cadet Academic Records. The AIC, advisor, or AAOCA keeps a current
copy of cadets’ APSs and other academic-related documents to include waivers, graduation
checks, Cadet Academic Deficiency Evaluation and Probation Action Plans (USAFA Form
68) and special information concerning cadets’ academic programs. Cadets should keep
copies of all information related to their academic programs. Cadets’ official transcripts may
be requested from DFVRR. The most current APSs are available from the CAMIS II Cadet
Schedules application or from Q2. Records should be maintained for six months following
the cadet’s graduation or departure. Advising folders can be purged and returned to DFVR for
reuse at that time.
2-1.3. PROGRAM PLANNING. During their first semester at the Academy, fourth-class cadets
should begin planning their academic program. As an aid to cadets and their AAOCAs, DFVRR
will pre-register each cadet in all common core courses the cadet must complete at the Academy
based upon predetermined semester-load balances negotiated with academic departments. Cadets
and AAOCAs must check APSs for omissions, sequencing errors, and ensure third semesters
include prerequisites required by the envisioned academic major. Cadets may make changes to
this initial schedule, provided they satisfy core sequencing policies.
a. Course Offerings. Course offerings are published semi-annually in the Curriculum

Handbook Supplement and annually in this handbook.
b. Contact Hours. The two-day USAF Academy scheduling cycle limits the available number
of periods (contact hours) to 13. Because some academic courses meet every day or require a
double period for laboratory or seminar meetings, cadets should be careful to keep their
programs within the 13-period limit each semester. Cadets should pay particular attention to
flying programs that require additional periods. The number of contact hours for each course
is shown in the course description section of this handbook beside the course identifier. For
example, an entry "3(2)" indicates that a course has three semester hours value and meets two
contact hours over the two-day scheduling cycle.
c. Semester Hour Computation. Only courses, programs, or experiences which fulfill

requirements for the Bachelor of Science degree are considered for semester hour credit. A
semester hour is awarded on the expectation of roughly 40 hours of cadet work over the course
of the semester, either in direct interaction with a credentialed faculty member or completing
out-of-class work associated with the course or program. Most academic courses at USAFA
are 3.0 semester hours, meaning that they will require 120 hours of cadet work over the course
19
of the semester. This is typically accomplished by meeting for 40 one-hour periods of
classroom instruction (minus the institutionally-allotted transit time between classes) and
requiring typical cadets to perform roughly 80 hours of out-of-class work over the course of
the semester.
(1) Variants of the typical 3.0 semester hour configuration are possible. For example, a
3.0 semester hour course could also meet for roughly 80 hours (e.g., in 40 two-hour
periods), but only require typical cadets to perform 40 hours of out-of-class work over the
course of the semester.
(2) It is also possible for courses to deviate from the 3.0 semester hour standard. For
example, a 1.0 semester hour course (requiring 40 total hours of cadet work) could meet
for 40 one-hour lessons but expect no out-of-class work or meet for 20 one-hour sessions
with the expectation of roughly 20 hours of out-of-class work. Any department offering a
course or program with a semester hour designation that deviates from the 3.0 standard is
expected to explain how semester hours are computed as part of a Course of Instruction
Change Proposal (CCP).
(3) USAFA Physical Education (Phy Ed) courses are one notable exception to the 3.0
semester hour standard. All Phy Ed courses are worth 0.5 semester hours. They consist of
eight lessons, 75 minutes in duration, equating to 10 classroom contact hours. Cadets are
expected to allocate roughly 75 minutes per lesson to outside class study, practice,
preparation, and extra-instruction (EI). This results in 20 total hours per .5 semester hours
Phy Ed course (150 minutes x 8 lessons), and is therefore proportionate to the 120 hours
required for a 3.0 semester hour academic course.
d. Course Load. When planning course loads, cadets should attempt to balance their schedules
as much as possible. The waiver authority for maximum course loading is DFVR. The waiver
authority for minimum course loading is the Dean of Faculty. The waiver process is described
in paragraph 2-1.9.
(1) For the fourth-class fall semester, the maximum semester hour load is 17.5 semester
hours; the minimum semester hour load is 13.5 semester hours. Cadets determined to be
academically at-risk will take 4 academic courses their first semester plus Learn Strat 101
(see para 6-6); the course loads for their first two semesters are determined upon entry into
the Academy.
(2) For the fourth-class spring semester, the maximum semester hour load is 21.25
semester hours; the minimum semester hour load is 14.5 semester hours. The semester
hour range for academically at-risk fourth-class cadets in the spring semester is 14.5 – 17.5
semester hours. In addition, academically at-risk cadets will normally be granted an
academics-plus-summer break slot in the summer prior to their third-class year. If an
academically at-risk cadet earns a 2.80 semester GPA or higher at the end of the fall
semester, is academically proficient, and passes all coursework in the fall semester, he/she
can opt out of the academics-plus-summer break slot, opening the opportunity for other
summer programs, such as Airmanship, Cyber, Space, and RPA courses.
20
(3) For third-class, second-class, and first-class cadets, the maximum semester hour load
is 22.0 semester hours; the minimum semester hour load is 14.5 semester hours. Cadets in
good standing may exceed 22.0 semester hours if they have a minimum 3.25 cumulative
or previous semester GPA.
(4) The minimum semester hour load for the Wing Commander, Vice Wing Commander,
the four Group Commanders, the Wing Honor Chair, the Deputy Wing Honor Chairs, and
the eight Group Honor Chairs is 12.5 semester hours.
(5) The NCAA requires intercollegiate student athletes to be enrolled in a minimum

semester hour load of 12.0 hours to maintain eligibility for athletic competition.
(6) Any cadet placed on academic probation may be ARC-directed to drop a course or
courses.
e. Normal Course Load Progression for Graduation:
Table 2. Semester Hour Requirements
CLASS SEMESTER SEMESTER HOURS

1 13.5 – 17.5
Fourth
2 14.5 – 21.25
3 14.5 – 22.0
Third
4 14.5 – 22.0
5 14.5 – 22.0
Second
6 14.5 – 22.0
7 14.5 – 22.0
First
8 14.5 – 22.0
Total Semester Hours: 134.0 – 149.0
2-1.4. CADET ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (CAMIS).

CAMIS II is the computer database USAFA personnel use to record cadets’ academic programs
[CAMIS II will be replaced by Cadet Operations Management Planning & Admissions Support
System (COMPASS) during the summer of 2022, after that time references to CAMIS will be
removed and replaced with COMPASS]. The Office of Student Academic Affairs staff produces
and distributes CAMIS II products that cadets and advisors use for registration and monitoring
progress toward graduation. Q2 is an administrative tool used to simplify numerous academic
administrative functions. If Q2 and CAMIS II products conflict, CAMIS II products take
precedence. Samples of the Q2 APS and the Academic Graduation Check are provided in Figure
1 and Figure 2, respectively.
a. Academic Program Summary. Information found on the APS (Figure 1) includes transfer
and validation credit, athletic squads, clubs, intramurals, total semester hours for each
semester, total cumulative semester hours at the end of each semester, semester and cumulative
GPA at the end of each semester, turn back status, academic probation information, and
courses taken and planned. The following areas warrant further explanation:
21
(1) "Academic Probation" indicates academic probation for mid-semester (Prog), end-of-
semester (End), or end-of-summer term (End) and is a permanent entry for that semester
or term.
(2) The semester hour total listed below each semester’s courses reflects all completed
graded courses, completed pass/fail courses, and transfer and validation semester hours’
credit.
(3) Activity Codes: Following are the activity codes which appear on the APS. The prefix
"V" indicates varsity; "J" indicates junior varsity; "I" indicates intramurals; "O" or "C"
designates clubs. The suffix "M" indicates male; "F" indicates female; and "C" indicates
coed. The middle two letters indicate the activities listed in Table 3.
Check APS/Grad Check As Of: July 22 , 2021 07:29

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Produced From: RIOS QRS System
Cadet:
Gender: M Class Year: 2022 Squadron: 36 ACA Comp: 3476 Prep: n/a ESL : N Advisor:
Cum GPA: 3.444 Core GPA : 3.554 OPA: 3.24 1 1st Major GPA: 3.274 2nd Major GPA :
Summer 20 18 Summer 2019 Summer 2020 Summer2021 Major(s)
M11Tng 100 000 Ammshp 490EF 000 Chem 200 400 B• M1ITng 444G I 000 OpsRsch (1s t)
PhyEd 100 000 M11Tng 444AC 000 MilTng 205GI 000 M1ITng 330AC 0.00 Mlnor(s)
M11Tng 10500 000 400 M1ITng 4590f 000 R ussian (1s t)
GPASpr/Sum MPA PEA M11Tng 2706 1 000 GPASpr/Sum MPA PEA 000 Valldatlon Credit
3 42 3.535 3.44 0 3.273 BehSci 110 300
000 GPASpr/Sum MPA PEA Ma> 300
Fa ll 2018 GPASpr/Sum MPA PEA Fall 2020 Physics 300
CE 100 000 363 3.559 AeroEngr 315 300 B A Fa ll 2021 Sparl'sh 132 300
Che m 400 A A L= B• A- Ew e Sparish
Fall 20 19 300
History 300 C B- CE 000 Leadership 3008 A- Mot "'
Sports & Activities start End
Leaders hip 100 000 Ee~ 20 1 350 A- 377 300 B A OpsRsch 3 .00 VM-G,.mnas~cs 27May202 1
Math 300 A A English 300 B• A- OpsRsch B B OpsRsch Medlcal Status
Cu rre nt Com mss ionQuali!ed
PhyEd 1108 EngrMech A- OpsRsch B- B- OpsRsch
PhyEd
050
000 Leadership
220
200
300
000
C
PhyEd
331 300
PhyEd '°'
826
0.00
Erny
Cadet:
CommssionQual1fled
PhyEd 000 MSS 25 1 4 50 A- B• PhyEd PhyEd 0.00

Advisor:
ReadStrat 103 000 PhyEd 2228 050 PhyEd 215A 050 8- PhyEd 343A 0 .50
AIC:
Russia n 300 A- B PhyEd 11 1A 050 PhyEd 3158 A- 12.50
13.50 PhyEd 826 000 Russian 321 300 B B GPA MPA PEA
GPA MPA PEA PhyEd 000 1975
3.4 7 3.469 3.243 3.243 PolSci 21 1 300 IU A- Spring 2022
GPA MPA PEA
Honors: Dean's 340 3.508 3 458 3.304 3470 3420 ECE 315 3 .00
Russi an 300 A- A
Spring 2019 Honors : Dean's and Athletic Leadership 400ZX
21 00
Amlnshp 250H 000 Mg! 400 3.00
GPA MPA PEA Spring 2021
Com pSa 110 300 3408 3312 3.349 Co mpSci 362 300 B• B OpsRsch
365 3595 3380
Eng li sh 300 B- B Honors: Dean 's and Athletic E= B- B OpsRsch 406 0.00
Leadersh,p p A Ma> 318 B B Ph~os
Spring 2020
M,th 300 C A- AstroEng r 310 300 A- A- OpsRsch 312 B B PhyEd
PhyEd 000 CompSci A B PhyEd 352G A PhyEd 926 0.00
PhyEd 926 000 Hi st,xy 300 300 0 B• PhyEd 916 000 PhyEd 452G
PhyEd 110H 050 B- Le1ldershrp 8 A PhyEd Ru ssian 410 3.00
PhyEd 152G 050 A Math 34 4 300 B A- Russian 322 B• B 16.25
Physics 215H 400 A A OpsRsch 310H 300 A- A 15.50
GPA MPA PEA
Russia n 300 B• B• PhyEd 252G 050 GPA MPA PEA
1775 PhyEd 916 000 3.03 3.444 3.634 3.351 375 0 3477
GPA MPA PEA PhyEd 000 Hon ors : Superintendent's Li st

3.63 3.559 3.286 3 .2 65 Russian 222 300 A B
Honors: Dean's SocSa 300 B- B•
2325
GPA MPA PEA

344 3547 2986 3231 3.550 3.389
Ho nors: Dean 's and Athl etic
Personal Data• Privacy Act of 1974
Figure 1. Academic Program Summary
22
Table 3. Activity Codes
Competitive (C) LX M Lacrosse OC C Cadet Outfitters Club
AD C Academy Concerts RI F Rifle CZ C Chess Club
AP C Alpine Skiing RI M Rifle EA C Eagle's Club
BY C Bicycle Club SO F Soccer EQ C Equestrian
FP F Fast Pitch Softball SO M Soccer IP C Ice Sports
JU C Judo SW F Swimming KT C Karate, Traditional
LX C Lacrosse SW M Swimming LP C Los Padrinos
LX F Lacrosse TN F Tennis MG C Meteorology
MR C Marathon TR M Track MT C Mountaineering Club
NS C Nordic Skiing OW C Open Water Swimming
RO C Rodeo Mission Support (M) PL C Paintball
RB F Rugby CM C Battlefield Airman PW C Powerlifting
RB M Rugby CO C Cadet Choir ST C Skeet Team
TH M Team Handball CH C Chorale SK C Skiing
TI C Triathlon Club CW Z Combat Shooting SO C Soccer
UF C Ultimate Frisbee YW C Cyber Warfare SJ C Sports Climbing Team
VB M Volleyball DB C Drum Bugle TK C Taekwondo
WP F Water Polo ET C EMT Team UN C Unchained
FA C Falcon Hndlr WG C Wargaming
Intramural (I) FY C Flying (Planes/Balloons) WL C Way of Life Club
BB C Basketball HE C Heritage Club
BX M Boxing HG C Honor Guard Varsity (V)
CC C Cross Country MA C Media BA M Baseball
FF C Flag Football OS C Orchestra Club BB F Basketball
FF F Flag Football PA C Parachute BB M Basketball
FK C Flicker Ball RA C Rattex BX M Boxing
FW C Futsal SD C Sabre Drill Team CL F Cheer Leader
MC C Mountain Cycling SH C Sandhurst CL M Cheer Leader
RQ C Racquetball SI C Show Choir CC M Cross Country
RB M Rugby SG C Soaring CC F Cross Country
RB F Rugby DV F Diving
SO C Soccer Club (O) DV M Diving
SB C Softball RK C Freethinkers Club FN F Fencing
TH C Team Handball KA C Karate FN M Fencing
TN C Tennis SX C Spectrum Club FB M Football
UF C Ultimate Frisby GO M Golf
VB C Volleyball Professional (P) GY M Gymnastics
WA C Wallyball CI C Chinese Club GY F Gymnastics
WP C Water Polo HS C History Club IH M Ice Hockey
WT C Weight Training IC C International Club LX M Lacrosse
ML C Mock Trial RI F Rifle
Junior Varsity (J) PH C Peer RI M Rifle
BA M Baseball SZ C STEM SO F Soccer
BB F Basketball SE C Sigma Gamma Tau SO M Soccer
BB M Basketball SW M Swimming
CL F Cheer Leader Recreational (R) SW F Swimming
CL M Cheer Leader AK C Aikido TN F Tennis
CC M Cross Country AX C Archery TN M Tennis
CC F Cross Country AA C Arnold Air Society TR F Track
FN F Fencing AB C Aviation TR M Track
FN M Fencing BI C Big Brothers VB F Volleyball
FB M Football BU C Bluebards WP M Water Polo
GO M Golf BX F Boxing WR M Wrestling
IH M Ice Hockey C4 C Cadet For a Day
b. Academic Graduation Check. The three major sections of the grad check (Figure 2) are
Core Requirements, Major Requirements, and Other Courses Taken. Columns represent the
following:
23
(1) The “Requirement” column lists the Master Course File number and the course title.
(2) The “Course” column lists the course filling the requirement.
(3) The “GPA” column lists each GPA (i.e. core (C), 1st major (M1), and/or 2nd major
(M2)) toward which that course counts. Courses may be included in more than one GPA.
(4) The “Wvr” column indicates if that course was waived (Y) into that requirement.
(5) The “Sem” column lists the semester in which the course was taken or is planned.
(6) The "Grd" column lists the final grade, the mid-term grade, or no grade for a course
not yet taken (*) or scheduled (--). A ‘T’ indicates transfer credit; a ‘V’ indicates validation
credit.
(7) The “Hrs” column lists the semester hours for the course filling that requirement,
rounded to the nearest tenth.
APS/Grad Ch eck APS/Grad Check As Of: July 22 , 2021 07:29

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Produced From: RIOS QRS System
Major: 1st (OpsRsch) Other Courses Taken

Core Requirement GPA w,, SEM Gnl H~
M,
Requirement
C01AB-Aero3151210
C03AC - AstroEngr310
AeroEngr
AstroEngr
315
310
w,, SEM
20B
'9C
Gnl
A
A-
30
30
M6 1BE - Comp SCI 212
M67CB - Ops Rsch 3 12
M67DB-Meth378
Comp§o
Ops Rsch
212
M,
M,
19C
20C
20C B
AO
30
M1i l ng
Ph yEd
CE
100
100
100
'""
,AA
188 P
00
00
00
M67EC-Math344 Mall1 344 ,,c A- 30 Leadership 100 C '8B 00
C04AC - Chem100 Chem 100 '88 A
COSAB-CompSc i 110 CompSa ,ac A '°
30
M67FB - Econ365
M67GA-Eoon465
Econ 365 M',
M
20C
2'B
B PhyEd 11 0 C
'8B 00
C06AD - Ecoo 201 Ec,:,n 201 ms A- 35
M67HD - Ops Rsc h4 21 Op sR sch 421 M, 2'B 30 Russian 13 1 C '8B 30
C09BA - ECE3 15 ECE 315 2K
,ac
30
M671D-OpsRsch 331 Ops Rsch 331 M, 200 B- 30 Nmnshp 250 18C P 00
C10AC-English111 English 8
M67,.8 - CompSCi 362 M, 20C B Russian 132 C 18C B+
C11BA-Engl ish211
C14A8 - ForLang Core
English
Spanish 131
ms
,SA
A- 30
M67KC - Ops Rsch 311 M, 200 B N mnshp 490 '9A p 00
V 30
C14A8 - ForLangCore Spantsh 132 '8A 30
M67KE -/J.FOR Option M' 2'B 30 M11Tng
M11Tng
205 ,SA
'9A
P
p
00
M67NB - Opt,on 1 2'B 30
C158 B - Leadership 100 Leadership 100 ,ac M670B-Opti<in 2 CE 00
C15CA- Leadersh ip200 Leader., h1p 200
Leadership 300
ms 00
M67PC -Ops Rsch 422 Op sR sch M, 2K 30 Russian 22 1 C 198 A 30
C15DA - Leadership300 200 A- 08 p Leadership 200 C me 08
M670A - Ops Rsch405 OpsRsch 405 2'B 00
C15EA -L eadership400 Leadership 400 2K p
M670C - OpsRsch406 OpsRsch 406 2' C 00 Russian 222 C '9 C
C16AB- History 100 History 100 ,as 8- 30 M11Tng 205 20A 00
C178 8- H1story300 History 300 '9C B• 30 Russian 32 1 C 20B 30
C20AB - Law 220 Law 220 200 A- 30 Russian 322 C 20C B 30
C22AB-Math 141 '8A V M11Tng 21A P
C23AB - Math 142/152 Ma> ,as A 30 M11Tng 459 21A P 00
C266A -Math 300 Math 377 C M, 200 30 Russian 4 10 C nc 30
C28AC -PhySics 110 Physics '8A
C29B C -MechErigr220 Engrt,1edl 220 ms A-
C30AA- Ph llos 310 Phllos 310 2,C
C31AC -P/0'8 0ption Physics 215 ,ac A
C32AC - P/C/8 Opbon Chom 20A B• '°
C33AB - Po l Sa 211 PolSa ms A- 30
C35AC-SocSci311 SocSci 311 ,,c B• 30
C37A8 - BehS ci 110 BehSci 110 ,SA V 30
C41AA-Adv STEM Optioo Mall1 C M1 ,ac A-
C42AA-Adv Soao-C Opt Mg! 400 nc 30
C43AA-Adv Open Opt ion OpsRsch 310 C M1 ,,c A 30
C58BD - MSS 251 MSS 251 C ms B• '5
C9:JAA- Boxing PhyEd ,ac 8- 05
C91AB - Physical Deve l PhyEd 152 ,SC 05
C92AA - Sw1mm1ng PhyEd 111 ms 05
C92AB - wmer SurvJ'lal PhyEd 222 ms A
C92AC - lndiv Sport Op t PhyEd 2' B 05
C93AA- Unarmed Co mbat1 PhyEd 215 200 8- 05
C93A.8 - Unarmed Combat2 PhyEd 315 200 A- 05
C93.A.C- Team Sport Opt PhyEd '9C A
C94AA- Open Eledrve PhyEd 20C A 05
C94AB - Open Eledrve PhyEd 452 2K 05
Resident Semester Hours - 143 Resident Semester Hours Required for Graduation - 125 Total Semester Hours- 158
--- = Missing Requirement * = Midterm Grade Y = Waiver Granted GPA: C= Core; M1 = 1st Major; M2 = 2nd Major Sem: YY = Academic Year; A= Summer ; B = Fall ; C = Spring
Personal Data - Privacy Act of 1974
Figure 2. Academic Grad Check
24
c. Verification of Graduation Requirements.
(1) Academic Requirements: During the fall semester, DFVRC audits the core curriculum
portion of each first-class cadet's graduation check to ensure all core requirements have
been or will be met. Coordinate with DFVRC if you make any changes to the cadet's
program subsequent to this certification to ensure the graduation check remains valid.
(2) Verification of Military Graduation Requirements: Each fall semester, Commandant

of Cadets personnel will audit and verify the military training curriculum portion of cadets’
graduation check to ensure all military training requirements have been or will be met.
Advisors cannot make changes to a cadet's summer military training program.
(3) Verification of Athletic Graduation Requirements: Each semester, ADP will audit and
verify the physical education curriculum portion of each cadet’s graduation check to ensure
their physical education course requirements and their Physical Education Average (PEA)
status fulfills graduation requirements.
d. Semester Titles. Semester and term titles on the COMPASS APS and grad check are as
follows:
Table 4. Semester Titles
Semester/Term APS Title Grad Check Title

Summer Term 2022 2225 2225
Fall Semester 2022 2228 2228
Spring Semester 2023 2231 2231
Summer Term 2023 2235 2235
2-1.5. REGISTRATION PERIODS. Four types of registration periods occur:
a. Special Semester Registration: Changes authorized anytime. Coordination by all affected

departments is required. Changes authorized:
(1) Drop courses per course drop timetable (Table 6)
(2) First-class only: correct grad check discrepancies (department coordination required)
(3) Department-approved changes to lower/higher-level courses
(4) Academic Review Committee-directed changes
(5) Change of advisor and/or major
b. Late Registration: Registration changes for the next semester requested after that
semester’s registration deadline (e.g., changes to spring requested in December). Obtain
approval to add or drop classes from each affected Department Head or representative in the
25
form of a signature on the APS.
c. Future Semester On-Line Registration: Registration changes for future fall and spring
semesters are accepted anytime in Q2 by the cadet’s assigned advisor. If past the registration
deadline for that semester, late registration procedures apply (see para 2-5b). Department
coordination is required during on-line registration for future semesters if the change violates
course prerequisites or the course requires department approval as directed by the course
description (Section 2-10).
d. Summer Registration: Summer academic course registration occurs in the spring semester
preceding the summer term. Details will be advertised by DFVRC to cadets and advisors.
2-1.6. CHANGES AFFECTING FUTURE SEMESTERS (Q2i “On-Line” Registration).

Schedule changes to future semesters can be made any time before the registration deadline for
that semester as advertised by DFVRC. The registration deadline for the spring semester occurs
in the October preceding it. The registration deadline for the fall semester occurs in the March
preceding it. Advisors/AAOCAs can enter registration changes for future semesters through Q2i’s
On-Line Registration System. Moving a core course outside its designated year requires an
academic waiver approved by the Associate Dean for Student Academic Affairs (DFVR).
a. Q2i On-Line Registration - Options:
(1) Add Course to Schedule (add course to future semester)
(2) Move Selected Course to… (move future course to a different semester)
(3) Swap Terms for Selected Courses (change semesters for two future courses)
(4) Replace Selected Course with… (replace future course with a new course)
(5) Delete Selected Course (delete course from future semester)
b. Q2 On-Line Registration – Rules of Engagement:
(1) Only academic courses can be changed with Q2i (i.e. no Phy Ed and no Armnshp).
(2) Advisors can only change advisees’ courses.
(3) AICs (Advisor In-Charge) can make changes to cadets within their major.
(4) Schedules for the current semester must be changed by DFVRC after coordination with
affected departments per registration guidance. After the registration deadline for the
upcoming semester, advisors will not be able to make on-line changes for that semester.
(5) AICs must check and approve pending changes (e.g. manually check course
prerequisites).
26
(6) Advisors verify changes were made (i.e. view new APS next day).
(7) Only offered courses can be added in associated semesters.
(8) Q2i should, but won’t always, generate warnings for underloads and overloads.
Advisors should verify changes are consistent with course load minimums and maximums
(see para 2-3e).
(9) Advisors should ensure registered courses do not exceed 13 hours contact time
maximum.
(10) Advisors should ensure cadets meet all graduation requirements (core and major).
c. Registration changes after the registration deadline must be submitted IAW paragraph
2-5b.
2-1.7. CHANGES AFFECTING CURRENT SEMESTER. We classify any changes affecting

the present semester as current semester changes. Cadets must attend the courses printed on their
academic schedules until they receive a new schedule via the CAMIS webpage. Instructors are
required to mark absent any cadet who does not attend class, and is still on their roster. The cadet
will drop from the instructor roster at the effective time that their schedules are changed. An
instructor may allow a cadet to attend a class a cadet is attempting to add during the cadet's free
period until he/she receives the schedule change.
a. Checklist for Changes to Current Semester. All changes attempted after the normal
registration period requires appropriate Department Head (or designated representative)
coordination; course drops must meet the deadlines listed in the course drop timeline (Table
6).
(1) Cadet and advisor/AAOCA work out desired changes, performing the following:
(a) Course offering check (are courses taught in semesters desired?)
(b) Core course sequencing check
(c) Academic program course check (are all required courses scheduled?)
(d) Prerequisite check
(e) Underload/overload check
(f) Contact hour check (are 13 or fewer contact hours scheduled per semester?)
(g) Duplicate course check (are any courses scheduled more than once?)
(2) Cadet and advisor/AAOCA annotate a current APS with desired changes.
27
(3) For current semester changes, the APS must be coordinated by the following:
(a) Cadet, advisor/AAOCA, and AIC (if the cadet has declared an academic major)
(b) Department Head or designated representative for each course that is added or
dropped
(c) Coordination with the following agencies, if affected by changes:
Table 5. Course Coordination
Course Req’d Coordination

Armnshp Courses A3O
Aviation Courses A3O
Cyber Courses DFCS
Phy Ed Courses ADP
RPA/UAS Courses A3O
Space Courses DFAS
b. Directed Changes.
(1) DFVRR may change a cadet's schedule to correct errors or to balance course load.
(2) DFVRC may make changes to implement decisions resulting from the Academic Review
Committee process. If any of these changes requires a cadet to drop or add a course, DFVRC
will sign the annotated APS as the initiating authority or may ask the advisor/AAOCA to
sign the change request as the initiating authority.
(3) Cadets will drop necessary courses or initiate a waiver during Lesson 1 to comply with
the overload policy for cadets whose grade point averages at the beginning of a semester are
insufficient to carry their desired enrollment (see overload policy, para 2-1.3d and Definition
of Terms).
c. Adding a Course. To add a course in the current semester, the cadet and Advisor/AAOCA
must coordinate with DFVRC and submit an APS signed by the Department Head (or
designated representative) of the class being added. After Lesson 3, no courses can be added
without Department Head coordination and Vice Dean approval, coordinated through DFVR.
d. Dropping a Course. A cadet may drop an academic program, elective, or core course during
the semester with DFVRC approval if not dropping below minimum semester hour
requirements outlined in para 2-1.3d. To drop or make changes to an Airmanship, Aviation,
or RPA/UAS course, cadets must coordinate with the A3O Registrar
([email protected]). Approval to drop a course is subject to the timeline
shown in Table 6 and dependent upon ability to retake the course within proper sequencing
guidelines.
28
2-1.8. CHANGING AN ACADEMIC PROGRAM SUMMARY. Make changes to a cadet's
program either in Q2 or by annotating required changes in RED INK on a current copy of the
cadet's APS.
a. Ensure you use the most current APS available.
b. To drop courses, circle them (don't line out courses; this indicates no change to DFVR
personnel). If the course is circled in error, line through the circle and the class will not be
dropped.
c. To add courses, write them in under the appropriate semester.
d. To declare or change an academic program, annotate above the advisor's name.
e. Changes made to the 7th or 8th semester of a first-class cadet must include the graduation
check to allow DFVRC to verify graduation requirements will be met.
f. If any APS changes are initiated by a person or group other than the cadet and his/her
academic advisor, both the cadet and advisor will be notified by that entity within 24 hours of
the change.
29
Table 6. Course Drop Timeline
LESSON ACTION
Course will not appear in mid-semester progress report or on official transcript.
M1 - T8 Cadets must have AAOCA/Advisor and AIC (if applicable) coordination for their
intended drops along with approval by all affected departments. (Coordination will
be via signature on current APS submitted for change; approval authority is DFVR.)
Drops which are in the best interest of USAFA and the cadet will be allowed in
M9 - T20 select circumstances. Cadets must have Advisor, AIC, and Course Director
coordination with final approval by the major’s Department Head. Coordination
will be via signature on current APS submitted for change. Undeclared cadets
require AAOCA and Course Director coordination with approval by DFVR.
Coordination will be via signed APS and USAFA Form 69 (see Figure 3). If drop
is approved, a "W" will appear on the official transcript.
A grade will appear on the mid-semester progress report. Cadets academically
M21-T30 deficient as a result of this grade will be placed on academic probation and will not
be eligible to come off until the end of the semester. Drop requests must be
submitted via an APS coordinated through the Course Director, AAOCA/Advisor,
and AIC (for declared cadets). If drop is approved, a "WP" or "WF" will appear on
the official transcript. DFVR is the final approval authority.
No drops will be allowed except in extraordinary circumstances (extended
M31-Finals hospitalization, extended emergency leave, or extenuating occurrences approved by
DFV). Extraordinary circumstances do not include a cadet's academically deficient
performance in a course and do not apply to cadets changing their academic
programs, even if the course they wish to drop is not required in the cadet's new
program. These drops will not be approved solely to remove a deficient grade in the
course and must have waiver approval via USAFA Form 69 (see Figure 3) approved
by DFV. Drops approved in this time period will be reflected on official transcripts
as "WP" or "WF."
NOTES:
1. The annotated APS should be delivered electronically to DFVRR by submitting it to
[email protected]. The academic advisor or AAOCA keeps one copy of the annotated
APS.
2. If the requested change does not create a graduation check failure, the requesting cadet receives
a new schedule via the CAMIS webpage. If the change creates a graduation check failure or if
other errors are detected, DFVRC will contact the cadet’s advisor for review, clarification, or
further adjustments. Cadets must attend all courses until receipt of a new schedule via the CAMIS
webpage.
2-1.9. WAIVERS. Use USAFA Form 69, Request for Academic Waiver (see Figure 3).
a. When cadets request substitute courses for core or academic program requirements, their
advisors must list the specific line numbers of the requirements as listed in the Graduation
Requirements Master File (found on cadets’ Grad Checks or in the Master Course File).
Advisors must also list the term in which the substitutes will be or have been taken.
30
b. When a cadet requests a change to the approved core sequencing found in Section 2-6, the
cadet must obtain the signature of the department head of the course delayed.
c. An APS and Grad Check must be submitted with the USAFA Form 69.
d. The advisor completes the appropriate portions of the form and signs it. The AIC initials
approval of the form and submits it to the appropriate department head for signature. The form
is delivered electronically to DFVR, via [email protected], who ensures the form
has been completed correctly and processes the form through the final approval authority.
DFVR notifies advisors of the final disposition of the waiver request.
e. Final approval authorities for most waivers are as follows:
Table 7. Final Waiver Approval Authority
Type of Waiver Approval Authority

Core Courses
• Substitute Academy Board
• Final exam or final report Vice Dean
• Prerequisites Appropriate Department Head
• Delay of core course Appropriate Department Head
• Waiver of foreign language requirement DFFL Department Head
Non-core courses
• Prerequisite Appropriate Department Head
• Final exam or final report Vice Dean
Academic Load
• Minimum course load Dean of the Faculty
• ARC-directed load Academic Review Committee
• 7 courses while on academic probation Academic Review Committee
• Course drop timeline (Figure 3) DFVR, DFV or DF
• Substitutes for major’s requirements Appropriate Department Head
• Minimum graduation requirements Academy Board
31
WAIVER REQUEST
(Reference USAFAI 36-3507 and the Curriculum Handbook)

AUTHORITY: Title 10 US.C. , Sections 8013 and 133: E.O . 9397
PRINCIPAL PURPOSE.·
ROUTINE USE: None.
DISCLOSURE IS VOLUNTARY. However, if information is not provided, waiver may not be processed.
TO
DFRR thru DFR , DFRC , Academic Advisor
CADET NAME (Last, First, Ml) I CLASS YEAR I SQUADRON IM~OR I DATE
X 1. REASON FOR ACADEMIC WAIVER
□ Substitute taken in semester for graduation requirement (Master file line number ) in major .
□ Delete requirement for in major.
□ Delete prerequisite of for
□ Substitute for as prerequisite for
□ Allow concurrent enrollment in and
□ Delay until semester of class year.
□ Underload to course units.

OTHER (Specify)
2. ACADEMIC ADVISOR'S JUSTIFICATION
Advisor Name, Rank

SIGNATURE DEPT DATE
3. COMMENTS/COORDINATION (Reference Curriculum Handbook)
DEPARTMENT HEAD LJAPPROVE LJ DISAPPROVE
Dept Head Signature Block
SIGNATURE DEPT DATE

DFR □ APPROVE □ DISAPPROVE
SIGNATURE DATE
ACADEMIC REVIEW COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN □ APPROVE □ DISAPPROVE
SIGNATURE DATE
DEANNICE DEAN OF FACULTY □ APPROVE □ DISAPPROV E
SIGNATURE DATE
ACAD EMY BOARD □ APPROV E □ DISAPPROV E
SIGNATURE DATE
USAFA FORM 69, 20090130 PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE COPY DISTRIBUTION: Original· DFRR , Copies· DFR
and Academic Advisor
Figure 3, Academic Waiver Request, USAFA Form 69
32
2-1.10. INDEPENDENT STUDY COURSES. Cadets can be enrolled in independent study
courses for future semesters on-line through Q2. A USAFA Form O-498, Request for Permission
to Enroll in an Independent Study Course (Figure 4), should be submitted to DFVRR by lesson 5
of the semester with the independent study. Fourth-class cadets will not be allowed to enroll in an
independent study course. Third-class cadets can enroll in an independent study course with
Department Head approval. Independent Study courses are numbered as follows: 499 is a 3.0
semester hour course; 499A is a 2.0 semester hour course; 499B is a 1.5 semester hour course; and
499C is a 1.0 semester hour course. The independent study syllabus, appropriately tailored for the
student and subject, will outline the course goals, policies, and expectations.
a. Title of Independent Study Courses. The title of an independent study course, submitted
on the USAFA Form O-498, should be short and succinct. Limit the title to 30 characters,
since the title or its abbreviation will appear on the cadet's official transcript. Except in special
circumstances, which the requestor should explain, the title should be different from any
assigned to other cadets. No cadet may take an independent study course during the summer
term without permission of DFV, coordinated through DFVR.
b. Limit of Independent Study Courses Taken. You may apply up to six semester hours of
independent study to academic graduation requirements without Department Head approval.
A cadet may take only three semester hours of independent study in any semester.
33
FOR PERMI SSION TO ENROLL IN AN INDEPENDENT STUDY COURSE
(This form is subject to the Privacy Act of 19 74)
AUTHORITY: 10 USC 9331 .

PRINCIPAL PURPOSE : To obtain permission of instructor, advisor, and departm ent head for enro/Jment in an independent study course . Becomes a
part of Master Cadet Personnel Record available to USAF Academy instructors, counselors, advisors, and the Registrars staff. ROUTINE USE: None.
DISCLOSUR E IS VOLUNTARY: However, ff information is not provided, cadet may not enroll in independent study course.
CAD ET NAM E (Last, First, Middle) CLASS ISQUADRON
DISCIP LI NE OF REQUESTE D IN DEPEND ENT STU DY COURS E I SEll'ESTER YEAR
IO I FA LL
I I I I S PRING
LIST COURSES COMPLETED/PR ESENTLY ENRO LLED IN THAT AR E RELAT ED TO PROPOS ED TOPIC
I have checked the Curriculum Handbook to confirm that there is such a course offering and that I have met ail course requirements.
CADET SIGNATURE DATE
This form must be submitted to HQ USAFAIDFR prior to Lesson T1 of the affected semester. The title should be short and succinct; it or
an abbreviation of it will appear on the cadet's official USA FA transcript. It must be typed or clearly printed. Except in special
circumstances, which should be briefly explained, the title should be different from any assigned to dher cadets.
I agree to instruct the above named cadet in a tutorial independent study course w ith the following title:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
LIN E 1 I N D s T u
LIN E 2
LI NE 3
MATERIALS AND/OR EQU IPMENT REQU IRED TO ADM INISTE R THI S COURSE (If none, please indicate)
In accordance with USAFA Curriculum Handbook, semester hours will be awarded upon successful completion of this course.
INS TRUCTOR SIGNATUR E I DE PA RTMENT PHON E NUMBER
I concur.
ADVISOR SIGNATUR E
I MAJOR
PHON E NUMB ER
Permission granted.
DEPAR TMEN T H EAD SIGNATUR E (Department offering course) DEPARTMENT
USAFA FORM 0 -4 98 , 20090116 (HQ USAFAIDFR) PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE
Figure 4. Request for Permission to Enroll in an Independent Study, USAFA Form O-498
34
2-1.11. SPECIAL TOPICS COURSES. Special Topics Courses (495s) must be identified at least
one semester in advance to DFVR. Notification should include a course description, section size,
enrollment restrictions, prerequisites/co-requisites, and a list of students to enroll if already
selected. Unless otherwise approved by the Curriculum Committee, special topics courses are
worth three semester hours and require one contact hour. Special topics courses will be listed in
the Curriculum Supplement published the semester before the course is taught. Each academic
discipline can offer one 495 special topics course each semester. In addition, Department Heads
should clearly indicate if third-class cadets will be allowed to enroll in the course. Fourth-class
cadets cannot enroll in special topics courses without DFV approval, coordinated through DFVR.
2-1.12. AUDITING.
a. Upper-class cadets may audit a non-core course if they have at least a 2.60 cumulative GPA.
An audited course will not count toward minimum course load requirements, but does factor
into maximum course load requirements. Cadets must fulfill the 3.25 GPA requirement if they
exceed their maximum course loads by adding a course for audit.
b. A cadet must have the approval of the appropriate Department Head to audit a course. The
Department Head or the instructor has the option of refusing an audit request.
c. A cadet may not take a course for credit at any time after receiving formal approval to audit
the class and after attending one period in an audit status.
d. Class attendance will be optional for an audited course.
e. The auditor need only do minimum preparation for the audited course. An auditor will not
participate in graded exercises or assignments. If an instructor feels an auditing cadet is
detracting from the instructor's effectiveness, the instructor may direct the cadet to withdraw
from the course.
f. Cadets may only request permission to audit a course after receiving their class schedules.
A cadet’s class schedule will not be rearranged to allow the cadet to audit a course.
g. Cadets will submit an audit request letter IAW Figure 5. Upon completing the request
letter, cadets return it to DFVRR for processing and filing. The audited course will not appear
on the cadet's transcript.
35
DEPARTMENT OF Ttf E AIR FORCE
United States Air Force Academy
Cadet .Squadron {XX)
{DATE}
FOR USAFA/DFVR
FROM: {Cadet Rank and Name}
SUBJECT: Request to Audit an Academic Course
1. Request I be permitted to audit {course} in {section} of the {fal I/spring 20XX}

semester.
2. My cumulative GPA is {gpa} is and my latest semester gpa was {gpa}. My graded
academic course I oad is {hours} semester hours.
3. I have a free period at the time I desire to audit the course; no schedule changes are
necessary to accommodate this request.
4. This course is NOT a core or major's requirement.
5. I have not previously audited nor taken this course for credit, and I understand that I
will not be permitted to take this course for credit at any ti me after I have attended one
period in an audit status, though I may drop the audited course later during the
semester.
CADET SIGNATURE BLOC!( & SIGNATURE
{NAME, Rank}, USAF {NAME, Rank}, USAF

Advisor, {Dept} AIC, {Major}
{NAME, Rank}, USAF {NAME, Rank}, USAF

Instructor of {Course} Permanent Professor and Head, {Dept}
Figure 5. Request to Audit an Academic Course
36
SECTION 2-2
SCHEDULING
2-2.1. THE ACADEMIC WEEK. The academic week in the fall and spring semesters generally
consists of five days with seven 53-minute periods each. For scheduling purposes, we designate
alternate weekdays as "M" and "T" days during each semester. Each two-day block (one "M" day
and one "T" day) is a complete lesson. An example of a cadet's schedule, which is obtained via
the CAMIS webpage, is located at Figure 6.
2-2.2. ACADEMIC COURSE SCHEDULING. DFVRR prepares the master course offering
schedule for each semester using course offering data, department inputs (via the Preferred Course
Offering Information (PCOI) process), and cadet registration information. Each department
scheduling coordinator will provide updated course file data (e.g., type of sectioning, whether or
not course will be giving final exams) to DFVRR upon request.
2-2.3. CADET EXCUSAL FROM ACADEMIC TIME. Department Heads may excuse cadets
from a class taught by their departments to visit specific places or agencies in the cadet duty area
to perform academic research or work related to specific academic courses. When the department
desires to sponsor an event which will use other than the departmentally scheduled academic time
or will require cadets to depart the cadet area, the department must submit an electronic Scheduling
Committee Action (SCA) USAFA Form 17 request in CAMIS through their department
representative at least two weeks prior to the event. You can find additional information
concerning excusal and compensatory time in USAFA Instruction 36-3536.
2-2.4. FINAL EXAMINATIONS. The Academy Board specifies the end-of-semester final
examination period. DFVRR schedules end-of-semester final examination times and places for
all courses that indicate a final examination requirement, as shown in this handbook and in the
Master Course File. Final examination periods will not be used for cadets to brief findings on
course projects. Final examination periods must be used solely for written final examinations. A
portion of Foreign Language final exams may include an oral proficiency evaluation. A final
examination must be at least two hours in length and account for at least 25% of the course grade.
Requests for changes to an individual cadet's final examination schedule must be submitted to
DFVRR for approval before the published deadline advertised each semester using the on-line
change process in CAMIS. DFVRR coordinates with chapel personnel to accommodate specific
religious worship times during final exam scheduling. English-as-a-Second Language (ESL)
cadets eligible for extra time in final examinations must coordinate with individual instructors. If
the extra time given requires rearranging other finals, the cadet must contact DFVRR for
rescheduling (see FOI 36-164, Policies and Procedures for Cadets Who Speak English as a Second
Language).
2-2.5. THE SUMMER. During the fall semester, DFVRC will publish a list of the upcoming
summer academic course offerings. These courses can be found on the DFVR website. Summer
Programs (Para 2-5.13) provides further information regarding summer programs.
37
2-2.6. ACADEMIC DAY SCHEDULE OF CALLS. A cadet's academic schedule reflects M-day
and T-day information. The academic periods are (from the Air Force Academy Cadet Wing
Schedule of Calls):
0630-0723 COMMON GR PERIOD

0730-1538 ACADEMIC TIME
0730-0823 1ST PERIOD ACADEMICS
0745-0900 PHY ED PERIOD
0830-0923 2ND PERIOD ACADEMICS
0930-1023 3RD PERIOD ACADEMICS
1030-1123 4TH PERIOD ACADEMICS
1130-1223 NOON MEAL
1245-1338 5TH PERIOD (M5 – CW MILITARY TRAINING; T5 – DF ACADEMICS)
A cadet’s academic schedule (Figure 6) reflects the day (M or T) and period(s) (e.g. M1-
M2, T4) during which each course on the schedule is assigned. The cadet schedule also
provides semester hours awarded for course, the location, and the instructor. All 10-lesson
courses will begin on lessons 1 (A/E blocks), 11 (B/F blocks), 21 (C/G blocks) or 31 (D/H
blocks). All 20-lesson courses will begin on lesson 1 or lesson 21 (the latter denoted with
the ‘X’ suffix in the course identifier, e.g. Leadership 400X). Phy Ed classes are taught
across 8 lessons within the confines of the designated block. USAFA/AD will publish the
start an end dates of each PE ‘go’ prior to the start of each semester. All other classes begin
on lesson 1. Additional suffixes that may appear on a schedule, but that do not affect the
start date of the class, include ‘H” for honors sections. ‘Z’ for experimental sections, ‘FR’
for fourth-class cadet only sections of upper level classes, and ‘S’ for sections that count
toward the Academy Scholars Program.
38
Period
Day Course Course Description Hours Section Building Room Instructor
PhyEd M1A- Mr. Tim D

M SWIMMING 0.50
111 E M 2A Hartje
PhyEd M1A- Mrs. Anne

WATER SURVIVAL 0.50
222F M2A Cutchin
ExtProg M1B- Dr. John H

EAAA 0.00
100G M 2B Riley, Jr
OpsRsch Fairchild Dr. Eric

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 3.00 M3A LS
310H Hall Tu cker
Spanish Fairchild Dr. Jean

INTERMED SPANISH II 3.00 M4A REMT19
222 Hall LeLoup
GENERAL CHEM 11, LECTURE & M6A- Fairchild Mr. Casey

Chem 200 4.00 REMT18
LAB M7A Hall Christopher
CompSci INTRO/ PROGRAMMING FOR T1A- Fairchild Capt Kevin

T 4.00 REMT20
212 ANALYSTS T2A Hall Cardenas
Dr. Robert
Fairchild
Math 344 APPLIED LINEAR ALGEBRA 3.00 T3A 4D60 H.
Hall
Wolverton
Ms.
Leade rsh ip FOUNDATIONS/ INTERPERSONAL Fairchild
0.75 T4A REMT07 Amanda
200G LDRS Hall
Metcalfe
Armnshp SOARING INSTRUCTOR TSA-

3.00
461 UPGRADE T7A
Figure 6. Cadet Academic Schedule
2-2.7. COURSES WITH UNUSUAL SCHEDULES.
a. Airmanship, Aviation, Leadership, Space, and UAS. During the fall and spring semesters,
various Airmanship, Aviation, Leadership, Space, and UAS courses are taught in ten- or
twenty-lesson blocks with two or more consecutive contact hours. Many of these are over-
scheduled with one another or with Phy Ed Courses.
b. Pseudo Courses. Phy Ed 8xx and 9xx are pseudo courses scheduled for 1st, 2nd, 5th, 6th,
and/or 7th period. Intercollegiate athletes are enrolled in these courses to block out Phy Ed
time. Ext Prog 7XX is a pseudo course that blocks out one or more academic periods for
scheduling purposes.
c. Eight/Ten Lesson Block Courses. Courses that meet for 8- or 10-lesson blocks (Phy Ed,
Armnshp and Leadership) are identified with the following suffix (see Table 8 below).
39
Table 8. Block Schedules
Fall Spring
Block Lessons Block Lessons
A M1 – T10 E M1 – T10
B M11 – T20 F M11 – T20
C M21 – T30 G M21 – T30
D M31 – T40 H M31 – T40
d. Twenty Lesson Block Courses. Various classes (e.g. Reading Strategies 103/103X,
Armnshp 302/302X) meet for 20 lessons. Courses with no suffix indicate the cadet will attend
lessons 1 through 20; courses with the X suffix will attend lessons 21 through 40.
Table 9. Scheduling Considerations
FITNESS 10-LESSON 20-LESSON

PHY ED TESTING COURSES COURSES
(PFT/AFT) (e.g. Jump) (e.g. Learn Strat)
8 lessons within A/E: 1-10
each block, per As scheduled B/F: 11-20 No suffix: 1-20
published AD by AD C/G: 21-30 X suffix: 21-40
calendar D/H: 31-40
Table 10. Courses with Special Schedules
10-LESSON 20-LESSON
COURSES COURSES
Armnshp 201 Aero Engr 206
Aviation 100 Armnshp 251
Aviation 300 Armnshp 302
Leadership 100 Aviation 400
Leadership 200 Cyber 355X
Leadership 300 Cyber 455X
Space 251 Econ 201*
Space 252 Leadership 400
Space 472 Learn Strat 102
UAS 200 Read Strat 103
Read Strat 104
Read Strat 201
* Econ 201 is a 30-lesson course
e. Experimental Courses. Experimental courses are courses testing new instructional material.
They are identified on the cadet’s schedule by a "Z" suffix.
f. Learning Strategies 101 (Learning Strategies for Academic and Career Success). A course
administered by the Academic Success Center (DFVRL) in the fall for fourth-class cadets
identified as "academically at-risk." Other cadets are welcome to take this course.
40
g. Learning Strategies 102: A condensed version of the Learning Strategies 101 course. It is
offered once in the spring and once in the fall after mid-semester grades are released.
h. Reading Strategies 103/103X. Reading Enhancement for First-Year Cadets. A half-

semester reading skills course tailored for fourth-class cadets. When registering for this
course, please specify preference for taking course during first-half (i.e., Read Strat 103) or
second-half of semester (i.e., Read Strat 103X).
i. Reading Strategies 201/201X: Reading Enhancement. A half-semester reading skills

course. When registering for this course, specify preference for taking course during first-half
(i.e., Read Strat 201) or second-half of semester (i.e., Read Strat 201X). If you received credit
for Read Strat 103, you may NOT enroll in Read Strat 201/201X.
j. Double-Period Courses. Only valid laboratory or other approved courses may be double-
period courses. Valid double-period academic core courses with three semester hours of credit
may include up to 10 syllabus-specified laboratory periods in a given semester. Other lessons
must end at 53 minutes. 100-level foreign language courses are exempt from this policy and
therefore may include up to 40 laboratory periods per semester. Non-core double-period
courses are not affected by this policy and may include up to 40 laboratory periods per
semester.
k. Excusal Codes. Intercollegiate excusal codes help schedulers block out the appropriate
time in cadets’ schedules for participation in the appropriate athletic activities. The most
common codes block out two cadet groups for intramurals during either period M7 (Ext Prog
917) or T7 (Ext Prog 927) or intercollegiate practice time M afternoon (Phy Ed 816 or Phy Ed
916) or T afternoon (Phy Ed 826 or Phy Ed 926). Other excusal codes are used to block out
time during the academic day for designated cadet senior leadership to accomplish their job
duties.
2-2.8. MINIMUM ENROLLMENT SIZE FOR MAJORS AND CLASSES. At least 12 graduates
per major are expected to graduate yearly. If the number of graduates in a major falls below 12
yearly for two successive years, the major is placed on a warning list. After three more successive
years with an average of less than 12 graduates in the major, the major will be eliminated from the
curriculum unless the Dean of the Faculty approves an academic waiver. Minimum enrollment
for any course, excluding independent study courses, is six cadets. No course will be taught with
fewer than six cadets without a waiver from the Vice Dean.
41
SECTION 2-3
GRADING
2-3.1. GRADES AND QUALITY POINTS. A cadet's performance in any graded course of
instruction is officially reported to Student Academic Affairs at mid-semester and end-of-semester
or summer term as one of the following grades: A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C, C-, D, F, WP, WF, and
I (discussed in special grades, para 4-6). Deficient grades include C-, D and F. At mid-term, grades
reported in courses ending before or at mid-term are final grades. Following is a list of grades,
their quality points (QP), and course quality points.
Table 11. Grades and Quality Points

COURSE COURSE COURSE COURSE COURSE COURSE
QUALITY
GRADE QPs QPs QPs QPs QPs QPs
POINTS
(4.5 Sem Hrs) (4 Sem Hrs) (3.5 Sem Hrs) (3 Sem Hrs) (0.75 Sem Hrs) (0.5 Sem Hrs)
-
- -
A
A-
-
B+
B
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
4.0
3.7
-
3.3
3.0
18.0
16.65
14.85
13.5
16.0
14.8
13.2
12.0
14.0
12.95
11.55
10.5
12.0
11.1
9.9
9.0
3.0
2.775
2.475
2.25
2.0
1.85
1.65
1.50
-
- -
B-
C+
-
C
C-
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
2.7
2.3
-
2.0
1.7
12.15
10.35
9.0
7.65
10.8
9.2
8.0
6.8
9.45
8.05
7.0
5.95
8.1
6.9
6.0
5.1
2.025
1.725
1.5
1.275
1.35
1.15
1.0
0.85
--------
D
F
1.0
0.0
4.5
0.0
4.0
0.0
3.5
0.0
3.0
0.0
0.75
0.0
2-3.2. GRADES. Final grades are awarded at the end of the semester and are reflected on each
cadet's official transcript. Mid-term grades are awarded after lesson T20 but are not recorded on
0.5
0.0
a transcript. Departments must ensure mid-term grades are worth 25% or more of courses' final
grades. For students enrolled in summer academics and summer training programs, permanent
grades are finalized in August. During all final grading cycles, semester and cumulative Grade
Point Averages (GPA), Military Performance Averages (MPA), and Physical Education Averages
(PEA) are recomputed and appear on each cadet's personal grade report.
2-3.3. DEPARTED CADET GRADE ASSIGNMENTS. Periodically, between final grading

cycles, cadets permanently depart the Academy. Upon their departure, the Office for Student
Academic Affairs requests final grade assignments from each department in which the cadet was
enrolled by issuing a "Drop/Add Authorization Sheet" to the department. These Drop/Add sheets
should be returned with a final grade assignment to DFVRR within three working days. Types of
grades that may be awarded are addressed in Special Grades (para 2-3.6). Failure to promptly
return departed cadets' grades will result in an administrative hold on departed cadets’ USAFA
transcripts.
2-3.4. GRADE CHANGES. Grade changes should be sent to DFVRR as expeditiously as possible
so that products can be updated. Because grade change letters are microfilmed, all grade changes
accomplished IAW USAFA Instruction 36-3542 , Assigning and Processing Formal Grades,
42
should be signed by the appropriate Department Head and be as depicted in Figure 7.
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

United States Air Force Academy
{Department of }
{DATE}
FOR USAFA/DFVR
FROM: U SAFA/DF{XX}
SUBJECT: Request for Grade Change
1. IAW USAFAI 36 -3504, the following information is provided to facilitate designation of

grade change:
a. Department: {}
b. Course: {}
c. Semester/Term: {}
d.FinalorProg: {}
e. Cadet: {}
f. Cl ass Year: {}
g. Squadron : {}
h. Change Grade from {} to {}
i. Rationale: {}
2. If you have any questions, pl ease contact the instructor, {}via phone at {} or emai I at{}.
DEPARTMENT HEAD SIGNATURE BLOCK
Figure 7. Grade Change Request Letter
2-3.5. ACADEMIC APPELLATE PROCEDURE. A cadet may appeal a grade or other academic
issue directly to the instructor and course director. If the matter is not resolved satisfactorily to
the cadet, the cadet may appeal in writing to the Department Head concerned, stating specific
objections. Under USAFA Instruction 36-3542, Assignment and Processing of Formal Grades,
Department Heads maintain ultimate responsibility for assignment of and changes to letter grades.
Normally, the Department Head’s decision is final. In appropriate cases, the Dean of the Faculty
may request the appropriate Division Chair review the appeal case for overall fairness,
43
consistency, and appropriateness, and make recommendations to the Dean of the Faculty for final
resolution.
2-3.6. SPECIAL GRADES. The cadet’s official transcript, mid-semester grade report, or the end-
of-semester grade report may contain the following notations: P (passing), N (no grade, continuing
with no penalty), W (withdrawn), WP (withdrawn passing), WF (withdrawn failing), IC
(incomplete controllable—a grade indicating questionable status in a course), and IU (incomplete
uncontrollable). These grades carry no quality points and are not used in computing any GPA.
a. A "P" grade is awarded when a cadet is satisfactorily performing or has satisfactorily

completed a non-graded course.
b. An "N" grade is a temporary computer code indicating a course has not yet been completed.
"N" grades may not be awarded as final grades in a course.
c. A "W" grade is awarded when a cadet withdraws from a course between Lesson M9 and
Lesson T20. If a cadet drops a full-semester course after T20, the department concerned
awards the cadet a "WP" or "WF" grade, as appropriate. The academic department has three
working days from the time of notification that the cadet has withdrawn from the course to
forward the awarded grade to DFVRR. If the cadet completed the course requirements before
the end of the semester (e.g., a course that has no final exam), the department will submit a
final grade to DFVRR.
d. An “IC” or “IU” grade is a temporary grade given at the end of the semester, or a penalty
grade given at a progress report. “IC” or “IU” grades indicate a cadet's questionable status in
a course. "IC" or “IU” grades may be awarded in graded courses as well as in pass/fail courses.
They may be “controllable” or “uncontrollable” incomplete grades. It is the cadet’s
responsibility to coordinate with instructor(s) to resolve any “IU” or “IC” grades prior to the
next grading cycle. For instance, incomplete grades awarded at the end of the fall semester
should be resolved by spring mid-semester grade submission. Incomplete grades awarded at
the end of the spring should be resolved by end of summer grade submission. The waiver
authority to approve additional time to resolve incomplete grades is the Department Head for
the course with the incomplete grade, to include notification to the Office of the Registrar. If
a cadet does not complete the coursework within the allotted time or receive an extension for
additional time, the department awards a final grade, as appropriate, based on the completed
and unfinished work in the course. When “IC” or “IU” grades are cleared and all course work
is completed, a permanent grade will be assigned. DFVRR must be notified immediately of
the grade change so that all products associated with a grade change (i.e., transcripts, APSs,
GPAs, Honor Lists) can be updated. If a cadet is out processing, “IC” or “IU” grades must be
resolved prior to departure.
(1) Uncontrollable incomplete “IU” grades indicate that work has not been completed for
causes outside the control of the cadet, such as medical incapacity or emergency.
(a) Mid-semester: Uncontrollable incomplete work for full-semester courses at the

mid-semester report will be awarded an “IU” grade.
44
(b) End-of-Semester: Uncontrollable incomplete work will be monitored by the
department awarding the “IU” grade and will be completed at the earliest opportunity.
The cadet is not placed on restriction or academic probation solely for this “IU” grade.
An uncontrollable incomplete grade, pending an extension by the Department Head,
should be resolved by the next grading cycle, but must be resolved before graduation.
(2) Controllable incomplete “IC” grades indicate the cadet was responsible for failure to
complete an assignment. Controllable causes include cadet's failure to complete an
assignment considered to be important for evaluating course work.
(a) Mid-semester: Controllable incomplete “IC” grade indicates that for reasons
within the control of the cadet, work has not been completed. Cadets in this situation
will be placed on academic probation for the next grading period.
(b) End-of-Semester: Cadets earning controllable incomplete grades will be restricted

to USAFA through finals (affects cadets earning "IC" grades in courses with no final
exam). If incomplete work is completed by the end of finals, a grade will be awarded
and the cadet will not be placed on academic probation solely due to the "IC" grade. If
incomplete work is not completed by the end of finals, the department issuing the "IC"
may assign a final letter grade IAW USAFA Instruction 36-3542, Assignment and
Processing of Formal Grades, or allow the cadet to carry the incomplete into the next
semester. It is highly encouraged that departments issue a final fall semester grade for
all first-class cadets before lesson 3 of the spring semester. First-class cadets may need
to add or retake a course to meet graduation requirements. Any cadet with an
outstanding controllable incomplete grade at the end of a semester will be placed on
academic probation and will be subject to academic disenrollment. A controllable
incomplete grade, pending an extension by the Department Head, should be resolved
by the next grading cycle, but must be resolved before graduation.
e. Grade assignments for 10- or 20-lesson block pass/fail courses. The following provides
guidelines for assignment of grades to cadets who are disenrolled from Airmanship or other
10- or 20-lesson block pass/fail courses. If the cadet withdraws from a course before the
completion of all course requirements, the following criteria will be used in assignment of
pass/fail grades:
(1) If the cadet completed 5 or fewer of the 10 or 20 required lessons, assign a "W."
(2) If the cadet completed at least 6 lessons but less than the entire course, assign either a
"WP" or a "WF."
(3) If the cadet completed the entire 10- or 20-lesson course, assign either a passing "P"
or failing "F" grade.
2-3.7. TRANSFER AND VALIDATION CREDIT. No quality points are awarded for transfer
or validation credit. All transfer and validation credits may be applied toward graduation
requirements, providing that the cadet completes a minimum of 125 semester hours in residence.
DFVR enters transfer/validation credit into a cadet’s record after being informed, in writing, by
45
the academic department/agency responsible for the applicable course, following the format
depicted in Figure 8.
OF THE AIR FORCE

(appropriate department title)
USAFACADEMY, CO LORADO
DATE
MEMORANDUM FOR USAFA/DFVR
FROM: USAFA/(DEPARTMENT OFFICE SYMBOL)
SUBJECT: Award of Course Transfer or Validation Credit
1. In accordance with the USAFA Course oflnstruction Handbook (Chapter 1, Section 4), I request that
DFVR enter transfer (a class from another college) or a validation (AP/18/Test scores) credit into the
following cadet' s record for the applicable course as reflected below.
a. Non-USAF A course being transferred (School, Semester, Course) QI basis for validation cred it:
b. Transfer / Validation (choose one) credit for USAF A Course:
c. Cadet:
d. Class Year:
e. Squadron:
f. Additional Information (if app licable):
2. If there are questions please contact: (Course Director/ Depa11ment Representative, e-mai l and phone)
SIGNATUR E BLOCK
(Course Director/Department Representative)
Figure 8. Award of Course Transfer or Validation Credit Request Letter
2-3.8. GRADE POINT AVERAGE. A cadet's semester and cumulative GPAs are determined by
dividing the total quality points earned in all graded courses by the total semester hours attempted.
DFVRR publishes semester and cumulative GPAs to the nearest .01 for each mid-semester and
end-of-semester grade report. When a cadet repeats a course, the GPA is recomputed as follows:
46
a. The cumulative GPA is adjusted with the previous grade being replaced by the most recent
grade. Up to 13 semester hours may be replaced in the cumulative GPA in this manner, but
all grades will remain on the transcript. If a cadet repeats more than 13 semester hours of
courses, the grades for all additional courses repeated will not replace the previous grades, but
will be calculated into the cumulative GPA along with the previous grade. Courses that can
be used to replace a grade also include core substitutes (e.g., Math 300 replacing Math 356),
100-level foreign language courses (e.g., Portuguese 132 replacing Arabic 132), and
intermediate core science basket courses (e.g., Biology 215 replacing Physics 215). Cadets
and academic advisors should verify that courses used for grade replacement also fulfill
graduation check requirements for the current/new academic major/program.
b. If a course is repeated in the same semester (i.e. a Phy Ed or Leadership course), both grades
count in semester GPA computation. For cadets who repeat a spring course in the summer,
both grades count in a combined Spring/Summer recomputed semester GPA. The cadet will
remain on academic probation if the combined semester GPA is below a 2.0.
c. Students must have a passing grade to replace an "F" grade in the cumulative GPA. If a
repeat "F" grade is earned, both "F" grades will count in the cumulative GPA. When a cadet
takes a course for a third time and receives a passing grade, the newest grade will replace only
the grade from the second attempt; the grade from the first attempt will remain factored into
the cumulative GPA.
d. The semester GPA will include the grades of courses taken that semester, regardless of
whether or not the course was taken previously or was subsequently repeated.
e. When considering whether or not to repeat a passed course, a cadet must note that it is the
most recent grade, not necessarily the best grade that is computed in the GPA.
2-3.9. MAJOR’S GPA. The major's GPA includes grades for courses designated by the
Department Head responsible for that major, regardless of whether or not the course is being used
to satisfy a major’s requirement. Courses which count toward the major’s GPA are annotated by
an ‘M1’ (‘M2’ for a second major) on the academic graduation check.
2-3.10. OVERALL PERFORMANCE AVERAGE (OPA). The graduation class standing is

based on cadet cumulative Overall Performance Average (OPA). To earn Distinguished
Graduate designation, a cadet must be in the top 10% of OPA and also be in the top 50% of
cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA), cumulative Military Performance Average (CMPA),
and cumulative Physical Education Average (CPEA) for his/her class year. The Academy Board
can extend, at its discretion, below the top 10% of cadets by OPA to identify the top 10% of
cadets who meet the criteria of being in the top 50% of CGPA, CMPA, and CPEAs as
Distinguished Graduates.
OPA is calculated using the following algorithm. First, CGPA, CMPA, and CPEA are
individually standardized to create GPA*, MPA*, and PEA*. Second, OPA* is calculated as the
weighted combination of GPA*, MPA*, and PEA*.
OPA* = 50% GPA* + 40% MPA* + 10% PEA*
47
For the calculation of OPA, Phy Ed grades are removed from CGPA since they are included in
CPEA. Finally, OPA is calculated by normalizing OPA* with a mean of 3 and a standard
deviation of 0.33.
OPA*
OPA= x 0.33 + 3.0
σOPA*
This algorithm can result in OPA being higher or lower than CGPA, CMPA, and/or CPEA.
2-3.11. GRADUATION RECOGNITION. The following recognitions are determined by the

Academy Board prior to graduation.
Table 12. Graduation Honors
RECOGNITION GRADUATING CLASS BASED ON

Distinguished Graduate Up to top 10% (OPA)
Preference for Graduate Education Top 15% (OPA)
With "Academic Distinction" Top 10% (GPA)
With "Military Distinction" Top 10% (MPA)
With "Athletic Distinction" Top 10% (PEA)
Academy Scholar Meet Academy Scholars Program requirements
2-3.12. HONOR LIST REQUIREMENTS. Any probation or honor rehabilitation precludes

placement on an honor list.
a. Dean’s List. Cadets who earn a semester GPA of at least 3.0 in academic courses will be
on the Dean's list. These cadets are authorized to wear the Dean's pin on their uniform for the
next semester. Physical Education grades are not included in Dean's list calculations. It is
possible for a cadet to have a semester GPA over 3.0 and still not be on the Dean's list if the
Phy Ed grades pulled the GPA over 3.0. Likewise, it is possible for a cadet to have a semester
GPA slightly less than 3.0 and be on the Dean's list if the Phy Ed grades were low. Also note
that only the semester GPA determines the Dean's list. Therefore, cadets cannot be placed on
the Dean's list based on Prog (mid-semester) grades or Cum GPA. However, cadets may be
removed from the Dean's list at Prog if their mid-semester grades put them on academic
probation. Summer grades are not included in Dean’s list calculations.
b. Athletic Director’s List. Cadets who earn a semester Physical Education Average (PEA)
of at least 3.0 will be on the Athletic Director’s list. These cadets are authorized to wear the
Athletic Director’s pin on their uniform for the next semester. PEA is a weighted 4.0 grading
scale (50% Physical Fitness Test + 35% Phy Ed course grades + 15% Aerobic Fitness Test).
c. Commandant’s List. Cadets in the top third of their class year by semester MPA will be on
the Commandant’s list. These cadets are authorized to wear the Commandant’s pin on their
uniform for the next semester.
d. Superintendent’s List. Cadets who earn semester performance averages (GPA, PEA, and
48
MPA) to merit placement on the Dean’s, Athletic Director’s, and Commandant’s lists will be
on the Superintendent’s list. These cadets are authorized to wear the Superintendent’s pin on
their uniform for the next semester.
2-3.13. EXCHANGE PROGRAM GRADES. For USAFA cadets participating in study abroad
and exchange programs, the following guidelines apply for the awarding of course credit and
grades from their semester away from USAFA.
a. Service Academy Exchange Program (SAEP): cadets receive the letter grades awarded on
their sister service academy transcript, consistent with our grading scale.
b. AFROTC Exchange, Cadet Semester Exchange Abroad Program (CSEAP), and Cadet
Semester Study Abroad Program (CSSAP): cadets receive Pass/Fail grades from their semester
away from USAFA, consistent with the grade earned at the supporting institution.
For any of these cadets on an exchange or study abroad program, USAFA coursework completed
while away from USAFA, with a USAFA faculty member, can be awarded as a Pass/Fail grade
or as a letter grade at the discretion of the academic department.
49
SECTION 2-4
ACADEMIC DEFICIENCY AND PROBATION
2-4.1. ACADEMIC DEFICIENCY
a. A cadet is deficient in studies at the mid-semester progress report or the end of a

semester/summer term under the following conditions:
(1) A grade of "F" or a controllable incomplete "IC" grade in one or more courses, whether
graded or pass/fail. A grade of “F” in a Phy Ed course, by itself, does not place a cadet on
academic probation. In addition, a previous grade of “F” or “IC” in a core academic course
which has not been repeated with a passing grade, either at mid-semester progress or end
of a term, results in academic probation.
(2) Semester, core, and/or cumulative GPAs less than 2.0. Semester, core, and cumulative
GPAs include all graded courses. Deficiencies in core GPA will not be tracked for
academic probation (ACPRO) status until a cadet’s 4th semester.
(3) First-class cadets are deficient and will be placed on academic probation if their
majors’ GPAs are less than 2.0.
b. Academic Review Committees (ARCs) review cadets in the following categories:
(1) Cadets whose academic records meet any one of the following criteria are considered
to be seriously deficient in academics. The ARCs review those cadets’ records to
determine if the cadets should be recommended for disenrollment or if any other
appropriate action is necessary.
(a) Multiple Failures. More than one "F" grade in one semester.
(b) Very Low GPA. A GPA considered being seriously deficient and warranting
special consideration by the ARC. Very Low GPAs may be either semester or
cumulative, and vary by semester as shown below.
50
Table 13. Academic Deficiency - "Very Low GPA"
SEM GPA CUM GPA CUM CORE GPA

SEMESTER LESS THAN LESS THAN LESS THAN
1 1.50 1.50
2 1.50 1.70
3 1.50 1.80
4 1.50 1.90 2.00
5 1.50 1.95 2.00
6 1.60 2.00 2.00
7 1.70 2.00 2.00
8 or later 1.80 2.00 2.00
(c) Repeat Failure. Repeat failure ("F" grade) in the same course, whether core or
elective and regardless of the number of semester hours.
(d) Two sequential semesters of either low or very low semester and/or cumulative
GPA. Low, vice very low, GPAs are defined in paragraph 2-4.1b(2).
(e) Failure to achieve a 2.0 semester or cumulative GPA in 3 sequential semesters.
(f) Multiple deficient semesters. Third-class cadets that were deficient three of their
first four semesters.
(g) Multiple Probations. Deficient in academics and aptitude, conduct, honor, and/or
athletic performance.
(h) Under loaded third-class cadets. Academically deficient third-class cadets who
have not carried at least 19 semester hours in either the 3° fall or spring semester,
assessing their probability of completing graduation requirements on time.
(2) Low GPA Review. Any cadet whose academic record meets any of the following
criteria is considered to be deficient in academics:
(a) Semester, core, and/or cumulative GPA less than 2.0 but greater than the GPA
defined in paragraph 2-4.1b(1)(b).
(b) For first-class cadets, a major’s GPA less than 2.0.
(c) Single "F" grade. One "F" grade in an academic major, core, or elective course.
(d) Controllable incomplete "IC" grade. Willful incompletion of a course requirement.
2-4.2. PLACEMENT ON ACADEMIC PROBATION. The guiding directive for academic

probation is USAFA Instruction 36-3523, Review and Disposition of Deficient Cadets.
51
a. All academically deficient cadets will be placed on academic probation at mid-semester,
end-of-semester, or at the end of the third summer term if they attended summer academics.
Cadets are effectively on academic probation from the date of publication of a progress report
on which they are deficient as described in paragraph 2-4.1.
b. AOCs are responsible for pulling their cadet squadron’s probation report from CAMIS
immediately after mid-semester grades are released and at the beginning of each semester.
2-4.3.ACADEMIC PROBATION POLICIES. The following are roles, responsibilities, and

expectations of cadets, advisors, and AOCs to fulfill the requirements of academic probation.
a. Cadets placed on academic probation must submit by email a fully coordinated USAFA
Form 68 to their AOC, Academic Advisor, Cadet Academic Officer (CADO), and ARC
Coordinator within 10 days of being placed on probation at mid-semester, within 10 days of
the beginning of a new semester, or as directed by the Academic Review Committee.
b. Probationary cadets are expected to work with their cadet chain of command, CADO,
Academic Advisor, and AOC to complete the Form 68. The purpose of the USAFA Form 68
is to identify precisely why a cadet is failing to perform academically, develop a plan of action
to counteract the reasons identified, to determine if the cadet is motivated to make the
necessary changes, and to capture the commitment of the cadet’s support structure.
Probationary cadets are expected to take responsibility for their academic deficiency, seek
counsel, and to work hard towards academic EXCELLENCE, not simply towards becoming
marginally proficient. Probationary cadets are failing academically and failing to internalize
Air Force Core Values.
c. Probationary cadets are primarily responsible for proactively completing the USAFA Form
68 on time and for seeking academic help. All cadets should check their grades as soon as they
are released by the Academy Registrar. Cadets are expected to know if they are on probation
by reviewing their grades in relation to the deficiency standards in paragraph 2-4.1. Deficient
cadets are on probation and will be reviewed by the Academic Review Committee. Deficient
cadets do not need to wait for a probation list to know that they are on probation. Probationary
cadets should begin the Form 68 process immediately after grades are released. USAFA
provides countless resources designed to aid cadets in achieving success. Probationary cadets
will work with their element, flight, academic cadet staffs, their Academic Advisors, and their
AOCs to design a personalized academic Action Plan that, if followed, ensures the cadet will
be on the path towards achieving academic excellence.
d. Cadet Squadron AOCs are responsible for knowing which of their assigned cadets are
deficient academically, the key factors causing probationary cadets to fail, and how
probationary cadets are going to change to achieve academic excellence. AOCs are
responsible for pulling a list of probationary cadets from CAMIS and providing a list of cadets
on academic probation to the cadet squadron Academic Officer immediately after grades are
released by the Academy Registrar. Any delay in providing the AcPro list to the CADO could
jeopardize the intended timeline for completing the USAFA Form 68.
e. AOCs are expected to meet with academically deficient cadets before the Form 68 can be
52
final. The AOC may direct revisions to the probationary cadet’s evaluation, statement, and
action plan. AOCs are expected to provide routine oversight of academically deficient cadets
and help ensure probationary cadets are following through with their action plans.
f. AOCs will work closely with squadron academic officers in developing a squadron
academic policy that enables all cadets to achieve academic excellence and to ensure its proper
implementation.
g. Academic Advisors are expected to meet with their probationary advisees shortly after
grades are released to provide guidance in identifying factors for academic failure, to discuss
the personal change that is required to achieve academic excellence, and to refer the cadet to
the appropriate support offered by USAFA. Academic Advisors are primarily responsible for
documenting consultations using the USAFA Form 68 in a way that will most benefit the
probationary cadet in their pursuit of academic excellence.
h. Squadron Cadet Academic Officer (CADO) responsibilities.
(1) The AOC will provide the CADO a list of academically deficient cadets assigned to
their squadron on lessons M1 and M22.
(2) CADOs will meet with all academically deficient cadets individually and help the
cadet initiate the Form 68 no later than lessons M2 and M23.
(3) CADOs provide primary oversight for the completion of the USAFA Form 68 within
the directed timelines. Probationary cadets appealing a disenrollment vote by the
ARC Records Review may only have 5 days to complete the entire USAFA Form 68
process and will require priority over other probationary cadets.
(4) CADOs provide a statement in field 3 of every USAFA Form 68 and are required to
assign and validate Weekend Academic Call to Quarters (WACQs) as part of every
probationary cadet’s Action Plan. (See additional WACQ guidance in Chapter 3).
(5) CADOs are required to develop squadron academic policies that ensure all cadets can
achieve excellence in academics and employ all the resources offered by USAFA to
include the Writing Center, Quantitative Reasoning Center, and library.
(6) CADOs are responsible for ensuring military training and other squadron functions do
not interfere with a cadet’s ability to achieve academic excellence, to attend
Consultations directed in section 5a of the USAFA Form 68, or to attend professional
tutoring services.
(7) CADOs are responsible for ensuring Academic Call to Quarters is a quiet and studious
environment where cadets can achieve academic excellence.
(8) CADOs are responsible for compiling a list of in-squadron academic tutors and for
establishing a squadron tutoring plan. The tutoring plan should be made available to
all squadron members (especially 4 degrees), provide incentives for tutors to
53
participate, and ensure all cadets benefit from the tutoring offered. Peer tutoring
should not take the place of seeking EI, completing Writing Center tutorials, or
attending the Quantitative Reasoning Center. The Squadron Tutoring Plan should be
developed to complement the resources USAFA professionally offers.
(9) CADOs are responsible for developing a WACQ monitoring program and an incentive
policy in coordination with the cadet squadron staff and the AOC. The incentive
policy should encourage probationary cadets to become proactive learners and to
seek resources beyond what is prescribed in their USAFA Form 68 Action Plans. The
monitoring program should require probationary cadets to proactively manage the
requirements of and track the progress in their courses on a daily/weekly basis.
(10) Example probationary policy MFR: Academic Probation Policy Template
(a.) The purpose of this memorandum is to detail the process by which cadets on
academic probation may sign out on weekends after completing the below
requirements.
(b.) The intent of this policy is to replace a blanket restriction with a goal oriented
program that will reward academic efforts on a weekly basis and encourage good
academic habits for those on academic probation. Ideally, this system will encourage
lifelong habits, organization, and study skills that will help probationary cadets for
the remainder of their cadet and professional careers. This policy should give
academically deficient cadets reasonable and attainable goals while providing
opportunities to earn sign-out privileges on a weekly basis. If the probationary cadet
uses the program as intended, they will get in a cycle of being ahead academically
and be able to use their weekends to recharge for the next week’s challenges. If at
any point the cadet is not meeting the intentions of this program, they may return to
normal probation restricted status and will not be allowed to sign-out on the
weekends.
(c.) Cadets on academic probation will maintain an academic folder or binder. It

must contain the following information: the cadet’s academic schedule for the
current semester, an up-to-date grade tracker for all classes in which the cadet is
currently enrolled, an assignment calendar with timelines for GRs, projects, papers,
quizzes, and any other assignments that will have an impact on the cadet’s current
grades, a record of all counseling documents related to academic probation, and a
completed academic action plan (USAFA Form 68).
2-4.4. REMOVAL FROM ACADEMIC PROBATION. Cadets will be removed from all
conditions of academic probation when their semester, core and cumulative (and major's GPA for
first-class cadets) performance meet the minimum GPA of 2.0 with no "F" or controllable
incomplete "IC" grades at mid-semester, end-of-semester, or end-of-summer term report.
a. Cadets having not yet repeated and not currently repeating a previously failed core course
will remain on academic probation.
54
b. Cadets on academic probation at the end of spring semester remain on academic probation
through the summer, until the fall mid-semester progress report, unless conditions for
probation are corrected by summer academic performance. Upon completion of summer
course work, summer grades will be combined (for determining academic probation status
only) with spring semester course work to determine the combined "spring-summer" semester
GPAs. If cumulative and spring-summer combined "semester" GPAs are 2.0 or greater and
all failed courses have been repeated and passed, the cadet will be removed from academic
probation.
c. Cadets with outstanding controllable incomplete "IC" grades will remain on academic
probation until the grading cycle after the “IC” grade is removed. Also, cadets will remain on
academic probation until they are passing a failed core course.
d. Cadets will not be removed from academic probation at any time other than indicated above
unless they were placed on academic probation through administrative error. Cadets who drop
a course after the mid-semester progress report are not removed from academic probation
solely because the deletion of a deficient course "raises" their core, semester or cum GPA.
These cadets remain on academic probation until the end-of-semester progress report.
2-4.5. ACADEMIC REVIEW COMMITTEE RESPONSIBILITIES
a. Mid-semester ARC. Each ARC Chair and coordinator will review the records of deficient
cadets and may make recommendations or directives to cadets. No retention/disenrollment
voting occurs at mid-semester meetings.
b. End-of-Semester/Summer ARC. Full voting membership ARC meetings are held at the
end of each semester and at the end of the summer term. Reviews include all academically
deficient cadets.
(1) The ARC recommends cadets for disenrollment, nine semesters, conditional turn back,
late graduation, and the Bachelor of Science Program. The committees will recommend
that cadets deficient in studies be disenrolled unless it is determined that both overall
performance and probability of successful academic program completion justify retention.
(2) Decisions by the ARC to retain cadets are final. Should the committee decide that a
cadet's overall performance and probability of successfully completing an academic
program justify retention, it will recommend or direct one or more of the following:
(a) Continue with class.
(b) Seek assistance from appropriate agency.
(c) Underload or drop to a normal load during the current or future semester (See Section
2-1).
(d) Remove from advance placement course to lower-level course (coordinate with
sponsoring Department Head).
55
(e) Repeat a course or complete an incomplete grade (See Section 2-3).
(f) Recommend/direct change or drop of major.
(g) Recommend/direct withdrawal from or limit participation in intercollegiate

athletics, with coordination through the appropriate eligibility committee and AD.
(h) Withdraw from or limit participation in extracurricular activities.
(i) Recommend/direct withdrawal from or limit participation in military duties, with

coordination through the Commandant of Cadets representative.
(j) Be automatically reviewed at a future progress report.
(k) Direct enrollment in summer academics in lieu of summer break.
(l) Any other recommended/directed action appropriate to an individual cadet's case.
2-4.6. ACADEMIC REVIEW COMMITTEE PREPARATION
a. Committee Coordinator Responsibilities:
(1) Ensure committee members are trained in responsibilities and procedures.
(2) Distribute cadet deficiency reports at each progress report.
(3) Prepare and distribute records review/interview schedules, agendas, and APSs as soon
as possible to ARC members and academic departments prior to end-of-semester/summer
ARC meetings.
(4) Prepare deficient cadet records and brief them during committee review.
b. Group and Squadron Air Officer Commanding (AOC) Responsibility: Squadron AOCs
will forward end-of-semester/summer evaluations to the ARC Chair through Group AOCs.
These evaluations will include any data the AOC believes to be significant for ARC decision-
making (e.g., suitability for commissioning, Weekend Academic Calls to Quarters (WACQs)
assigned/served, probationary status, and personal and medical information).
c. Academic Advisor/AAOCA Responsibility: Under the procedures of USAFAI 36-3523,

advisors have a significant role. They function as extensions of the Academic Review
Committees.
(1) The ARC requires advisors to oversee cadets in all categories of academic probation
in completing the USAFA Form 68, Cadet Academic Deficiency Evaluation and Probation
Action Plan. If ARC directives require a scheduling change, an APS must be coordinated
as soon as possible. All cadets on academic probation must be counseled within 10 duty
56
days after the beginning of the following semester and publication of grades. The USAFA
Form 68 is the advisor's written statement to the ARC.
(2) Advisors are primary sources of information to the ARC. Advisors must therefore
serve as detectives or diagnosticians and attempt to discover the real causes of poor
academic performance.
(3) The following suggestions are useful while preparing a USAFA Form 68.
(a) Understand the ARC will look unfavorably on any cadet who has needed Extra
Instruction (EI) and can't document that quality EI was sought.
(b) Communicate any directives clearly to the cadet.
(c) Diagnose the problem and assist in developing a specific course of action.
(d) Don't assume that the cadet's view of his or her level of effort or standing in the
course is an objective/realistic one.
(e) When you direct the cadet to see you at specified intervals, make them frequent
enough to serve an effective oversight function. Once a month is too infrequent.
(f) The USAFA Form 68 should reflect an individualized plan, since each cadet’s
situation is unique and requires personalized attention to ensure academic success.
(g) If the advisor will not be available for the cadet’s appeal interview, they must
submit a written comment card, memo for record, or be very clear on the USAFA Form
68 as to their retain or disenrollment recommendation and supporting bullets. In
addition, the advisor must ensure another advisor from the same academic department
can advise the cadet through the appeal process and during the appeal interview.
d. Academically Deficient Cadet Responsibilities: Deficient cadets will complete a USAFA

Form 68 according to the instructions and submit it to their academic advisor/AAOCA within
10 duty days after the publication of progress reports. Exception: Cadets recommended for
disenrollment must complete a USAFA Form 68 with their appeal package if they intend to
appeal the recommendation. If cadets fail to complete a USAFA Form 68 and deliver it to
their academic advisor/AAOCA by the established deadline date, the academic
advisor/AAOCA will initiate coordination with the squadron AOC and squadron cadet
academic officer.
e. Instructor Responsibilities:
(1) Mid-semester. The ARC requires instructors to complete computerized comment

cards for all cadets who earned C-, D, and F grades in their course.
(2) End-of-Semester. The ARC requires instructors to complete computerized comment

cards for all cadets who earned C-, D, and F grades in their courses and for all cadets listed
57
on ARC comment card rosters.
(3) End-of-Semester ARC Interviews. Instructors may complete a letter of

recommendation for cadets who elect to appeal an ARC disenrollment recommendation.
Granting a cadet's request for a letter is an instructor prerogative, not a requirement.
(4) End-of-Summer Term. The ARC requires all academic instructors complete a
comment card on cadets who have earned a final C-, D, or F grade in their courses and for
any additional cadets, as requested by the ARC. Instructors must submit comment cards
to the Summer Academics Program coordinator in DFVRC no later than two days after the
last day of summer term classes.
f. Medical Staff Responsibilities. The medical representative will review the medical records
of cadets appealing a disenroll recommendation. The medical representative need not be
present at committee meetings, but if there is significant medical information, either written or
verbal comments need to be prepared for the committee. A negative reply to the coordinator
prior to committee meetings is required.
g. Athletic Representative Responsibilities. The athletic representative will review the athletic
and physical education records of all reviewed cadets.
2-4.7. ACADEMIC REVIEW COMMITTEE PROCEDURES
a. Although ARCs review records and issue directives at mid-semester, they may review
cadets for retention/disenrollment only at end-of-semester/summer progress reports.
b. During the review, ARCs consider all pertinent information. A profile or character sketch
of the cadet is composed using information from the instructor comment cards, formal records
of counseling, military performance appraisals, athletic ratings, and medical history. Cadets,
advisors/AAOCAs, and AOCs do not attend records reviews.
c. ARC coordinators send notification letters, listing ARC actions and recommendations, to
AOCs, with copies to Advisors. AOCs are responsible for delivering the letters to cadets.
d. Cadets recommended for disenrollment after a records review receive a letter via CAMIS
through their AOC notifying them of a mandatory formation to receive information about the
ARC appeal process. At this meeting, the ARC coordinators distribute official disenrollment
recommendation notification letters and brief cadets on the appeal process. After receiving
this documentation, cadets have 72 hours to choose one of the following two options:
(1) Personal Interview. Cadets directly address the ARC. Appealing cadets may submit
written statements for consideration at the personal interview. Written appeal packages
are due to the ARC coordinator no later than five days after receipt of the official
notification letter. The ARC interview is the only time cadets are permitted to present their
cases verbally and/or in writing. To exercise this right, a cadet must appear in person on
the date, time, and location the cadet is scheduled. Cadets will not be allowed to call
witnesses to testify in person before the ARC, although the advisor/AAOCA and AOC are
58
required to attend. When preparing for an ARC interview, a cadet should do the following:
(a) Give mature consideration to the situation.
(b) Be prepared to be open and frank with the committee and, while not making
excuses, discuss personal matters, if any, which affected academics.
(c) Before the committee interview, meet with the academic advisor/AAOCA to
complete the USAFA Form 68 and to design an academic program that provides the
best opportunity for academic success.
(d) Come into the ARC interview with a plan and be prepared to take responsibility
for the current situation. The plan should be a realistic assessment of ability and
potential. Set attainable goals; discontinue habits that netted the current poor results.
(e) Consult with current course instructors to establish a "get well" plan of action IAW
the USAFA Form 68, Cadet Academic Deficiency Evaluation and Probation Action
Plan.
(2) Waiver of personal interview and written statements.
e. The ARCs interview cadets who elect option (1) above no earlier than the day after appeal
packages are due. After the interview, the ARC re-votes to retain or recommend disenrollment
of the appealing cadet.
(1) Student Academic Affairs sends notification letters containing ARC actions, via AOCs
and Academic Advisors, to cadets retained after the ARC interviews.
(2) ARCs forward disenrollment recommendations to the Dean of the Faculty. The Dean
of the Faculty can retain the cadet or forward the ARC’s disenroll recommendation to the
Superintendent for final disposition. If the Superintendent’s decision is to disenroll the
cadet, the Staff Judge Advocate (JA) sends notification letters to cadets
2-4.8. DISENROLLMENT PROCEDURES
a. Disenrollment of Cadets. Deficient cadets are processed for discharge or disenrollment in

accordance with the provisions of USAFAI 36-3504.
b. Notification Procedures. JA notifies cadets of final disenrollment decisions. Disenrolled

first- and second-class cadets will also be notified about decisions concerning their active duty
commitments. JA counsels all disenrollees of their rights and options.
c. Legal Reexamination. Title 10, U.S.C. 9351. Any disenrolled cadet who is deficient
because of failure to pass a required examination or course equivalent in any one subject is
entitled to a reexamination of equal scope and difficulty in that subject, provided both the
cadet’s semester and cumulative GPAs are greater than or equal to 2.0 for all courses exclusive
of the one failed. The cadet must apply in writing to Student Academic Affairs, Curriculum
59
and Academic Affairs Division (DFVRC).
(1) Notification. Student Academic Affairs notifies eligible cadets in writing. The
notification letters include all pertinent information regarding the entitlement to
reexamination.
(2) Cadet Acknowledgment. Cadets entitled to a reexamination must be counseled by the

ARC coordinator concerning their Title 10 rights. Cadets will designate in writing their
intent to take the reexamination. The written notification is due no later than ten days after
receipt of the official written notification of disenrollment. Cadets electing reexamination
will not out-process, but will be removed from the Cadet Wing until the results of the
reexaminations are known. The department offering the failed course prepares,
administers, and grades the reexamination within five duty days of their notification of the
request. The five duty days do not include weekend days, federal holidays, periods of
authorized emergency leave, or days the cadet is admitted as an inpatient in a hospital.
Cadets awaiting reexamination will not be sent TDY. The re-exam will be of comparable
scope and difficulty to the final examination in the failed course. Departments notify
DFVRC in writing of the cadet's grade for placement in the cadet's official records.
(3) The department administering the reexamination endorses the cadet acknowledgment
letter, annotating the date, time, and location of the reexamination.
(4) Cadets prepare for reexamination primarily through individual study. They will not
be allowed to attend regularly scheduled classes in the course in which they are retesting.
(5) When cadets are disenrolled at the end of the fall semester or at the end of the summer
term, they will attend all academic and military formations while awaiting reexamination.
(6) When cadets are disenrolled at the end of spring semester, they retest in lieu of summer
break.
(7) A cadet who successfully passes a reexamination is formally readmitted to the Cadet
Wing. The failed course must be repeated the following offering term. (See USAFA
Instruction 36-3523).
(8) A cadet who fails a reexamination is not authorized a second reexamination. The case
will be forwarded for final disposition in accordance with AFI 36-2020.
d. Readmission of Former Cadets Program (USAFAI 36-2005). Cadets disenrolled

academically must attend another four-year accredited university in order to qualify for
readmission. If they improve their grades and take courses that may transfer to USAFA, they
may be eligible to apply for readmission under the Readmission of Former Cadets Program.
The program requires interested students to again secure an Academy appointment and again
complete the entire application process.
2-4.9. CLASS ATTENDANCE BY CADETS RECOMMENDED FOR DISENROLLMENT
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a. Class Attendance by Cadets Recommended for Disenrollment. Cadets recommended for
disenrollment after the fall or summer semester will be placed into classes in a provisional
status. Cadets recommended for disenrollment after the spring semester will be removed from
first period summer academics, military training, and summer break and be placed in
Operations Group Admin Squadron. Cadets will remain in this status until their cases have
been resolved.
(1) A disenrolled cadet is immediately withdrawn from classes and begins out-processing.
(2) A retained cadet is removed from provisional status and readmitted to the Cadet Wing.
b. Resigning Cadets. Cadets who plan to resign at the end of a semester and elect to take final
examinations will receive letter grades and may be disenrolled for academic deficiency in lieu
of voluntary resignation if they are deficient in studies at the final grade report. In order to
avoid the possibility of academic disenrollment, a cadet must resign and be officially removed
from all classes prior to the start of finals. The Director of Cadet Personnel and Administration
(A1A) and DFVRC will agree upon and publish the latest date a cadet may resign and still be
excused from final examinations. Cadets resigning after Lesson T20, but before final
examinations, will receive grades of WP or WF, as appropriate.
2-4.10. WHY SHOULD CADETS WORRY ABOUT ACADEMIC DISENROLLMENT?
a. First- and second-class cadets disenrolled from the Academy have an active duty service
obligation. It is rare for this obligation to be waived.
b. Academic disenrollment seriously affects a student's chances of enrolling in another

university, even on a probationary status. Many universities require a petition for entry and
allow only one semester to correct deficiencies.
c. Academically disenrolled cadets desiring readmission into the Academy must go through
the same admission procedure as new appointees and again secure an appointment.
Readmission is not assured.
2-4.11. WHAT CAN A CADET DO TO PREVENT ACADEMIC PROBLEMS?
a. Take responsibility for her/his academic program.
b. Create a long-term plan for academic success by setting realistic, attainable goals.
c. Take advantage of all the help that is available, including EI, the Academic Success Center
(the Writing Center, the Academic Success and Reading Enhancement programs, and the
intercollegiate study hall), and the Cadet Counseling and Leadership Development Center.
d. Consult his/her squadron academic officer, advisor, advisor-in-charge (AIC), course

instructors, and DFVRC Academic Review Committee Coordinators.
e. Approach his/her scholarship to USAFA with an understanding that academic, athletic, and
61
military performance are of equal importance to one's success at the Academy.
f. Strive for EXCELLENCE in academics. It is a core value that applies to all mission areas.
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SECTION 2-5
SPECIAL PROGRAMS
2-5.1. CADET SEMESTER EXCHANGE ABROAD PROGRAM (CSEAP). The Air Force
Academy offers semester-long, reciprocal exchange programs with several international military
academies. Exchange agreements are approved by the USAFA Superintendent and Secretary of
the Air Force for International Affairs (SAF/IA), and their equivalent foreign counterparts.
Current exchanges exist with Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Japan, Singapore and Spain. These
exchanges occur during the fall and/or spring semester of the first- or second-class year.
International semester exchange cadets at USAFA are not required to take final exams. This
program is grounded in Air Force Instruction (AFI) 16-109 (International Affairs Specialist
Program) requirements, established by AFI 16-111 (Cadet Semester Exchange Abroad Program),
and administered at USAFA in accordance with USAFAI 16-101 (International Education
Programs). In accordance with USAFAI 16-101, the International Programs Council oversees all
USAFA international programs, and DFFL/DFFLP administers them. The strategic purpose of
the program is to strengthen USAFA cadets’ foreign language skills and bolster cross-cultural
understanding and interoperability between US and allied air forces to meet DoD and AF
objectives.
2-5.2. CADET SEMESTER STUDY ABROAD PROGRAM (CSSAP). The Air Force Academy
has semester-long study abroad programs at foreign civilian universities for cadets studying
several of the eight languages taught at DFFL: Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian,
and Spanish. This program was established in accordance with the Office of the Secretary of
Defense’s 2005 Defense Language Transformation Roadmap to “exploit study abroad
opportunities to facilitate language acquisition” (required actions 1.Q.). Its purpose is to strengthen
USAFA cadets’ foreign language skills, increase cultural awareness and enhance their ability to
operate effectively in cross-cultural environments. CSSAP is administered at USAFA in
accordance with USAFAI 16-101. Though this program was originally designed for Foreign Area
Studies majors, cadets from other disciplines are encouraged to participate, provided that their
advisors, working in concert with other departments and DFFL/DFFLP prior to departure, can
establish a plan for meeting all graduation requirements.
2-5.3. CSEAP/CSSAP SELECTION, PREPARATION, AND ACADEMICS.
a. Candidate Selection. Cadets interested in semester exchange or study abroad are

encouraged to work with academic advisors as early as their first year at USAFA. Cadets
should plan their coursework to accommodate a semester to study at a foreign institution.
Second- and third-class cadets with a minimum 2.6 cumulative GPA, who will have completed
the appropriate For Lang 322, or equivalent, by the time of departure are eligible to apply.
Cumulative MPA and PEA scores of 2.6 or better are also expected. Waivers to these criteria
may be granted by CWV or ADP. Program participants may not be on any probationary status
at the time of travel. A cadet who is on probation at the time when applications are submitted
may only apply with squadron AOC approval. Eligible cadets should apply through the Office
of International Programs (DFFLP) in the fall of the second-class year or earlier as denoted by
a specific exchange program. DFFLP will ensure notification to the Cadet Wing of the
application period.
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b. Preparation. Cadets selected as primary or alternate candidates for semester overseas
programs must be available all three summer periods prior to their study abroad semester and
could be required to take an academic course or depart on exchange without leave. Cadets
must complete academic coursework as necessary to satisfy all graduation requirements.
Cadets must coordinate with their academic advisors and ADP to develop a plan specifying
which classes they expect to receive credit for while studying abroad. DFFLP will provide
course catalogs or equivalent for each program. However, due to the structure and curricula
of our partner academies, course information is not readily available for all locations. The
cadet will need to work closely with the academic advisor, DFFLP, and any departments
involved in the cadet’s credit transfer plan to ensure all major, elective, and core requirements
will be satisfied before graduation.
c. Transfer Credit. Course credit transfer may be awarded to meet major’s requirements,
Foreign Area Studies electives (for non-FAS majors), and core equivalents. USAFA cadets
will receive pass/fail grades for their foreign coursework. Cadets considering participation in
CSEAP or CSSAP should work with their advisor, ADP, and DFFLP to carefully plan and
manage their academic program before, during and after their intended semester of
participation. Within the spirit of the program’s purpose, this planning should maximize
opportunities for foreign coursework to transfer toward their academic major’s requirements
and FAS courses. The following process should be used by all cadets and advisors planning
to participate in CSEAP/CSSAP:
(1) As soon as possible, but no later than lesson 15 of the semester prior to CSEAP/CSSAP
participation, the cadet and advisor shall establish an academic plan that maximizes the
opportunities for foreign coursework to transfer toward their academic major’s
requirements and electives. Each academic major is encouraged to be as flexible as
possible in determining how each of these courses may fit into their academic major’s
requirements and therefore maximize the cadet’s ability to receive transfer credit for their
time abroad. In addition to major’s classes, any cadet participating in a semester program
overseas in a foreign language environment may receive experiential credit for For Lang
402 and For Ar Stu 495. A cadet may typically earn credit for a maximum of 6 courses
while abroad, and may request authorization from the Director, DFFLP to receive credit
for additional courses. The Director will coordinate with the AIC of the cadets’
departments in cases for which an exceptional course load pursued overseas justifies
additional credit.
(2) Credit toward academic courses that meet graduation requirements will be the primary
objective within the maximum course load, including course equivalents for major’s,
elective, and core courses. Approval for credit to fulfill requirements for USAFA core
courses is possible using core substitutes (Table 14) and constrained by considerations (a)
through (g) below:
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Table 14. Exchange/Abroad Program Transfer Credits
Cadet can
receive transfer Fulfilling the requirement If the course taken abroad/on exchange
credit for the for one of the following contains roughly the following
following core courses course objectives/content
core substitute
- any course using the content of biology to teach critical
- Biology 215
thinking and the principles of science and the scientific
(Bas Sci 401BI)
Bas Sci 401 method
- Math 300/356/377 - introductory statistics, probability, hypothesis testing,
(Bas Sci 401MA) probability distributions, correlation or regression
- Astro Engr 310 - history, principles, challenges of space, orbits, spacecraft
(Engr 401AS) systems, launch vehicles, re-entry or mission management
- introductory aircraft design, fluid mechanics,
- Aero Engr 315
Engr 401 airfoil/wing aerodynamics, aircraft performance, or
(Engr 401AE)
stability & control
- introductory electrical or computer engineering
- ECE 315
principles, signal analysis, electronic system design or
(Engr 401EC)
evaluation
- successful techniques in allowing people to understand

- Mgt 400 & influence their environment, models & processes,
Soc Sci 401
(Soc Sci 401MG) interrelationships of power, or techniques contributing to
decision making in complex, uncertain situations
- moral & intellectual aspects of war as expressed in

- English 411 literature, written and oral communications skills, or
(Hum 401EN) major canonical works of fiction, memoir and oratory
addressing complexities & ethical issues of war/leadership
- study of major moral theories, application to moral
Hum 401
problems, ethical action, understanding of civic, cultural
- Philos 310 & international contexts or influential normative theories
(Hum 401PH) of ethics, devotes substantial in-class treatment to the just-
war tradition with associated reading assignments and
homework
(a) Equivalency is defined as a suitable substitute for the corresponding USAFA

offering within the spirit of the program’s overarching purpose; course syllabus and
associated learning outcomes need not correspond on a direct one-for-one basis in order
to receive credit for a course. If a department believes the substance of a particular
core equivalent is not met by the CSEAP/CSSAP course offering, departments and
advisors are encouraged to work with cadets to develop acceptable alternatives aligned
with the desired outcome. For instance, a department may work with the cadet and an
instructor to create a 499 course with independent coursework, and/or deliverable
materials that may be completed during the CSSAP semester and either submitted or
presented upon the cadet’s return (or via networked means while abroad). Additional
requirements should be the exception, not the rule.
65
(b) Cadets and their advisors are responsible for working with departments to
coordinate approval for credit within the major or minor discipline. DFFL/DFFLP,
working with DFVR, will coordinate with departments to effect transfer credit for core
courses. Approval for equivalency credit is granted by the Department Head or the
department’s designated official.
(c) Within one week of beginning academic coursework at the foreign military
academy or civilian institution, each cadet must contact DFFLP to update and/or refine
their academic plan for the semester. Offered courses frequently change. DFFLP will
work with the advisor and the cadet to adjust the plan based on circumstances.
Potential transfer credit from any additional departments will be coordinated within
two weeks of notification.
(d) DFFLP will maintain records of foreign coursework to include country, location,
institution, course titles and descriptions.
(e) Upon receiving proper coordination/approval for transfer credit for USAFA
courses and successfully completing equivalent foreign coursework, major’s courses,
FAS courses, core course, or core substitute will appear on the cadet’s transcript
indicating pass/fail credit.
(f) Due to curriculum changes and internal scheduling processes at foreign institutions,
course availability cannot be guaranteed until after cadets report to their respective
overseas programs. Cadets and advisors will refer to DFFLP resources during planning
to confirm expected course offerings.
(g) In cases of unresolved conflict between departments and advisors regarding

equivalent credit, the circumstances will be presented to Director, DFFLP who will, if
necessary, present it to the appropriate Division Chair for a final decision on divisional
core substitute credit.
2-5.4. SERVICE ACADEMY EXCHANGE PROGRAM. (USAFAI 36-2001, Cadet Service

Academy Exchange Program). The Air Force Academy has a semester-long exchange program
with the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, and the
U.S. Coast Guard Academy at New London. Cadets selected for this program during their fourth
semester attend the sister academy during the fall of their second-class year. Academic grades
received at sister service academies transfer to USAFA and are included in the cumulative GPA.
If end-of-semester grades would result in academic probation status at USAFA, the cadet is placed
on academic probation upon return. Interested cadets apply through their Air Officer
Commanding (AOC). Students and advisors should work with AICs and departments to ensure
maximum flexibility for students participating in this program; courses taken at sister service
academies should genersally meet the intent of similar classes offered at USAFA, recognizing
these courses will not provide an exact one-to-one match of course objectives and topics.
2-5.5. RESERVE OFFICER TRAINING COPRS EXCHANGE PROGRAM. Similar to the

Service Academy Exchange Program, USAFA also has agreements with several civilian
institutions that allow cadets the opportunity to attend those universities during the fall of their
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second-class year. Interested cadets apply through their Air Officer Commanding (AOC). As with
CSEAP and CSSAP, students selected for this program will be awarded transfer credit for courses
taken at the civilian institution that meet major’s and core requirements. USAFA cadets will
receive pass/fail grades for their ROTC exchange coursework. Cadets considering participation
in the ROTC echange program should work with their advisor and ADP to carefully plan and
manage their academic program before, during and after their intended semester of participation.
Within the spirit of the program’s purpose, this planning should maximize opportunities for
relevant coursework to transfer toward their academic major’s requirements. As with other
exchange program, maximum flexibility in offering course transfer credit is encouraged; cadets
should work with both the civilian university and USAFA’s academic departments in advance to
find course options that will fill cadet graduation requirements.
2-5.6. ACADEMIC SUCCESS CENTER (ASC). The Academic Success Center is a centralized
learning center designed to enhance cadet performance and is comprised of four key educational
units: Quantitative Reasoning Center, Communications Strategies Center, Strategies for
Academic Success, and Graduate Studies and Scholarships. The Quantitative Reasoning Center
offers instructional support in Calculus, Physics, Chemistry, and Mechanical Engineering. The
Communciations Strategies Center offers Reading Enhancement classes, a Writing Center to help
with papers and reports for all classes, and a Communications Center to assist cadets with their
speaking presentations. The Strategies for Academic Success program offers classes and
individualized assistance to assist cadets with learning strategies for general as well as subject
specific content, as well as extra instruction and support for ESL and international cadets. The
Graduate Studies and Scholarship program assists high-achieving cadets who seek scholarships
and who aspire to attend graduate school. The vision of the Academic Success Center is to support
and encourage academic excellence in all cadets through faculty-led, personalized instruction that
advances study strategies, critical thinking, STEM, and communication literacy. The ASC works
to inspire cadets to pursue graduate education and become life-long learners.
a. Quantitative Reasoning Center (QRC). The QRC provides evening extra instruction (EI)
for STEM subjects. Supplemental instruction in select core quantitative disciplines is provided
in individual, small group, and workshop settings. Subjects include Calculus, Physics,
Chemistry, and Engineering Mechanics. The QRC is open in the evenings, Monday through
Thursday, from 1730 – 2130. Appointments are recommended and some drop-in hours may
be available. Students should first seek EI from their primary course instructors, but the QRC
is an excellent source of supplemental instruction. To learn more about the Center’s services
visit our Blackboard site at https://aetc.blackboard.com (log in and click the Academic
Services tab at the top). To schedule extra instruction visit https://usafa.mywconline.com.
b. Communications Strategies Center. The Communciations Strategies Center offers classes

and individualized support for reading, writing, and speaking enhancement to best prepare all
cadets to be well-informed critical readers, writers, and speakers.
(1) Reading Enhancement Classes. Read Strat 103 and 103X. This 20-lesson course is
designed to enhance a cadet’s ability to read deeply and critically. The course includes
strategies to navigate academic texts across the disciplines, evaluate claims and evidence,
and increase concentration and recall. Eye tracking technology is used to increase the
ability to read efficiently and optimize eye health. Please contact Dr. Karin Becker
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([email protected]) or your academic advisor to discuss enrolling in this
class. Cadets can enroll in Read Strat 103 (first 20 lessons of the semester) or Read Strat
103X (second 20 lessons of the semester).
(2) Writing Center. The Writing Center is open in the evenings, Monday through
Thursday, from 1730 – 2130 for appointments or drop-ins. Individual appointments can
also be scheduled during the day. For information, please contact Dr. Gary Mills
([email protected]).
(3) ESL/International Cadet Support. For English as a Second Language (ESL) and
international cadet assistance, please contact Prof Connie Leonard
([email protected]).
c. Strategies for Academic Success. The Strategies for Academic Success program offers full
semester (Learn Strat 101) and half semester (Learn Strat 102) courses which focus on the
most effective learning strategies for academic achievement, time-task management,
prioritization, note-taking, and reading skills. Discussions about mindset and grit are also
included in the classes. Cadets should contact Mr. Spencer Thomas
([email protected]) or stop by the Academic Success Center to discuss an
individualized program or enrollment in a Learn Strat course. Select fourth-class cadets will
be enrolled in fall or spring Learning Strategies courses based on entering academic composite
numbers or performance during a grading cycle.
d. Graduate Studies and Scholarships. The Graduate Studies and Scholarships office assists
academically high-achieving cadets pursue scholarship and graduate study opportunities. For
additional information, contact Dr. Helen Meisenhelder
([email protected]), Director of the Graduate Studies and Scholarship
program.
2-5.7. ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE (ESL) PROGRAM. (FOI 36-164, Policies and
Procedures for Cadets Who Speak English as a Second Language). Academic departments may
grant up to double time on quizzes, graded reviews, and final examinations to ESL students as
agreed upon by course director, instructor, and student. ESL students must be permitted to use an
English or foreign language dictionary, but must coordinate with the instructor the specifics of
what dictionary will be used and how and when it will be used. Suitable arrangements must be
made between cadets and instructors to schedule quizzes, graded reviews, and final exams. For
further information, contact the ESL Program Manager in the Academic Success Center (DFVRL)
at 333-0787.
2-5.8. ACADEMICALLY AT-RISK PROGRAM. This program is designed to provide

academically "at-risk" cadets with a lighter academic load during their fourth-class year to increase
their chances for successfully meeting graduation requirements. Cadets may not decline their
placement into the program, nor can they volunteer for the program. Cadets may volunteer for the
Learning Strategies 101 course.
a. "At-risk" fourth-class cadets take four academic courses and Learning Strategies 101 during
the fall semester. During the spring semester, at-risk cadets will take five academic courses.
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Cadets may be placed in the program based ACT or SAT scores, Prior Academic Record (PAR,
Academic Composite, or other criteria as established by USAFA.
b. Procedures
(1) DFVRC provides AOCs, AAOCAs, and the Academic Success Center with a list of
academically at-risk cadets.
(2) Academically at-risk cadets are identified on the APS by enrollment in Learn Strat 101
in the fourth-class fall (refer to Section 2-10, Course Descriptions, under Learning
Strategies).
(3) An academically at-risk cadet who wishes to take more than five academic courses in
the fourth-class spring semester may do so if he/she qualifies for an overload (3.0 or greater
fall GPA). At mid-semester, the ARC may direct any overloaded, deficient cadet to drop
a course.
(4) An academically at-risk cadet who fails a course during the academic year may be
directed to forfeit summer break and take an academic course in its place.
2-5.9. HOSPITAL INSTRUCTION (HI). (USAFAI 36-3509, Extra Instruction for Cadets).
Hospital instruction helps cadets maintain their academic course work at a proficient level while
hospitalized. While this program is primarily for cadets who experience an extended stay due to
illness or injury, extra instruction services are available for all cadets.
2-5.10. EXTRA INSTRUCTION (EI). (USAFAI 36-3509, Extra Instruction for Cadets). Extra
instruction provides an opportunity for students to meet one-on-one with their instructors to obtain
additional, out-of-class assistance in academic areas. Extra instruction is the right of all cadets and
is highly encouraged for cadets experiencing academic difficulty. All instructors are willing to
help any cadet in need of additional academic assistance.
2-5.11. RETURN-TO-LEARN CONCUSSION PROTOCOL. Return-to-learn is a post-

concussion academic recovery program. The goal is to provide a cadet with academic
accommodations during his/her concussion recovery in order to give his/her brain the best chance
to heal. After a concussion, the brain experiences a temporary energy crisis that may make it
difficult to engage in cognitive activities. Return-to-learn exists to allow the brain to heal during
this energy crisis by preventing a premature return to full academics.
Table 15. Return-to-Learn Stages
Stages Accommodations
1 – Cognitive Rest • Cadet does not attend class
• No homework
2 – Trial of Cognitive Activity • 20-30 min. of homework followed by 15 min. of
rest
• Increase homework by 15 min. increments
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• Move to Stage 3 when you can study for 60 min.
and remain symptom free
3 – Return to Class (maximal • Attend some classes. Avoid classes/activities that
modifications) provoke symptoms
• Do not take quizzes or GRs
• Begin to make up missed work (e.g., reading
assignments)
4 – Return to Class (minimal • Attend all classes. However, may miss a particular
modifications) class that provokes symptoms
• Begin to make up missed quizzes/GRs
5 –Full Class Attendance • Fully participate in academics
• Completes make up of any missed work
a. I should expect a Return-to-Learn cadet to be:

…in Stage 1 (Cognitive Rest) for 24-48 hours.
…in Stage 2 (Trial of Cognitive Activity) within a few days from injury.
…in Stage 3 (Return to Class (max. modifications)) within the first week from injury.
…in Stage 4 (Return to Class (min. modifications)) within 10 days from injury.
…in Stage 5 (Full Class Attendance) at approximately 2 weeks from injury.
b. I should be concerned if a Return-to-Learn cadet:

…is still in Stage 1 (Cognitive Rest) after 5 days from injury.
…hasn’t reached Stage 2 (Trial of Cognitive Activity) after first week from injury.
…hasn’t reached Stage 3 (Return to Class (max. modifications)) within 10 days from
injury.
…has not reached Stage 4 (Return to Class (min. modifications)) within 2 weeks from
injury.
…has not reached Stage 5 (Full Class Attendance) within 3 weeks from injury.
c. This timeline should be used as a general rule of thumb – understanding that every
concussion heals differently. If you notice that your cadet is falling into the concerning
timeline, it would help to meet and/or teleconference with the cadet, academic advisor,
instructor, and RTL liaison.
d. It is important to watch for the following characteristics in a concussed cadet:

• Increased problems with attention and/or concentration
• Difficulty with remembering or learning new information
• Longer time needed to complete tasks
• Inappropriate or impulsive behavior
• Greater irritability and/or emotional liability
• Decreased ability to cope with stress
• Difficulty or distress in a stimulating environment
• Physical symptoms such as: headache, nausea, dizziness, fatigue
(These are all symptoms of a concussion and an increased intensity or onset of new
symptoms may demonstrate a need for slower return-to-learn and additional medical
attention. Presence of these symptoms for longer than three weeks without improvement
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signals a need for further medical attention. If you witness a cadet demonstrating these
symptoms please verify that they have a clinic follow-up within the week. If you are
concerned, escort them to the Cadet Clinic.)
e. Protocol Management.
(1) After the diagnosis of a concussion, the cadet’s academic advisor and AOC will
supervise his/her return-to-learn. These personnel will work with the cadet and his/her
instructors, professors, as well as medical staff in order to develop a customized plan. As
the cadet moves through the return-to-learn stages, the academic advisor and AOC will
provide updates on his/her progress. Personnel in the Cadet Clinic will assign the return-
to-learn stages and will maintain and disseminate an accurate Form-18. It is imperative
that AOCs and academic advisors provide feedback to medical personnel on their
concussed cadet’s academic progress.
(2) Returning to the classroom does not mean the cadet is symptom-free. The gradual
return to full academics (i.e. caught up with syllabi in all classes) should be modified
individually for each cadet based on symptoms and course content. Return-to-learn is
completed in several stages and symptoms are monitored at each stage. Certain activities
may trigger new symptoms or worsen existing ones. In this case, the cadet may need to be
re-evaluated by medical personnel. Cadets with a concussion are seen at least once per
week in the Concussion Clinic.
(3) Concussion and mild traumatic brain injury are covered under the Americans with
Disabilities Act Amendments Act (ADAAA). Any action taken in this process must
remain compliant with the ADAAA law.
f. Return-to-Learn Stages. The role of the AOC and academic advisor is to oversee their
concussed cadet’s academic recovery. Medical staff will assign the return-to-learn stages.
In a minority of cases the AOC and academic advisor may need to communicate directly
with the treating physician to ensure an effective Return-to-Learn protocol is in place. The
duration of each stage should be specific to each individual cadet and is based on the
symptoms experienced by the cadet. Regardless of stage, the AOC and academic advisor
will jointly manage return-to-learn. During stages 1 and 2, the cadet will be on bed rest so
these stages will be primarily managed by the AOC. When the cadet is ready to return to
class (i.e., progresses to stage 3) the AOC will hand over primary management
responsibilities to the cadet’s academic advisor.
(1) Stage 1 - Cognitive Rest (typically same day of injury)

Avoid: classroom attendance, formation, briefings, homework, “screen time” (i.e.
phone, computer, or video game use), reading, and loud noise and bright lights (e.g.,
meals should be provided in their dorm in order to avoid Mitchell Hall).
(In light of the energy crisis that occurs after a concussion, cognitive rest allows the
brain to heal more quickly. If the cadet is still experiencing symptoms without
stressors or activity, they should remain at the cognitive rest stage. When the cadet
has no or minimal symptoms at rest, they will progress to the next stage.)
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(2) Stage 2 - Trial of Cognitive Activity (return to homework)
Attempt cognitive activity such as homework or reading for 20-30 minutes, gradually
increase time increments, allow for approximately 15 minutes of rest in between each
activity, and if the cadet develops symptoms after participating in activities, they
should rest until symptoms subside.
(Once the cadet can complete approximately an hour of cognitive activity without the
onset of concussion symptoms, they will progress to the next stage.)
(3) Stage 3 - Return to Class (with maximum modifications)

Return to a partial day of classes. Avoid specific classes or activities that lead to the
onset of symptoms (e.g., particularly challenging classes, labs, and intensive
computer use). The cadet should not participate in physical education classes. The
cadet should communicate to their academic advisor, professors, and instructors
when they are experiencing symptoms and ask to leave class or modify classes in
order to minimize the worsening of concussion symptoms. The cadet should not take
quizzes or GRs, as a quiz or GR taken early in concussion recovery will not
accurately represent their ability and knowledge. The cadet can begin to make up
work (e.g., reading assignments) missed when they were not in class. The cadet can
begin to attend morning accountability formation, briefings, and meals in Mitchell
Hall unless they provoke concussion symptoms.
(Once the cadet can complete a partial day of classes without the onset of concussion
symptoms, they will progress to the next stage.)
(4) Stage 4 - Return to Class (with minimum modifications)

The cadet returns to a full day of classes but should take breaks when necessary. The
cadet can begin to take quizzes and GRs, although they should be provided an
opportunity to take an adapted form in order to prevent triggering symptoms (e.g.,
oral exam instead of written, paper instead of computer, longer time limit on a timed
exam, etc.). Single class exceptions for a particular class that provokes symptoms
may be necessary.
(Once a cadet can attend all classes without the onset of concussion symptoms, they
will progress to the next stage.)
(5) Stage 5 - Full Class Attendance (no modifications)

The cadet returns to classes as usual, fully participating and taking all quizzes and
GRs in the original format. The cadet will continue to work with professors and
instructors in order to ensure that any missed work is made up and they are caught up
to the syllabus. The expectation is that the cadet is attending all formations and
briefings.
(Continue to monitor for concussion symptoms, even after the cadet has reached
stage 5. Any return of symptoms should be referred back to a medical provider at the
Cadet Concussion Clinic.)
g. Symptoms Persisting Longer Than Three Weeks. For most cadets, concussion symptoms
will resolve and they will return to class with no modifications within three weeks. For
those cadets who continue to experience symptoms past the three-week period, there are
differing ways to make academic adjustments and accommodations. The cadet may need
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a change in schedule (e.g. drop a class); or special arrangements may be required to allow
for extended absences, quizzes and GRs, term papers, and projects.
h. Potential Accommodations for Professors/Instructors to Consider
(1) General Academic Accommodations: modify or cancel an assignment(s), short in-

class breaks, extended time on assignments or quizzes/GRs, quieter/dimmer exam room,
ability to record lectures or provide note takers, alternative forms of quizzes and GRs (e.g.,
oral instead of written, paper instead of computer), excused absences, schedule change,
and dropping a class that induces concussion symptoms.
(2) Symptom-Based Accommodations
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Table 16. Concussion Symptoms and Accommodations
Symptom Accommodation
Headaches • Allow cadet to lay head down on desk
• Allow frequent breaks
• Identify triggers that cause headaches to worsen
Sensitivity to Noise • No PE, band, or chorus
• Avoid loud classes/labs
• Permit earplug use
• Avoid Mitchell Hall; eat in a quiet setting
• Avoid attending athletic events (e.g., Falcon Stadium)
• Allow cadet to leave/arrive from class early/late to avoid
loud hallways
• Limit cell phone, head phone/ear phone use
Sensitivity to Light • Allow cadet to wear sunglasses indoors
• Move cadet to area with low-lighting, dim lights
• Avoid sitting in direct sunlight
• Avoid bright projector/computer screen
Sleep Difficulties • Allow late start to school (e.g. cadet may need to miss
morning accountability formation)
• Allow frequent rest breaks
Visual Problems • Limit computer use
• Reduce/shorten reading assignments
• Record lectures or use auditory learning apps
• Allow for more listening and discussion vs. reading
• Increase font size on computer/projection screen
• Limit texting/video games
• Limit watching TV close up or from a distance
• Sit cadet closer to center of the room (for blurry vision)
Concentration/ • Place main focus on essential academic content/concepts
Memory Problems • Postpone major GRs or participation in testing
• Allow extra time for assignments, quizzes, GRs, projects
• Modify class assignments and homework
• Limit to one exam per day
• Consider use of pre-printed notes, note taker, or reader for
oral test taking
Dizziness/ • Allow cadet to leave class early to avoid crowded
Lightheadedness hallways
• Provide an escort
• Allow cadet to put head on desk
2-5.12. ACADEMY SCHOLARS PROGRAM. The Academy Scholars Program, the honors
program at USAFA, helps academically-talented and intellectually-curious cadets at USAFA
reach their full scholastic potential. As a holistic program that blends an innovative, engaging, and
integrative path through the core curriculum with unique extracurricular experiences, the Scholars
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Program serves as an exemplar of academic integrity and excellence. Upon graduation, Scholars
are prepared for challenging, twenty-first century command positions and possess the intellectual
curiosity and commitment to lifelong learning that will foster their growth as future officers,
thinkers, and leaders. The curriculum consists primarily of smaller-sized, discussion-based core
course sections that deepen and broaden Scholars’ intellectual development, as a complement to
existing academic, leadership, military training, and athletics programs.
a. Background. The Academy Scholars Program addresses several academic issues at

USAFA, and several trends in the Air Force, the global security environment, and higher
education in the 21st century. USAFA’s efforts to recruit the best qualified applicants, in
addition to the competitiveness of our cadets for graduate scholarships, support a program
focused on intellectual development across all four of USAFA’s academic divisions.
b. Admission to the Academy Scholars Program. Shortly after the first progress report in the
fall semester, eligible cadets in each new class (based on their fall prog GPA and faculty
recommendations) will be offered the opportunity to apply for program entry. Cadets who
wish to take Academy Scholars courses, but who are not formally in the program, may do so
on a space available basis with the approval of the Department Head in charge of the course
and the Academy Scholars Program Director. A cadet will be considered for removal from
the program if his/her GPA drops below 3.5. Additionally, any form of probation (honor,
conduct, aptitude, athletic, or academic) may restrict a Scholar to course participation and from
complementary opportunities.
c. Academy Scholars Program Curriculum. To graduate as an Academy Scholar, cadets must:

1) be formally accepted into the program; 2) complete the required capstone, Soc Sci 495S; 3)
complete at least nine additional Scholars courses, one of which may be a capstone in the
major or a 499; 4) graduate with a GPA of 3.5 or higher. Please note that courses not listed
here may occasionally be offered, and courses listed here may not be offered; contact the
Program Director for more information.
d. Recommended Sequence for Academy Scholars Program Courses:
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Table 17. Academy Scholars Program Courses
Scholars Course Core Course Year Semester

Equivalent
English 211S English 211 Fourth Fall/Spring
OR
English 200S
History 100S History 100 Fourth Fall/Spring
Beh Sci 110S Beh Sci 110 Fourth Spring
Comp Sci 110S Comp Sci 110 Fourth Spring
Physics 110 S Physics 110 Fourth Spring
Pol Sci 211S Pol Sci 211 Fourth Fall/Spring
MSS 251S MSS 251 Third Fall/Spring
Econ 201S Econ 201 Third Fall
Physics 215S Physics 215 Third Fall
Law 220S Law 220 Third Fall/Spring
Mech Engr 220S Mech Engr 220 Third Spring
Biology 215S Biology 215 Third/Second Spring
ECE 215S ECE 315 Third/Second Spring
Soc Sci 311S Soc Sci 311 Second Fall/Spring
History 300S History 300 Second Fall/Spring
Philos 310S Philos 310 Second Fall
Math 300S Math 300 Second Fall/Spring
Astro Engr 310S Astro Engr 310 Second Fall/Spring
Aero Engr 210S Aero Engr 315 Second Fall/Spring
English 400S English 411 First Fall
NB: Fills Adv Socio Option
Mgt 400S Mgt 400 First Spring
NB: Fills Adv Socio Option
*Soc Sci 495S Capstone N/A First Fall/Spring
Seminar
*Required Scholars Course
2-5.13. SUMMER PROGRAMS. Academic, airmanship/aviation, and military training core

requirements are offered during the summer. The Commandant of Cadets summer scheduler
coordinates scheduling procedures with DF, 306 FTG, and AD. As the single point of contact for
all summer program actions, USAFA/CWTS also notifies cadets of all airmanship, athletic, DF-
coordinated and military training summer program registration and changes.
a. Military Training. All cadets will complete two programs per summer. Generally, for the
two upper classes, one program will be a leadership program, a period of Summer Break
and a Non-Cadre related program. For the rising third-class, one program will be Ops AF,
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a period of Summer Break and an airmanship program. Rising third-class cadets identified
as "At-Risk" academically by DFVR will be assigned an academic class in lieu of
airmanship. Certain summer military training programs must be completed to meet
graduation requirements. Specific requirements will vary by cadet class. General
graduation requirements are as follows:
(1) Core military training requirements:
(a) Basic Cadet Training (BCT) student (Basic Trainee) (Mil Tng 100)
(b) Combat Survival Training (CST) student course (Mil Tng 230).
[Approved as a beta test for Summer 2022]
(c) Operation Air Force (Ops AF) (Mil Tng 201) or equivalent:
1. Air Education Training Command (AETC) Leadership Ops (Mil
Tng 411)
2. CE Ops/Civil Engineer Field Engineering Readiness Laboratory
(CE-FERL) (Civ Engr 351)
(2) Cadre Programs: All upper-class cadets will be required to complete one Cadre
program per summer for manning purposes. Below is a list of programs that will
meet the Cadre requirement:
• Wing Staff Cadre – Mil Tng 435

• BCT Group Staff/Cadre – Mil Tng 400/402/403
• Combat Survival Training (CST) – Mil Tng 330 [Approved as a beta
test for Summer 2022]
• Ops Group Staff/Cadre – Mil Tng 407/413
• Prep School BMT Cadre – Mil Tng 309
• Cadet Wing Operations Center (CWOC) – Mil Tng 315
• CE-FERL Leadership Cadre – Mil Tng 351
• Cadet Outdoor Ldrshp Experience COLE – Mil Tng 369
• Falconry Cadre – Mil Tng 412
• Summer Seminar Cadre – Mil Tng 332
• Space Instructor – Space 472
• UAS/RPA Instructor – UAS 400
• Soaring Instructor Pilot – Armnshp 472
• Honor Cadre – Mil Tng 451
• Aviation Instructor – Aviation 401
• Parachuting Instructor – Armnshp 496
• Flying Team Trainer – Armnshp 465
• CE SAME Camp – Mil Tng 352
• Sports Camp Cadre – Mil Tng 408
• Media Cadre – Mil Tng 452
• RECONDO Cadre – Mil Tng 434
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• Cyber Instructor – Cyber 472
(3) The following programs are authorized by USAFA and considered non-cadre
related. These programs can fulfill the second training program required each
summer for Upper-class cadets;
• Marine Leatherneck – Mil Tng 305

• Army Programs – Mil Tng 304)
• Navy Programs (SEAL SOAS) – Mil Tng 302
• Internships – Mil Tng 499
• Soaring Racing Team – Armnshp 474
• Critical Language Scholarship (CLS) Program – Mil Tng 445
• Soaring Aerobatics Team – Armnshp 475
• Cultural Immersion Program (CIP) - Mil Tng 442
• Powered Flight Program (PFP) – Armnshp 302
• Cadet Summer Research Program (CSRP) – Mil Tng 481
• Leading Outside to Strengthen Teamwork (LOST) – Mil Tng 459
• Cadet Summer Language Immersion Program (CSLIP) – Mil Tng 441
• Operations Air Force Program (International Students Only) – Mil Tng
300
• Summer Academics plus Summer Break Slots (limited) – SmrAcad 700
• Cadet Semester Study Abroad Program (CSSAP)
• Cadet Semester Exchange Abroad Program (CSEAP)
(4) All cadets are normally assigned three weeks of summer break every summer. They
may voluntarily choose to forego their summer break to accommodate additional
time for CSRP and/or other non-cadre related programs or an academic class. In
order for cadets to participate in two non-cadre related programs during the same
summer, those cadets must forego their summer break.
NOTE 1: Summer Training Review Committee (STRC) – Directed Core Military

Training. STRCs can direct core military training in lieu of summer break during
the summer if deemed appropriate for completing graduation requirements based
on circumstances surrounding incompletion of core military training during
prescribed summer term.
NOTE 2: All joint military training programs as well as all cadre for camps will
have limited enrollment restricted by USAFA-based program manning.
NOTE 3: Physical Education Review Committee (PERC) – can direct summer

RECONDO 3rd period (Mil Tng 234 Admin Squadron PRC) in lieu of summer
break for any Physical Education deficiencies.
NOTE 4: “Leadership credit” can be earned in many ways with regards to select
academic year positions and Cadet-in-Charge positions for various programs (e.g.,
CSLIP CIC). Although cadets may accumulate numerous “leadership credits,” that
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does not excuse a cadet from working a Cadre program identified in the Summer
Cadre Programs list above. Summer Scheduling is not responsible for maintaining
“leadership credit” and all upper-class cadets will be assigned at least one Cadre
program each summer.
NOTE 5: Some Command Selected Board positions and cadets identified as

qualified instructors may be required to work two periods during the summer for
continuity and manning purposes.
NOTE 6: All cadets will be afforded the opportunity to provide their preference
for some programs. By definition, “Preference is a choosing of or special liking
for one person or thing rather than another.” Please note that a preference is not
guaranteed but information collected to help schedule due to the extremely limited
slots and availability of programs.
b. Summer Academics. The purpose of summer academics is to enable cadets to correct a

failed grade or deficiency and allow students to achieve personal goals such as completing
a major, strengthening weak areas, or preparing for special academic programs. Each fall,
the DFVRC Summer Academics Program Coordinator develops the next summer’s
academic schedule. The goal of this program is to include as many core courses as
possible. Most courses will be open to all interested cadets. Registration for summer
academics is during the registration period held in the spring. After the established
deadline date, changes to a cadet’s summer academic schedule will be reviewed on a case-
by-case basis.
(1) Academic Review Committee (ARC) – Directed Summer Academics. ARCs are
Chaired by a Permanent Professor or Department Head (Colonel) from DF for each
class and is the only approval authority which can direct summer academics and/or
summer academics in lieu of summer break if deemed necessary for the cadet to
maintain an achievable course load and graduate in 4 years.
(2) Summer Academics plus Summer Break. This program is designed to serve
academically “at risk” third-class cadets or first-class cadets who either perform
below average academically but continue to demonstrate the ability to benefit from
a service academy education or, to a lesser degree, maintain above average
academic performance while contributing extensive time to the Academy
community.
(3) Summer Academics in Lieu of Summer Break. A number of cadets choose to

register for summer academics in lieu of summer break to ease future course loads
or enrich their academic programs. Cadets who wish to drop or add a summer
academic course must do so prior to the end of the registration period in the spring.
After that date, the only additions or deletions will be ARC actions, CWT changes,
or exceptions approved by DFVR.
c. Airmanship Programs. Basic Soaring and Basic Parachuting are not available to first- and
second-class cadets during the summer. Because of the limited number of student slots
79
available, seats will be filled based on cadet preference weighed against a modified OPA
score (50% GPA, 40% MPA, 10% PEA). Armnshp 302 (Powered Flight Training) may
be offered to select first-class cadets during the fall and spring semesters with
USAFA/A3/9 coordination and approval.
NOTE 1: Cadets must have medical clearance verified before the first day of class in
Armnshp 251.
NOTE 2: Cadets must have medical clearance verified before enrollment in Armnshp 490
(Basic Parachuting) and be prepared to pass the fitness test—to include the 10 second flex
arm hang for safety reasons—on day one of training. (A fitness pre-screen test date will
be established through the OPORD or RO to ensure cadets are ready and/or scheduled
appropriately.)
d. Cadet Summer Research Program (CSRP). (Mil Tng 481/486) CSRP provides
opportunities for cadets to solve relevant problems, learn through real-world application
of classroom principles, and build lasting collaborative relationships while participating in
research at various military, government, and civilian facilities throughout the world.
CSRP participants receive credit for a military summer training program, and this is
considered a career broadening assignment. Cadets typically have the opportunity to
participate in CSRP during the summer following their second-class year; however, in
some cases cadets may participate on an unofficial basis in the summer following their
third- or fourth-class years. Cadets interested in competing for a CSRP slot will coordinate
directly with their department’s CSRP representative.
2-5.14. BASIC CYBER OPERATIONS (Cyber 256). Cadets have the opportunity to participate
in the cyber operations program during the summer following their fourth-class year with
enrollment in Cyber 256. Cadets interested in becoming a Cyber instructor should register for
Cyber 355X in the 3° spring. Cyber 256 is a 7-day program scheduled during the summer.
2-5.15. BASIC SPACE OPERATIONS (Space 251 and Space 252). Cadets have the opportunity
to participate in the space operations program during the summer following their fourth-class year
or during the academic year. Cadets interested in becoming a Space instructor should take Space
251 and Space 252 NLT the summer of their third-class year and then enroll into Space 350. Space
251 is a 7-day (summer) or 10-lesson (fall or spring) course. Space 252 is a 10-lesson (fall or
spring) course.
2-5.16. AIRMANSHIP COURSES. Airmanship courses fall under the 306 FTG (Soaring,
Parachuting, Powered Flight Program, Flying Team) and DF (Remotely Piloted Aircraft). Cadets
may complete Airmanship courses during the academic year. Airmanship courses are generally
non-academic courses and do not satisfy requirements for an academic major. Generally, cadets
may not upgrade and instruct in more than one airmanship program. The 306 FTG or UAS/RPA
Program Director, as appropriate, must approve exceptions. Cadets in Armnshp 251 (Basic
Soaring), Armnshp 461 (Soaring Instructor Pilot Upgrade), Armnshp 490 (Basic Parachute
Training), Armnshp 491 (Advanced Parachute/ Jumpmaster/Instructor Training), UAS 200 (Basic
UAS/RPA Piloting), and UAS 300 (RPA Employment) cannot participate in any other airmanship
program during that course. Except for Armnshp 461 (Cadet Soaring Instructor Upgrade) and
80
Armnshp 491 (Jumpmaster/Instructor Training), these courses are non-academic and cannot
satisfy requirements for an academic major. Parachuting and soaring courses do not factor into a
cadet’s course load; however, they cannot be taken by cadets on academic probation. The
minimum entry GPA for upgrade and instructor parachuting, soaring, and flying team courses is
2.6, semester or cumulative, regardless of course load. Specific courses may require higher
minimum GPA entry requirements; see course descriptions for additional information. Cadets
will be dropped if placed on academic probation during any progress report. Cadets not meeting
institutional standards and minimum requirements in any airmanship program may be removed
from the course. For additional information on airmanship opportunities see the Armnshp course
descriptions and the Airmanship Next Model diagram (Figure 9) for reference.
a. 94 FTS Soaring Program. Cadets may have the opportunity to participate in the soaring
program during the summer following their fourth-class year, or during their third-class
year in Armnshp 251 (Basic Soaring). Cadets interested in becoming Soaring Instructors
MUST take Armnshp 251 PRIOR to the spring semester of their third-class year.
b. 98 FTS Parachuting Program. Cadets may have the opportunity to participate in Armnshp
490 (Basic Parachuting) during the summer following their fourth-class year or during an
upper-class year. Cadets interested in becoming Parachuting Instructors should take
Armnshp 490 NLT the summer before their third-class year. Registration for Basic
Parachuting during the school year is open to all upper-class cadets; however, the limited
number of seats is prioritized by the most senior class year first, followed by OPA. Cadets
who wish to participate in Basic Parachuting must volunteer, weigh less than 215 pounds,
and pass the fitness pre-screen test.
c. 557 FTS Powered Flight Programs. Cadets may have the opportunity to participate in
Armnshp 201 (Powered Flight Fundamentals) as early as the fall semester of their third-
class year. For cadets interested in Armnshp 302 (Powered Flight Training), cadets may
be scheduled during their second-class year or during the summer before their first-class
year. Cadets interested in a rated assignment may have the opportunity to take Armnshp
201 prior to the spring semester of their second-class year and AFSC selection (see para
2-5.17 for rated assignment requirements).
d. RPA Programs. Cadets interested in upgrading to UAS/RPA Instructor should take UAS
300 during the fall or spring of their third-class year; then, in the summer after their third-
class year, they should attend RQ-20 Initial Qualification Training (IQT) at Hurlburt Field,
FL, in conjunction with their Ops Air Force graduation requirement. To attend RQ-20
IQT, UAS 300 completion is desired, but not required. UAS/RPA Instructors repay their
training commitment in UAS 400 during their second- and first-class years.
81
USAFA Airmanship
•:•
U.S. AIR FORCE
Pre-Arrival
Initial Career
BCT
1---------------------
Summer
•
Flying Team - ~
♦Mt($NMMifl-----
Field Interest
Query
Soaring -
(CFIQ)*
Baseline
B --~;,"t"',f"'f"i·■
- INiffil
AM-490
G
R
A
D
OED u
IMIPIHMIM► Parachuting --------Ir A
AV-100 AV-300
* CW Summer Preference
* Rated Interest Query AM -302
* Graduate Assistant Selection
AV-400
AV-100 , Intro to Powered Flight (VR) AM-496 , Wings of Blue
UAS-200, Intro to UAS AM-473 , AM-461 IP Duty
AM-251 , Soaring AM-474, Soaring Racing Team
AM-490 , Parachuting AM-475 , Soaring Aerobatic Team
AM-461 , Soar IP Upgrade AV-300 , Powered Flight Ground School (VR)
AM-491 , Parachuting Upgrade AM-302 , Powered Flight Training (!FT-like)
AM-201 , Powered Flight Fundamentals AV-400 , Intro to T-6 Operations (VR)
AM-472 , AM-251 IP Duty
Integ· rity - Service - Excellence

Figure 9. Airmanship Experience Model
2-5.17. RATED ASSIGNMENT REQUIREMENTS. To be eligible for a rated assignment,

cadets must meet the following criteria:
a. Be a volunteer. USAFA/A3 will query third-class cadets during the fall semester for rated
interest. Volunteers will be medically vetted, to include Photorefractive Keratectomy
(PRK) candidate identification and projected timeframe for procedure completion. The
USAFA rated career field manager (USAFA/A3) will work with DFVR to ensure cadets
interested in pursuing a rated career field are scheduled for Armnshp/Aviation courses to
meet the rated requirement.
b. Be medically eligible.
c. Take Aviation 100 (Introduction to Powered Flight Operations), Armnshp 201 (Powered
Flight Fundamentals), or Armnshp 251 (Basic Soaring) prior to the second-class spring
semester. See current HQ USAFA/A3 guidance for cadets exempt from the Armnshp
201/251 or Aviation 100 requirement for selecting a rated AFSC. Intercollegiate athletes
interested in pursuing a rated career field should talk with their academic advisor, the
athletic scheduling office, and/or the USAFA Rated Career Field Manager (USAFA/A3)
to determine the best opportunity to participate in required Armnshp/Aviation courses.
82
d. Have a Pilot Candidate Selection Method (PCSM) composite score greater than 10. PCSM
is comprised of the Air Force Officer Qualification Test (AFOQT), Test of Basic Aviation
Skills (TBAS) and flying hours (see http://access.afpc.af.mil/pcsmdmz/index.html for
details).
2-5.18. GRADUATE SCHOOL OPPORTUNITIES. Cadets may wish to attend graduate school
or pursue careers in the biomedical, legal, or other professions after graduating from USAFA.
Cadets may compete for the following programs:
a. National Competitive Scholarship Program. Cadets may compete with students from other
universities for scholarships and fellowships to study for advanced degrees in the United
States and overseas. Among the major scholarships available to cadets are the following:
Rhodes Scholarship, Marshall Scholarship, Gates Scholarship, Fulbright Scholarship,
Fannie and John Hertz Foundation Fellowship, National Science Foundation Fellowship,
John Stark Draper Fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Rice
University, Harvard University Scholarship at the John F. Kennedy School of Government,
East-West Center Fellowship at the University of Hawaii, Program Research and
Education in Space Technology (PREST) Fellowship at George Washington University,
University of Washington Engineering Fellowship, the University of Maryland
Scholarship and the Pardee RAND Graduate School in Santa Monica, CA.
Scholarship/Fellowship recipients will incur an active duty service commitment (ADSC).
For additional scholarship opportunities, contact the Graduate Studies Programs Office
(Room 1A84a, 719-333-4172).
b. Graduate School Program (GSP). This program allows selected graduates of the Air Force
Academy to attend a master's degree program immediately following graduation. GSP
participants will incur an ADSC.
(1) Number of slots available is determined by the Air Force Educational Resources Board
(AFERB). The GSP slots will be used for departments to bring graduates back to teach.
A number of slots are reserved for the Dean of the Faculty.
(2) Candidates for this program must be willing to return to the Academy as academic
instructors after gaining Air Force experience. Interested cadets should contact their
Advisor-in-Charge or the GSP departmental representative to receive further details.
c. Health Professions. Select cadets may be allowed to enter several health related professions
after graduation.
(1) Medicine. Cadets meeting USAFA's requirements may compete for scholarships to
medical, dental, nursing, or physical therapy programs. USAFA can send up to 38
graduates per year to health profession degree and training programs. For medical
training, graduates can attend any CONUS medical school, including the Uniformed
Services University of the Health Sciences (Bethesda). Graduates attending medical
schools are funded through the Health Profession Scholarship Program (HPSP). The
HPSP pays for tuition, books and other required expenses, and provides a cost of living
83
stipend. HPSP recipients incur additional commitments to the Air Force.
(2) Health Profession Opportunities. Cadets interested in any health profession career field
or healthcare-related opportunities should contact the Health Professions Advisor in
the Department of Biology (DFBI). Medical schools do not accept AP or validation
credits to fulfill the basic science course requirements. Cadets planning to attend
medical or dental school must take one year each of inorganic chemistry, organic
chemistry, physics and biology, with a laboratory component.
d. Legal Training. USAFA graduates interested in attending law school may pursue such
interest in the following ways:
(1) USAFA Excess Leave Program (U-ELP). The Secretary of the Air Force may
authorize annually that a graduate of USAFA be placed in unfunded excess leave as a
student at an American Bar Association (ABA)-approved law school for a period not
to exceed 36 months leading to a Juris Doctor and completion of legal licensing
requirements necessary for service as an Air Force Judge Advocate. Eligibility is
limited to USAFA cadets in their first-class year, in good standing, who have either (a)
a minimum 3.25 legal studies major GPA or (b) a minimum 3.5 majors GPA in another
academic specialty accompanied by experience in the Cadet Mock Trial Program. The
call for U-ELP applications occurs shortly after the start of the fall semester. Eligible
first-class cadets must submit their application to the DFLA Department Head by 1
December of their first-class year at USAFA. Selection will be on a best-qualified
basis, consistent with the needs of the Air Force. The selected applicant begins law
school in the fall semester after graduation. Applicants are solely responsible for all
application expenses, tuition, fees, associated educational expenses, bar review course
fees, and bar examination fees. Applicants are authorized to accept tuition assistance
such as scholarships and endowments.
(2) Funded Legal Education Program / Excess Leave Program (FLEP/ELP). The Air
Force sponsors two programs which allow officers on active duty to earn a law degree:
the Funded Legal Education Program (FLEP) and the Excess Leave Program (ELP).
The number of applicants accepted annually varies according to requirements for Judge
Advocates, but in recent years it has been as many as eight and as few as one. Officers
participating in FLEP receive their tuition, fees, and a book allowance from the Air
Force while continuing to serve on active duty, thus also receiving full pay, allowances,
and other benefits while attending law school. ELP allows active duty Air Force
officers to attend law school using excess leave at the officers’ own expense, and they
do not receive pay or allowances while going to school; however, participants continue
to accrue time for promotion and retirement purposes and remain eligible for other
active duty benefits such as base exchange, commissary, and medical services.
Officers who attend law school under either program practice law in the Air Force as
a member of the Judge Advocate General’s Corps upon graduation from law school
and admission to any state bar. Officers are eligible to apply for FLEP between their
second and sixth year of active duty and are eligible to apply for ELP between their
second and tenth year. Applications must be submitted online by 10 January of the
calendar year in which the applicant intends to enter law school.
84
(3) Officers who complete these programs are normally designated as Judge Advocates
and serve in various legal positions in the Air Force. For more information about these
programs, contact the Law School Advisor (719-333-3680).
2-5.19. SCHOLARSHIP PREPARATION. Suggested courses for scholarship preparation are

listed below. Cadets who are considering applying for scholarships or fellowships are encouraged
to take the GRE during the spring semester of their second-class year. Cadets desiring additional
graduate education information should contact the Graduate Studies Programs Office (719-333-
4172).
a. Suggested Courses for Non-technical Scholarship Preparation:
(1) Core Courses: Schedule before or during fall of first-class year.

English 200S Introduction to the Humanities
English 411 War Stories
Philos 310 Ethics
English 400S Literature and the Fine Arts II
(2) Electives (Strongly Recommended): Cadets should schedule for fall of first-class year
to retain flexibility, should they decide not to compete for scholarships.
Engineering/Humanities/Social Science 400
Econ 374 Survey of International Economics Issues
English 303 Classical Literature
History 333 History of Military Thought and Strategy
History 340 America and the World
History 341 American Regional Identities
History 402 Global Dimensions of History: Capstone for FAS History
Majors
Hum 430 The Holocaust
Philos 391/2/3/4 Philosophy Option
Pol Sci 301 Political Theory
Pol Sci 302 Politics of National Security
Pol Sci 491 Capstone Seminar in Political Science: National Security and
Political Analysis
(3) Electives (Good Preparation): Second-class year or fall of first-class year.

Beh Sci 352 Social Psychology
Beh Sci 360 Sociology
Econ 351 Comparative Economic Systems
Econ 473 Public Economics
Econ 480 Defense Economics
Creative Art 335 Music Seminar
History 321 STEM at War: History of Technology and Warfare
History 345 The American Way of War
History 346 Great Americans
Law 351 U.S. Constitutional Law
Law 363 International Law
85
Philos 391/2/3/4 Philosophy Option
Philos 401 Comparative Religion
Philos 402 Philosophy of Religion
Philos 495 Special Topics in Philosophy
Pol Sci 451 American Political Thought
Pol Sci 460 Civil-Military Relations
Pol Sci 495 Special Topics in Political Science
Soc Sci 483 Principles of Negotiation
b. Suggested Courses for Technical Scholarship Preparation:

Math 342 Numerical Analysis
Math 360 Linear Algebra
Math 469 Partial Differential Equations
Math 470 Mathematical Physics
Physics 355 Classical Mechanics
c. Suggested Courses for Non-Engineering Majors Pursuing Engineering School: The

following technical/engineering courses should be included in a non-engineering major’s
course sequence if the cadet has aspirations to pursue an engineering degree in graduate school:
Math 243/253 Calculus III
Math 245 Differential Equations
Additional mathematics courses, when possible
2-5.20. BASIC METEOROLOGY PROGRAM (BMP). The BMP is an opportunity for newly
accessed officers from any commissioning source (USAFA, OTS, and AFROTC), to pursue a
post-baccalaureate program in meteorology, with follow-on inclusion into the Weather and
Environmental Sciences Officer (WESO) career field (15W). The BMP, managed by the Air
Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), is a challenging non-degree program that averages 10-11
months in length.
a. It consists of:
(1) Minimum of 24 semester hours of junior/senior level (possibly some graduate) courses
in meteorology, with three semesters of course work in meteorology being the norm
(on the order of 36-42 semester credit hours over summer, fall, spring)
(2) Collateral study in mathematics, physics, and computer science may be required
(3) BMP does not count against an individual’s total 54-month allotment of AFIT graduate
education time
(4) A 3-year ADSC is incurred, served concurrent with any existing ADSC.
(5) In certain cases, a BS in Meteorology may be attainable, assuming university

prerequisites and/or requirements are fulfilled either prior to or as part of the BMP
program
b. BMP candidates must be commissioned prior to program entry and possess a bachelor's
86
degree in a technical field such as math or physics. Other degrees may be accepted depending
on the applicant's math and physics coursework background. Eligibility requirements are
determined by AFIT/CIGW. The current standards are as follows:
(1) Typically a 2.8 minimum GPA required, both overall and within a student's major
discipline
(2) Minimum prerequisites include one year of calculus-based physics and one year of
calculus through integral calculus (generally Calc I, II, III sequence) with minimum
grades of "C" in each prerequisite course
(3) A course in Differential Equations is also strongly recommended prior to program

entry or else it will need to be taken as part of the BMP
(4) Exceptions may be possible on a case-by-case basis, approved by AFIT/CIGW
c. Interested cadets should consult with the USAFA/DFPM Meteorology AIC to inquire about
the BMP, the WESO career field, or to enroll in potentially helpful USAFA Meteorology
courses (e.g., Advanced Core or Major’s Options) in preparation for BMP.
87
SECTION 2-6
THE CORE
2-6.1. INTEGRATED CORE.
Why do we have a large, integrated Core at the Air Force

Academy? The Core
The Core “is rooted in the best
The Core is one of the distinctive elements that make an Air traditions of the past, taught in the
Force Academy education particularly valuable to the Air context of the present, and
Force and the Nation. The Core is purposefully and continually reexamined in the light
developmentally designed to build proficiencies in nine of the future needs of the Air Force.”
outcomes to prepare cadets for future service as - Lt Gen James E. Briggs, USAFA 2nd
commissioned officers. Components of the Core are taught Superintendent.
by faculty and staff members within the Dean of the Faculty,
the Commandant of Cadets, the Athletic Department, and the
306th Flying Training Group.
Over the years, our Core has changed to meet the needs of an evolving world. The Core builds on
the best traditions of the Academy, takes advantage of current thinking in education and
information technology, and keeps a keen eye on the future needs of a 21st century military serving
in an increasingly complex global environment. The Core is infused with the ideals of a liberal
education yet grounded in the needs of a modern military through a blend of education, training,
and experience. 1
Because of the unique role the Core plays in developing officers of character for the U.S. Air
Force, the Core is more extensive and more integrated across the institution than is commonly
found at other universities and colleges. In fact, our Core is two to three times larger than the
general education requirements found at typical colleges. Our
Core depends on purposeful integration across athletics, Liberal Education
academics, military training, and airmanship programs, and Liberal education is an
facilitates the uniquely immersive experience found at the Air “approach to learning that
Force Academy. The Core is truly a one-of-a-kind experience empowers individuals and
that prepares Cadets to serve in the greatest Air Force in the prepares them to deal with
world. complexity, diversity and change.
It provides students with broad
2-6.2. FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES. knowledge of the wider world
(e.g. science, culture and society)
The Core is guided by foundational principles that ensure that as well as in-depth study in a
it meets the highest ideals of a liberal education while providing
specific area of interest.”
the best preparation for a lifetime of service to the Nation. This
– American Association of Colleges
balance of attaining a broad education while immersed in the
and Universities
1
Air Force Doctrine, Annex 1-1, Force Development, 15 Dec 2014, identifies education, training, and experience as
the components of the Continuum of Learning (CoL). The CoL focuses on developing Airmen who thoroughly
understand the mission, the organization, and Air Force doctrine.
88
history, traditions, and professional values of military service 2 is the unique and critical
contribution of the Air Force Academy to the officer corps. The Core directly supports Air Force
commissioning requirements while providing the educational depth and breadth of a world-class
Bachelor of Science degree. No other commissioning source can create the collaborative blending
of ever-present military training, rigorous academics, and competitive athletics that defines the
United States Air Force Academy Foundational Core Principles

To achieve our Institutional Outcomes, we are committed to providing:
• A broad liberal education that imbues in cadets the knowledge, skills,

and habits of mind necessary for service as exemplary officers and
citizens; a curriculum fostering guided self-discovery and collaboration,
the spirit of free inquiry, and the open exchange of ideas;
• A Core that calls for cadets to study and experience chosen subjects in
depth, as creative, independent thinkers comfortable with uncertainty,
paradox, and complexity; and
• A Core that prepares and inspires graduates to continue learning and

serving throughout their lives.
This Core should ultimately deepen cadet understanding of what it

means to serve as an American military officer dedicated to the
profession of arms and ready for the responsibilities of command.
communal experience of every graduate of the Air Force Academy. While the size and content of
the Core has changed over the years, this basic principle of a balanced, immersive Academy
experience remains constant. The depth and breadth found at
the Air Force Academy provides “a core group of innovative Academy Outcome
leaders capable of thinking critically who will exert positive Statement
peer influences to convey and sustain the traditions, attitudes, The Academy develops a diverse
values, and beliefs essential to the long-term readiness and group of professional Air Force
success” of the Air Force. 3 officers who think critically, lead
with character, and serve the
nation. These developmental
2-6.3. ACADEMY OUTCOMES. goals are achieved by the USAFA
Course of Instruction, which is
Future Air Force leaders must demonstrate a sophisticated designed to accomplish nine
combination of qualities that define the character of members of institutional outcomes.
a modern profession of arms. At the Academy, we operationally
2
DODD 1322.22, Service Academies, 24 Sep 2015
3
DODD 1322.22, Service Academies, 24 Sep 2015
89
define these professional characteristics in nine Academy Outcomes. Every faculty and staff
member serving at the Academy – regardless of their specific role – plays an important part in
building Air Force leaders of character by developing the proficiencies articulated in the following
nine outcomes.
The Academy Outcomes reflect the two complementary roles the Air Force Academy plays within
the American military landscape: developing commissioned officers and providing a world-class
college education. The higher education community has informed our Core with the best ideals
of a liberal education that provide Cadets with a sophisticated understanding of the knowledge and
thinking skills needed in our complex, 21st century world. Simultaneously, the Air Force has
provided us with a sense of unity and mission not often shared by institutions of higher learning.
Therefore, Academy Outcomes reflect the joint contribution of both the Air Force and the higher
education community as described in the Air Force’s Commissioning Sources’ Institutional
Competency Learning Outcomes 4 as well as the Association of American College and
Universities’ (AAC&U) Essential Learning Outcomes. 5 The combination of these two cultures
provides the Academy with a synergistic focus that is richer and more informed than either
community provides on its own. The Outcome white papers are included in Section 2-11.
1. Critical Thinking – to apply self-aware, informed, and reflective reasoning for problem solving
and decision making in the absence of ideal information.
2. Clear Communication – to express ideas in writing or in a prepared, purposeful presentation
with the intent to enhance knowledge, foster understanding, and stimulate new thinking by the
receivers.
3. Application of Engineering Problem-Solving Methods – to understand the opportunities,
requirements, and constraints imposed by the scientific and mathematical workings of the
universe, supported by knowledge of the current and projected state of technology.
4. Scientific Reasoning and the Principles of Science – to apply scientific habits of mind,
including proficiency in the nature of science, scientific reasoning, and the principles of
science.
5. The Human Condition, Cultures, and Societies – to comprehend what it means to be human,
the individual situated in a culture and society, and the interactions of people from different
socio-cultural milieus.
6. Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational Management – to apply character-based
leadership principles at the personal, interpersonal, team, and organizational levels.
7. Ethics and Respect for Human Dignity – to recognize ethical alternatives among the options
available, use ethical judgment to select the best alternative, and act consistently to respect the
dignity of all affected persons.
8. National Security of the American Republic - to possess the knowledge necessary to protect
the fundamental values and core interests of the United States, and recognize the broader
political context in which military force must be employed.
4
AFI 36-2014, Commissioning Education Programs, 14 Jul 2019
5
College Learning for the New Global Century, 2007
90
9. Warrior Ethos as Airmen and Citizens – to persevere despite physical and mental hardships,
embrace the oath of office and the profession of arms, adopt the core values, and value all
Airmen.
2-6.4. COURSES AND PROGRAMS.
The USAFA Core consists of 29 Dean of Faculty academic courses (93 semester hours), 10
Athletic Department Physical Education courses (5 semester hours), and a large number of
Commandant of Cadets and 306th Flying Training Group courses and programs. In addition to the
Academic Core, all Cadets take one of two academic programs described in Section 2-7. These
programs include the Academic Majors (36 – 50 semester hours beyond the Core) and the Bachelor
of Science Program (30 semester hours beyond the Core). Both options are fully described in
Sections 2-8 – 2-9.
2-6.5. LEVELS OF THE CORE.
The Core is designed to support the Academy Outcomes through a developmental sequencing of
courses, programs, and training at foundational, intermediate, and advanced levels. Transitions
between the levels represent a continuum rather than clearly defined stages.
Foundational Intermediate Advanced

- Primarily Fourth- and Third-Class - Primarily Third- and Second-Class - Primarily Second- and First-Class
- Beginning work - Greater breadth and depth - Culminating work
- Required for all - Limited choice - Most choice
What do we mean by foundational?
These courses are typically taken by fourth- and third-class cadets. These courses and programs
serve as both an introduction to college level work and as an introduction to the history, traditions,
and professional values of military service. Foundational Core experiences provide cadets with
introductory courses and programs important to the more advanced Core as well as to their future
service as Air Force Officers. Examples of these experiences include Basic Cadet Training,
introductory academic and physical education courses, and an introduction to airmanship. After
completing the Foundational Core, cadets have an introductory proficiency in all nine Academy
Outcomes.
Choice at the Foundational Level of the Core: All cadets take identical education, training, and
experiences at the foundational level unless they have transfer or validation credit (for details on
transfer/validation credit, go to the “Core Administration” section at the end of this chapter).
What do we mean by Intermediate?
91
These courses are typically taken by third- and second-class cadets. The Intermediate Core builds
on education, training, and experiences found in the Foundational Core as cadets explore both
depth and breadth activities in each of the nine Academy Outcomes. In some cases, these courses
and programs add depth to Cadet thinking by building on previous knowledge from courses in the
same disciplines found in the Foundational level. Examples are second courses in math, physics,
and chemistry or follow-on airmanship programs. In other cases, these courses and programs
explore breadth in thinking through new courses in a related discipline not previously studied. An
example of this is the three course breadth sequence in Air (Aeronautical Engineering), Space
(Astronautical Engineering), and Cyberspace (Electrical and Computer Engineering) found at the
Intermediate level in the Principles of Engineering Outcome. After completing the Intermediate
Core, cadets have developed breadth and depth in the proficiencies in all nine Academy Outcomes.
Choice at the Intermediate Level of the Core: At the Intermediate level, cadets have some choice
in the Core. The choice is limited to provide some ability for cadets to tailor their experiences to
personal and professional goals without compromising their ability to complete their graduation
requirements in four years. This choice is primarily within and not across individual Outcomes
and the choices may be constrained by a Cadet’s chosen major. Cadets should refer to the Major’s
requirements listed in Section 2-8 or meet with their AAOCA or Academic Advisor before
selecting their Intermediate option courses in order to create a program that meets their interests
while ensuring all program and graduation requirements are met in time for graduation. The
following are the choices available at the Intermediate level:
• In the Critical Thinking Outcome, all cadets are required to take a course in statistical
reasoning. However, this requirement can be filled by taking Math 300, Introduction to
Statistics; Math 356, Probability and Statistics for Scientists and Engineers; Math 377,
Advanced Probability and Statistics; or the two-course Behavioral Sciences Methods and
Statistics sequence of Beh Sci 231, Basic Research Methods and Statistical Tools, and Beh
Sci 332, Advanced Research Methods and Statistical Tools.
• In the Scientific Reasoning and the Principles of Science Outcome, all cadets are required
to take two Intermediate courses chosen from three available options. Cadets will pick two
of the following three courses: Physics 215, General Physics II with Laboratory; Chem
200, General Chemistry II Lecture and Lab; or Biology 215, Introductory Biology with
Laboratory.
• In the Warrior Ethos as Airmen and Citizens Outcome and the Leadership, Teamwork, and
Organizational Management Outcome, all cadets are required to take four Physical
Education courses in team and individual sports. Cadets may choose from the following
sports to fulfill this requirement.
o Team Sports Elective
 Phy Ed 484 Volleyball
 Phy Ed 486 Basketball
 Phy Ed 487 Soccer
 Phy Ed 488 Softball
o Individual Sports Elective
 Phy Ed 340 Racquetball
 Phy Ed 341 Tennis
 Phy Ed 342 Golf
 Phy Ed 343 Indoor Rock Climbing
 Phy Ed 344 Warrior Enhancement Yoga
92
 Phy Ed 345 Advanced Physical Development
 Phy Ed 346 Pickleball
o Open Electives 1 and 2
 Any of the electives above not already taken
 Phy Ed 114 Introduction to Combatives
 Phy Ed 347 Self-Protection
 Phy Ed 348 Marksmanship
 Phy Ed 477*Independent Exercise (first- or second-class cadets only)
 Phy Ed 479*Cadet Instructor (first- or second-class cadets only)
* Cadets are registered for these courses by the Athletic Department Scheduling and Grading
Division (ADPEG), IAW ADOI 36-3504.
What do we mean by Advanced?
These courses are typically taken by second- and first-class cadets. The Advanced Core represents
the most depth and the most choice in the Core. Cadets take Advanced courses and programs in
some, but not all, of the nine Academy Outcomes. Cadets develop specific proficiencies in the
Clear Communication and Critical Thinking Outcomes within their chosen major. Other programs
such as the National Character and Leadership Symposium and Cadet Leadership requirements
provide chances to dig deeply into the proficiencies described in the Academy Outcomes. The
Advanced Core represents the culmination of a Cadet’s journey and provides the capstone
experiences that complete each Cadet’s preparation as new Second Lieutenants in the United
States Air Force.
Choice at the Advanced Level of the Core: In the Advanced Core, cadets have the most choice.
This provides a breadth of experience across the graduating class while providing individual
students the ability to choose areas to explore with greater depth and effort. Advanced choice is
available to cadets in both the Academic and Military/Airmanship Core.
Academic Advanced Core Choices: In the Advanced Academic Core, cadets have three choices.
Some majors may require specific courses in order to meet graduation requirements for that major.
Other majors may allow more freedom in choices. Cadets should refer to the Major’s requirements
listed in Section 2-8 or meet with their AAOCA or Academic Advisor before selecting their
advanced option courses in order to create a program that meets their interests while ensuring all
program and graduation requirements are met in time for graduation.
• Choice #1: Advanced Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) Choice – Pick
one of the courses below which support one of the following Outcomes: 1) Application of
Engineering Problem-Solving Methods, or 2) Scientific Reasoning and the Principles of
Science:
o Biology 345 Aerospace Physiology
o Biology 370 Human Nutrition
o Chem 222 Analytical Chemistry
o Chem 350 Chemistry of Weapons
o Civ Engr 356 Sustainable Engineering
o Comp Sci 210 Programming Fundamentals
o Geo 351 Physical Geography
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o Math 243/253 Calculus III
o Math 245 Differential Equations
o Meteor 320 Introduction to Meteorology and Aviation Weather
o Ops Rsch 310 Systems Analysis
o Physics 310 Principles of Nuclear Science
o Physics 371 Astronomy
• Choice #2: Advanced Sociocultural Choice – Pick one of the courses below which support
one of the following outcomes: 1) The Human Condition, Cultures, and Societies, 2)
Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational Management, 3) Ethics and Respect for
Human Dignity, 4) National Security of the American Republic, or 5) Warrior Ethos as
Airmen and Citizens:
o Beh Sci 360 Sociology
o English 411 War Stories
o Geo 412 World Cultural Geography
o History 345 The American Way of War
o Mgt 400 Management and Command
o MSS 444 Space & Cyber Strategy for National Security
o Philos 401 Comparative Religion
o Pol Sci 302 American Foreign and National Security Policy
o Soc Sci 483 Principles of Negotiation
• Choice #3: Advanced Open Choice – Choose any course from either choice #1 or choice
#2. Cadets who have Health Professions Advisory Committee (HPAC) approval (usually
during the Spring of 2 degree year) to apply for a health professions program may submit
a waiver to count the third P/C/B Option as the Advanced Open Choice.
Military and Airmanship Advanced Core Choices: In the Leadership, Teamwork, and
Organizational Management Outcome, cadets are required to complete a minimum of two
Leadership Practicums in their second- or first-class year from the list below. Cadets choose from
the following options to demonstrate and practice advanced leadership, teamwork, and
organizational management abilities. At least one of these credits must be accomplished in a
military program under the Commandant of Cadets (in bold in the list below).
• Any commander selected from the Command Selection Board

• BCT Cadre, CST Cadre, Summer Ops Group Cadre and Staff
• CE-FERL Leadership, AETC Leadership Ops, Prep School BMT Cadre
• Soaring Instructor, Parachuting Instructor, RPA Instructor, Cyber Instructor, or Space
Instructor
• Intercollegiate or Competitive Club Sport Team Captain
2-6.6. OUTCOME COURSES AND PROGRAMS.
The following pages describe the Core courses and programs that developmentally align with each
of the nine Academy Outcomes. Each Outcome is guided by an Outcome Team comprised of
faculty and staff from the courses and programs listed for that Outcome. In addition, each team
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normally includes at least one member not in one of the aligned courses and programs, and at least
one Cadet. All courses and programs listed in this Handbook contribute to one or more of our
Academy Outcomes. However, the courses and programs listed in the Outcome descriptions on
the following pages are committed to a more intensive role in that Outcome. These courses and
programs are committed to defining the proficiencies of that Outcome; aligning education,
training, and experiences with the proficiencies; and leading Outcome assessment efforts. 6
6
This process and a full description of Outcome Team membership is found in USAFI 36-3502, Institutional
Effectiveness
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Critical Thinking Outcome – to apply self-aware, informed, and reflective reasoning for
problem-solving and decision-making in the absence of ideal information.
General Proficiencies 7
• Self-aware reasoning – understand how biases, assumptions, and perspectives influence

problem-solving and how others might approach the same problem.
• Informed reasoning – seek out the best information, separate relevant from irrelevant
information, and identify additional information that may be needed to solve a problem.
• Reflective reasoning – evaluate how strongly information supports an idea and provide
alternative interpretations for information or observations.
• Problem-solving and decision-making – identify problems; use a systematic process to
problem solve, identify alternatives; and select an appropriate solution.
• Military profession – apply these tools to military problems taking into account system
constraints (e.g., time) and incomplete or uncertain information.
Departments and Programs Represented on the Outcome Team: Behavioral Sciences and
Leadership (DFBL), Economics and Geosciences (DFEG), Law (DFLA), Mathematical Science
(DFMS), Majors Program Representatives (one from each Academic Division)
Aligned Courses and Programs

• Foundational
o Econ 201
• Intermediate
o Law 220
o Math 300, Math 356, Math 377, or the two course Beh Sci 231 and 332 sequence
• Advanced
o Major’s Courses
7
For a detailed list of proficiencies and Commissioning Education requirements related to Critical Thinking, see
Section 2-11.
96
Clear Communication Outcome - to express ideas in writing or in a prepared, purposeful
presentation with the intent to enhance knowledge, foster understanding, and stimulate new
thinking by the receivers.
• Understands context of and purpose for communicating.

• Uses appropriate, relevant, and compelling content to illustrate thoughtful command of the
subject.
• Displays detailed attention to and successful execution of a wide range of conventions
particular to a specific discipline and/or communication task(s).
• Demonstrates control of language, syntax, and mechanics.
• Exhibits skillful use of high quality, credible, relevant sources to develop ideas that are
appropriate for the discipline and communication mode.
• Provides a compelling, precisely stated, appropriately repeated, memorable, and strongly-
supported central message.
• Role of Receiver and Feedback. Understands the importance of effective application of
empathetic and attentive listening.
Departments and Programs Represented on the Outcome Team: Cadet Wing (CW), English
and Fine Arts (DFEN), Majors Program Representatives (one from each Academic Division)

• Foundational
o English 111
• Intermediate
o English 211
o Commissioning Education - Military Speaking and Writing Certification
• Advanced
o Major’s Courses
8
For a detailed list of proficiencies and Commissioning Education requirements related to Clear Communication,
see Section 2-11.
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Application of Engineering Problem-Solving Methods – to demonstrate knowledge of the
current and projected state of technology; to understand opportunities, requirements, and
constraints imposed by the physical workings of the universe; to demonstrate knowledge of
the current and projected state of technology; and to use engineering problem-solving methods to
create, evaluate, and iteratively optimize solutions to ill-defined problems.
• Fundamental Domain Knowledge (i.e., knowledge of basic engineering principles across a

variety of physical domains relevant to Air Force missions in air, space, and cyberspace, and
the infrastructure within which they operate).
• Problem Solving Process (i.e., using a top-down, systematic problem solving method, shown
via italicized steps, to address the kind of ill-defined problems they will encounter across
domains in their USAF careers).
Departments and Programs Represented on the Outcome Team: Aeronautical Engineering

(DFAN), Astronautical Engineering (DFAS), Civil and Environmental Engineering (DFCE),
Computer and Cyber Sciences (DFCS), Electrical and Computer Engineering (DFEC),
Mechanical Engineering (DFME), Operations Research, Systems Engineering

• Foundational
o Comp Sci 110
o Mech Engr 220
• Intermediate
o Astro Engr 310
o Aero Engr 315
o ECE 315
• Advanced Choices
o Comp Sci 210
o Ops Rsch 310
o Civ Engr 356
9
For a detailed list of proficiencies and Commissioning Education requirements related to The Application of
Engineering Problem-Solving Methods, see Section 2-11.
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Scientific Reasoning and the Principles of Science Outcome - to apply scientific habits of
mind, including proficiency in the nature of science, scientific reasoning, and the principles of
science.
• Nature of Science - Determine if explanations, claims, or statements are consistent with the
Nature of Science and explain how a scientific explanation can simultaneously be broadly
accepted as reliable yet provisional.
• Scientific Reasoning - Use if-then reasoning to generate a scientifically testable expectation;
describe the effects of data collection methods on the reliability of results; use mathematics
and appropriate technology to describe and represent data (e.g., symbolically, visually, or
numerically); and systematically interpret results to draw valid conclusions.
• Principles of Science - Identify, explain, and discuss the role of foundational science principles
in real world applications and apply foundational principles of science and mathematics to
predict or explain natural phenomenon.
Departments and Programs Represented on the Outcome Team: Biology (DFBI), Chemistry
(DFCH), Mathematical Science (DFMS), Physics and Meteorology (DFPM)

• Foundational
o Chem 100
o Physics 110
o Math 141
• Intermediate
o Math 142/152
o Intermediate Choices – pick two of the following three courses:
 Chem 200
 Physics 215
 Biology 215
• Advanced Choices
o Biology 345
o Biology 370
o Chem 222
o Chem 350
o Geo 351
o Math 243/253
o Math 245
o Meteor 320
o Physics 310
o Physics 371
10
For a detailed list of proficiencies and Commissioning Education requirements related to Scientific Reasoning and
the Principles of Science, see Section 2-11.
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Ethics and Respect for Human Dignity Outcome – to recognize ethical alternatives
among the options available, use ethical judgment to select the best alternative, and act
consistently to respect the dignity of all affected persons.
• Employ and defend the existence of moral knowledge in making moral judgments by
recognizing theoretical approaches, relevant social science facts and theories, the effect of
one’s own perspective, and the ethical and legal foundations of the USAF mission.
• Respect the dignity of others by acquiring the behaviors and attitudes of professionalism and
equity, demonstrate the ability to interact with others in a mature way, consider another
person’s basic rights, understand the perspectives of others and practice fair and equitable
treatment.
• Act in accord with procedures that reflect sound moral judgment by integrating ethical theory,
psychological and sociological facts, and principles of the profession of arms as part of
deliberation and decision-making and recognize the place of their actions in a context that
includes social and political systems.
• Cultivate habits of moral excellence including the virtues of integrity first, service before self,
and excellence in all we do.
Departments and Programs Represented on the Outcome Team: Cadet Wing (CW), Center
for Character and Leadership Development (CCLD), Behavioral Sciences and Leadership
(DFBL), Philosophy (DFPY)

• Foundational
o Mil Tng 100
o Beh Sci 110
• Intermediate
o Philos 310
o Human Relations (Sexual Assault Prevention, Diversity, Religious Respect, etc.)
• Advanced
o Required
 National Character and Leadership Symposium
o Academic Option
 Philos 401
For a detailed list of proficiencies and Commissioning Education requirements related to Ethics and Respect for
11
Human Dignity, see Section 2-11.

100
The Human Condition, Cultures, and Societies Outcome – to comprehend what it means
to be human, the individual situated in a culture and society, and the interactions of people from
different socio-cultural milieus.
• Articulate one’s own identity as a human being, citizen in a republic, and officer-statesman in
the United States Air Force.
• Articulate the identity of other human beings in diverse cultural and social milieus.
• Engage constructively with different human beings, cultures and societies, domestically and
internationally.
• Recognize and respond prudentially in and to various cultural and social scenarios, settings,
and situations, whether in the classroom or in the field.
Departments and Programs Represented on the Outcome Team: Center for Character and
Leadership Development (CCLD), Foreign Languages (DFFL), History (DFHI)

• Foundational
o Foreign Language 131
• Intermediate
o History 300
o Foreign Language 132
• Advanced
o Required
o Academic Option
 Beh Sci 360
 English 411
 Geo 412
For a detailed list of proficiencies and Commissioning Education requirements related to The Human Condition,
12
Cultures, and Societies, see Section 2-11.

101
National Security of the American Republic Outcome – to possess the knowledge
necessary to protect the fundamental values and core interests of the United States and recognize
the broader political context in which military force must be employed.
• Explain the constitutional foundations of the American political and legal system.
• Explain the changing nature of the international environment in which our fundamental values
and core interests are shaped, reinforced, or threatened.
• Identify and explain the historical and contemporary nature of U.S. national security strategy
(i.e., how the U.S. aligns resources to protect its fundamental values and core interests).
• Explain the implications of contemporary U.S. national security strategy for joint and Air
Force strategy, technology, doctrine, policy, force structure, and operational employment,
especially with respect to the domains of air, space, and cyberspace.
Departments and Programs Represented on the Outcome Team: Cadet Wing (CW), Center
for Character and Leadership Development (CCLD), Economics and Geosciences (DFEG),
History (DFHI), Military and Strategic Studies (DFMI), Political Sciences (DFPS), Social
Sciences and Humanities Division Representatives

• Foundational
o Pol Sci 211
o MSS 251
• Intermediate
o Econ 201
o Soc Sci 311
o Mil Tng 201/300/301/351
• Advanced
o Required
o Academic Options
 History 345
 MSS 444
 Pol Sci 302
For a detailed list of proficiencies and Commissioning Education requirements related to National Security in the
13
American Republic, see Section 2-11.

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Warrior Ethos as Airmen and Citizens Outcome – to persevere despite physical and mental
hardships, embrace the oath of office and the profession of arms, adopt the core values, and value
all Airmen.
• Accurately describe warrior ethos for self and others. Comprehend the meaning of the
profession of arms and oath of office, accept the AF core values, and recognize how all Airmen
contribute to the mission.
• Exhibit grit – a hardiness of spirit and resistance to accept failure despite physical and mental
hardships. Fight through all conditions to victory, no matter how much time or effort is
required.
• Demonstrate courage – the moral, physical, and mental ability to act and do the right thing in
the face of adversity; intrinsic ability to put the mission and others before self, even in the face
of personal risk or failure.
• Develop disciplined, orderly, or prescribed conduct that conforms to professional AF
standards.
Departments and Programs Represented on the Outcome Team: Athletic Department (AD),
Cadet Wing (CW), Center for Character and Leadership Development (CCLD), History (DFHI),
Military and Strategic Studies (DFMI), 306th Flying Training Group (306 FTG).

• Foundational
o History 100
o Phy Ed 100
o Phy Ed 110
o Phy Ed 111 (or 119)
o Phy Ed 112 (or 113)
o Phy Ed 215
o Phy Ed 222 (or 211, 219)
o Phy Ed 315
• Intermediate
o Mil Tng 270
o MSS 251
o Phy Ed Individual Sport Elective #1
o Phy Ed Open Electives
• Advanced
o National Character and Leadership Symposium
• Intercollegiate Courses (cadets may substitute Phy Ed course credit for each year on an
intercollegiate roster as follows):
o Phy Ed 152 4th-Class Intercollegiate Sports (sub for Phy Ed 112)
o Phy Ed 252 3rd-Class Intercollegiate Sports (sub for Individual Sport Elective)
14
For a detailed list of proficiencies and Commissioning Education requirements related to Warrior Ethos as
Airmen and Citizens, see Section 2-11.
103
Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational Management Outcome – to apply
character-based leadership principles at the personal, interpersonal, team, and organizational levels.
• Personal Leadership - perform assigned tasks to the best of one’s ability, seek feedback,
maintain determination, and keep a positive attitude.
• Interpersonal Leadership - create positive environments, support and motivate development
and well-being, and hold others accountable.
• Team Leadership - build positive team climate, seek and incorporate input from team
members, guide goal or mission accomplishment, identify problems, and make appropriate
corrections.
• Organizational Leadership - identify key stakeholders and organizational
strengths/weaknesses, develop strategy, provide innovative and creative solutions, and
measure valid and reliable metrics.
Departments and Programs Represented on the Outcome Team: Athletic Department (AD),
Cadet Wing (CW), Center for Character and Leadership Development (CCLD), Department of
Behavioral Sciences and Leadership (DFBL), Department of Management (DFMA), 306th Flying
Training Group (306 FTG)
Aligned Courses and Programs 16

• Foundational
o Officership 100
o Officership 200
• Intermediate
o Officership 300
o Officership 400
o Phy Ed Team Sport Elective #1
• Advanced
o Required
o Academic Options
 Mgt 400
 Soc Sci 483
o Leadership Credit Options - In the Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational
Management Outcome, cadets are required to complete a minimum of two Leadership
Practicums during their second- or first-class year from the list below. Cadets choose
from the following options to demonstrate and practice advanced leadership,
teamwork, and organizational management abilities. At least one of these credits must
be accomplished in a military program under the Commandant of Cadets (in bold in
the list below).
 Any commander selected from the Command Selection Board
 BCT Cadre, CST Cadre, Summer Ops Group Cadre and Staff
15
For a detailed list of proficiencies and Commissioning Education requirements related to Leadership, Teamwork,
and Organizational Management, see Section 2-11.
16
This outcome is served by an integrated academic and military training program taken over four years and aligned
with the PITO (Personal, Interpersonal, Team, and Organizational) Model in the USAFA Officer Development
System (USAFAPAM 36-3527).
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 CE-FERL Leadership, AETC Leadership Ops, Prep School BMT Cadre
 Soaring Instructor, Parachuting Instructor, UAS Instructor, Cyber Instructor, or
Space Instructor
 Intercollegiate or Competitive Club Sport Team Captain
• Intercollegiate Courses (cadets may substitute Phy Ed course credit for each year on an
intercollegiate roster as follows):
o Phy Ed 352 – Second-Class Intercollegiate Sports (sub for Team Sport Elective)
o Phy Ed 452 – First-Class Intercollegiate Sports (sub for Open Elective)
Core Administration
Course Sequence and Flexibility in the Core

Core courses are numbered for the year in which the course is typically taken (e.g., 100-level for
fourth-class cadets, 400-level for first-class cadets). The course number will therefore reflect the
developmental level of the course, not necessarily the nature of the course content or the course’s
alignment with the developmental level of an Outcome. Core courses should be taken in their
intended class year and follow the developmental sequence prescribed by the Outcome description
as much as possible. Majors’ sequencing should be designed to facilitate this, subject to required
programmatic constraints. The flexibility in the Core should come from the majors’ sequencing
rather than from Core sequencing. Accommodations for specific Cadet needs can be made with
the approval of the respective Department Head(s) and the Associate Dean for Student Academic
Affairs.
Transfer/Validation Credit
Cadets who attended another college or university or who validate courses may earn validation or
transfer credit that is included in the total semester hour count. If a cadet leaves the Academy
prior to Lesson 9 of their first semester, transfer/validation credit will not appear on their USAFA
transcript.
a. A cadet who is readmitted following disenrollment or resignation may be given transfer
or validation credit for courses taken while away from USAFA. If the transfer or
validation credit for courses is for a course previously taken and failed at USAFA and
subsequently repeated at another college or university, the transfer/validation credit
should fill the course requirement on the grad check and the ‘F’ grade will be listed under
“Other Courses Taken” for active cadets; the ‘F’ grade continues to count in the
cumulative GPA.
b. Credit (grades and corresponding quality points) will be accepted for courses completed
with a proficient grade at USAFA by USAFA Preparatory School cadets upon entering
USAFA. If a Cadet Candidate from the USAFA Preparatory School is receiving a
deficient grade, he/she will be withdrawn from the course.
c. Physical Education (Phy Ed) courses can be transferred from other universities,
particularly for cadets on semester exchange to foreign military academies and sister
service academies. Regardless of the total number of Phy Ed courses transferred, a
minimum of eight USAFA Phy Ed courses must be taken in residence and counted toward
graduation requirements.
d. Incoming cadets who score well on placement exams, receive acceptable scores on AP
and/or IB exams, or who have previously received college credit for certain core and upper
level classes may receive validation or transfer credit for those classes.
105
a. Placement Exams are completed by incoming cadets prior to or during Basic Cadet
Training and determine the core Math and Foreign Language classes in which they
are placed during their fourth-class year. Cadets placing into advanced courses
(e.g. Math 152, Spanish 221) will receive validation credit for the preceding
classes (e.g. Math 141, Spanish 131 and 132).
b. AP/IB scores should be automatically delivered to USAFA during the summer of
cadets’ incoming year and are used to award validation credit as appropriate (see
Table 1). Students who feel they have not been awarded appropriate credit,
typically because the scores were not sent to USAFA, can provide their test scores
to DFVR for evaluation.
c. Transfer credit may be awarded for students who have completed post-secondary
coursework comparable to the class for which credit is being sought from an
accredited university. Transcripts should be sent to USAFA as part of the
application and appointment acceptance process; however, missing transcripts can
be forwarded to DFVR. The owning department of the class for which transfer
credit is being requested will evaluate the course, sometimes requesting additional
information such as a course syllabus, and will notify DFVR if transfer credit
should be awarded.
e. Cadets receiving validation or transfer credit will be placed in the next course in the
sequence (e.g. a cadet receiving Chem 100 credit will be placed into Chem 200). In cases
where the next class is not a requirement, cadets may work with their advisor to drop the
class (e.g. because Chem 200 is not a core requirement, a cadet receiving Chem 100 credit
can opt out of Chem 200 and instead schedule Physics 215 and Biology 215 to fill their
core science option requirements). Similarly, a cadet can “give up” his or her transfer or
validation credit and take the class for a grade (this is most often done for students
pursuing the pre-med program).
Core Preparation Course

EAP 109 is a three-semester hour course, scheduled for international cadets. Whenever possible,
ESL cadets will take EAP during their first semester, English 111 their second semester, and
English 211 their third semester.
Grade Protection
Fourth-Class Advanced-Placement Courses. Cadets placed into Math 152 (Calculus II), Math 253
(Calculus III), Math 245 (Differential Equations) or Chem 200 (General Chemistry II Lecture and
Lab) in their fourth-class fall will have grade protection.
a. Cadets deficient (“C-” or “D” or “F”) at prog may withdraw and receive a “W” grade on
their transcript or they may stay enrolled in the course. A cadet who stays enrolled will
not be placed on academic probation at prog solely based on a deficient or failing grade
in their advanced-placed mathematics course.
b. Cadets earning a “C-” or “D” at the end of the semester in one of the Math courses may
either a) keep the grade earned in the course or b) immediately retake Calculus II (Math
142), Calculus III (Math 243), or Differential Equations (Math 245) respectively in the
spring semester and receive a “WP” grade on their transcript in place of the deficient grade
for the fall. Note: a proficient grade (“C” or better) is generally required to move on to
the next higher mathematics course; see the course descriptions later in this handbook for
specific details on course pre-requisites.
106
c. Cadets who fail Math 152 at the end of the semester will be given a “W” on their transcript
and be automatically enrolled in Math 142 in the spring semester.
d. Cadets who fail Math 253 or Math 245 at the end of the semester will be given a “W” on
their transcript and can retake Calculus III or Differential Equations respectively
depending on the requirements of their selected major.
e. Cadets who fail Chem 200 at the end of the semester will be given a “W” on their
transcript.
Math 243. During their first attempt at Math 243, all cadets will have grade protection. Cadets
may drop the course anytime during the semester through lesson 30 and receive a “W”. Cadets
previously enrolled in Math 253 are not eligible for grade protection. A cadet will not be
considered deficient in academics solely based on a deficient grade at prog in Math 243.
Core Requirements Checklists
Athletic Department Requirements

Cadets must pass Phy Ed 100, Basic Physical Training, during Basic Cadet Training, participate
in a competitive experience (intramurals, clubs, or intercollegiate athletics) every semester, and
pass a minimum of 10 Physical Education (Phy Ed) courses, each worth 0.5 semester hours of
course credit. With few exceptions, cadets take Phy Ed courses each of their eight semesters.
Most Phy Ed courses consist of an 8-lesson block of instruction. Two Phy Ed courses will be
taken in the fourth- and first-class years. Three Phy Ed courses will be taken in the third- and
second-class years. The normal Phy Ed progression is shown in Table 18; Table 19 depicts the
required core (Foundational) and elective (Intermediate) Phy Ed courses/options as well as the
activities that meet advanced athletic criteria.
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Table 18. Athletic Department Timeline
Class Course 1 Course 2 Course 3

C4C Boxing Physical Development
C3C Swimming Water Survival Individual Sport Elective
C2C Combatives I Combatives II Team Sport Elective
C1C Open Elective Open Elective
Open Electives can be filled by an Individual or Team Elective or the following:
Phy Ed 114 Introduction to Combatives
Phy Ed 345 Advanced Physical Development
Phy Ed 347 Self-Protection
Phy Ed 348 Marksmanship
Phy Ed 477* Independent Exercise (first- or second class cadets only)
Phy Ed 479* Cadet Instructor (first- or second-class cadets only)
* Cadets are registered for these courses by the AD Scheduling and Grading
Division (ADPEG) IAW ADOI 36-3504.
Table 19. Physical Education Requirements

Phy Ed 100 Basic Physical Individual Intercollegiate or
Training Sport Elective Competitive Club Sport
Phy Ed 110 Boxing Team Sport Team Captain (part of
Elective Leadership Credit Options)
Phy Ed 111 or Swimming Open Electives
Phy Ed 119 Basic Swimming
Phy Ed 112 or Physical Development
Phy Ed 113 Fundamentals of
Physical Development
Phy Ed 215 Combatives I
Phy Ed 222 or Water Survival
Phy Ed 211 or Basic Water Survival
Phy Ed 219 Fundamentals of
Personal Water Safety
Phy Ed 315 Combatives II
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Military and Airmanship Requirements
Cadets complete two Foundational Leadership courses during their first two years in support of
their military education. Intermediate military requirements include Leadership 300 and 400,
required summer programs (Basic Cadet Training, Ops Air Force or equivalent, and Interpersonal
Leadership Training), and several other mandatory training events and programs during the
academic year. Cadets also have an opportunity to participate in a variety of Advanced Military
and Airmanship programs to achieve leadership experience and growth.
Table 20. Military and Airmanship Requirements

Leadership 100 MilTng 100 National Character and
Leadership Symposium
Leadership 200 MilTng 201/300/301/351 Leadership Credit Options
MilTng 270 Any commander selected from
the Command Selection Board
Leadership 300 BCT, CST, Summer Ops Group
Cadre and Staff
Leadership 400 CE-FERL Leadership
Military Speaking and Writing Soaring, Parachuting, RPA,
Certification Cyber or Space Instructor
Human Relations (Sexual Assault CIC for Marine Leatherneck,
Prevention, Diversity, Religious Navy or Army Summer
Respect, etc.) Programs
Leadership, Ethics and Character Intercollegiate or Competitive
Programs Club Sport Team Captain
Academic Requirements
Academic graduation requirements for cadets include 93 semester hours of Dean of Faculty core
courses, requirements for any declared major(s) or minor(s), and completion of 125 semester hours
in-residence. The below tables provide additional information regarding the core curriculum:
Table 21 maps each core course to its corresponding “level” (Foundational, Intermediate or
Advanced) in terms of cadet academic development; Table 22 maps the core courses to USAFA
Institutional Outcomes; and Table 23 lists core course prerequisites and co-requisites.
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Table 21. Academic Requirements

Beh Sci 110 Aero Engr 315/316 STEM Options:
Chem 100 Astro Engr 310 • Biology 345
Comp Sci 110 ECE 215/315 • Biology 370
Econ 201 Econ 201 • Chem 222
English 111 English 211/212 • Chem 350
For Lang 131 For Lang 132 • Civ Engr 356
History 100 History 300 • Comp Sci 210
Leadership 100 Law 220 • Geo 351
Math 141 Leadership 200, 300, 400 • Math 243/253
Mech Engr 220 Math 142/152 • Math 245
Physics 110 MSS 251 • Meteor 320
Pol Sci 211 Philos 310 • Ops Rsch 310
Soc Sci 311 • Physics 310
Science Option • Physics 371
• Biology 215 Sociocultural Options:
• Chem 200 • Beh Sci 360
• Physics 215 • English 400S/411
Statistics Option • Geo 412
• Math 300 • History 345
• Math 356 • Mgt 400
• Math 377 • MSS 444
• Beh Sci 231 & 332 • Philos 401
Major’s Courses • Pol Sci 302
• Soc Sci 483
Advanced Open Option:
choose a course from either
choice above
Major’s Courses
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Table 22. Core and Outcome Map

• Law 220 • Major’s Courses
Critical • Econ 201 • Math 300/356/377 or
Thinking Beh Sci 231/332
• Major’s Courses
• English 211/212
Clear
• English 111 • CE 300
Communication
Speaking Certificate
Application of • STEM • Open
Engineering • Astro Engr 310 Basket Academic
• Mech Engr 220 Basket
Problem- • Aero Engr 315/316
• Comp Sci 110
Solving • ECE 215/315
Methods
Scientific
• Math 141 • Math 142/152
Reasoning and
• Chem 100 • Pick 2 from: Chem 200,
the Principles of
• Physics 110 Physics 215, Biology 215
Science
• Philos 310 • Socio-
Ethics and • Beh Sci 110
• Human Relations Cultural
Respect for • Mil Tng 100 (BCT)
(SAPR, Respect, etc.) Basket
Human Dignity • CE 200
• C&L 400 • Leadership
The Human Credit
Condition, • History 300 Basket
• For Lang 131
Cultures, and • For Lang 132 • NCLS
Societies
• Pol Sci 211
National • Econ 201
• MSS 251 (also
Security of the • Soc Sci 311
aligned with Warrior
American • Mil Tng 201/300/301/
Ethos as Airmen and
Republic 351 Ops Air Force
Citizens)
• MSS 251 (also aligned
with National Security of
• History 100 the American Republic)
Warrior Ethos • Phy Ed 100, 110, 111, • Phy Ed Individual Sport
as Airmen and 112, 215, 222, 315 Elective; Phy Ed Open
Citizens • Officership 100 Elective I; Phy Ed Open
• Officership 200 Elective II
• Officership 300
• Officership 400
Leadership,
Teamwork, and • Officership 100 • Officership 300
Organizational • Officership 200 • Officership 400
Management
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Table 23. Academic Prerequisites 17
COURSE PREREQUISITES COURSE PREREQUISITES

Comp Sci 110
Mech Engr 220 (Coreq
Aero Engr 315
for Aero Engr 315, Leadership 100
Aero Engr 316
Prereq for Aero Engr
316)
Astro Engr 310 Math 142, Physics 110 Leadership 200 Leadership 100
Leadership 300 Leadership 200
Beh Sci 110 Leadership 400 Leadership 300
Biology 215 Chem 100 Math 141
Chem 100 Math 142/152 Math 141
Math 300, Math 356, Math 377, or
Math 142/152, Math 243/253
Chem 200 Chem 100 the
Beh Sci 110, Beh Sci 231
2-course Beh Sci 231/332 sequence
Math 141
Comp Sci 110 Mech Engr 220
Coreq: Physics 110
ECE 215 Comp Sci 110, Math
MSS 251 History 100
ECE 315 142
Varies – see course
Econ 201 Open Advanced Choice
description
English 111 Philos 310
English 211
English 111 Physics 110 Coreq: Math 142
English 212
For Lang 131 Physics 215 Physics 110, Math 142
For Lang 132 For Lang 131 Pol Sci 211
History 100 Soc Sci 311
History 300 Sociocultural Advanced Choice
description
Law 220 Econ 201 STEM Advanced Choice
description
How does the Core Evolve?
The specific set of courses and programs currently aligned with each outcome was determined
through extensive discussions between faculty and staff from all Mission Elements and an Ad Hoc
Core Curriculum Review Committee. To aid in the implementation of this Core, the Academy
codified an Assessment and Improvement Process (ref: USAFAI 36-3502, Institutional
Effectiveness) that explains how the Core will evolve over time. In short, the Academy has
constructed a cross-functional team for each Outcome, and each of those teams is responsible for
(1) revising the Outcome, as needed; (2) overseeing the integrated development of the Outcome;
(3) coordinating efforts to assess cadet accomplishment of the Outcome; (4) synthesizing
assessment results for both internal and external reporting; and (5) facilitating improvements in
courses and programs, as necessary.
17
Prerequisites in bold are academic content prerequisites and must be followed. Prerequisites not in bold are the
developmental order of Outcomes and should be followed unless program restrictions in a major or a large number
of validation/transfer credits prevent scheduling in this order. For Outcome based prerequisites, at least one
Foundational course within the Outcome should be completed before taking the first course at the Intermediate level
in that Outcome. Accommodations for specific Cadet needs can be made with the approval of the respective
Department Head(s) and the Associate Dean for Student Academic Affairs. All deviations to the Outcome sequence
should be coordinated with the Outcome Team Lead for assessment and tracking purposes.
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The Assessment and Improvement Process is designed to reveal shortcomings in the Core as it
currently exists, as well as opportunities for greater effectiveness in achieving Outcome
proficiencies. As a result, there will undoubtedly be situations where core offerings associated
with Outcomes will need to be changed in some way. Proposals for such changes should be
coordinated with members of the relevant Outcome Team and all affected Academic Departments
or Mission Elements prior to submission of a Course of Instruction Change Proposal (CCP) IAW
USAFA 36-3526, USAFA Course of Instruction & Change Control.
The potential also exists for Academic Departments and/or Mission Elements to pursue the
addition of new courses, programs, or experiences to the current core associated with a given
Outcome. These initiatives should be pursued in close collaboration with the affected Outcome
Team and in keeping with guidance and processes outlined in USAFAI 36-3502 and USAFAI 36-
3526.
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SECTION 2-7
ACADEMIC PROGRAMS
2-7.1. PURPOSE OF THE ACADEMIC PROGRAM SECTION.
a. Selecting an academic program is one of the most important decisions a cadet makes during
his or her career at USAFA. This handbook is designed to help make the best choice possible.
The program chosen dictates which classes to attend, how many courses to take, future career
fields, and graduate school opportunities. Cadets must be active participants in choosing and
designing their academic programs and monitoring their progress.
b. To determine their preference for an academic major, cadets should consider the kind of
work they would like to do; read AFM 36-2105 (especially attachment 7), which describes
specialties; and consult their AAOCA, sponsor, career counselor, and an academic advisor or
the Advisor-in-Charge in that discipline. Cadets who determine their preference early enough
can prepare to compete for limited entry specialties.
c. For more information concerning majors, courses and career paths, many departments have
home pages on the USAFA public website (http://www.usafa.edu).
2-7.2. HOW TO USE THE ACADEMIC PROGRAM SECTION. Programs are divided by type:
disciplinary and interdisciplinary majors and minors (see Section 2-8), and the Bachelor of Science
Program (see Section 2-9). Each program is described in a similar format, providing information
about the program, program requirements, and a suggested course sequence. AAOCAs can help
cadets find the appropriate person to talk to before registering for courses.
2-7.3. TYPES OF ACADEMIC PROGRAMS. USAFA offers a total of 30 academic majors and
18 minors. There are 23 disciplinary majors, 4 interdisciplinary majors and 3 divisional majors.
The programs and sponsoring division or department are listed in Table 24 below.
Table 24. Majors and Minors with Sponsoring Departments and Hours
MAJOR/MINOR SPONSORING DIVISION REQ SEM

OR DEPARTMENT(S) HRS*
BASIC SCIENCES DIVISION
Biology Major Biology 143
Chemistry Major Chemistry 144-150
Mathematics Major Mathematical Sciences 141
Meteorology Major Physics and Meteorology 140
Physics Major Physics and Meteorology 145
Basic Sciences Major Basic Sciences Division 134
ENGINEERING DIVISION
Aeronautical Engineering Major Aeronautics 144
Astronautical Engineering Major Astronautics 146
Civil Engineering Major Civil and Environmental Engineering 143
Computer Science Major Computer and Cyber Sciences 144
Cyber Science Major Computer and Cyber Sciences 145
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MAJOR/MINOR SPONSORING DIVISION REQ SEM
OR DEPARTMENT(S) HRS*
Electrical & Computer Engineering Major Electrical and Computer Engineering 147
Mechanical Engineering Major Engineering Mechanics 144
General Engineering Major Engineering Division 134
Systems Engineering Major Engineering Mechanics 144
HUMANITIES DIVISION
English Major English and Creative Arts 140
History Major History 140
Foreign Language Minors Foreign Language **
Philosophy Major Philosophy 140
Philosophy Minor Philosophy **
Religion Studies Minor Philosophy **
Humanities Major Humanities Division 140
SOCIAL SCIENCES DIVISION
Behavioral Sciences Major Behavioral Sciences and Leadership 140
Economics Major Economics and Geosciences 140
Geospatial Science Major Economics and Geosciences 143
Legal Studies Major Law 140
Management Major Management 140
Military & Strategic Studies Major Military & Strategic Studies 140
Political Science Major Political Science 140
Social Sciences Major Social Sciences Division 134
INTERDISCIPLINARY
Airpower Studies Minor History, Military & Strategic Studies **
American Studies Minor English **
Computer and Cyber Sciences,
Data Science Major 141
Management, and Mathematical Sciences
Diversity and Inclusion Studies Minor Behavioral Sciences & Leadership **
History, Foreign Languages, Political
Foreign Area Studies Major 140
Science, Military & Strategic Studies
Global Logistics Management Minor Management **
High Performance Computing Minor Aeronautics **
Nuclear Weapons and Strategy Minor Physics and Meteorology **
Computer and Cyber Sciences, Economics
Operations Research Major and Geosciences, Mathematical Sciences, 141
Management
Space Warfighting Minor Astronautics **
Robotics Minor Electrical and Computer Engineering **
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE PROGRAM
See Section 2-9 Office of Student Academic Affairs 128
** To earn a minor, you must complete the specific minor’s requirements and the requirements for your
academic major(s). Cadets may not earn a disciplinary minor in the same discipline as one’s disciplinary major.
You may earn more than one minor provided: 1) the specified criteria are met for each, and 2) each additional
minor contains at least 2 non-core academic courses (6 semester hours) in residence that count exclusively
toward the minor (i.e., are not double-counted with the advanced core baskets, major, or another minor).
2-7.4. ACADEMIC PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS.
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a. Requirements for divisional majors begin at 36 semester hours beyond the core (134
semester hours total). Requirements for disciplinary and interdisciplinary majors begin at 42
semester hours beyond the core (140 semester hours total).
b. Academic minors require at least five academic courses totaling no fewer than 15 semester
hours. At least three of those courses must be at the 300-level or 400-level. Advanced core
option courses can potentially “double count” as fulfilling both core requirements and the
requirements of an academic minor. However, no other core courses can count toward a minor.
Disciplinary minors are defined as minors in which at least 12 semester hours are within the
same department. Interdisciplinary minors are defined as minors in which no more than 9
semester hours are from the same department.
c. To complete a minor, you must complete at least 2 academic courses (6 semester hours) in
residence that count exclusively toward the minor (i.e., are not double-counted with the
advanced core baskets, major, or another minor).
d. Minor owners should strive to create coherent course sequences that have the potential to
enrich the education of the greatest possible number of cadets. Initial courses within minors
shall not have prerequisites that are over and above the core curriculum (inclusive of advanced
core options) which are not already contained within the minors' course sequence.
2-7.5. INITIAL CHOICE OF PROGRAM. Each semester, the faculty hosts Majors’ Night, an
event designed to give cadets the opportunity to explore academic programs and talk with program
representatives. While exploring programs, cadets seek advice from their AAOCAs. After
selecting a program, cadets should seek help primarily from their academic advisors. While the
information in this chapter may be useful to AAOCAs and academic advisors, its purpose is to
answer common questions cadets often have regarding academic programs.
2-7.6. TIMELINE TO DECLARE A MAJOR. Cadets may declare a major as soon as they desire;
however, academic advisors will highly recommend that cadets wait at least until their second
semester. Declaring a major early does not allow cadets to adjust their courses during the first two
semesters. Cadets must declare a major by the registration deadline of their third semester.
However, several majors require cadets to take courses during their third semesters that are
prerequisites for major’s courses. For example, if cadets plan to major in Aeronautical
Engineering, Astronautical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mathematics, Chemistry, Mechanical
Engineering, Meteorology, Operations Research, or Physics, they should plan to take Math 243
their third semester if Math 243 (or Math 253) was not taken during the fourth-class year. If cadets
are planning to major in Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cyber Science
or Data Science they should declare before the registration deadline of their second semester and
plan to enroll in Comp Sci 210 in their third semester. AAOCAs must discuss the requirements
for the majors in which cadets have an interest. This information is provided in the course sequence
tables for each major listed in this handbook. Cadets should also attend Majors' Night for in-depth
academic program information. The process of declaring a major entails deciding on a course of
study and scheduling a specific sequence of courses that meets graduation requirements. Cadets
can change their major as long as they have time to meet the major requirements. However, most
majors have required non-core, 200-level courses, so, the longer cadets wait the more difficult
changing majors becomes. Third-class cadets will not be permitted to depart on Thanksgiving
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Break until they have declared an academic major.
2-7.7. CHANGE OF MAJOR. You may change majors at any time preceding the deadline
described in para 2-7.6. Initial selection or change of program should be timed so that no changes
need be made for the current semester.
2-7.8. HOW DO I CHOOSE AN ACADEMIC PROGRAM? Many factors go into deciding what
program to choose. The first question you should ask yourself is, "What do I want to do once I
am commissioned?" Talk to officers in varied career fields. Ask them what their majors were in
college and ask if their majors are enhancing their career efforts. Remember, your major can
dictate what career fields you may be eligible to enter. Even if your goal is to fly, your major can
open or restrict future career opportunities. Many career fields have specific requirements or are
limited in the numbers they accept each year. Remember, what job you do after commissioning
will be determined by Air Force requirements, by your qualifications, and by what you want to
do. For more information concerning careers in the Air Force, Cadet Personnel (A1A) keeps up-
to-date career briefs.
a. After you have looked at Air Force requirements, consider what courses interest you. As
you progress through the curriculum, the courses often become more difficult. If you are
interested in a subject, you will more likely spend the time needed to do well in those courses.
Look to your academic strengths. Even though you may like a particular major, if you do not
do well in those types of courses, it is highly unlikely that you will succeed at that major. Talk
to your AAOCA, AOC, and AMTs. They can be the most important people in helping you
decide upon a program. Your AAOCA can direct you to people to talk with about your options.
If you have unanswered questions about a program, find a faculty member with whom you can
talk. One of the best times to do this is during Majors' Night at the beginning of each fall and
spring semester. Cadet participation in Majors' Night is voluntary and provides a gathering of
faculty from all academic departments, ready to discuss their departments’ offerings and the
potential benefits of their programs.
b. Finally, talk to peers in your squadron, in your classes, in clubs or on teams. Though "dorm
advising" will not provide you with all the information you need to know, it will give you an
additional perspective on the programs offered.
2-7.9. HOW DO I DECLARE A MINOR?
a. You should declare your intention to complete the requirements of a minor as early as
possible. First, contact the department administering the minor. After discussing course
requirements, meet with your academic advisor. The AIC for your academic major can add
the minor to your academic program.
b. To earn a minor, you must complete the specific minor’s requirements and the
requirements for your academic major(s). Cadets may not earn a disciplinary minor in the
same discipline as one’s disciplinary major. You may earn more than one minor provided:
1) the specified criteria are met for each, and 2) each additional minor contains at least 2
non-core academic courses (6 semester hours) in residence that count exclusively toward the
minor (i.e., are not double-counted with the advanced core baskets, major, or another minor).
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2-7.10. HOW DO I DECLARE AN ACADEMIC MAJOR? To declare a major, meet with your
academic advisor and communicate your intentions to declare. Pick up your academic advising
folder from your advisor (AAOCA) and deliver it to the AIC of the department of your major.
Cadets will be assigned an academic advisor from the appropriate academic department, and an
entire four year course plan will be registered on-line using Q2.
2-7.11. WHAT IF I CHOOSE THE "WRONG" MAJOR? After you have completed at least one
semester in a major, you should have a better understanding of the major. If you find you have
chosen the wrong major, you can change majors or options within the major. A decision to change
a major should not be taken lightly; however, do not keep a program that might put your graduation
and commissioning in danger. Talk to your advisor before you make a decision. Look at your
performance in your current program. Are you doing poorly in the courses because you have
difficulty comprehending the subject matter? Are you studying correctly? Remember, even
though you want a specific major, your primary goal should be to become an Air Force officer,
not earn a specific major.
2-7.12. HOW CAN I LOSE MY ACADEMIC MAJOR OR MINOR? An ARC or the Academy
Board may direct you to change your major or drop your minor if you are academically deficient.
When an ARC or the Academy Board removes you from your major or your minor, whether
putting you into another major or the Bachelor of Science Program, you have turned your academic
program over to them. Often, this happens to cadets who simply choose the wrong major. You
will maintain better control of your academic program by making appropriate and timely
decisions. The Department Head responsible for each major or minor may deny that major or
minor to a cadet who does not maintain at least a 2.0 GPA in that major or minor or who has more
than one deficient grade in courses used to determine the major’s GPA or minor’s GPA.
2-7.13. CAN I GET MY MAJOR BACK ONCE I HAVE LOST IT? If you have previously been
denied or removed from a major by a Department Head, you may again declare the major after
obtaining approval from the Department Head. If you were ARC-directed to change majors, you
may again declare your original major with the ARC Chair’s approval.
2-7.14. MULTIPLE MAJORS OR MINORS. While at the Academy, you may earn more than
one major, and/or one or more minors in addition to your major(s). Your diploma will reflect your
major(s). Your transcript will reflect your major(s) as well as any minor(s). Individual courses
required in multiple majors, or in a major and a minor, count for both, but cadets must meet all
requirements for multiple majors and any minor(s). Cadets with multiple majors must designate
a primary major prior to the registration deadline in the fall semester of their first-class year. The
following describes criteria for multiple majors and combinations of a major and a minor:
a. Divisional majors at 134 semester hours (Social Sciences, General Engineering, and Basic
Sciences) and another major: The majors must be in separate divisions. You must complete
at least 4 non-core academic courses (≥ 12 semester hours) in residence in excess of the
requirements of the major with the highest requirements and must meet all the requirements
of both majors.
b. Two Disciplinary Majors: You must complete at least 4 non-core academic courses (≥ 12
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semester hours) in residence in excess of the major's requirements for the major with the
greater number of required hours and must meet all requirements of both majors. For example,
a cadet majoring in both Aeronautical Engineering (144 semester hours) and Applied
Mathematics (141 semester hours) would need to complete a total of 156 semester hours in
order to be awarded both majors, regardless of which is listed as the primary major and which
is listed as the second major.
c. More Than Two Majors: You may receive a third or additional major, provided the
additional major(s) meet(s) the above criteria.
d. You may earn more than one minor provided: 1) the specified criteria are met for each, and
2) each additional minor contains at least 2 non-core academic courses (6 semester hours) in
residence that count exclusively toward the minor (i.e., are not double-counted with the
advanced core baskets, major, or another minor).
2-7.15. HOW DO I DECLARE A DOUBLE MAJOR? To declare a double major, meet first with
your current academic advisor to discuss the additional requirements of the second major and how
it will impact your academic program. Next, meet with the Advisor-in-Charge of the second major
you are declaring. Your academic advisor will ensure the second major is added to your academic
program. Cadets pursuing double majors must ensure both majors are listed on the academic
program summary. If a discipline has more than one option, you cannot earn a double major in
that discipline.
2-7.16. CAN I DECLARE THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE PROGRAM? Cadets cannot declare
the Bachelor of Science Program (BSP). The BSP must be recommended by an Academic Review
Committee Chair or the Office of Student Academic Affairs and approved by the Vice Dean of
the Faculty. Interested cadets should discuss the issue with their AAOCA/academic advisor and
a member of the Curriculum Division of Student Academic Affairs (DFVRC). BSP approval can
happen no earlier than the cadet’s third semester. The expectation is that all cadets will earn a
major; the BSP is an exception to this rule to provide an alternate path to graduation for a small
number of cadets.
2-7.17. GOVERNANCE OF ACADEMIC MINORS
a. Any CCP proposing a new academic minor will provide both a list of course requirements
and a rationale for those requirements. The rationale will include an explanation of semester
hour minimums and if/how courses that count toward the minor may be “double counted” with
the advanced core options and/or an academic major. CCPs for any new academic minors will
address any staffing implications associated with offering that minor as well.
b. Common requirements for all academic programs apply to academic minors as well, to
include programmatic learning outcomes, regular program assessment and review, and
continuous program improvement based on the discussion of assessment results.
2-7.18. ACCREDITATION. All graduates are awarded a Bachelor of Science Degree, accredited
by The Higher Learning Commission (30 N. LaSalle Street, Suite 2400, Chicago, Illinois 60602-
2504, phone (312) 263-0456). All graduates will have BACHELOR OF SCIENCE printed on
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their diploma. Cadets completing multiple majors will have each appear on their diplomas. For a
limited number of disciplines, associated professional bodies have issued professional
accreditation. The Aeronautical Engineering, Astronautical Engineering, Civil Engineering,
Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Systems
Engineering majors are accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET,
http://www.abet.org. The Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Engineering Chemistry options within
the Chemistry major are approved by the Committee on Professional Training of the American
Chemical Society. The Computer Science major is accredited by the Computing Accreditation
Commission of ABET, http://www.abet.org. The Management major is accredited by the
Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). Many disciplines have no
professional body that performs the accreditation functions; for those majors, the accreditation by
The Higher Learning Commission is the highest possible review.
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SECTION 2-8
DISCIPLINARY AND INTERDISCIPLINARY MAJORS AND MINORS
MAJOR/MINOR
Aeronautical Engineering
Airpower Studies Minor
American Studies Minor
Astronautical Engineering
Basic Sciences
Behavioral Science
Biology
Chemistry
Civil Engineering
Computer Science
Cyber Science
Data Science
Diversity and Inclusion Studies Minor
Economics
Electrical & Computer Engineering
English
Foreign Area Studies
Foreign Language Minors
General Engineering
Geospatial Science
Global Logistics Management Minor
High Performance Computing Minor
History
Humanities
Legal Studies
Management
Mathematics
Mechanical Engineering
Meteorology
Military & Strategic Studies
Nuclear Weapons and Strategy Minor
Operations Research
Philosophy Major / Minor
Physics
Political Science
Religion Studies Minor
Robotics Minor
Social Sciences
Space Warfighting Minor
Systems Engineering
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AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
THE AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Aeronautical

Engineering majors at the Air Force Academy design, build, and fly next-generation airplanes, jet
engines, and hypersonic systems that go to the edge of space. Aero majors solve tough, novel,
and real-world technical problems using supercomputers, high-tech simulation, and state-of-the-
art tools such as transonic and supersonic wind tunnels. If you want to start your career on the
leading edge of hypersonic research, this is the place to do it.
Aero majors agree this is a tough, but rewarding, course of study. As an Aero major, you will
study flight control systems, propulsion, aerodynamics, aero structures and materials, flight testing
and experimentation with some of the nation’s leading experts in the field. Most of our students
become published authors, some receive patents, and all take part in cutting-edge, real-world
research programs. Our graduates pursue Air Force careers as a pilots, test pilots, flight test
engineers, astronauts, program managers, developmental engineers, and undergraduate and
graduate school professors.
The Aero department faculty and staff pride themselves on supporting you and ensuring your
success. Always! Ask our students what they think of the faculty, staff, and facilities of the Aero
Department. Our faculty includes test pilots, engineers, and world-class technicians with decades
of flight and flight test, research, and classroom teaching experience. The faculty of the Aero
department are internationally recognized experts, published authors, and have contributed
directly to the development of new systems for the Air Force. We have world-class facilities and
the largest and best-equipped undergraduate wind tunnel and research laboratory in the world.
Aero majors graduate with Bachelor of Science degree accredited by the Accreditation Board for
Engineering and Technology (ABET), the organization that accredits all post-secondary education
programs in applied and natural science, computing, engineering and engineering technology in
the United States.
In concert with the Air Force Academy, the Aero major prepares graduates to be successful Air
Force officers with the ability to rapidly acquire knowledge, solve technical problems, lead others,
apply ethical and moral standards, exercise critical thinking, and communicate effectively.
The foundation that prepares graduates for attaining the Program Objectives is provided by
Student Outcomes. Attainment of these Student Outcomes prepares graduates to enter the
professional practice of engineering. These relate to the skills, knowledge, and behaviors that
students acquire as they progress through the program. These Student Outcomes are:
1) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve complex engineering problems by applying

principles of engineering, science, and mathematics;
2) an ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specified needs with
consideration of public health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social,
environmental, and economic factors;
3) an ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences;
4) an ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations
and make informed judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions
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in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts;
5) an ability to function effectively on a team whose members together provide leadership,
create a collaborative and inclusive environment, establish goals, plan tasks, and meet
objectives;
6) an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data,
and use engineering judgment to draw conclusions; and
7) an ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning
strategies.
In the Aeronautical Engineering major, studies in aerodynamics, flight mechanics, propulsion,

aircraft structures and materials, and experimental methods prepare cadets to succeed in either of
the two-course design sequences, aircraft design or aircraft engine design.
Interested cadets are required to declare the Aeronautical Engineering major no later than the
registration deadline in their third semester. However, late declarations or transfers to this major
may be allowed at the beginning of the second-class year provided cadets have completed the
following courses before enrolling: Math 243 (or Math 253), Math 245, Physics 215, Aero Engr
241 and Aero Engr 315. Cadets interested in the Aeronautical Engineering major are encouraged
to discuss issues and concerns with an academic advisor or the Department of Aeronautics
Advisor-In-Charge.
The Aeronautical Engineering major contributes to both the development and assessment of the
USAFA Institutional Critical Thinking Outcome.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS: 144 Semester Hours
A. 93 Semester hours of Dean's academic core courses.
Core Requirement Required Core Options / Substitutes

P / C / B Option 1 General Chemistry II Lecture and Lab Chem 200
P / C / B Option 2 General Physics II with Laboratory Physics 215
Aero Engr Fundamentals of Aeronautics Aero Engr 210S
Probability and Statistics for Scientists
Statistics Math 356
and Engineers
Adv STEM Option Calculus III Math 243/253
Adv Sociocultural Option Choose 1
Adv Open Option Differential Equations Math 245
B. 5 Semester hours of Director of Athletics core courses.
C. 46 Semester hours of major's courses:

1. Aero Engr 206 Fundamental Tools for Engineering
or Comp Sci 206 Fundamentals of Programming for Engineers
or Comp Sci 211 Introduction to Programming for Scientists and Engineers
2. Math 346 Engineering Math
or Engr 346 Engineering Mathematics with Applications
3. Mech Engr 330 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
123
4. Mech Engr 350 Mechanical Behavior of Materials
5. Aero Engr 241 Aero-Thermodynamics
6. Aero Engr 341 Aeronautical Fluid Dynamics
7. Aero Engr 342 Computational Aerodynamics
8. Aero Engr 351 Aircraft Performance and Static Stability
9. Aero Engr 352 Aircraft Dynamic Stability and Control
10. Aero Engr 361 Propulsion I
11. Aero Engr 436 Aircraft Structures, Dynamics and Aeroelasticity
12. Aero Engr 442 Advanced Aerodynamics
13. Aero Engr 471 Aeronautics Laboratory
14. Aero Engr 481 Introduction to Aircraft and Propulsion System Design
15. Aero Engr Elective (See Supplemental Information)
16. Aero Design Elective (select one from the two courses listed below)
a. Aero Engr 482 Aircraft Design
b. Aero Engr 483 Aircraft Engine Design
Supplemental Information:
The Aero Engr Elective must come from the list of courses below:
(electives are offered based on need and availability – see your advisor for details)
Aero Engr 446 Introduction to Hypersonics
Aero Engr 447 Advanced Applied Aerodynamics
Aero Engr 456 Flight Test Techniques
Aero Engr 457 Aircraft Feedback Control Systems
Aero Engr 466 Propulsion II (required for cadets in the propulsion track)
Aero Engr 472 Advanced Computational Dynamics
Aero Engr 482 Aircraft Design
Aero Engr 483 Aircraft Engine Design
Mech Engr 431 Introduction to Finite Element Analysis
Mech Engr 450 Aerospace Composite Materials
Aero Engr 495 Special Topics (3 sem hrs only, dept approval required)
Aero Engr 499 Independent Study (3 sem hrs only, dept approval required)
Other Engineering or Basic Science courses with dept approval.
124
SUGGESTED COURSE SEQUENCE
Aeronautical Engineering Major

4o hrs per 3o hrs per 2o hrs per 1o hrs per
For Lang 1 3 2 Math 243 3 1 Aero Engr 341 3 1 Aero Engr 442 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Aero Engr 210 3 1 Aero Engr 351 3 1 Aero Engr 471 3 2
Fall History 100 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Mech Engr 350 3 1 Aero Engr 481 3 2
Math 141 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Engr 346 3 1 Aero Engr 436 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 ECE 315 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
15.5 8 17.5 9 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
19 8 18.5 10
Aero Engr 342 3 1 Aero Design Option 3 2

For Lang 2 3 2 Aero Engr 241 3 1 Aero Engr 352 3 1 Aero Engr Elective 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Mech Engr 330 3 1 Aero Engr 361 3 1 History 300 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 Aero Engr 206 1 1 English 211 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Math 142 3 1 Math 245 3 1 Math 356 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Chem 200 4 2 Law 220 3 1 Leadership 400 0.75 0
Leadership 100 0.75 0 MSS 251 4.5 2 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Phy Ed 0.5 2
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.5 8
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 19.25 8
19.75 10
Course Unit Summary Semester Hour Summary
Core (29) Core = 93.0 Sem Hours
Major (16) Major = 46.0 "
Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 144.0 "
CJ
125
AIRPOWER STUDIES MINOR
THE AIRPOWER STUDIES MINOR AT A GLANCE: The newest US Air Force mission
statement is "To fly, fight, and win…airpower anytime, anywhere," and official USAF doctrine
defines airpower as: "the ability to project military power through control and exploitation in, from
and through the air.” Recognizing this fact, the airpower minor focuses on war in the air domain,
as well as the role and capabilities of airpower across the competition continuum—from times of
peace to times of armed conflict and war. The Airpower Studies Minor is for those cadets who
want to go beyond the basic understanding of air warfare and airpower capabilities offered in the
core curriculum. It provides cadets exposure to tactical, operational, strategic considerations as
well as technological capabilities and limits of the air domain. It adds to the core curriculum’s
foundation with greater depth in the specific application of airpower relevant to any Air Force
operational specialty. Cadets will interrogate the implications of fighting in the air domain and
chart a course sequence that inculcates airmindedness, a habit of mind valuable for any Air Force
officer. This minor is compatible with any academic major.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS:
The Airpower Studies Minor requires a minimum of 15 semester hours. The student must
complete these five courses (15 semester hours) with a grade of “C” or better. This is an
interdisciplinary minor. No more than 2 courses for the minor can be from any one department.
1-2. Two required foundational courses:

History 320 Airpower History
MSS 377 Airpower for Combined Effects
3. Choose one of the following technical options:

Aero Engr 241 Aero-Thermodynamics
Biology 345 Aerospace Physiology
Chem 350 Chemistry of Weapons
Meteor 320 Introduction to Meteorology and Aviation Weather
Physics 370 Upper Atmospheric and Geo-Space Physics
4-5. Choose two of the following depth options (Reminder, cadets may not choose more than a
total of two courses from the same discipline):
Aero Engr 351 Aircraft Performance
Beh Sci 375 Aviation Psychology and Human Factors
History 327 The Great War: The History of World War I
History 328 Axis and Allies: The History of World War II
History 329 Korean War and the Cold War
History 330 The Vietnam War
126
MSS 343 Foundations of Joint Air, Space, and Cyber Strategy
MSS 371 Joint Targeting and Strategy
MSS 381 Air Warfare Operations and Planning
Pol Sci 462 Politics and Intelligence
Pol Sci 496 Causes of War and Conflict Resolution
With the approval of the minor AIC and the Department Head of an instructor offering a 495
or 499, cadets may substitute a 495 or 499 course offered by any department for this
requirement.
127
AMERICAN STUDIES MINOR
THE AMERICAN STUDIES MINOR AT A GLANCE: The American Studies minor at the
United States Air Force Academy prepares students for leadership as officers for our military and
as citizens for our nation. As the Constitution's "We the people" demands, citizens must know and
work with fellow Americans of all backgrounds in order to form a more perfect union; as Master
Sun asserts, officers must know their nation-its government, society, and people-just as they know
themselves, or risk defeat. Bringing a unique blend of humanistic and social scientific inquiry,
cadets will study various ideas about "America" and "Americanness" as it has been defined and
experienced across time and by diverse peoples. Ultimately, by synthesizing evidence, theories,
and methods drawn from a more than one field of study, students will come to better understand
the power of interdisciplinary thinking as a necessary tool for formulating their own response to
the idea of America that will be the lifeblood of their careers of service to our Air Force and to our
nation.
The American Studies minor requires a minimum of five classes (15 credit hours). The minor is
designed to pair well with majors in both hemispheres. Any of the approved courses in the
literature, history, and government/law requirements below may also be used as an elective for
the minor.
1. One U.S. literature course

Select from an approved list of English courses circulated each semester
2. One U.S. history course from the following:
History 210 Foundations of Modern America
History 220 American History Since Reconstruction
3. One U.S. government or law course from the following:
PolSci 392 American Political System and Theory
PolSci 451 American Political Thought
Law 331 Criminal Law and Procedure
4-5. Two electives from an approved pool of U.S.-focused course from any discipline
Any U.S.-focused literature course beyond the one required course above (selected from
an approved list of English courses circulated each semester)
History 340 America and the World
History 341 American Regional Identities
History 342 Early Modern Warfare in the Atlantic World
History 343 The American Revolution
History 344 The American Civil War
History 345 The American Way of War
History 346 Great Americans
History 347 Power to the People
PolSci 481 American Elections and Political Parties
PolSci 482 The U.S. Supreme Court
PolSci 483 The U.S. Congress
PolSci 484 The American Presidency
128
Law 340 Business Law
Law 360 Law and Literature
Law 456 National Security Law
MSS 491 Strategy in the Americas
Philos 382 American Philosophy
Any approved 495 (Special Topics) or 499 (Independent Study) focused on an American
topic or subject.
129
ASTRONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
THE ASTRONAUTICAL ENGINEERING MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The Astronautical

Engineering major is the broad application of science and engineering to aerospace operations.
Special emphasis is placed on astrodynamics, aerospace systems design, and control systems.
Thus, the cadet is prepared for Air Force duty with specialization in research, design, development
and analysis of space technology and aerospace avionics. Cadets who successfully complete this
major are awarded the degree of Bachelor of Science in Astronautical Engineering, accredited by
the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET, http://www.abet.org.
Interested cadets should declare the Astronautical Engineering major no later than the registration
deadline in their second semester. However, in the event that you are late declaring the
Astronautical Engineering major, you must discuss the transfer with an academic advisor from the
Department of Astronautics. In any event, the course outline shown herein reflects the sequence
of required major's courses that you must take. Please see an academic advisor or the Department
of Astronautics Advisor-In-Charge to establish your specific course sequence.
To ensure the success of our graduates, we prepare them to attain Program Objectives two to five
years after graduation. These are:
1) Recognition as successful Air Force officers through demonstration of their ability to:
a. Rapidly acquire required knowledge,
b. Lead others effectively,
c. Effectively apply ethical and moral standards,
d. Improve unit performance by application of organizational skills,
e. Make sound decisions based on critical thinking, and
f. Communicate effectively.
2) Selection for career training on, or ahead of, schedule, and for a progression of assignments
of increasing responsibility.
3) A demonstrated ability to solve Air Force technical problems.
4) Success in continuing education.
The foundation that prepares graduates for attaining the Program Objectives is provided by
Student Outcomes. Student Outcomes describe what students must attain prior to graduation.
These relate to the skills, knowledge, and behaviors that students acquire as they progress through
the program. These Student Outcomes are:
4) an ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations and
make informed judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions in
global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts;
130
objectives;
strategies.
Incorporated within these outcomes, Astronautical Engineering majors must demonstrate a

knowledge of orbital mechanics, space environment, attitude determination and control,
telecommunication, space structures, and rocket propulsion. In addition, graduates must also
demonstrate design competence that includes integration of Astronautical Engineering topics.
The Astronautical Engineering major contributes to both the development and assessment of the

Statistics Math 356
and Engineers

1. Astro Engr 201 Technology Skills for Astronautics
or Comp Sci 211 (See Supplemental Information 1)
2. Mech Engr 320 Dynamics
or Physics 355 Classic Mechanics
3. Aero Engr 241 Aero-Thermodynamics
4. Astro Engr 321 Intermediate Astrodynamics
5. Math 346 Engineering Math
6. Engr 341 Linear Systems Analysis and Design
7. Engr 342 Linear Control System Analysis and Design
8. Astro Engr 331 Space Systems Engineering
9. Astro Engr 332 Satellite Communications
11. Astro Engr 351 Rocket Propulsion
12. Astro Engr 445 Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics and Control
13. Astro Engr Option 1 (See Supplemental 1nformation 2)
14. Astro Engr Option 2 (See Supplemental 1nformation 3)
15. Astro Capstone Option 1 (See Supplemental Information 4)
131
16. Astro Capstone Option 2 (See Supplemental Information 4)
1. Astronautical Engineering majors may take Comp Sci 211 in lieu of Astro Engr 201.
2. The Astronautical Engineering Option 1 can be chosen from the following courses:
Astro Engr 422 (S) Advanced Astrodynamics
Astro Engr 543 (S) Methods of Optimization for Engineers
Engr 443 (F) Advanced Control Theory and Design
3. The Astronautical Engineering Option 2 can be chosen from the following courses:
Astro Engr 422 (S)* Advanced Astrodynamics
Astro Engr 423 (F) Space Mission Design
Astro Engr 431 (S) Space Mission Payload Design
Astro Engr 543 (S)* Methods of Optimization for Engineers
Chem 325 (S) Space Chemistry
Engr 443 (F)* Advanced Control Theory and Design
Physics 375 (F) Physics of Space Domain Awareness
*Available as Astro Engr Option 2 if not taken to satisfy Astro Engr Option 1.
4. Astro Capstone Option 1 and 2 consist of any combination of two of the following courses:
Astro Engr 436 Small Spacecraft Engineering I
Astro Engr 437 Small Spacecraft Engineering II
Astro Engr 438 Small Spacecraft Engineering III
132
Astronautical Engineering Major

4o hrs per
o
3 hrs per 2
o
hrs per 1
o
hrs per
For Lang 1 3 2 Astro Engr 201 1 1 Astro Engr 321 3 1 Astro Engr 445 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Math 243 3 1 Engr 341 3 1 Astro Engr 436 4 2
Fall History 100 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Math 346 3 1 Astro Engr Opt 1 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 English 211 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Physics 215 4 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1
15.5 8 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
19.5 10 19.5 9 19.5 9
Astro Engr 331 3 2 Astro Engr 332 3 1

For Lang 2 3 2 Mech Engr 320 3 2 Astro Engr 351 3 1 Astro Engr Opt 2 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Aero Engr 241 3 1 Engr 342 3 2 Astro Engr 437 4 2
Spring English 111 3 1 Math 245 3 1 Mech Engr 330 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Math 142 3 1 Chem 200 4 2 Math 356 / Math 377 3 1 History 300 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 ECE 315 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Leadership 400 0.75 0
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Phy Ed 0.5 2
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.5 8
18.25 10 17.25 9 19.25 10

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total =[146.0
7 "
133
BASIC SCIENCES
THE BASIC SCIENCES MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The Basic Sciences major is a divisional
major incorporating the basic sciences of Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics. This
divisional program is recommended for cadets already declared in either a Basic Sciences or an
Engineering disciplinary major who, for a variety of reasons, find the divisional approach more
suited to fulfilling graduation requirements.
Since the Basic Sciences major lacks the structure of a disciplinary major, it is generally not an
appropriate path for cadets wishing to go to graduate school in a basic sciences field—they will
most likely be required to take additional undergraduate courses in the selected discipline prior to
entering graduate school.
The Basic Sciences Major must be recommended by the Academic Advisor, endorsed by the
Department Head, and approved by the Division Chair. Alternatively, the Basic Sciences Major
may be directed by the Academic Review Committee and coordinated with the Division Chair.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS: 134 Semester hours
A. 93 Semester hours of Dean’s academic core courses to include:

P / C / B Option 1 Choose 1
Probability and Statistics for Math 356
Statistics Engineers and Scientists or or
Advanced Probability and Statistics Math 377
Adv STEM Option Choose 1
Adv Open Option Choose 1
C. 36 Semester hours of major’s courses:
There are no specific mandatory Basic Sciences major’s courses, so cadets have tremendous
flexibility in designing their program. Cadets are free to pursue any avenue of interest in the
sciences as long as they follow a coherent course of study approved by their advisor and the
Basic Sciences AIC and satisfy the depth and breadth requirements below.
Depth Requirements:
• At least 18 semester hours at the 300- or 400-level.
• Special Topics (495) or Independent Study (499) courses from the four departments in
the Basic Sciences Division may be included.
Distribution Requirements:
• At least 24 total semester hours earned through courses taught by the four departments
134
in the Basic Sciences Division. Basic Sciences majors must satisfy both of the
following provisions under this requirement. A course may not be simultaneously
counted toward both distribution requirements nor may it simultaneously satisfy a core
and distribution requirement.
• At least 12 of these 24 semester hours must comprise a coherent course of study from
any of the disciplines in the Basic Sciences Division (including interdisciplinary
majors).
• At least 12 of these 24 semester hours must consist of one non-core course from each
of the primary Basic Sciences disciplines (Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, and
Physics). The P/C/B option course not used to satisfy the core must be taken and will
be counted towards this requirement. Additional recommended courses that can meet
this requirement include:
Biology
Biology 370 Human Nutrition
Biology 380 Principles of Ecology
Chemistry
Chem 222 Analytical Chemistry
Chem 230 Introductory Organic Chemistry
Chem 325 Space Chemistry
Chem 434 Biochemistry
Mathematics
Math 243 (or Math 253) Calculus III
Math 344 Applied Linear Algebra
Math 359 Design and Analysis of Experiments
Math 378 Applied Statistical Modeling
Physics
Physics 264 Modern Physics
Cadets may also take up to twelve semester hours of courses outside of the Basic Sciences
division that satisfy an elective for any of the disciplinary majors offered within the division.
In addition, the following courses also may be used to satisfy this option:
Comp Sci 211/212 Programming for Scientists and Engineers/Analysts
Comp Sci 362 Computer Simulation
English 345 Digital Humanities
English 375 Literature, Language, and Science
Econ 365 Econometrics I
135
Econ 465 Econometrics II
Econ 411 Introduction to Game Theory
Ops Rsch 311 Deterministic Models
Ops Rsch 312 Probabilistic Models
Ops Rsch 417 Quick-Turn Analysis
Philos 360 Applied Reasoning
Philos 370 Introduction to Symbolic Logic
Basic Sciences Major

For Lang 1 3 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Basic Sciences Option 3 1 Basic Sciences Option 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Basic Sciences Option 3 1 Basic Sciences Option 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 English 211 3 1 Basic Sciences Option 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
Math 141 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 ECE 315 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Phy Ed 1 2 History 300 3 1 Adv STEM Option 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 16 9 Philos 310 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 7
19 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Basic Sciences Option 3 1 Basic Sciences Option 3 1 Basic Sciences Option 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Basic Sciences Option 3 1 Basic Sciences Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Basic Sciences Option 3 1 Basic Sciences Option 3 1
Math 142 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Math 356 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Leadership 400 0.75 0
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.25 7 16.25 7

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 134.0 "
CJ
136
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES MAJOR AT A GLANCE: No matter what you do in life,

there is one irrefutable fact: you will work with other people. Therefore, your success in any field
depends largely on your understanding of yourself, others, and how groups of people work
together. The Behavioral Sciences major lays the foundation for this understanding and allows
cadets the opportunity to map a path of study through a diverse menu of courses aligned with their
professional and educational goals.
The mission of Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership (DFBL) is to nurture and
empower cadets and faculty to grow professionally and personally in a culture of care, respect,
and scientific thinking. We accomplish our mission by focusing on the following goals:
1. Deliver world-class education experiences using scientific thinking in psychology and
sociology as our foundation.
2. Cultivate a community of learners dedicated to the application, advancement, and clear
communication of our disciplinary knowledge.
3. Use empirically-driven content and analysis to develop inclusive leaders who respect the
dignity of all people
As you can see, Behavioral Sciences prepares our graduates to enter a wide variety of career fields
in the Air Force and Space Force, to include pilot training. Behavioral Sciences graduates are
highly competitive for the Intel, Security Forces, Force Support, and Special Investigations (OSI)
fields. It is important to note that Behavioral Sciences is the only degree at USAFA that qualifies
cadets for the Information Operations career field.
Behavioral Sciences is also one of the top majors for Health Professionals. The following health
profession concentrations are available for Behavioral Science majors:
- Pre-Med - Pre-Nursing - Dental
- Physician Assistant - Physical Therapy - Clinical Psychology
- Aerospace Physiology
DFBL will count up to three health profession courses toward Behavioral Sciences Electives under
both the Psychology and Sociology Concentrations, and two under the Human Factors
Concentration. Cadets looking to pursue these concentrations should contact DFBL's Advisor-in-
Charge for concentration requirement information. Cadets interested in any health profession
concentration should coordinate with a Health Professions Advising Center (HPAC) advisor
located within the Departments of Chemistry and Biology for additional registration information.
All cadet majors will choose one of three concentrations to gain depth in a specific discipline:
Psychology Concentration: This concentration explores the scientific study of behavior and
mental activity from the individual perspective. Coursework emphasizes the rigorous
137
implementation of the scientific method: those aspects foundational to laboratory study, as well as more
modern applied focuses. Psychological courses are the conceptual groundwork for those interested in
clinical and counseling, as well as the study and practice of leadership. This concentration is an excellent
choice for students wanting to learn more about many topics introduced in Beh Sci 110 and as preparation
for students seeking a graduate degree in most psychology disciplines.
Sociology Concentration: The sociology concentration is the study of social life, social change, and the
social causes and consequences of human behavior. Given the complexities and intricacies of societies
and the fact that all human behavior is social, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate
family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious traditions; from the divisions of race, gender,
and social class to the shared beliefs of the common culture. This concentration develops cross-cultural
competence and the ability to understand and analyze the cultures, beliefs, values, and institutions of
foreign societies. The increased cross-cultural competency gained from this concentration will enhance
your ability to lead diverse teams in most Air Force Specialty Codes (AFSCs) including pilot, navigator,
and other rated career fields.
Human Factors Concentration: Human factors is a scientific discipline that brings together psychology
and design to develop effective systems based on human capabilities and limitations. Students will learn
methods and concepts from experimental psychology, sensation and perception, cognition, physiology,
human-computer interaction, and ergonomics. Applications include aviation, medicine, space, sports, and
human-centered design of technology. Cadets will have the opportunity to study with faculty using eye-
tracking, virtual reality, Tesla Model X, humanoid robots, and similar technologies After successfully
completing this degree program, cadets will be prepared for graduate work in human factors and
ergonomics, human systems integration, human-computer interaction, and related degree programs.
NOTE: This concentration is not an accredited engineering degree; cadets interested in graduating with
an
HF-related accredited engineering degree should consider a Systems Engineering degree with an HF
emphasis.
The Behavioral Sciences major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA
Institutional Critical Thinking Outcome.

Introductory Biology with Laboratory
P / C / B Option 1 Biology 215
General Chemistry II Lecture and Lab or Chem 200 or
P / C / B Option 2
General Physics II with Laboratory Physics 215
Advanced Research Methods and
Statistics Beh Sci 332
Statistical Tools
138
Adv Sociocultural Option Sociology Beh Sci 360
1. Beh Sci 231 Basic Research Methods and Statistical Tools

2. Beh Sci 361 Social Problems
3. Beh Sci 498 Senior Capstone in the Behavioral Sciences
Or Beh Sci 499 Independent Study
4. – 12. Concentrations
a. Psychology
- Two Neuroscience courses (see below)
- Two Psychology courses (see below)
- Two Sociology courses (see below)
- Any three additional Beh Sci courses (these may be used to fulfill requirements
towards health professions. Those wishing to pursue a minor may substitute
one class from their minor toward these electives).
b. Sociology
- Beh Sci 365 Sociological Theory (see below)
- Three additional Sociology courses (see below)
- One Neuroscience course (see below)
- One Psychology course (see below)
- Any three additional Beh Sci courses (these may be used to fulfill requirements
towards health professions. Those wishing to pursue a minor may substitute one
class from their minor toward these electives).
c. Human Factors
- Beh Sci 373 Human Factors Engineering
- Beh Sci 375 Aviation Psychology and Human Factors
- Beh Sci 390 Sensation and Perception
- Beh Sci 471 Engineering Psychology
- Beh Sci 473 HF Engineering in Systems Design
- One additional Neuroscience course (see below)
- One Sociology course (see below)
- Any two additional Beh Sci courses (these may be used to fulfill requirements
towards health professions. Those wishing to pursue a minor may substitute one
class from their minor toward these electives).
Psychology courses:
Beh Sci 330 Abnormal Psychology
139
Beh Sci 352 Social Psychology
Beh Sci 380 Theories of Personality
Beh Sci 440 Lifespan Development
Neuroscience courses:
Beh Sci 335 Learning and Cognition
Beh Sci 355 Brain and Behavior
Beh Sci 390 Sensation & Perception
Sociology courses:
Beh Sci 362 Class, Race, and Ethnicity in Society
Beh Sci 363 Crime and Deviance
Beh Sci 364 Gender, Sexuality, and Society
Beh Sci 365 Sociological Theory
Beh Sci 366 Environmental Sociology
Beh Sci 368 Internet and Society
13. - 14. Academy Options Any two additional courses (≥3.0 sem hrs each) taught
under the supervision of the Dean of Faculty. Cadets may use
the Academy Options for a variety of purposes: supporting pre-
med/health professional coursework, helping to meet a minor's
requirements, independent study, pursuing an area of interest,
etc.
140
Behavioral Science Major: Psychology Concentration

4° hrs per 3° hrs per 2° hrs per 1° hrs per
For Lang 1 3 2 Beh Sci 360 3 1 Psychology 1 3 1 Neuroscience 2 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 BehSci 332 3 1 Sociology 1 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Beh Sci Elective 1 3 1
Math 141 3 1 English 211 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Beh Sci Elective 2 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Biology 215 4 2 Philos 310 3 1 Academy Option 1 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 History 300 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
19 8 18.5 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Beh Sci 231 3 1 Neuroscience 1 3 1 Beh Sci 498 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Beh Sci 361 3 1 Psychology 2 3 1 Sociology 2 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1 Beh Sci Elective 3 3 1
--
Math 142 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Academy Option 2 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Adv STEM Option 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.25 7 16.25 7

Core (29) Core = 93 Sem Hours
Major (14) Major = 42 Sem Hours
Phy Ed (10)
IPhy Ed = 5 Sem Hours
Total = 140 Sem Hours I
Behavioral Science Major: Sociology Concentration
For Lang 1 3 2 Beh Sci 360 3 1 Sociology 365 3 1 Sociology 2 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 BehSci 332 3 1 Neuroscience 1 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Beh Sci Elective 1 3 1
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
19 8 18.5 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Beh Sci 231 3 1 Sociology 1 3 1 Beh Sci 498 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Beh Sci 361 3 1 Psychology 1 3 1 Sociology 3 3 1
-
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.25 7 16.25 7
Semester Hour Summary
1-==1
Course Unit Summary Core = 93 Sem Hours
Core (29) Major = 42 Sem Hours
Major (14) Phy Ed = 5 Sem Hours
Phy Ed (10) Total = 140 Sem Hours
141
Behavioral Science Major: Human Factors Concentration
For Lang 1 3 2 Beh Sci 360 3 1 Beh Sci 375 3 1 Beh Sci 471 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 BehSci 332 3 1 Neuroscience 1 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Sociology 1 3 1
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
19 8 18.5 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Beh Sci 231 3 1 Beh Sci 361 3 1 Beh Sci 498 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Beh Sci 373 3 1 Beh Sci 390 3 1 Beh Sci 473 3 1
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.25 7 16.25 7

Course Unit Summary Core = 93 Sem Hours
Core (29) Major = 42 Sem Hours
Major (14) Phy Ed = 5 Sem Hours
Phy Ed (10) Total = 140 Sem Hours
142
BIOLOGY
THE BIOLOGY MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The Biology major prepares cadets to become
officers skilled at critical thinking, grounded in the natural world, open to alternative perspectives,
and capable of identifying solutions in complex environments. The goal of the Biology major is
to produce leaders who 1) are biologically literate, 2) use scientific thinking as a component of
their decision-making process, 3) effectively communicate information to a wide variety of target
audiences, and 4) cultivate attitudes and values consistent with biological literacy.
The Biology major offers an effective balance between required foundational courses and
cadet-selected flexibility. In addition to the USAFA Core, the Biology major comprises 9 core
courses (including organic chemistry), as well as 5 electives that include: 3 additional Biology
courses, 1 Basic Sciences course and 1 Academy option. The required courses represent and
explore the spectrum of biological levels, from the molecules within cells to the organisms within
ecosystems; the elective courses allow emphasis in environmental and organismal biology, cellular
and molecular biology, and human biology. The strong biological foundation provided by these
required courses, together with the flexibility and specialization provided by the electives, allows
Biology majors to tailor an academic program to meet their own interests, to pursue specialized
areas of interest, or to prepare for advanced degrees/careers in the health professions (medicine,
dentistry, nursing, physician assistant) or in the Biomedical Sciences Corps (bioenvironmental
engineering and physical therapy). Upon graduation, Biology majors enter a wide variety of career
fields in the Air Force.
The most effective approach to the Biology major involves some early intentional scheduling of
USAFA Core courses. Cadets considering the Biology major should enroll in Chem 100 and Chem
200 in their four-degree year. Biology 215 is a prerequisite for the Biology majors' courses, and
should be taken by the fall semester of the three-degree year. However, if transferring from another
major, a cadet can still complete a Biology major in two years. Biology 215 may be validated if a
cadet received a 4 or 5 on the AP Biology Exam, a 6 or 7 on the IB Standard Level (SL) Biology
Exam, or a 5, 6, or 7 on the IB Higher Level (HL) Biology Exam. Transfer credit may be awarded
if a cadet has previously taken the equivalent of Biology 215 at another college and received a B
or better in the course(s).
The Biology major is designed such that, by completion of our multi-disciplinary curriculum, our
graduates shall demonstrate that they have attained the following Student Learning Outcomes:
l) an ability to apply a strong conceptual foundation of biological knowledge;
2) an ability to apply scientific and quantitative reasoning;
3) an ability to apply modeling and simulation;
4) an ability to operate within the multidisciplinary nature of science;
5) an ability to effectively interpret and communicate scientific information, including ethical
and social controversies, to a targeted audience;
6) an ability to independently investigate and seek answers about the natural world; and
7) development of a thoughtful perspective on the inherent value of the natural world and
humanity's relationship to it.
143
The Biology major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA Institutional
Critical Thinking Outcome.

P / C / B Option 1 Introductory Biology with Laboratory Biology 215
Statistics Math 356
and Engineers
B. 5 Semester hours of Director of Athletics core courses

1. Biology 330 Zoology
2. Biology 331 Botany
3. Biology 332 Microbial Diversity
4. Biology 360 Cell and Molecular Biology
5. Biology 363 Genetics
6. Biology 380 Principles of Ecology
7. Biology 459 Principles of Evolution
8. Biology 480 Biology Capstone Seminar
9. Biology Option 1 300-/400-level Biology course; Chem 234 or Chem 481
10. Biology Option 2 300-/400-level Biology course
11. Biology Option 3 300-/400-level Biology course
12. Chemistry Option Chem 230 or Chem 233
13. Scientific Breadth Option ≥200-level course in DFBI, DFCH, DFMS, or DFPM
Other courses with Department Head approval
14. Academy Option (See Supplemental Information)
An Academy Option course is any course, of 3.0 sem hrs or greater, taught under the supervision
of the Dean of Faculty, Commandant of Cadets, Director of Athletics, or 306 FTG. Cadets can
use the Academy Option for a variety of purposes, such as helping to meet minor's requirements,
instructor upgrade coursework, independent study(ies), or to dig deeper into an area of interest.
144
Biology Major
4o hrs per 3
o
hrs per 2
o
hrs per 1
o
hrs per
For Lang 1 3 2 Chem 230 3 1 Biology 380 3 1 Biology 459 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Biology 215 4 2 Biology 363 4 2 Biology Option #1 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 Physics 110 4 2 Adv STEM Option 3 1 Biology Option #2 3 1
Math 141 3 1 English 211 3 1 Philos 310 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 History 300 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 ECE 315 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
16.5 9 19.5 10 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 7
20 9
For Lang 2 3 2 Biology 330 4 2 Biology 360 3 1 Academy Option 3 1

Chem 200 4 2 Biology 332 3 1 Sci Breadth Option 3 1 Biology 480 3 1
Spring Comp Sci 110 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Biology 331 4 2 Biology Option #3 3 1
English 111 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Math 142 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Math 356 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Leadership 400 0.75 0
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
17.25 9 Phy Ed 0.5 2 17.25 8 16.25 7
20.75 10
Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 143.0 "
CJ
145
CHEMISTRY
THE CHEMISTRY MAJOR AT A GLANCE: From developing the materials employed in the
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, or extending the life of our aircraft fleet, to understanding space sensor
and satellite technology, to analyzing for chemical and biological warfare agents, chemistry is at
the forefront of Air Force research. The three tracks in chemistry are recommended for those who
are interested in chemical, biochemical, or advanced materials research and applications, or
medical career fields. They provide fundamental knowledge in analytical, biological, inorganic,
organic, and physical chemistry and allow the cadet to select a specialized degree track for in-
depth study. The tracks in chemistry emphasize the use of the laboratory methods for
reinforcement of lecture material and individual research projects. All three American Chemical
Society (ACS) certified tracks prepare cadets for a junior officer position in research, development,
or graduate training. A junior officer may be assigned to Air Force Labs, such as the High
Explosive Research and Development Facility (HERD), the Directed Energy Lab, the Propulsion
Directorate, or the Materials and Manufacturing Directorate. Additionally, cadets graduating with
one of the chemistry tracks are very competitive for medical school, dental school,
bioenvironmental engineering, pilot, navigator, aircraft maintenance, intelligence, and a host of
other operational and support career fields.
All cadets interested in the medical career fields or a science major to include the Chemistry,
Engineering Chemistry, Biochemistry tracks, and Biology major should enroll in Chem 100 in the
4° fall, followed by Chem 200 in the 4° spring to allow proper sequencing for medical school
application timelines. Cadets should declare one of the American Chemical Society approved
Chemistry tracks prior to the fall semester of their third-class year. Cadets can still complete one
of the Chemistry tracks if they declare in the fall of their 3° year, however, course sequencing will
not be ideal. Cadets with validation credit will have the opportunity to take additional courses at
the Academy, and they will be strongly encouraged to take any additional courses in the
Humanities and Social Sciences Divisions to better support achievement of the USAFA outcomes.
To discuss the Chemistry major, contact the DFCH advisor-in-charge.
The Chemistry major tracks are designed such that, by completion of our multi-disciplinary
curriculum, our graduates shall demonstrate that they have attained the following Student Learning
Outcomes:
1) master the fundamental principles of chemistry;

2) perform laboratory-based experimentation to reinforce chemical principles and to develop
laboratory technique;
3) solve problems in the laboratory and classroom to improve scientific reasoning;
4) communicate chemistry using written and oral delivery methods; and
5) learn in a supportive environment where faculty plan and utilize the best resources in
student engagement.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS: 144 – 150 Semester hours
A. 94 - 95 Semester hours of Dean's academic core courses.

146
Chemistry Track
Required Core Options / Substitutes
Core Requirement
Statistics Math 356
and Engineers
Adv STEM Option Analytical Chemistry Chem 222
Adv Open Option Choose 1*
*
Cadets in the Chemistry Track should take an Advanced Sociocultural Option to fulfill the
Advanced Open Option.
Biochemistry Track
Core Requirement
Statistics Math 356
and Engineers
Adv Open Option Introductory Biology with Laboratory Biology 215*
*
Biology 215 is an approved requirement for the Advanced Open Option for the Biochemistry
track. If Biology 215 is validated, cadets should choose any Advanced Sociocultural Option
course to fulfill the Advanced Open Option requirement.
Engineering Chemistry
Track Core Requirement
Statistics Math 356
and Engineers
Adv Open Option Calculus III / Differential Equations Math 243/245*
*
If any core math course(s) (e.g., Math 141, Math 142, Math 243, and/or Math 245) is(are)
validated, the cadet should choose any Advanced Sociocultural Option course to fill the
Advanced Open Option requirement.
B. 5 Semester hours of Director of Athletics core courses
147
C. 48-51 Semester hours of major's courses:
The major's three tracks are Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Engineering Chemistry. Depending on
the number and type of course validation(s), cadet academic goals, and performance, major courses
may be moved into the fourth-class year (e.g., Math 243, Math 245, and/or Chem 222) or course
loading in specific semesters can be adjusted.
Certification/Qualification for 62E (Developmental Engineer): In addition to the three major

tracks, expansion upon the core curriculum’s engineering background may lead to consideration
of Engineering Chemistry track majors award of the Project Engineer (62E1G) Air Force Specialty
Code (AFSC), with coordination by the Air Force 62E functional manager and approval of the Air
Force Personnel Center (AFPC). Interested cadets must complete two additional engineering
courses that must meet the following criteria: 1) both courses will be from the same discipline, 2)
both courses will be 300-/400-level equivalents (as determined by the discipline’s Department
Head), and 3) requires their discipline’s core course as a prerequisite. Below are the recommended
follow-on courses that have been selected by discipline that meet these criteria.
DFAS DFAN* DFME DFEC DFCE**

Astro Engr 331 Aero Engr 361 Mech Engr 340 ECE 332 Civ Engr 362
ECE 321 or Civ Engr 463 or
Astro Engr 351 Aero Engr 466 Mech Engr 440
ECE 281 Civ Engr 467
Astro Engr 436 ECE 382
*
DFAN: Aero Engr 361 requires Aero Engr 241 as a prerequisite.
**
DFCE: Civ Engr 362 requires Civ Engr 361 as a co-requisite.
Chemistry Course Sequence (144 semester hours)

The Chemistry track is the most flexible track offered by DFCH, allowing a broader spectrum of
in-depth studies. Cadets successfully completing this track are awarded the ACS certified degree
of Bachelor of Science in Chemistry.
1. Chem 233 Organic Chemistry I

2. Chem 234 Organic Chemistry II
3. Chem 243 Organic Chemistry Laboratory
4. Chem 335 Physical Chemistry I
5. Chem 336 Physical Chemistry II
6. Chem 344 Instrumental Analysis
7. Chem 431 Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry
8. Chem 444 Integrated Chemistry Laboratory
9. Chem 445 Advanced Laboratory Techniques
10. Chem 481 Biochemistry I
11. Chem Option 1 (See Supplemental Information 1)
14. Chem 499 Independent Study (See Supplemental Information 2)
148
1. Chemistry Options can be selected from the following courses: Chem 325, Chem 350,
Chem 381, Chem 432, Chem 433, Chem 435, Chem 440, Chem 465, Chem 491, Math 243,
Math 245, and Chem 499 (a maximum of 6 semester hours of Chem 499 can count toward
Chem Options, although more can be taken if validation or transfer credit permits). Math
243 and Math 245 cannot count towards both a Core option and a Chemistry option.
2. Chem 499, independent research, is the major’s capstone course and can only be replaced
by exception with Department Head approval. Cadets are expected to complete two
semesters of Chem 499B (1.5 units each) or a single Chem 499 (3 units) course. Cadets
can use an additional 6 units of Chem 499/499B to fulfill Chem Options (for a maximum
of 9 semester hours of 499) with Department Head approval.
Biochemistry Course Sequence (149 semester hours)

Biochemistry investigates the rapidly changing arena where chemistry and biology merge. This
provides an excellent foundation in the sciences for those interested in medical school or research
fields, such as medicinal chemistry, biopolymers, biosensors, and nanoscience. Cadets
successfully completing this track are awarded the ACS certified degree of Bachelor of Science in
Chemistry.

10. Chem 482 Biochemistry II
11. Chem 491 Biochemistry Laboratory
12. Biochemistry Option 1 (See Supplemental Information 1)
1. Biochemistry Options include the following courses: Chem 336 (Physical Chemistry II),
Biology 332, Biology 345, Biology 360, Biology 363, Biology 364, Biology 410,
Biology 431, and Biology 440. Cadets interested in Medical School are encouraged to
take Biology 360 and/or Biology 363 in their 2° year, and Biology 410 & Biology 440 in
149
their 1° year if scheduling permits. If considering Chem 336 as a Biochemistry Option,
cadets with validation and/or transfer credit should consider taking Math 243 or Math
245.
can use an additional 3 units of Chem 499/499B to fulfill Chem Options (for a maximum
of 6 semester hours of 499) with Department Head approval.
3. Cadets with validation and/or transfer credit who are interested in attending medical
school are encouraged to take additional coursework (e.g., Philos 410 Medical Ethics)
beyond the conventional Biochemistry Options.
Engineering Chemistry Course Sequence (150 semester hours)

Engineering Chemistry is an interdisciplinary program designed to meet the Air Force's need for
qualified personnel with an understanding of modern materials, such as composites, ceramics,
polymers, alloys, semiconductors, superconductors, and nanomaterials. This course of study
bridges the gap between designing and developing materials at the molecular level and the physical
application of these materials at the macro level for structural, electronic, and optical uses. To
investigate this relatively new field of study we have taken advantage of a wide range of expertise
found at the Air Force Academy. Cadets who successfully complete this option are awarded the
ACS certified degree of Bachelor of Science in Chemistry.

5. Chem 336 Physical Chemistry II
8. Chem 432 Special Topics in Inorganic Chemistry
9. Chem 440 Polymer Chemistry or Chemistry of Advanced Materials
or Chem 465 (See Supplemental Information 1)
13. Chem Engr Option 1 (See Supplemental Information 2)
1. Whichever course is not taken to fulfill the major’s requirement, Chem 440 or Chem 465,
150
can be taken and used to fill a Chem Engr Option.
2. Chem Engr Options: the most commonly used courses for the Engineering Chemistry
Track that qualify degree holders for the Project Engineer and Developmental
Engineering AFSCs are Mech Engr 340 (Materials Science for Engineers) and Mech
Engr 440 (Physical Metallurgy), but others can be substituted (see Engineering Chemistry
Track table above).
can use an additional 6 units of Chem 499/499B to fulfill Chem Engr Options (for a
maximum of 9 semester hours of 499) with Department Head approval.
Chemistry Track
For Lang 1 3 2 Chem 233 3 1 Chem 481 3 1 Chem 431 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Chem 222 4 2 Chem 344 4 2 Chem 444 3 2
Fall History 100 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 Chem 335 3 1 Chem 499B 1.5 1
Math 141 3 1 Comp Sci 110 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Chem Option / 499 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 MSS 251 4.5 2 ECE 315 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opti 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 1 2 History 300 3 1
16.5 9 19.5 10 17.5 9 Phy Ed 0.5 2
17 9
For Lang 2 3 2 Chem 234 3 1 Chem 499B 1.5 1 Chem 445 3 2

Physics 110 4 2 Chem 243 4 2 Chem 336 3 1 Chem Option 3 1
English 111 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Chem Option 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opti 3 1
Spring Math 142 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Chem 200 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 English 211 3 1 Math 356 3 1 Leadership 400 0.75 0
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Phy Ed 0.5 2
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 8
20.25 9 17.75 8

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 143.0 "
CJ
151
Biochemistry Track
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Chem 222 4 2 Chem 344 4 2 Chem 444 3 2
Fall History 100 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 Chem 335 3 1 Chem 491 4 2
Math 141 3 1 Comp Sci 110 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Chem 499B 1.5 1
Chem 100 4 2 MSS 251 4.5 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Biochem Option 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Law 220 3 1 History 300 3 1
16.5 9 19 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
20 10 18 10
For Lang 2 3 2 Chem 499B 1.5 1 Chem 445 3 2

Physics 110 4 2 Chem 234 3 1 Chem 482 3 1 Biochem Option 3 1
English 111 3 1 Chem 243 4 2 Biochem Option 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Spring Math 142 3 1 Biology 215 4 2 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opti 3 1
Chem 200 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Math 356 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 English 211 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Leadership 400 0.75 0
18.75 9 18.25 8 19.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 148.0 "
CJ
Engineering Chemistry Track

Beh Sci 110 3 1 Chem 222 4 2 Chem 344 4 2 Chem 499B 1.5 1
Fall History 100 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 Chem 335 3 1 Chem 444 3 2
Math 141 3 1 Comp Sci 110 3 1 English 211 3 1 Chem Engr Option 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Math 243/245 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Chem Engr Option/499 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 ECE 315 3 1 History 300 3 1
16.5 9 18 9 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
20.5 10 17 9
For Lang 2 3 2 Chem 234 3 1 Chem 499B 1.5 1 Chem 445 3 2

Physics 110 4 2 Chem 243 4 2 Chem 336 3 1 Chem 432 3 1
English 111 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Chem 440/465 4 2 ChEng Opt/440/465 3 1
Spring Math 142 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Chem 200 4 2 Mech Engr 3 1 Math 356 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Law 220 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
21.75 10 18.75 9 19.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 150.0 "
CJ
152
CIVIL ENGINEERING
THE CIVIL ENGINEERING MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Civil Engineers solve physical

problems that meet human needs. As such, civil engineering is one of the broadest of the
engineering disciplines, encompassing many interdependent technical specialties. As a civil
engineer, you will plan, design, and supervise the construction of a wide variety of facilities in the
natural and built environment, such as bridges, buildings, tunnels, highways, transit systems, dams,
airports, irrigation projects, water distribution networks, waste collection and treatment facilities,
and offshore structures.
You will use technology's newest applications. Civil engineers are leading users of state-of-the-
art computer methods in design, construction, project scheduling, and cost control. Civil engineers
are problem solvers, meeting challenges like providing safe drinking water, preventing pollution,
restoring deteriorating infrastructure, easing traffic congestion, providing resilient energy supplies,
responding to disasters like floods and earthquakes, promoting sustainable development, and
community planning. Additionally, civil engineers may perform work in engineering forensics,
analyzing failed structures to determine cause of failure. As you develop your skills, you can move
into engineering management, oversee the completion of entire projects, and work closely with
architects, owners, contractors, government officials, and others involved in all aspects of
construction to make people’s lives better.
What is Civil Engineering like in the Air Force? The Air Force civil engineer career field is also
broad, including civil and environmental engineers, as well as architects, electrical engineers, and
mechanical engineers. Typically, an Air Force civil engineer officer can expect to work at both
base and headquarters level assignments. The civil engineer at the base level is responsible for the
sustainable construction and maintenance of all facilities; mechanical, electrical, and waste
disposal systems; hazardous waste management, runways, and roads. Accordingly, Air Force civil
engineering requires many specialties. Your tasks may include technical design, project planning
and programming, and possibly managing the maintenance work force of civilian and military
personnel. At a headquarters level, your expertise is required to plan, manage, and direct the civil
engineering efforts at larger scales across the Air Force. As a civil engineer, you will have the
opportunity to contribute across the world – nearly every USAF garrison and contingency
installation has civil engineers assigned to support the mission!
If your goal is to improve people’s lives and their interaction with the built and natural
environment, if you like science and mathematics, and are curious about how things work, then
perhaps civil engineering is the major for you. The Civil Engineering major is accredited by the
Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET, http://www.abet.org. Upon graduation, you
earn a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, a BSCE. A graduate with a Civil Engineering
degree is eligible for a civil engineer, general engineer, bioenvironmental engineer, developmental
engineer, rated, or various other Air Force Specialty Codes.
To ensure the success of our graduates, we prepare them to attain Program Educational Objectives
two to five years after graduation. These are:
153
2) Selection for career training on, or ahead of, schedule, and for a progression of assignments
of increasing responsibility,
3) A demonstrated ability to solve Air Force technical problems,
4) Success in continuing education, and
5) Success in contingency operations.
The foundation that prepares graduates for attaining the Program Educational Objectives is
provided by Student Outcomes. Student Outcomes describe what students must attain prior to
graduation. These outcomes relate to the skills, knowledge, and behaviors that students acquire as
they progress through the program. These are:
and make informed judgements, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions
in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts;
objectives;
and use engineering judgement to draw conclusions; and
strategies.
Incorporated within these outcomes, Civil Engineering majors must demonstrate knowledge of
fundamental concepts of civil engineering commonly applied to solve the types of complex,
multidisciplinary problems they will face as Air Force officers. In addition, graduates must
demonstrate design competence that includes integration of construction processes.
154
P / C / B Option 1 Introductory Biology with Laboratory Biology 215
Statistics Math 356
and Engineers
1. Civ Engr 330 Elementary Structural Analysis

2. Civ Engr 351 Civil Engineering Practices – Field Engineering
(taken 1st period of 2° summer)
3. Civ Engr 361 Fundamental Hydraulics
4. Civ Engr 362 Introduction to Environmental Engineering
5. Civ Engr 372 Behavior and Analysis of Structures
6. Civ Engr 385 Construction Management
7. Civ Engr 390 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering
8. Civ Engr 451 Capstone 1
9. Civ Engr 452 Capstone 2
10. Civ Engr 461* Hydraulic Design
11. Civ Engr 480 Project Management and Contract Administration
12. Civ Engr 488 Pavement Design and Rehabilitation
13. Civ Engr 405 Civil Engineering Seminar
14. Structural Design Option (See Supplemental Information 1)
15. Design Option (See Supplemental Information 2)
16. Engineering Option (See Supplemental Information 3)
* Cadets wishing to participate in either of the Cadet Semester Exchange Abroad or Cadet
Semester Study Abroad Programs during the fall semester of the first-class year may, with
department head approval, substitute Civ Engr 462 - Site Assessment & Remediation in place of
Civ Engr 461 at another point in their academic program. In these cases, Civ Engr 462 may not
be used to satisfy the Design Option requirement. Semester Exchange or Study Abroad cadets
may also substitute a Design Option or Independent Study for Civ Engr 451 with Department Head
approval. Additionally, Engr 402, Professional Engineering Development, is highly
recommended.
1. Structural Design Option (choose one of the following courses):

155
Civ Engr 373 Behavior and Design of Steel Members
Civ Engr 474 Behavior and Design of Concrete Members
2. Design Options (choose two of the following courses):

Civ Engr 373* Behavior and Design of Steel Members
Civ Engr 462 Site Assessment & Remediation
Civ Engr 463 Wastewater Treatment Plant Design
Civ Engr 464 Architectural Design
Civ Engr 467 Water Treatment Principles and Design
Civ Engr 473 Structural Design
Civ Engr 474* Behavior and Design of Concrete Members
Civ Engr 491 Foundation Engineering
Civ Engr 492 Earth Structures
* Available as a Design Option if not taken to satisfy the Structural Design Option
3. An Engineering Option is any course or course sequence of at least three semester hours
taught by the Engineering Division that has not been used to satisfy another curriculum
requirement.
Civil Engineering Major

For Lang 1 3 2 Chem 200 4 2 Civ Engr 361 3 1 Civ Engr 461 3 1
English 111 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Civ Engr 372 3 1 Civ Engr 480 3 1
Fall Physics 110 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Civ Engr 390 3 2 Civ Engr 451 3 2
Math 141 3 1 English 211 3 1 Engr Option 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Math 243 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Law 220 3 1 History 300 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
16.5 9 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 8
20 9 19 9
Civ Engr 452 3 2
For Lang 2 3 2 Civ Engr 488 3 1
History 100 3 1 Civ Engr 330 3 1 Civ Engr 362 3 1 Design Opt 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Math 245 3 1 Struct Design Option 3 1 Engr 402 0.5 1
Spring Math 142 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Civ Engr 385 3 1 Civ Engr 405 0 1
Chem 100 4 2 Biology 215 4 2 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Econ 201 3.5 1 Math 356 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Course Unit Summary

Core (29)
Major (15)
Phy Ed (10)
19.25 9
I.------:-
16.25 7
Core = 93.0 Sem Hours

Major = 42.5 "
Civ Engr 351 (summer)
Phy Ed =
3 "
5.0 "
Total = 143.5 "
16.75 10
156
COMPUTER SCIENCE
THE COMPUTER SCIENCE MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Computer Science is the study of

computers and their application. The Computer Science major at USAFA focuses on computer
programming, software engineering, and computing theory. The skills and abilities developed in
the Computer Science major are in high demand and may be applied in all Air Force career fields.
Computer Science majors who become cyber operations officers will have opportunities to
conduct offensive and defensive cyber operations; establish and operate combat communications
capabilities; operate, maintain, and defend computer and communications networks; provide
command and control capabilities; and contribute to the development and acquisition of new
systems.
Computer Science majors who become pilots (including test pilots) will have greater insight into
their aircraft and weapons systems which are highly dependent on software systems. They also
may contribute to units by developing applications that improve mission effectiveness through
areas such as operations support, data analysis, scheduling, and resource management.
Computer Science is a challenging major. Successful majors typically have strong quantitative
and analytical skills and enjoy computer programming. Prior programming experience is neither
assumed nor required for success in the major.
Graduates of the Computer Science program will have attained the following Student Outcomes:
1) Analyze a complex computing problem and apply principles of computing and other
relevant disciplines to identify solutions.
2) Design, implement, and evaluate a computing-based solution to meet a given set of
computing requirements in the context of the program’s discipline.
3) Communicate effectively in a variety of professional contexts.
4) Recognize professional responsibilities and make informed judgments in computing
practice based on legal and ethical principles.
5) Function effectively as a member or leader of a team engaged in activities appropriate to
the program’s discipline.
6) Apply computer science theory and software development fundamentals to produce
computing-based solutions.
7) Apply security principles and practices to maintain operations in the presence of risks and
threats.
Successful completion of the Computer Science major leads to the degree of Bachelor of Science
in Computer Science. The Computer Science program is accredited by the Computing
Accreditation Commission of ABET, http://www.abet.org.
Computer Science majors must take Programming Fundamentals (Comp Sci 210) in the fall of
their 3-degree year or validate the course. If you have any questions about the Computer Science
157
major or career opportunities, please stop by the Computer and Cyber Sciences department or call
the Computer Science Advisor-in-Charge at 333-7622.
The Computer Science major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA

Introductory Biology with Laboratory Biology 215
P / C / B Option 2
or General Chemistry II Lecture and Lab or Chem 200
Math 356 or
Statistics and Engineers or Advanced Probability
Math 377
and Statistics
Adv STEM Option Programming Fundamentals Comp Sci 210

1. Math 340 Discrete Mathematics
or Math 474 Combinatorics and Graph Theory
2. Comp Sci 220 Data Structures and Systems Programming
3. Comp Sci 330 Software Design and Development
4. Comp Sci 350 Software Engineering
5. Comp Sci 351 Computer Organization and Architecture
6. Comp Sci 364 Databases and Applications
7. Comp Sci 380 Design and Analysis of Algorithms
8. Comp Sci 426 Languages and Machines
9. Comp Sci 453 Software Engineering Capstone Project I
10. Comp Sci 454 Software Engineering Capstone Project II
11. Comp Sci 467 Computer Networks
12. Comp Sci 483 Operating Systems
13. Comp Sci Option (See Supplemental Information 1)
14. Comp Sci Option (See Supplemental Information 1)
15. Math Option (See Supplemental Information 2)
Colloquium Courses:
Comp Sci 405 Computer Science Colloquium I
Comp Sci 406 Computer Science Colloquium II
158
1. The following are Comp Sci Options:

Comp Sci 385 Software Development for Mobile Devices
Comp Sci 471 Artificial Intelligence
Comp Sci 472 Autonomous Systems Integration
Comp Sci 474 Computer Graphics
Comp Sci 495 Special Topics in Computer Science
Comp Sci 496 Computer Science Seminar
Comp Sci 499 Independent Study
Cyber Sci 333 Cyber Warfare
Cyber Sci 334 Cyber Defense
Cyber Sci 431 Cryptography
Astro Engr 436 Small Spacecraft Engineering I
Astro Engr 437 Small Spacecraft Engineering II
ECE 281 Digital Design and Computer Architecture
ECE 348 Telecommunication Principles
ECE 448 Wireless Communications
Law 440 Cyber Law
MSS 444 Space and Cyber Strategy for National Strategy
Ops Rsch 310 Systems Analysis
Pol Sci 466 Cyber Security Policy and Politics
Sys Engr 460 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Systems
Note: Only one Astro Engr course can count as a Comp Sci option.
2. The following are Math options:

ECE 346 Engineering Math with ECE Applications
Math 243 (or Math 253) Calculus III
159
Computer Science Major
o o o o
4 hrs per 3 hrs per 2 hrs per 1 hrs per
For Lang 1 3 2 Comp Sci 210 4 2 Comp Sci 330 3 1 Comp Sci 426 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 Comp Sci 350 3 1 Comp Sci 453 3 2
Fall History 100 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Math Option 3 1 Comp Sci Option 1 3 1
Math 141 3 1 English 211 3 1 Comp Sci 467 3 1 Comp Sci 405 0 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1
15.5 8 18 9 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
19 9 15.5 9
For Lang 2 3 2 Comp Sci 220 3 1 Comp Sci 364 3 1 Comp Sci 454 3 2
Chem 100 4 2 Comp Sci 351 3 1 Comp Sci 380 3 1 Comp Sci Option 2 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 Math 340 3 1 Comp Sci 483 3 1 Comp Sci 406 0 1
Math 142 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Philos 310 3 1 History 300 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Chem 200 or Bio 215 4 2 Math 356 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Open Option 3 1 SocioCultural Choice 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
21.75 10 19.75 8 16.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 144.0 "
D
160
CYBER SCIENCE
THE CYBER SCIENCE MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The Cyber Science major focuses on
computer programming, embedded systems, networks, telecommunications, computer systems,
computer investigations, and cyber operations. The skills developed in the Cyber Science major
uniquely prepare cadets to 1) establish, operate, maintain, and defend computer and
communications networks, 2) provide secure command and control capabilities, and 3) contribute
to a variety of cyber operation missions. Successful completion of the Cyber Science major leads
to a Bachelor of Science in Cyber Science.
Cyber Science majors who become cyber operations officers will have opportunities to: conduct
offensive and defensive cyber operations; establish and operate combat communications
capabilities; operate, maintain, and defend computer and communications networks; provide
command and control capabilities; and contribute to the development and acquisition of new
systems.
Cyber Science majors who become pilots will have greater insight into their aircraft and weapons
systems which are highly dependent on software systems. They will have an in-depth knowledge
of how cyberspace risks may impact mission capabilities. They may also contribute to units by
developing applications that improve mission effectiveness through areas such as operations
support, data analysis, scheduling, and resource management.
Cyber Science is a challenging major. Successful cadets typically have strong quantitative and
analytical skills and enjoy computer programming. Prior programming experience is neither
assumed nor required for success in the major. Graduates of the Cyber Science program will have
attained the following Student Outcomes:
1) Analyze a complex computing problem, and apply principles of computing and other
relevant disciplines to identify solutions.
2) Design, implement, and evaluate a computing-based solution to meet a given set of
computing requirements in the context of the program’s discipline.
3) Communicate effectively in a variety of professional contexts.
4) Recognize professional responsibilities and make informed judgments in computing
practice based on legal and ethical principles.
5) Function effectively as a member or leader of a team engaged in activities appropriate to
the program’s discipline.
6) Apply security principles and practices to maintain operations in the presence of risks and
threats.
7) Create intentional effects through social and technical manipulation of adversarial systems.
Cyber Science majors must take Programming Fundamentals (Comp Sci 210) in the fall of their
3-degree year or validate the course. If you have any questions about the Cyber Science major or
career opportunities, please stop by the Computer and Cyber Sciences department or call the Cyber
Science Advisor-in-Charge at 333-7622.
The Cyber Science major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA
161

P / C / B Option 2
Math 356 or
Statistics and Engineers or Advanced Probability
Math 377
and Statistics

1. Math 340 Discrete Mathematics
or Math 474 Combinatorics and Graph Theory
3. Cyber Sci 333 Cyber Warfare
4. Cyber Sci 334 Cyber Defense
5. Cyber Sci 431 Cryptography
6. Cyber Sci 435 Cyber Operations
7. Cyber Sci 438 Cyber Science Capstone I
8. Cyber Sci 439 Cyber Science Capstone II
9. Comp Sci 467 Computer Networks
10. Comp Sci 483 Operating Systems
11. ECE 281 Digital Design and Computer Architecture
12. ECE 382 Embedded Computer Systems I
13. ECE 348 Telecommunication Principles
14. Cyber Science Elective I (See Supplemental Information)
15. Cyber Science Elective II (See Supplemental Information)
Colloquium Courses:
Cyber Sci 405 Cyber Science Colloquium I
Cyber Sci 406 Cyber Science Colloquium II
The following are Cyber Science Elective Options:

Comp Sci 364 Databases and Applications
162
Comp Sci 426 Languages and Machines
Comp Sci 495 Special Topics in Computer Science
Comp Sci 499 Independent Study
ECE 383 Embedded Computer Systems II
ECE 484 Advanced Digital System Design
ECE 485 Advanced Computer Architecture
Law 440 Cyber Law
MSS 444 Space and Cyber Strategy for National Security
Note: One Cyber Science Option must be Law 440, MSS 444, or Pol Sci 466.
Cyber Science Major

For Lang 1 3 2 Comp Sci 210 4 2 Cyber Sci 333 4 2 Cyber Sci 435 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 Comp Sci 467 3 1 Cyber Sci 438 3 2
Fall History 100 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 ECE 382 3 1 Cyber Sci Elective 1 3 1
Math 141 3 1 English 211 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Cyber Sci 405 0 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Econ 201 3.5 1 ECE 348 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 History 300 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1
15.5 8 19.5 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
20 9 15.5 9
For Lang 2 3 2 Comp Sci 220 3 1 Cyber Sci 334 3 1 Cyber Sci 439 3 2
Chem 100 4 2 ECE 281 3 1 Cyber Sci 483 3 1 Cyber Sci Elective 2 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 Math 340 3 1 Cyber Sci 431 3 1 Cyber Sci 406 3 1
Math 142 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Philos 310 3 1 Astro Engr 310 0 1
Physics 110 4 2 Chem 200 or Bio 215 4 2 Math 356 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
20.25 9 19.75 8 16.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 145.0 "
CJ
163
DATA SCIENCE
THE DATA SCIENCE MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The Data Science major focuses on planning
for, acquisition, management, analysis of, and inference from data. The multidisciplinary skills
developed in the major draw from the fields of mathematics, statistics, computer science, and
information science. The Data Science major places a strong emphasis on critical thinking and
problem solving within the context of data-driven decision making.
The field of Data Science is experiencing rapid growth, due to the massive amounts of newly
available data in science, industry, and government. Consequently, the Department of Defense
desires to become a truly data-driven organization that can access, manage, and secure data and
turn it into actionable insight for faster and more effective decision making. This is reflected in the
2018 National Defense Strategy, which lists advanced computing, “big data” analytics, and
artificial intelligence as new technologies that are changing the character of war. Military leaders
with data science knowledge, skills, and abilities will be vital to winning the wars of the future.
For the Air Force in particular, officers with Data Science expertise are in high demand. Data
Science majors will be uniquely qualified for careers in operations research analysis, cyberspace
operations, information operations, and intelligence. However, students who pursue operational
careers as pilots and combat systems officers will also greatly benefit from the skills developed
within the major, given the massive amounts of data produced by 5th generation aircraft.
Additionally, graduates of the Data Science major will have the strong decision-making
capabilities expected of Air Force leaders in this increasingly data-driven world.
The prevalence of data in academic disciplines and Air Force career fields dictates that the Data
Science major be interdisciplinary. Consequently, the major is jointly administered by the
Departments of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Management, and Mathematical Sciences.
Additionally, the major includes a multi-course focus track that permits exposure to a variety of
topics in Basic Sciences, Social Sciences, Engineering, and Humanities. Data Science is an
exciting and challenging major. Successful students typically demonstrate a balance of intellectual
curiosity along with strong quantitative and communication skills. Graduates of the Data Science
program will have attained the following Student Outcomes:
1) An understanding of and an ability to apply the following data science concepts, tools and
methods to data analysis pipelines:
a) Data acquisition;
b) Data preprocessing;
c) Exploratory data analysis;
d) Inferential and predictive thinking, modeling and analysis; and
e) Computational thinking, data structures, and algorithms.
2) An understanding of ethical, legal, societal, and economic concerns in application of data
science concepts.
3) An ability to visualize, interpret and communicate the output of data analysis pipelines to
Stakeholders.
164
4) An ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams using concepts and tools from data
science.
The Data Science major contributes to both the development and assessment of the critical thinking
outcome.
A. 94 Semester hours of Dean's academic core courses:

Statistics Advanced Probability and Statistics Math 377
C. 27 Semester hours of required major's courses:

2. Comp Sci 364 Databases and Applications
3. Comp Sci 471 Artificial Intelligence
4. Data 421 Capstone in Data Science I
5. Data 422 Capstone in Data Science II
6. Mgt 391 Business Data Analytics
7. Math 344 Applied Linear Algebra
8. Math 378 Applied Statistical Modeling
9. Philos 320 Ethics and Technology
D. 6 Semester hours from a Domain Emphasis Track.
Each track is designed to give students background knowledge in a specific domain where data
science techniques are applied in support of problem solving, decision making, and/or persuasive
argument. Ideally, a student’s capstone experience should focus on research within their chosen
domain. Example track sequences are listed below, but other sequences may be approved by the
Chair of the Data Science Committee.
Domain Emphasis Track Examples (choose a track or work with your advisor to create your own):
165
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Mgt 372 Introduction to Investments Comp Sci 330 Software Design & Dev
Sys Engr 336 Engr Econ & Financial Mgt Comp Sci 350 Software Engineering
ECONOMETRICS MATHEMATICAL MODELING

Econ 365 Econometrics I Ops Rsch 310 Systems Analysis
Econ 465 Econometrics II Ops Rsch 311 Deterministic Models
E. 9 Semester hours of Data Science Option courses. These courses allow students to explore
topics foundational to data science and/or provide experiences for students to acquire, curate, and
analyze data and to communicate results. In addition to the list below, other courses may be
approved by the Chair of the Data Science Committee.
Comp Sci 330 Software Design and Development

Comp Sci 350 Software Engineering
Comp Sci 351 (or ECE 281) Computer Organization and Architecture
(or Digital Design and Computer Architecture)
Comp Sci 380 Design and Analysis of Algorithms
Econ 365 Econometrics I
Econ 465 Econometrics II
Econ 466 Advanced Econometrics
Math 243 (or Math 253) Calculus III (or Advanced Placed Calculus III)
Math 340 Discrete Mathematics
Data 495 Special Topics in Data Science
Data 499 Independent Study
Cadets may choose no more than one of the following courses as a Data Science Option:
English 335 Speech and Communication Studies
English 345 Digital Humanities
166
Data Science Major

4o hrs per 3
o
hrs per 2
o
hrs per
o
1 hrs per
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Comp Sci 210 4 2 Domain Emph 1 3 1 Comp Sci 471 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Data Sci Option 1 3 1 Data 421 3 2
Fall English 111 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 1 Mgt 391 3 1 Philos 320 3 1
For Lang 1 3 2 P / C / B Option 1 4 2 Math 377 3 1 ECE 315 3 1
Math 141 3 1 English 211 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1 History 300 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 20 10 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 8
19 8
Chem 100 4 2 Comp Sci 220 3 1 Domain Emph 2 3 1 Data Sci Option 3 3 1
For Lang 2 3 2 Math 344 3 1 Comp Sci 364 3 1 Data 422 3 2
Spring History 100 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Math 378 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1
Math 142 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Data Sci Option 2 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Philos 310 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 P / C / B Option 2 4 2 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Leadership 400 0.75 0
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 7 16.25 8
20.25 9

Major (14)
-
Major = 73.0 "
Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 190.8 "
Total = 357.8 "
D
167
DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION STUDIES MINOR
THE DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION STUDIES MINOR AT A GLANCE: The United States
Air Force Academy must develop leaders who understand diversity & inclusion and can employ
that knowledge to attract, recruit, retain, and leverage the diverse talent needed to enable the
success of the United States Air and Space Forces. Diversity of thought (enabled by Airmen with
unique backgrounds, cultures, demographics, identities, experiences, etc.) is the engine that drives
our Air and Space Forces’ ability to integrate, adapt, and innovate to meet future challenges. In
order to unleash the full potential of diversity of thought, the Air Force Academy must cultivate
leaders who not only understand and recognize the importance of diversity, but who actively create
inclusive environments that leverage this diversity toward mission success. As such, the
interdisciplinary Diversity and Inclusion Studies Minor program is designed to:
1) Integrate the interdisciplinary study of diversity and inclusion into the USAFA curriculum;
2) Prepare cadets to lead inclusively within a diverse organization, act responsibly in a diverse
society, and meet cross-cultural challenges in a diverse world; and
3) Develop respect for human dignity across a wide range of cultures and societies enabling
the effective and ethical execution of military operations.
Student Learning Objectives (SLOs): Cadets who complete the Diversity and Inclusion Minor will
be able to:
1) Assess how historical, cultural, social, economic, literary, and/or political developments
that have shaped one’s own identity compared to events and contexts that differentially
shape another’s identity.
2) Demonstrate an understanding of difference and empathy for others through perspective-
taking, accounting for structural (macro) as well as interactional (micro) contexts that affect
an individual’s perceptions, attitudes, values, and behaviors.
3) Analyze, synthesize, and apply a broad range of theories of, and methodologies for, the
critical study of diversity and inclusion, including how diversity and inclusion change in
varied historical and social contexts.
4) Identify and critically assess explanations for construction of specific categories/groups
such as sex/gender; race/ethnicity/nation; socio-economic class; religious affiliation; age;
(dis)ability; sexual orientation; and cultures. Critically analyze the intersectional relation
between constructed groups and access to different kinds of power and important
individual, social, and political goods.
The Diversity and Inclusion Studies Minor requires a minimum of 5 classes (15 credit hours).
The minor can be taken regardless of your academic major. As an interdisciplinary minor, no
more than 9 semester hours may come from the same department. However, individual courses
required in multiple majors, or in a major and a minor, count for both, but cadets must meet all
requirements for multiple majors and any minor(s).
168
1. Required foundational course
Beh Sci 360 Sociology
[Note: Beh Sci 360 is an advanced core option course and can potentially “double count”
to fulfill both a core requirement and the foundational requirement of this minor, depending
on your major.]
2. Two Humanities courses from the following:
English 355 Literature, Language, and Race/Ethnicity
English 360 Literature, Language, and Gender/Sexuality
English 365 Literature, Language, and Class
History 364 Gender and Sexuality in History
History 366 Race, Nationalism, and Ethnicity in History
Philos 355 Theories of Justice
Philos 395 Philosophy of Law
Philos 401 Comparative Religion
3. Two Social Science courses from the following:
Beh Sci 362 Class, Race, and Ethnicity in Society
Beh Sci 364 Gender, Sexuality, and Society
Econ 422 Labor Economics
Geo 250 Human Geography: A Global Cultural Awareness
Geo 412 World Cultural Geography
Mgt 345 Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
Pol Sci 421 International Security: Political Violence and Terrorism
Pol Sci 423 Genocide and Mass Atrocity
Pol Sci 425 Diversity and Security
Courses not listed above that meet significant SLOs for the minor may be considered for
substitution for any of the Social Sciences or Humanities courses listed above. To request
a course substitute, advisors must submit an Academic Waiver Request to the minor’s AIC,
which will include a description of the SLOs that are met and assessed by the course, as
well as a copy of the course syllabus.
169
ECONOMICS
THE ECONOMICS MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Economics is the scientific study of decision

making. Individuals and institutions have limited resources which forces them to make tradeoffs.
Economists employ the scientific method to formulate theories, gather data, and analyze these
tradeoffs to recommend optimal decisions, make predictions about behavior, and evaluate policy
effectiveness. The strength of the U.S. economy contributes directly to our national defense. Both
the Air Force and Space Force rely on industry partners to develop and provide military platforms
and capabilities. Our nation uses the tools of economic diplomacy to support our allies and thwart
our enemies.
The course of study includes a foundational sequence of core courses in microeconomics,

macroeconomics, and econometrics. Microeconomics is the study of resource allocation at the
producer and consumer levels. It includes an investigation of government policies that can help or
hinder the efficiency of market outcomes. Macroeconomics aggregates market results to study
economies at the national level. Courses in macroeconomics can also focus on international and
regional issues that influence economies. Econometrics is used at all levels of economics to
evaluate theories and policy outcomes using statistical and data science techniques.
The economics program is designed to develop officers who can:

1) Apply the economic way of thinking to analyze problems,
2) Evaluate the strengths and limitations of economic analysis,
3) Collect and analyze economic data to recognize trends, test economic theories, and
evaluate economic arguments; and
4) Effectively communicate economic concepts and analyses.
Program electives allow cadets to apply quantitative economic methods to focus on business,
finance, international economics, public policy, and other fields of applied economics. Cadets
develop analytic and empirical skills necessary to solve a wide range of problems such as resource
allocation, production efficiency, incentive design, and policy evaluation. The economics major
develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills and is widely recognized as a solid
background for careers as leaders and practitioners in a wide range of fields including data science,
technology, business, education, government, and law.
Officers with a background in economics will find themselves well prepared to serve as leaders in
the Air Force and Space Force. Commanders are required to lead people, execute missions,
improve organizations, and manage resources. The study of economics will provide a theoretical
and empirical framework to understand incentives, production, policymaking, and resource
allocation.
The Economics major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA
170
A. 93 Semester hours of Dean's academic core courses to include:

Probability and Statistics for
Statistics Math 356
Engineers and Scientists
Adv STEM Option Systems Analysis Ops Rsch 310

Required Economics Courses (9 courses – 27 Sem Hrs)
1. Econ 332 Intermediate Microeconomics I: Competitive Markets
2. Econ 333 Intermediate Microeconomic II: Market Failures & Advanced Topics
3. Econ 355 Principles of Macroeconomics
4. Econ 356 Intermediate Macroeconomics
5. Econ 365 Econometrics I
6. Econ 465 Econometrics II
7. Econ 450 International Economics
8. Econ 440 Development of Economic Thought
9. Capstone Econ 480 or Econ 482
Economics Electives (4 courses – 12 Sem Hrs)

* Count as Math/Ops Rsch courses for 61A career field (see NOTES below)
10. Economics Elective #1

Any of the following courses may fill Economics Electives #1 & #2

Econ 351 Comparative Economic Systems
Econ 367 Industrial Organization
Econ 377 Financial Markets *
Econ 411 Introduction to Game Theory *
Econ 447 Quantitative Economic Methods *
Econ 454 Economics of Development and Conflict
Econ 475 Money, Banking, and Financial Institutions
Econ 476 Economics of Sports
Econ 477 Economics of Inequality
171
Econ 480 Defense Economics (if not filling major requirement #9)
Econ 481 Applied Economic Research Capstone I
Econ 495 Special Topics
Econ 499 Independent Study in Economics
Soc Sci 420 Law and Economics
Or any other Economics elective that the department creates in the future

In addition to the above courses, any course from the list below may fill Economics
Electives #3 & #4.
Math 243/253 Calculus III / Advanced Placed Calculus III *
Math 245 Differential Equations *
Math 320 Foundations of Mathematics *
Math 340 Discrete Mathematics *
Math 342 Numerical Analysis *
Math 344 Applied Linear Algebra *
Math 359 Design and Analysis of Experiments *
Math 360 Linear Algebra *
Math 366 Real Analysis I
Mgt 337 Managerial Finance
Mgt 341 Financial Accounting
Mgt 342 Managerial Accounting
Mgt 375 Market Analysis
Mgt 382 Investments
Ops Rsch 311 Determinate Models *
Ops Rsch 312 Probabilistic Models *
Ops Rsch 421 Capstone in Operations Research I *
Ops Rsch 422 Capstone in Operations Research II *
Philos 200 Introduction to Philosophy
Sys Engr 301 Project Engineering
Sys Engr 310 Introduction to Systems Engineering *
Academy Option (1 course – 3 Sem Hrs)

14. Academy Option: any course taught for credit under the supervision of the Dean of
the Faculty, Commandant of Cadets, the Director of Athletics, or the 306 FTG. Courses
must carry at least three semester hours of credit.
Curriculum
172
Econ 374 and Econ 423 are not intended for economics majors.
Air Force and Space Force Career Fields
- Most career fields are open to economics majors. Economics majors who do not go into rated
career fields tend to favor acquisitions. Below are requirements and/or suggestions for students
interested in certain career fields.
- 15A (Operations Research Analyst): All students interested in the Operations Research Analyst
career field (15A) should be advised that this career field has additional postgraduate
educational requirements as specified in the AFOCD and should work with their advisor to
ensure that their intended academic program prepares them for successful admission to and
completion of the required graduate educational program. All analysts must complete a
"master's degree" or "graduate certificate" in a Tier 1 or Tier 2 discipline within two years of
assignment to the 15A career field. "Tier 1" disciplines are Operations Research, Mathematics
and Statistics, Industrial Engineering, Computational Science (Data Science / Analytics), and
Data Science. "Tier 2" disciplines are Computer Science, Systems Engineering, or Quantitative
Economics. A qualifying graduate certificate must be at least 12 semester hours (18 quarter
hours) of accredited course work. Recommended electives that may assist in meeting these
graduate school requirements are listed above with an "*".
- 63x (Program Management) has no additional requirements; Sys Engr 301 or Mgt 401 is
recommended.
- 64P (Contracting) has no additional requirements; Law 340 & Soc Sci 483 are recommended.
- 65x (Financial Management and Cost Analysis) has no additional requirements; Mgt 341 &
Mgt 342 are recommended.
Graduate School
- Students considering graduate school in economics should take as many quantitative

economics courses as possible.
- Students considering graduate school in finance should take the finance enrichment electives
and Math 243/253, Math 344, and OpsRsch 312.
- Students considering a Masters of Business Administration (MBA) program should consider
Mgt 337, Mgt 342, Mgt 345, and Mgt 375 to meet likely MBA program prerequisites.
173
Economics Major
o o o o
For Lang 1 3 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Econ 333 3 1 Econ 465 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Econ 355 3 1 Econ 450 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 English 211 3 1 Math 356 3 1 Econ Elective 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Econ Elective 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 History 300 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 7
19 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Econ 332 3 1 Econ 356 3 1 Econ 480 or 482 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Philos 310 3 1 Econ 365 3 1 Econ 440 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 OpsRsch 310 3 1 Econ Elective 3 1 Econ Elective 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Academy Option 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Law 220 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 7 16.25 7
20.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 140.0 "
D
174
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
THE ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The

impact of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) in the 21st century battlefield is more vital
than ever before. The Air Force's increasing reliance on electronic surveillance, electronic warfare,
cyber warfare, advanced communication systems, and modern computers has created an insatiable
demand for Electrical and Computer Engineers. The ECE major prepares the student with a deep
understanding of the basic principles of modern electronic systems such as "smart" computer-
guided munitions, advanced "fly-by-wire'' aircraft radio systems capable of communicating
through hostile electronic jamming environments, terrain-following radar, and much more.
As an Air Force Electrical and Computer Engineer, you will combine your creativity and analytic
ingenuity to optimize existing electronic systems, as well as design new systems that have not yet
even been conceived. Air Force officers who understand these emerging technologies can use
their expertise to gain a "combat edge" over our adversaries. If you want to help the Air Force
develop new and better techniques to accomplish its mission, this major may be for you.
Required coursework in the ECE major includes the core curriculum and courses that apply
physics, mathematics, and computer science, such as electrical and electronic circuit and systems
analysis, computer systems, signal processing, electromagnetic fields and waves, wireless
communications, and electrical power systems. The ECE curriculum culminates in a two-semester
capstone design course where seniors work on a team, building on their coursework to design an
electronic system that meets the needs of a real customer.
To ensure the success of our graduates, we prepare them to attain Program Educational Objectives
(PEOs) two to five years after graduation. These PEOs are:
Cadets who major in Electrical and Computer Engineering will have been successful Air Force
Officers who have:
1) Applied their engineering, management, and leadership skills in service to our nation;
2) Demonstrated intellectual growth through self-study, continuing education, and
professional development;
3) Provided technical leadership and disciplinary knowledge, with a broad understanding of
the potential ethical and societal impacts of technology; and
4) Applied engineering methodology and creativity to technological problems while
effectively communicating to diverse audiences.
The qualities, or outcomes, of the ECE major that prepare each graduate for attaining these PEOs
are the following Student Outcomes (SOs). Each Electrical and Computer Engineering graduate
shall demonstrate:
175
and make informed judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions in
objectives;
strategies.
The Electrical and Computer Engineering major is an excellent choice if you are interested in an
advanced degree. As an electrical and computer engineer, your knowledge and skill will be in
high demand, both in the Air Force and in society as a whole.
If considering Electrical and Computer Engineering, you should take ECE 215 and ECE 245 no
later than the fall semester of your 3° year, if not sooner. Additionally, Math 243 should be taken
no later than the spring semester of your 3° year.

P / C / B Option 2
Statistics Math 356
and Engineers
Adv Open Option Programming Fundamentals Comp Sci 210
ECE 315 Principles of Electronic Cyber Warfare ECE 215

1. ECE 245 Differential Equations with Circuit Applications I
2. ECE 281 Digital Design and Computer Architecture
3. ECE 321 Electronics I
4. ECE 332 Differential Equations with Circuit Applications II
5. ECE 333 Signal Processing and Linear Systems
6. ECE 343 Electromagnetics
176
7. ECE 346 Engineering Math with ECE Applications
8. ECE 382 Embedded Computer Systems I
9. ECE 463 Capstone Design Project I
10. ECE 464 Capstone Design Project II
Additional depth and breadth will come from choosing six technical electives:
11. ECE Option #1: Choose ECE 447 or ECE 485
12. – 13. ECE Option #2: Choose two from the following list, without repeating a
course (ensures at least three electives are ECE courses):
ECE 311 Power Systems
ECE 322 Electronics II
ECE 387 Introduction to Robotic Systems
ECE 423 Power Electronics
ECE 444 Applied Field Theory
ECE 447 Communication Systems
ECE 434 Digital Signal Processing
ECE 487 Fundamentals of Robotics
14. – 15. ECE Option #3: Choose two from the following list, without repeating a
course (ensures at least two electives are 400-level courses):
Comp Sci 483 Operating Systems
16. ECE Option #4: Choose one from the following list, without repeating a
course:
177
Comp Sci 220 Data Structures and Systems Programming
Comp Sci 483 Operating Systems
While the following tracks are not required, they are encouraged.
Electrical Engineering Track

ECE 447 Communications Systems
Pick 3 (at least one must be 400-level):
Computer Engineering Track

Comp Sci 220 Data Structures and Systems Programming*
Pick 3 (at least two must be 400-level):
Comp Sci 483 Operating Systems*
* AFIT Computer Engineering Master’s program requires Comp Sci 220 and Comp Sci
483.
178
Electrical and Computer Engineering Major

(Electrical Engineering Track)
4o hrs per 3
o
hrs per 2
o
hrs per 1
o
hrs per
Comp Sci 110 3 1 ECE 210* 1 1 ECE 321 3 2 ECE 434 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 ECE 245 3 1 ECE 346 3 1 ECE 447 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 ECE 215 3 1 ECE 382 3 1 ECE 463 3 2
For Lang 1 3 2 Comp Sci 210 4 2 ECE 311 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
19 10 19.5 10 18.5 9
Chem 100 4 2 ECE 281 3 1 ECE 333 3 1

English 111 3 1 ECE 332 3 1 ECE 343 3 1 ECE 448 3 1
For Lang 2 3 2 Mech Eng 220 3 1 ECE Option 3 1 ECE Option 3 1
Spring Math 142 3 1 Math 243 3 1 History 300 3 1 ECE 464 3 2
Physics 110 4 2 English 211 3 1 Math 356 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 P/C/B Option 2 4 2 MSS 251 4.5 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1
20.25 9 20.75 9 16.25 8
Course Unit Summary Core = 94.0 Sem Hours
Core (29) Major = 49.0 "
Major (15) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Phy Ed (10) Total = 148.0 "
CJ
* ECE 210 is suggested, not required.
Electrical and Computer Engineering Major

(Computer Engineering Track)
o o o o
Comp Sci 110 3 1 ECE 210* 1 1 ECE 321 3 2 ECE Option 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 ECE 245 3 1 ECE 346 3 1 ECE Option 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 ECE 215 3 1 ECE 382 3 1 ECE 463 3 2
For Lang 1 3 2 Comp Sci 210 4 2 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
19 10 19.5 10 18.5 9
Chem 100 4 2 ECE 281 3 1 ECE 333 3 1

English 111 3 1 ECE 332 3 1 ECE 343 3 1 ECE Option 3 1
For Lang 2 3 2 Comp Sci 220 3 1 ECE 383 3 1 ECE 485 3 1
Spring Math 142 3 1 Math 243 3 1 History 300 3 1 ECE 464 3 2
Leadership 100 0.75 0 P/C/B Option 2 4 2 MSS 251 4.5 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1
20.25 9 20.75 9 16.25 8
Course Unit Summary Core = 94.0 Sem Hours
Core (29) Major = 49.0 "
Major (15) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Phy Ed (10) Total = 148.0 "
CJ
* ECE 210 is suggested, not required.
179
ENGLISH
THE ENGLISH MAJOR AT A GLANCE: You study at the Air Force Academy to become a
leader for our military and democratic nation. Drawing on the resources of evidence and
imagination, outstanding leaders deploy the power of narrative to influence people and shape
policy. This is the essence of the USAFA English major, where you’ll explore enduring questions;
formulate transformative ideas; and read, reflect, communicate, and create.
What is English?
• Our small, interactive classes are full of big ideas that engage literature,
communication, film, creative writing, digital humanities, and artistic creation.
• We are a community that is open to students of all backgrounds and abilities. English
majors are leaders in the Cadet Wing, IC athletes, and members of performance clubs
and the Forensics Team.
• The English major is flexible and pairs well with other majors. English majors have
pursued the pre-med track as well as second majors in Legal Studies and Computer
Science and minors in Philosophy and Foreign Languages.
• All senior English majors have a chance to undertake an independent research project
through the optional Capstone Experience.
Why English?
• Skills: One of the most valued and highly sought after aspects of any career or vocation
is the ability to communicate effectively and to think critically. In the Air Force, wing
commanders have identified effective communication as the most vital skill that
officers need for a successful career. The imperative to “get it all, get it right, and make
it clear” is mission critical, and English majors are often sought out for this level of
work.
• Job Opportunities: As an English major, all Air Force career fields are open to you,
except for a few highly specialized fields. Recent English major AFSCs include pilot
(to include ENJJPT), CSO, acquisitions, OSI, maintenance, munitions and missiles
maintenance, intelligence, contracting, acquisitions with intelligence OPEX, and space.
As General Goldfein points out, “Don’t stop writing. Such is the nature of a profession
of arms that debates serious matter. We must engage thoughtfully, humbly, and with
mindfulness for operational security.” English is attractive in the civilian world as well.
Entrepreneurs in the corporate sector and policy leaders within the public sector fit the
same mold. As former Google executive Santosh Jayaram put it, “English majors are
exactly the people I’m looking for.”
With English as your major, along with the technical training and experience you’ll gain as an
officer, you’ll be poised to lead in the Air Force, the civilian sector, and as a citizen. In short,
English makes you ready for the world. For more information, visit our departmental website at
https://www.usafa.ed/academic/english/, call 333-3930, or set up an appointment with our AIC
team.
180
Majoring in English prepares a student to:
Read closely, with an awareness of the significance of the choices at work in various texts,
works of art, and technologies. English majors will learn how these choices speak with
various contexts, including the work itself; related works; the creator’s oeuvre; and broader
social, historical, and artistic contexts.
Communicate clearly and eloquently while also articulating complex thinking. English
majors will identify genre-specific conventions of their writing and creation tasks and
incorporate evidence, and engage with the ideas of others appropriately according to these
conventions.
Think critically, with awareness of one’s own preconceptions, and with broader
contextual awareness of cultural, political, and historical factors. English majors will
acquire a growing awareness of multiple backgrounds and perspectives in human
interactions; they will have the ability to approach different situations with appropriate
understanding and methods.
Know the field of English studies. English majors will gain familiarity with the breadth of
English and the arts (e.g. significant literary and cultural periods); creative endeavors;
digital humanities; and communication and rhetoric.
The English major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA
Institutional Critical Thinking Outcome and Clear Communication Outcome.
A. 93 Semester hours of Dean's academic core courses to include the following core
substitutes:

Statistics Choose 1
War Stories, or English 411, or
Adv Sociocultural Option
Special Topics in War and Literature English 370
Choose 1 Advanced
Adv Open Option Sociocultural
Option

181
1. One pre-1800 English 303, 308, or 313
2. One post-1800 English 319, 324, or 330
3. One focusing on diversity, race, class or gender English 355, 360 or 365
4-10. English and Creative Arts Options

Choose seven courses from among non-core English and Creative Arts courses.
Law 360 counts in this category.
11-14. Academy Options

Four non-core courses from any academic division.
Yearlong Capstone Sequence Option:

English 489 (fall, 1.5 semester hours), Capstone Research
English 490 (spring, 3.0 semester hours), Capstone Colloquium
English 490 counts as one of the English Options in 4-10 above.
182
English Major
For Lang 1 3 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Engl 303, 308, or 313 3 1 Engl 355, 360, or 365 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 English Option 2 3 1 English Option 4 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Academy Option 2 3 1 English Option 5 3 1
Math 141 3 1 English 211 3 1 Philos 310 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 ECE 315 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Adv STEM Option 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 15.5 7
18.5 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Engl 300 or Engl Opt 1 3 1 Engl 319, 324, or 330 3 1 English Option 6 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Academy Option 1 3 1 English Option 3 3 1 Engl Opt 7 (Engl 490) 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 History 300 3 1 Academy Option 3 3 1 Academy Option 4 3 1
Math 142 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 P / C / B Option 4 2 Stats Option 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.75 7 16.25 7
20.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total =[140.0
7 "
183
FOREIGN AREA STUDIES
THE FOREIGN AREA STUDIES MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Are you fascinated by other
languages and cultures? Are you interested in focusing your studies on a particular region of the
world? Then the Foreign Area Studies (FAS) major may be the right choice for you. Depending
on the foreign language you are studying, you will delve into an interdisciplinary exploration of
one of six geo-cultural regions: Africa, Latin America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, or Slavic
countries. You will also select an emphasis from one of three academic disciplines: History,
Military & Strategic Studies, or Political Science. The major offers you a wide selection of courses
that includes foreign language, history, military and strategic studies, political science, economics,
geospatial science, as well as coursework that incorporates a comparative framework for
understanding cross-cultural dynamics. The academic program leads to a Bachelor of Science
Degree in Foreign Area Studies. In addition, Foreign Area Studies majors may earn an academic
minor in a foreign language related to their area of study.
“Language, regional and cultural skills … are critical to mission readiness in today’s dynamic
global environment. Our forces must have the ability to effectively communicate with and
understand the cultures of coalition forces, international partners, and local populations.”
SECDEF Memo “Language Skills, Regional Expertise, and Cultural Capabilities in the DoD”,
10 Aug 2011
Our program’s curriculum is designed such that, by completion of our program, our graduates shall
demonstrate that they have attained the following Student Learning Outcomes:
1. Gain an interdisciplinary understanding and achieve relative expertise in a specific region
of the world (Africa, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Middle East, or Slavic Region), and in
the larger global context in which these regions operate.
2. Achieve a moderate level of fluency in a specific foreign language related to their region
of study.
3. Gain understanding and achieve relative expertise in a specific academic track related to
the FAS major: history, and military & strategic studies, political science.
4. Achieve cultural competency through study and/or immersion in the culture and language
related to their region of study.
The FAS major defines expertise as the ability to perform the following skills:
1. Conduct research
2. Apply concepts
3. Analyze problems
4. Evaluate options
5. Formulate solutions
6. Communicate information
The Foreign Area Studies major contributes to both the development and assessment of the
184
A. 93 Semester hours of Dean’s academic core courses.

Statistics Choose 1
Soc Sci 311 International Security Soc Sci 212
C. 42 Semester hours of major’s courses: Cadets must complete at least five

For Lang courses at the 200-level or
1. – 3. For Lang I, II, and III higher in the same language to earn
the minor
Required Disciplinary-Track Courses
4 - 7. Cadets take 4 courses consistent with their disciplinary track and region of study.
Req’t Pol Sci Track History Track MSS Track

4. Africa Pol Sci 479 History 280 MSS 494
Asia Pol Sci 473 History 270 MSS 490
Europe Pol Sci 471 History 230 MSS 493
Latin America Pol Sci 475 History 260 MSS 491
Middle East Pol Sci 477 History 250 MSS 494
Slavic Pol Sci 469 History 240 MSS 493
5. Pol Sci 394 History 362 MSS 421
History 363
6. Methods Pol Sci 300 History 200 MSS 298
7. Capstone Pol Sci 491 History 402 MSS 498
185
Additional FAS Required Courses Outside Disciplinary-Track:
8 - 12. Cadets take five courses outside their disciplinary track consistent with their
region of study.
Req’t Pol Sci Track History Track MSS Track

8. Economics Econ 374 or Econ 374 Econ 374
Soc Sci 444
9. Human Geo Geo 250 Geo 250 Geo 250
10. Africa History 280 Pol Sci 479 History 280
Asia History 270 Pol Sci 473 History 270
Europe History 230 Pol Sci 471 History 230
Latin America History 260 Pol Sci 475 History 260
Middle East History 250 Pol Sci 477 History 250
Slavic History 240 Pol Sci 469 History 240
11. Africa MSS 494 MSS 494 Pol Sci 479
Asia MSS 490 MSS 490 Pol Sci 473
Europe MSS 493 MSS 493 Pol Sci 471
Latin America MSS 491 MSS 491 Pol Sci 475
Middle East MSS 494 MSS 494 Pol Sci 477
Slavic MSS 493 MSS 493 Pol Sci 469
12. Foreign Policy History 340 or History 340 or History 340 or
Pol Sci 302 Pol Sci 302 Pol Sci 302
FAS Electives:
13 – 14. Cadets choose 2 additional courses from the list below. Courses on this list will
have a global, regional, or U.S. foreign relations focus with a comparative or cross-
cultural framework.
186
Geospatial Military Strategic Political
Economics Humanities History
Science Studies Science
Econ 351 Geo 380 Hum 200S MSS 369 Pol Sci 301 History 230
Econ 450 Geo 412 Hum 400S MSS 421 Pol Sci 302 History 240
Econ 454 Geo 470 Hum 430 MSS 422 Pol Sci 390 History 250
Geo 471 Hum 461 MSS 423 Pol Sci 394 History 260
Geo 475 Hum 463 MSS 490 Pol Sci 421 History 270
Geo 480 MSS 491 Pol Sci 423 History 280
MSS 493 Pol Sci 425 History 290
MSS 494 Pol Sci 445 History 324
Pol Sci 460 History 325
Behavioral Legal Foreign Area
Foreign Language Pol Sci 469 History 328
Science Studies Studies
Beh Sci 360 Law 363 FAS 400 or > *For Lang 300 or > Pol Sci 471 History 329
Beh Sci 362 Law 463 †For Lang 100 or > Pol Sci 473 History 330
English Philosophy Management Creative Art Pol Sci 479 History 361
English 303 Philos 391 Mgt 498 Creative Art 330 Pol Sci 496 History 362
English 308 Philos 392 Creative Art 335 History 363
English 350 Philos 393 History 364
Philos 401 Other History 365
Any relevant 495 History 366
Any relevant 499 History 367
Soc Sci 444 History 368
History 369
*Primary language courses
†Other than primary language courses
187
Foreign Area Studies Major (Pol Sci Track)

For Lang 1 3 2 For Lang 3 3 1 For Lang 5 3 1 Pol Sci 491 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Pol Sci 394 3 1 FAS Elective 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 English 211 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Adv STEM Option 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Math 300 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
15.5 8 18 8 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
20 9 18 6
For Lang 2 3 2 For Lang 4 3 1 Regional History 3 1 FAS Elective 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Geo 250 3 1 History 340/Pol Sci 302 3 1 Area MSS 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 History 300 3 1 Pol Sci 300 3 1 Econ 374/Soc Sci 444 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Area Pol Sci 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 2
Physics 110 4 2 Soc Sci 212 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.25 7 16.25 8

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = [140.0
7 "
Foreign Area Studies Major (History Track)

For Lang 1 3 2 For Lang 3 3 1 For Lang 5 3 1 FAS Elective 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Area History 1 3 1 FAS Elective 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 History 300 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 English 211 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Adv STEM Option 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Math 300 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
15.5 8 17.5 8 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
20 9 18.5 6
For Lang 2 3 2 For Lang 4 3 1 History World Empires 3 1 Area Pol Sci 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Geo 250 3 1 History 340/Pol Sci 302 3 1 Area MSS 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 History 200 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Econ 374 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Aero Engr 315 3 1 History 402 3 1
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.75 8 16.25 7

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = [140.0
7 "
188
Foreign Area Studies Major (MSS Track)
For Lang 1 3 2 For Lang 3 3 1 For Lang 5 3 1 FAS Elective 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Philos 310 3 1 FAS Elective 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 P / C / B Option 4 2 MSS 421 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 English 211 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Math 300 3 1 Adv STEM Option 3 1
15.5 8 18 9 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
20 9 18.5 6
For Lang 2 3 2 For Lang 4 3 1 Regional History 3 1 Area Pol Sci 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 MSS 298 3 1 History 340/Pol Sci 302 3 1 Area MSS 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 History 300 3 1 Geo 250 3 1 Econ 374 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Aero Engr 315 3 1 MSS 498 3 1
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.25 7 16.25 7

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 140.0 "
CJ
SUMMARY:
US national security strategy, since the end of the Cold War, has shifted from a policy of
containment to strategies of global engagement, partnership, and expanded mutual security
responsibilities. Enduring Air Force missions continue to promote regional stability, provide
humanitarian assistance, encourage emerging democracies, gathering intelligence, and projecting
and applying air power when necessary. Air Force officers in all career fields and specialties will
find themselves globally engaged, and such engagement requires global skills. The Foreign Area
Studies major is designed to give future officers broad-based, foreign area-related skills for
worldwide service commitments.
The FAS Major is a qualifying degree for all rated career fields and a desired major for the
Intelligence career field (14N AFSC). The combined FAS Major and associated Foreign Language
Minor can open the way for opportunities such as the Language Enabled Airmen Program (LEAP),
graduate school, serving as a Foreign Area Officer (FAO), and competing to become an Olmsted
Scholar or an Air Attaché at an embassy abroad.
189
FOREIGN LANGUAGE MINORS
WHAT LANGUAGES ARE TAUGHT AT USAFA? You may study Arabic, Chinese, French,
German, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, or Spanish—eight of the most important languages in the
world. Within each language there is a broad spectrum of courses. The 100- and 200-level courses,
and For Lang 321 and For Lang 322 are primarily skills development courses. The remaining
courses are regarded as enhancement courses and are designed to develop a broader based
appreciation of a particular culture, history, and literature, providing additional opportunities to
develop and refine your language skills. The following courses comprise the curriculum of the
Department of Foreign Languages (DFFL):
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT COURSES

For Lang 131/132 Introduction to the Language, Culture, and Civilization
For Lang 221 Intermediate I: Refinement of Language Skills
For Lang 222 Intermediate II: Continued Development of Language Skills
For Lang 321 Advanced I: Capstone Course for Skills Development
For Lang 322 Advanced II: Follow-on Capstone Course for Skills Development
ENHANCEMENT COURSES
For Lang 365 Civilization and Culture
For Lang 410 Current Events
For Lang 420 Introduction to Literature
For Lang 430 Advanced Studies
For Lang 440 Semester Abroad/Exchange Preparation
For Lang 495 Special Topics
For Lang 499 Independent Study (normally offered only to those students who
have completed all courses)
NOTE: After completion of For Lang 365, enhancement courses may be taken out of
sequence.
The chart below clarifies the foreign language course sequences:
Language Typical Course Sequence

Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall
Arabic 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
Chinese 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
French 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
German 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
Japanese 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
Portuguese 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
Portuguese --- --- 211 212 321 322 365
Russian 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
Spanish 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
190
COURSE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE MINORS: Cadets majoring in
any academic division or discipline may earn a specific foreign language minor provided they meet
the DF minor policy requirements, complete five language courses at or above the 200 level (in
residence and in the same language with a grade of ‘C’ or better), and complete the requirements
for their major. Cadets who place at or above the 200 level will receive validation credit for up to
four language courses. Regardless of the number of courses validated, no more than two will count
towards the minor, leaving a requirement of at least three in-residence courses. For Lang 400/401
(Cadet Summer Language Immersion Program) and For Lang 402 (language credit for semester
abroad) can also fill course requirements for the minor. For Lang 440 (a one-hour pass/fail course
for semester abroad candidates) does not count towards the minor.
HOW CAN I BENEFIT FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY? Beyond helping to understand
culture and broadening your worldview, studying a foreign language can influence your military
career. Our ever-expanding global Air Force mission not only demands increasing foreign
language capability to support the national security military strategies, but also provides
challenging assignment opportunities for those looking for experience and diversification.
Officers with foreign language proficiency are candidates for opportunities such as the Language
Enabled Airmen Program (LEAP), graduate school, serving as a Regional Affairs Strategist or
Political-Military Affairs Strategist, and competing to become an Olmsted Scholar or an Air
Attaché at an embassy abroad. Moreover, someday you may want to return to USAFA as a
language instructor, a position that is both rewarding and career enhancing while providing the
opportunity to influence other cadets toward becoming language-qualified Air Force officers. By
speaking a foreign language, you become an "ambassador" helping to shape the opinions that
others will have of our country and its armed forces...a crucial role in our increasingly
interdependent world.
WHY STUDY A FOREIGN LANGUAGE? "Americans' scandalous incompetence in foreign

languages explains our dangerously inadequate understanding of world affairs. Our schools
graduate a large majority of students whose knowledge and vision stop at the American shoreline,
whose approach to international affairs is provincial, whose heads have been filled with
astonishing misinformation....The United States requires far more reliable capacities to
communicate."
The quote above from the President's Commission on Foreign Languages and International Studies
underscores the importance of foreign language. Learning a foreign language opens up an entirely
new world. The study of languages will further your understanding of other peoples, ourselves,
and of our own culture. This understanding is of even greater importance for the military leader
than for the public at large, as evidenced by the following foreign policy experts.
“In the post-Cold War world, the most important distinctions between peoples are no longer
ideological, political, or economic. The distinctions are cultural.”—Samuel P. Huntington
“We need policy-makers, diplomats, and intelligence analysts expert in cultures and languages that
encompass all regions of the world.”—Former Senator Sam Nunn
191
GENERAL ENGINEERING
THE GENERAL ENGINEERING MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The General Engineering major

is recommended for cadets who prefer a broad, flexible curriculum with a high degree of individual
choice. It is also a sensible alternative for cadets already declared in a STEM disciplinary major
who, for a variety of reasons, find the divisional approach more suited to fulfilling graduation
requirements. The General Engineering major is not ABET accredited.
The General Engineering major must be recommended by the Academic Advisor, endorsed by the
Department Head, and approved by the Division Chair. Alternatively, the General Engineering
Major may be directed by the Academic Review Committee and coordinated with the Division
Chair.

Probability and Statistics for
Statistics Math 356
Engineers and Scientists
1. Engr Option (See Supplemental Information 1)

2. Engr Option
3. Engr Option
4. Engr Option
5. Engr Option
6. Engr Option
7. Engr Option
8. Engr/Bas Sci Option (See Supplemental Information 2)
9. Engr/Bas Sci Option (See Supplemental Information 2)
10. Math Option Math 243 (or Math 253), Math 340, Math 344, or Math 359
11. Math 245 or Math 344 (See Supplemental Information 3)
12. Open Option Any 200-level or higher course
192
1. An Engineering Option is any course taught by the Engineering Division not used to satisfy
any other requirement. There is no required distribution of courses from each department.
2. An Engineering/Basic Science Option is any course taught by the Basic Science or

Engineering Divisions not used to satisfy any other curriculum requirement. Additionally,
Geo 351 (Introduction to Physical Geography) and Geo 353 (Geomorphology) may be used
to satisfy this option.
3. The Math Option and Math 245 may NOT be used to fill the Advanced STEM or Advanced
Open Option in the Core requirements.
General Engineering Major

For Lang 1 3 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Engr Option 3 1 Engr Option 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Engr Option 3 1 Engr/Bas Sci Option 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 English 211 3 1 Engr Option 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
15.5 8 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 7
19 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Math Option 3 1 Engr Option 3 1 Engr Option 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Engr Option 3 1 Engr/Bas Sci Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Math 245 or Math 344 3 1 Open Option 3 1
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.25 7 16.25 7

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total =[134.0
7 "
193
GEOSPATIAL SCIENCE
THE GEOSPATIAL SCIENCE MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The Geospatial Science program

emphasizes learning about diverse cultures, physical landscapes, and geospatial tools that
Expeditionary Air Force officers use. This major offers a diverse and challenging program
focusing on contemporary world issues. A flexible curriculum has been carefully designed to
permit either an in-depth or cross-disciplinary approach to the study of geospatial science,
maximizing a cadet's ability to design his/her academic program beyond the core disciplinary
requirements. Course offerings within the discipline represent a broad cross-section of the key
geospatial science sub-fields including physical, human, and regional geography, as well as state-
of-the-art geographic information processing methods such as digital image processing and
geographic information systems. Furthermore, cadets who wish to complement their major in
Geospatial Science with a foreign language minor will be able to achieve both without carrying an
academic course overload.
Geospatial Science graduates distinguish themselves from other college graduates by the
conceptual framework in which they view the world. They use an inherently geospatial approach
to interpret landscapes by applying knowledge of culture, physical processes, and digital modeling
techniques to evaluate the effects of location, scale, and place.
Geospatial Science graduates will demonstrate geospatial analysis through mastery of the
following skills:
1) Formulate a geospatial question;
2) Describe the relevant physical and/or human spatial data needed to answer a geospatial
question;
3) Acquire usable relevant geospatial data;
4) Process geospatial data to produce a useable and relevant result;
5) Interpret the patterns, processes, and/or interrelationships represented by geospatial
data/information, and
6) Effectively defend your interpretation or recommendation.
The Geospatial Science major provides excellent preparation for any assignment in the
Expeditionary Air Force. The major also helps cadets develop international insight and cultural
understanding of the battle space. Most Geospatial Science majors become pilots, intelligence
officers, or special tactics officers. The Geospatial Science major also offers cadets the opportunity
to earn the Geospatial Intelligence Certificate, an academic credential administered by the United
States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation. This credential better positions USAFA cadets for
future employment in military or civilian intelligence agencies.
Cadets who excel in this program are eligible to compete for scholarships to graduate school.
These scholarships include not only the prestigious national scholarships, such as the Rhodes,
Fulbright, and Marshall, but the USAFA Graduate Scholarship Program, in which graduates are
sponsored by the Air Force Institute of Technology to earn a master's degree from a civilian
institution.
194
The Geospatial Science major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA

Statistics Choose 1
Integration Courses:
1. Geo 310 Cartography
2 Geo 370 Military Geography
3. Geo 498 Capstone in Geospatial Science
Human Geography
4. Geo 250 Human Geography: A Global Cultural Awareness
5. Geo 412 World Cultural Geography
Physical Geography
6. Geo 351 Physical Geography
7. Geo 353 Geomorphology
Geospatial Techniques
8. Geo 340 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
9. Geo 382 Remote Sensing and Imagery Analysis
Further Depth in Geospatial Science

10. – 11. Choose two (2) of the following:
Meteor 352 Climatology
Geo 440 Advanced Geospatial Analysis
Geo 482 Advanced Remote Sensing
Geospatial Science / Cognate Electives
195
12. – 15. Majors must take four (4) elective courses in addition to the required discipline
courses. Two (2) of these courses must be Geospatial Science elective offerings. Two
additional electives can be from other disciplines, so long as there is a geospatial or geographic
component to the subject matter (as validated by the cadet’s academic advisor). The following
list contains a number of courses Geo majors are encouraged to consider; however, he list is
not exhaustive and cadets are free to explore options from any academic discipline.
Physical Focus Human Focus Regional Focus Regional Focus (cont)

Biology 380 Beh Sci 360 History 220 Pol Sci 469
Biology 481 Econ 301 History 230 Pol Sci 471
Chem 381 Econ 351 History 240 Pol Sci 473
Meteor 320 Econ 374 History 250 Pol Sci 475
Meteor 352 Econ 454 History 260 Pol Sci 477
History 480 History 270 Pol Sci 479
Techniques Focus Law 363 History 280 Any ForArStu course
Civ Engr 215 Philos 401 History 290 Any For Lang course
Comp Sci 210 Pol Sci 302 History 340 (beyond the core)
Comp Sci 211 Pol Sci 462 History 360 MSS 490
Comp Sci 212 Pol Sci 465 History 361 MSS 491
Mgt 391 Soc Sci 444 MSS 493
Physics 370 MSS 494
196
Geospatial Science Major

For Lang 1 3 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Geo 351 3 1 Geo 370 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Geo 382 3 1 Geo Sci Option 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 English 211 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Geo Sci Option 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1 History 300 3 1 Geo Sci Option 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Philos 310 3 1 Adv STEM Option 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 19 10 16 7 15.5 7
For Lang 2 3 2 Geo 200 3 1 Geo 353 3 1 Geo 498 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Geo 250 3 1 Geo 340 3 1 Geo Sci Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Geo 412 3 1 Geo Sci Option 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Geo Sci Option 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Law 220 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Math 300 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
20.25 9 19.25 8 19.25 8

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 143.0 "
CJ
197
THE GEOSPATIAL INTELLIGENCE (GEOINT) CERTIFICATE AT A GLANCE:
WHY PURSUE A CERTIFICATE IN GEOSPATIAL INTELLIGENCE?
Accurate intelligence is critical to the warfighter to achieve mission success. The field of
intelligence incorporates the collection, analysis, and exploitation of multiple forms of
information. GEOINT addresses the collection, analysis, and exploitation of geospatial data.
Examples of geospatial data, which contain a location on the Earth, include imagery, maps, census
data, GPS coordinates, and digital models of the Earth.
GEOINT is critical to military operations and there is currently a scarcity of GEOINT-educated

individuals. The GEOINT Certificate Program at USAFA is constructed in coordination with
federal and industry experts via the United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation (USGIF)*
and prepares cadets as GEOINT-skilled critical thinkers and leaders.
The GEOINT Certificate requires completion of the following courses:

1. Comp Sci 110 Introduction to Computing and Cyber Operations
2. Law 220 Law for Air Force Officers
3. Philos 310 Ethics
4. Geo 310 Cartography
5. Geo 340 Geographic Information Systems
6. Geo 370 Military Geography
7. Geo 382 Remote Sensing and Imagery Analysis
8. Geo 440 Advanced Geospatial Analysis
9. Geo 482 Advanced Remote Sensing
10. Geo 498 Capstone in Geospatial Science
11. Pol Sci 462 Politics and Intelligence
or Geo 488 Geospatial Intelligence
REQUIREMENTS:
Application for admission into the GEOINT Certificate program at USAFA is open to all cadets.
The GEOINT Certificate requires completion of the above courses with a collective "B" average
and no single course grade lower than a "C". The Department of Economics and Geosciences
administers the program and oversees admissions decisions.
* Further information about the USGIF and the GEOINT certificate is available at USGIF.org.
198
GLOBAL LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT MINOR
THE GLOBAL LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT MINOR AT A GLANCE: The Global

Logistics Management minor provides a route for cadets from all majors to build the analytical
and practical foundation to lead in the global logistics modernization for the Department of the Air
Force. Logistics has always played a critical role in whether conflicts are won or lost and future
competitions and conflicts will also be won or lost on the backbone of logistics. The Global
Logistics Management minor focuses on the fundamentals of logistics, to include supply chain
management, transportation, sustainability, information analytics, and control. The skills gained
by graduates who complete the minor will equip them to handle the ever changing speed, demands,
security, and interdependencies of logistics, which touch and enable nearly every element of the
Air Force, and enhance a greater understanding of the function of logistics in any academic
discipline.
The Global Logistics Management Minor requires a minimum of 15 semester hours. The student
must complete all courses with a grade of "C" or better. This is an interdisciplinary minor. No
more than 3 courses for the minor can be from any one department.
1. Three required foundational courses:

Civ Engr 356 Sustainable Engineering*
Mgt 476 Logistics and Transportation Management
Mgt 478 Supply Chain Management
2. Choose at least one of the following analytic options:

Geo 440 Advanced Geospatial Analysis
Mgt 391 Business Data Analytics
Ops Rsch 310 Systems Analysis*
3. Choose at least one of the following breadth options:

Econ 374 Survey of International Economics
Econ 423 Managerial Economics
Econ 480 Defense Economics
Geo 340 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
Geo 360 Economic Geography
History 369 Globalization: The History of People, Products, Ideas, and Systems in
Motion
Mgt 477 Operations & Project Management
Mgt 498 International Management
MSS 421 International Power Projection
Pol Sci 445 Global Governance and International Institutions
199
Soc Sci 444 International Political Economy
Soc Sci 483 Principles of Negotiation*
Sys Engr 336 Engineering Economics and Financial Management
*These courses are also in the Core Advanced Choices Basket
200
HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING MINOR
THE HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING MINOR AT A GLANCE: High Performance

Computing is becoming increasingly important in many aspects of our lives. For example,
simulations of multiscale, multiphysics problems such as modeling and simulation of hypersonic
and space vehicles or modeling of multiple earth system components to increase fidelity and skill
of weather and climate predictions require tremendous computational resources. Other examples
include extremely short design analysis cycles and analyses of increasingly complex systems and
processes (e.g. in biological/biomedical applications), large-scale, heterogeneous data analytics,
or comprehensive situational awareness. In the end, the desire to transform data into knowledge,
insights, and actions, is resulting in data-intensive application workflows across all of science and
engineering, requiring High Performance Computing. The High Performance Computing Minor
will provide interested cadets a better understanding of modern high performance computing
systems, preparing them to thrive in any career requiring advanced knowledge of these computing
systems and their usage. The High Performance Computing Minor requires students to gain an
understanding of computing system architectures and then allows flexibility to tailor their course
of study to meet their individual interests, align it with their major, and maximize their academic
strengths. The breadth of courses available in this minor makes this minor compatible with any
academic major.
The High Performance Computing Minor requires a minimum of 15 semester hours. The student
must complete these five courses (15 semester hours) with a grade of “C” or better. There are four
tracks available in this Minor. The intent of the High-Performance Computing Minor is that cadets
take courses they would not normally take but which may serve as a complementary skillset for
advanced computational techniques within their discipline. To earn the minor, cadets are required
to complete at least two courses beyond the requirements for their major.
Each of the four tracks below requires 5 courses that form a coherent body of study in a particular
focus on high performance computing and cumulates with a capstone experience in a high
performance computing application. Each track has been designed so that any cadet NOT enrolled
in the corresponding major can complete the requirements for the track. The requirements for each
track are listed below.
Computer Science Track¹ˈ²

Computer Engineering Track³

201
ECE 382 Embedded Computer Systems I
Computational Aerodynamics⁴
Engr 346/Math 346 Engineering Math

Aero Engr 341 Aeronautical Fluid Dynamics
Aero Engr 342 Computational Aerodynamics
Aero Engr 472 Advanced Computational Aerodynamics
High Performance Data Analytic⁵

Math 344/Math 360 Applied Linear Algebra / Linear Algebra
Capstone Experience
1 – This track requires completion of Math 356/Math 377 and Comp Sci 210/212 as prerequisites.
These courses would count towards Core STEM Advanced and Advanced Open Choice
requirements.
2 – This track as defined currently does not have a clear “capstone experience” focused on HPC
application. It addresses parallel computing and applications, but might not address these topics
at scale of HPC.
3 – This track requires completion of Math 356/Math 377 and Comp Sci 210/212 as prerequisites.
requirements.
4 – This track requires completion of Math 243/Math 253 and Math 245 as prerequisites. These
courses would count towards Core STEM Advanced and Advanced Open Choice requirements.
5 – This track requires completion of Math 243/Math 253 and Ops Rsch 310 as prerequisites.
requirements.
6 – This track does not have a predefined “capstone experience” focused on HPC application. This
requirement can be satisfied with an Ops Rsch 495/499 or with the approval of the High
Performance Minor AIC and the Department Head of an instructor offering an appropriate
capstone course, 495, or 499. A 495 or 499 course offered by any department may meet this
requirement if a preponderance of the 495 or 499 involves a project using the high performance
supercomputing resources from USAFA’s High-Performance Computing Research Center.
202
HISTORY
THE HISTORY MAJOR AT A GLANCE: For over two thousand years, history has been a
warrior's constant companion, a guide for leading, deciding, and acting wisely in challenging and
uncertain times. The study of history, however, provides no static model or formula for action.
Instead, the examination of the human condition in breadth, depth, and context provides leaders
with a diverse and dynamic toolkit to facilitate success in an ever-changing and often irrational
world. History is a unique discipline because it instills powerfully logical, but not rigid, habits of
mind; it recognizes that humans, individually and collectively, primarily shaped the past and will
shape the future; and it is based on the fundamental belief that no event or decision is exactly the
same as any other, although discernable patterns exist. Rather than engaging in the futile quest to
predict the future, historians see a deep, nuanced, and balanced understanding of the past as an
essential foundation for effectively confronting complex and ambiguous situations. In short, the
study of history sharpens judgment by allowing one to transcend personal experience.
Majoring in history prepares a student to:

1) Acquire knowledge and comprehend factually accurate historical data, with particular
attention to understanding the evolution of leadership, the profession of arms, the warrior
ethos, and the role of the military in American society and the world;
2) Analyze historical data and concepts critically, define problems and assess solutions,
practice intellectual curiosity and agility, employ judgment, overcome ambiguity, think
critically and independently;
3) Apply critical analysis of historical data and concepts to historical and modern contexts
using professional standards of research, evidence evaluation, and synthesis; evaluate
continuity and change; appreciate historical context in relation to causation; comprehend
culture and its implications for the modern world; generate substantive, open-ended
questions about the past and develop research strategies to answer them; and
4) Communicate the application of historical data and concepts effectively, read intelligently,
create and effectively communicate historical arguments and narratives verbally and in
writing. These enhanced communication skills serve as a foundational pillar for all
successful Air Force officers.
The History major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA Institutional
Critical Thinking Outcome. History is a qualifying degree for all rated career fields (including
Pilot, RPA, CSO, ABM, Space Operations & Cyberspace Operations) and is a desired major for
the Intelligence career field (14N AFSC).

203
Statistics Choose 1
World History History 300S (optional)
Adv Sociocultural Option War Stories English 411
Choose 1 Advanced
Adv Open Option
Sociocultural Option
1. History 200 The Historian's Craft: Introduction to Historical

Methodology
2. History 210 Foundations of Modern America
3. History 220 Let Freedom Ring? American History since Reconstruction
4. Airpower History Option (See Supplemental Information 1)
5. Regional History Option (See Supplemental Information 2)
6. Socio-Cultural History Option(See Supplemental Information 3)
7-11. History Options (See Supplemental Information 4 & 5)
12. Humanities Option (See Supplemental Information 6)
13. History 400 Advanced Seminar: Historiography
14. History 401 Senior Seminar: Research/Senior Thesis or Project
1. Airpower History Option: Either of the following two courses:
History 320 Winged Defense: The History of Airpower
History 322 Conquest of the New Frontier: The History of Space Power
2. Regional History Option: Any course from the following fulfills this requirement:
History 230 Bastille to Brexit: Introduction to Modern European History
History 240 Steppes, Stalin, and Sputnik: Introduction to Russia and Eurasia
History 250 Introduction to the History of the Middle East
History 260 Historia Pasada y Presente: Introduction to Modern Latin American History
History 270 Modern East Asian History
History 280 Africa South of the Sahara
History 290 Global Contact and Local Responses in South and Southeast Asia
3. Socio-Cultural History Option: Any course from the following fulfills this requirement:
History 331 History of War and Society
History 341 Regional Identities in US History
History 347 Power to the People: American Culture in the 1960s and 1970s
History 364 Gender and Sexuality in History
History 366 Race, Nationality, and Ethnicity in History
204
4. History Options: Select any five 300-level history courses (including Hum 430) from the
Curriculum Handbook for the History major. If cadets select History 345: The American
Way of War as an advanced open option in the core, that course may not count toward one
of these five history options.
5. American, Military, or International History Designation. To achieve an American

History, Military History, or International History designation on your transcript, four 300-
level history options (including Hum 430) must be American History (A), International
History (I), or Military History (M) courses, respectively.
6. Humanities Option: Select any non-core course offered in the areas of English, Creative
Arts, History, Humanities, Foreign Area Studies, Foreign Languages, or Philosophy.
History Major
o o o o
For Lang 1 3 2 History 200 3 1 Regional/Socio Option 3 1 History Option 4 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 History 210 3 1 History Option 1 3 1 History 401 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Airpower Option 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Math 141 3 1 English 211 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Math 300 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Adv STEM Option 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 P / C / B Option 4 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 5
21.5 10 19.5 9
For Lang 2 3 2 History 220 3 1 History Option 2 3 1 History Option 5 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Regional/Socio Option 3 1 History Option 3 3 1 Humanities Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 History 300/300S 3 1 History 400 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Aero Engr 315 3 1 English 411 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Mech Engr 220 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.25 5 16.25 7

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 140.0 "
205
HUMANITIES
THE HUMANITIES MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The Humanities major at USAFA provides

cadets with the opportunities to explore the breadth of the humanities disciplines and to pursue
interdisciplinary as well as individualized learning and research. The program is jointly
administered by the Departments of English (including the Creative Arts faculty), Foreign
Language, History, and Philosophy. There are two dimensions to the program. First, students take
a set of courses that are foundational to the Humanities from across the contributing departments.
Second, students select among a variety of electives in order to construct a multi-disciplinary
educational pathway tailored to their specific interests and aspirations. Graduates with the
Humanities major will provide the Air Force with officers with unique talent and experience in
conceptual integration, lateral thinking, and strategic sensitivity.
USAFA graduates who major in Humanities will:

• Analyze, evaluate, and formulate conceptual thinking related to a variety of references in
thought, literature, music, and art;
• Develop deeper understanding of and appreciation for the human condition, human
cultures, and human societies;
• Develop sophisticated oral and written communication skills, ideally as well in a foreign
language; and
• Develop higher-order critical reasoning and creative thought skills.
The Humanities major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA

Statistics Choose 1
1. Research Methods and Critical Enquiry requirement (choose one):

a. English 300
b. History 200
206
c. Philosophy 200 or any 300- or 400-level Philosophy course other than Philos 370.
d. Cadets transferring to Humanities from other majors may substitute courses
approved by the Humanities Division Chair. For example, Pol Sci 300 fulfills the
Humanities RMCE requirement for former ForArStu majors.
2. – 3. Two Creative Arts courses (310 or higher)
4. – 6. Humanities distribution (one of each):
a. Any 300- or 400-level English course (with the exception of English 411, 489, or 490)
b. Any 300- or 400-level non-core course offered by DFHI
c. Any non-core course offered by DFPY
7. – 14. Humanities options: 24 semester hours of courses offered by the Humanities Division
and its departments (usually eight courses). Humanities major advisors are encouraged to use
Hum 400S as a capstone unless circumstances such as a semester abroad preclude doing so.
Proficiency in foreign language facilitates the study of many disciplines and provides a much-
needed capability in the operational Air Force. To realize these benefits, Humanities majors may
earn a foreign language minor by taking courses at the 200 level and above that double-count for
the minor and Humanities options.
Humanities Major
For Lang 1 3 2 Creative Art 1 3 2 Hum Distro - English 3 1 Hum Option 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Hum Distro - History 3 1 Hum Option 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 Philos 310 3 1 Hum Distro - Philos 3 1 English 411 3 1
Math 141 3 1 History 300 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Law 220 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Adv STEM Option 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 18 10 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 7
19 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Creative Art 2 3 1 Hum Option 3 1 Hum Option 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Research Methods 3 1 Hum Option 3 1 Hum Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Hum Option 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Hum Option 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 17.25 8 16.25 7
20.25 7

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total =[140.0
7 "
207
LEGAL STUDIES
THE LEGAL STUDIES MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Increasingly complex legal considerations

permeate every aspect of modern life in both the civilian and military environments. Cadets who
choose the Legal Studies major will build expertise in the study of law and its role and function in
both American society and the international community. Cadets will also develop the critical
thinking skills that will permit them to identify, understand, and begin to resolve the complex legal
and other issues which they will encounter after graduation. The Legal Studies major is not a "pre-
law" major; rather, it is designed to provide cadets an enhanced knowledge of the law and a respect
for the rule of law, while intentionally developing critical thinking and clear communication skills
that will serve our graduates well both in the Air Force and beyond.
Cadets who major in Legal Studies enjoy a nearly unmatched level of flexibility and choice in
selecting courses. Cadets must complete fourteen courses in addition to the required academic
core curriculum. Five courses are required for all Legal Studies majors; however, of the remaining
nine courses, cadets select seven from a lengthy list of approved Law Options, with the final two
courses providing even greater choice (refer to Section C on the next page). This flexible, choice-
driven approach is a critical aspect of our major as it allows cadets to study specific areas in more
depth, to expand their world view with broadening courses, and/or provide academic space toward
earning a double major or academic minor.
Since the first graduating class of Legal Studies majors in 1990, graduates with the Legal Studies
major have successfully entered Pilot and other rated career fields, as well as nearly every other
non-technical career field in the United States Air Force, such as Intelligence, Contracting,
Acquisitions, Public Affairs, Personnel, Office of Special Investigations, Security Forces,
Maintenance, Space & Missiles, Cyber, and Communications, to name a few. Graduates have also
attended law school and are now serving as Air Force Judge Advocates (JAGs). In fact, pursuant
to a program known as U-ELP, the Secretary of the Air Force may authorize graduates to attend
an American Bar Association approved law school following graduation from USAFA. Full
completion of this program ultimately leads to service as an Air Force JAG.
Finally, if you are a cadet who enjoys competition beyond the fields of friendly strife, the
Department of Law and the Legal Studies major sponsor a variety of nationally and internationally
respected competitive academic teams. Our Mock Trial, Moot Court, Cyber Policy, and three
different International Humanitarian Law teams compete against other undergraduate, graduate,
and even law school teams at competitions in the U.S. and overseas. Some of these competition
teams are tied to required courses so interested cadets should work with their advisors to ensure
they are enrolled in the proper courses.
Cadets interested in becoming a Legal Studies major should ideally take Law 220 during the fall
of their third-class year (or even spring of their fourth-class year). While we have numerous cadets
who declare during the spring and even summer of their 3° year, the earlier the better so that cadets
can maximize the developmental sequencing of our courses.
208
The Department of Law’s curriculum is designed around the following Legal Studies Program
Goals:
1) Develop officers who can solve legal problems and think critically;
2) Develop officers who can communicate clearly; and
3) Develop officers with knowledge of selected aspects of the law.
The Legal Studies major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA

Statistics Choose 1
Required Major’s Courses:

1. Law 221 Legal Research and Writing
2. Law 321 Legal Advocacy
3. Law 351 U.S. Constitutional Law
4. Law 421 Law for Commanders
5. Law 485 Legal Studies Capstone
6. – 12 Law Options - choose any seven of the following courses:

Law 331 Criminal Law and Procedure
Law 363 International Law
Law 419 Space Law
Law 440 Cyber Law
Law 456 National Security Law
Law 463 Law of War
Law 466 Advanced Law of War Topics
Law 480 Topics in Constitutional Law and Appellate Advocacy
Law 495 Special Topics (when offered)
209
Law 499 Independent Study
Philos 395 Philosophy of Law
Soc Sci 420 Law and Economics
(See Supplemental Information 1)
13. Any Social Sciences/Humanities 300/400-level courses (≥ 3.0 sem hrs)
14. Academy Option any course taught for credit (≥ 3.0 sem hrs) under the
supervision of the Dean of the Faculty, Commandant of
Cadets, the Director of Athletics, or the 306 FTG.
1. Legal Studies majors who take Soc Sci 483 will receive credit for the Advanced
Sociocultural Option. Soc Sci 483 is also a Law Option course for which a cadet could
receive credit as a Law Option. As the course fulfills both requirements, any Legal Studies
major taking Soc Sci 483 will then only need to take 6 Law Option courses; the seventh
Law Option course could be any 200-400 level course taught under the supervision of the
Dean of Faculty.
2. Cadets can use the Academy Option for a variety of purposes: to study specific areas in
more depth, to expand their world view with broadening courses, to help meet requirements
for an academic minor, or to accommodate instructor upgrade coursework or independent
studies, to name a few.
210
Legal Studies Major

For Lang 1 3 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Law 321 3 1 Law 421 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Law Option 3 1 Law Option 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 English 211 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Law Option 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Law 220 3 1 History 300 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Math 300 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Philos 310 3 1 Adv STEM Option 3 1
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
19 8 18.5 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Law 221 3 1 Law 351 3 1 Law 485 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Law Option 3 1 Law Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Law Option 3 1 Law Option 3 1
Math 142 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1 Soc Sci / Hum Option 3 1 Academy Option 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.25 7 16.25 7

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 140.0 "
D
211
MANAGEMENT
THE MANAGEMENT MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The Management major prepares cadets for
management and leadership roles in today's technologically complex, global Air Force. The
curriculum is designed to develop cadets who can understand, analyze, and improve organizations
through the efficient and effective use of systems. The courses in the major help students develop
adaptive capacity and the organizational knowledge and skills vital for Air Force officers as well
as future national leaders. The Management Department is accredited by the AACSB (Association
to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business), and the management major ranks among the most
prestigious undergraduate management and business degrees in the nation. Our curriculum,
together with the Academy's core courses, provides an excellent educational foundation for cadets
interested in pursuing Air Force and Space Force careers such as 11XX (Pilot), 12XX (Combat
Systems Officer), 13BX (Air Battle Manager), 13Nl (Nuclear and Missile Operations), 13S1
(Space Operations), 14N1 (Intelligence), 17D (Warfighter Comms Operations), 17S (Cyberspace
Effects Operations), 21Al (Aircraft Maintenance), 21Rl (Logistics Readiness), 31P1 (Security
Forces), 38F (Force Support), 41AX (Health Services Administrator), 63Al (Acquisition
Manager), 64Pl (Contracting), 65Fl (Financial Management), 65Wl (Cost Analysis), and 71SX
(Special Investigator). Additionally, the Management major prepares cadets interested in pursuing
graduate degrees in Management, Management Science, and/or Business Administration.
The Management major is designed to produce critical thinkers who will lead organizations to
quickly adapt and succeed in rapidly changing, highly technical, global environments.
Management majors study traditional managerial and business topics such as organizational
perspectives and theories, global organizations, complex human systems, financial and managerial
accounting, managerial finance, human resource management, marketing, production and
operations management, information systems, and strategic management. Related subjects, such
as personal finance and investing, are also popular among our majors.
The Management Department's Program Goals, with underlying objectives, align directly with the
department's stated mission. They focus on creating Air Force managers who are:
1) Dynamic Managers
1.1) Employ a strategic perspective to the management of organizations
1.2) Promote, develop, and execute innovative practices to achieve continuous
organizational improvement
1.3) Understand and manage organizations as interconnected systems of people, resources,
and technology
1.4) Recognize the role of globalization in the management of organizations
2) Effective Problem Solvers

2.1) Identify and diagnose problems in complex systems
2.2) Generate and compare alternatives using appropriate analytical techniques along with
financial, organizational, and market data
2.3) Propose and defend effective solutions while understanding their system-wide impacts
212
3) Ethical Leaders
3.1) Apply ethical reasoning and action in managerial decision making
3.2) Identify ethical dilemmas and apply an ethics framework to alternative solutions
4) Professional Communicators
4.1) Deliver effective oral presentations supported by appropriate techniques and
technology
4.2) Write effective documents
The Management major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA
Institutional Outcomes for Leadership, Teamwork, and Organization Management; Critical
Thinking; Ethics and Respect for Human Dignity; and Clear Communication.

Statistics Choose 1
Adv STEM Option Systems Analysis Ops Rsch 310
Adv Sociocultural Option Cannot take Mgt 400 Choose 1
C. 42 Semester hours of additional major’s courses.
1. Mgt 303 Managerial Perspectives

2. Mgt 341 Financial Accounting
3. Mgt 342 Managerial Accounting
4. Mgt 345 Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management
5. Mgt 337 Managerial Finance
6. Mgt 375 Marketing Analysis
7. Mgt 420 Management Capstone Practicum
8. Mgt 472 Strategic Management Capstone
9. Mgt 477 Operations & Project Management
10. - 13. Select four of the following Mgt Options
Mgt 361 Organization Development and Change
Mgt 372 Introduction to Investments
Mgt 382 Investments
Mgt 392 Organizational Networks in Cyberspace
213
Mgt 411 Business Ethics
Mgt 419 Technological Innovation Management
Mgt 440 Management Lessons in Literature
Mgt 448 Power and Influence in Organizations
Mgt 476 Logistics & Transportation Management
Mgt 495 Special Topics
Mgt 498 International Management
14. Select one additional course from the list above or one of the following:
Any foreign language 300-level course or above or foreign language 400/401
Econ 423 Managerial Economics
Management Major
o o o o
For Lang 1 3 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Mgt 303 3 2 Mgt 472 3 2
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Mgt 341 3 1 Mgt 477 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 English 211 3 1 Mgt 345 3 2 Mgt Option 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Mgt Option 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 ECE 315 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Philos 310 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 8
19 10
For Lang 2 3 2 History 300 3 1 Mgt 337 3 1 Mgt 420 3 2

Chem 100 4 2 OpsRsch 310 3 1 Mgt 342 3 1 Mgt Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Mgt 375 3 1 Mgt Option 3 1
Math 142 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Mgt Option 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Math 300 3 1 Leadership 400 0.75 0
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Phy Ed 0.5 2
18.25 10 17.25 8 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 8
19.25 8

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 140.0 "
D
214
MATHEMATICS
THE MATHEMATICS MAJORS AT A GLANCE: The Department of Mathematical

Sciences offers degrees in Mathematics and Applied Mathematics. The Mathematics track
provides a broad overview of the foundational subjects of classical and modern mathematics while
leaving considerable flexibility to tailor a program of study that meets individual interests. The
degree stresses problem solving, logic, and abstract reasoning while also providing some exposure
to various modern applications of mathematics to include programming. The Applied
Mathematics track also provides a solid foundation in diverse mathematical topics, but applies that
foundation to related subjects. The hallmark of the Applied Mathematics degree is a focused four-
course interdisciplinary concentration coordinated with another department or departments. This
blending of applied mathematics with another scientific discipline offers significant benefits in
terms of career and graduate school choices.
The Mathematics and Applied Mathematics majors were created to offer a broad yet focused
education in problem solving, analytic reasoning, critical thinking, and technical communication.
These skills will allow each major to handle the complex operational, managerial, and technical
problems that routinely challenge Air Force officers. In addition, both majors provide a superior
education that will facilitate success in a wide variety of graduate school programs. Cadets
majoring in Mathematics or Applied Mathematics historically perform well in areas such as
operations research, physics, engineering, business administration, economics, computer science,
law, medicine, meteorology, and, of course, mathematics and applied mathematics.
Flexibility is a critical component of any modern, relevant degree program. The Mathematics and
Applied Mathematics majors have been designed to allow you to choose a course of study that fits
your interests, while also providing an education well-suited to the modern Air Force. As an
officer with a background in math or applied math, you will be positioned to succeed across a
diverse range of AFSCs ranging from operations research analyst or acquisitions to intelligence or
pilot.
demonstrate that they have attained the following departmental Student Learning Outcomes which
are intentionally aligned with the institutional outcomes:
1) Develop strengths of character and intellect that enhance professional growth.
2) Solve problems using sound mathematical techniques.
3) Communicate mathematical ideas effectively in written and oral form.
4) Explore the utility and art of mathematics.
The Mathematics and Applied Mathematics majors contribute to both the development and
assessment of the USAFA Institutional Critical Thinking Outcome.
215
COURSE REQUIREMENTS (Mathematics): 141 Semester Hours


1. Choose one of the following:
Comp Sci 210 Programming Fundamentals, or
Comp Sci 211 Programming for Scientists and Engineers, or
Comp Sci 212 Introduction to Programming for Analysts
2. Math 320 Foundations of Mathematics
3. Math 360 Linear Algebra
4. Math 366 Real Analysis
6. Math 465 Modern Algebra
7. Math 420 Capstone I (1 sem hr)
8. Math 421 Capstone II (2 sem hrs)
D. 15 Semester hours from the list of courses below to include at least one course from the Proof-
Based Mathematics Courses and at least one course from the Applied Mathematics Courses.
Math 346 Engineering Math
Math 443 Numerical Analysis of Differential Equations
Math 451 Complex Variables
Math 467 Real Analysis II
Proof-Based Mathematics Courses (choose at least one of the following courses):

216
Math 472 Introduction to Number Theory
Math 473 Introduction to Point-Set Topology
Math 474 Combinatorics and Graph Theory
Applied Mathematics Courses (choose at least one of the following courses):

Math 468 Dynamical Systems
E. 6 semester hours of open electives to be coordinated with DFMS.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS (Applied Mathematics): 141 Semester Hours


Comp Sci 210 Programming Fundamentals, or
Comp Sci 211 Programming for Scientists and Engineers, or
Comp Sci 212 Introduction to Programming for Analysts
2. Math 320 Foundations of Mathematics
3. Math 342 Numerical Analysis
4. Math 360 Linear Algebra
5. Math 366 Real Analysis
7. Math 420 Capstone I (1 sem hr)
8. Math 421 Capstone II (2 sem hrs)
D. 9 Semester hours from the courses listed below. At least one of the courses must be a 400-
level mathematics course (Math 4XX):
Math 346 Engineering Math
Math 443 Numerical Analysis of Differential Equations
Math 451 Complex Variables
217
Math 465 Modern Algebra
Math 467 Real Analysis II
Math 468 Dynamical Systems
Math 472 Introduction to Number Theory
Math 473 Introduction to Point-Set Topology
Math 474 Combinatorics and Graph Theory
E. 12 semester hours of interdisciplinary concentration courses. A cadet may work with DFMS
to customize a 4-course concentration plan focused on depth of knowledge. All interdisciplinary
concentration plans must be approved by DFMS. For additional information on interdisciplinary
concentration plans or to discuss possible plans, contact the Advisor-In-Charge in DFMS.
218
Mathematics Major
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Math 243 3 1 Math 360 3 1 Math Option (Applied) 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Math 420 1 1
Fall For Lang 1 3 2 English 211 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Math 465 3 1
History 100 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Math 377 3 1 Math Option 3 1
Math 141 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 History 300 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opt 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1
15.5 8 19 10 16 7 Phy Ed 0.5 2
16.5 8
Chem 100 4 2 Comp Sci 210/211/212 4 2 Math 366 3 1 Math Option 3 1

English 111 3 1 Math 320 3 1 Math 378 3 1 Math 421 2 1
Spring For Lang 2 3 2 Math 245 3 1 Math Option 3 1 Math Open Elective 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Philos 310 3 1 Math Option (Proof) 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Law 220 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Math Open Elective 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Leadership 400 0.75 0
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 7 Phy Ed 0.5 2
21.25 10 18.25 8

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 141.0 "
CJ
Applied Mathematics Major

Beh Sci 110 3 1 Math 243 3 1 Math 360 3 1 Interdisciplinary 2 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Interdisciplinary 1 3 1 Math 420 1 1
Fall For Lang 1 3 2 English 211 3 1 Engr Mech 220 3 1 Math Option 3 1
History 100 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 ECE 315 3 1 Math 342 3 1
Math 141 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Math 377 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opti 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1
15.5 8 19 10 16 7 Phy Ed 0.5 2
16.5 8
Chem 100 4 2 Comp Sci 211 4 2 Math 366 3 1 Math Option 3 1

English 111 3 1 Math 320 3 1 Math 378 3 1 Math Option 3 1
Spring For Lang 2 3 2 Math 245 3 1 History 300 3 1 Math 421 2 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Philos 310 3 1 Interdisciplinary 3 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Law 220 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Interdisciplinary 4 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Astro Engr 310 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 7 Phy Ed 0.5 2
21.25 10 18.25 8

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 141.0 "
CJ
219
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Mechanical Engineering

is essentially the engineering of systems—designing, building, and testing the coupled interactions
of components, power, and information. There are incredible mechanical engineering systems in
aerospace and automotive hardware, power generation facilities, and manufacturing. Because
systems bring together the engineering of mechanics and motion, thermodynamics and fluids,
materials and structures, and control, Mechanical Engineering is a broad discipline of design and
analysis. If you aren’t sure what engineering discipline to pursue right now and you want to keep
your options open, this foundational major may be perfect for you. Mechanical Engineering is
also flexible, enabling focus in a variety of areas: failure analysis, aerospace structures, dynamics,
or thermal-fluid systems. If understanding, building, and utilizing state-of-the-art materials (e.g.,
composites and ceramics) and manufacturing processes (e.g., “3-D” printing) intrigues you, this
challenging major may be right for you. The USAFA Mechanical Engineering major is accredited
by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET, http://www.abet.org.
The Vision of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, which administers the Mechanical
Engineering Program, is to provide a World-Class Engineering Education for the Military
Profession. To ensure the success of our graduates, we prepare them to attain Program Educational
Objectives two to five years after graduation. These are:
2) Selection for career training on, or ahead of, schedule, and for a progression of
assignments of increasing responsibility.
The foundation that prepares graduates for attaining the Program Educational Objectives is
provided by Student Learning Outcomes. Student Learning Outcomes describe what students must
attain prior to graduation. These relate to the skills, knowledge, and behaviors that students acquire
as they progress through the program. These Student Learning Outcomes are:
4) an ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations and
make informed judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions in
global, economics, environmental, and societal contexts;
220
objectives;
strategies.
Incorporated within these outcomes, Mechanical Engineering majors must apply principles of
engineering, basic science, and mathematics (including multivariate calculus and differential
equations) to model, analyze, design, and realize physical systems, components or processes; and
work professionally in both thermal and mechanical systems areas. In addition, graduates must
demonstrate design competence that includes integration of mechanical engineering topics.
A degree in Mechanical Engineering, with few exceptions, qualifies you for most every Air Force
operational and support occupation. Within engineering, you can get an assignment as a
mechanical engineer, aeronautical engineer, civil engineer, astronautical engineer, or project
engineer. The Mechanical Engineering major also satisfies the educational requirements for Air
Force Test Pilot, Flight Test Navigator, and Flight Test Engineer duties. Additional specialties are
Scientific Analyst and Acquisition Project Officer.
If you are a top performer in the Mechanical Engineering major, graduate school can be an option
as a first Air Force assignment, either through direct departmental sponsorship or by winning a
prestigious national scholarship (Draper, Hertz, Rhodes, etc.). The Mechanical Engineering major
gives you the flexibility to pursue either a more specialized degree in graduate school or to continue
your broad-based study in engineering. Whether you ultimately choose a graduate program in
mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, astronautical engineering, or materials
engineering, your decision will be an informed one.
The Mechanical Engineering major contributes to both the development and assessment of the

Statistics Math 356
and Engineers
221
1. Comp Sci 206/206X Fundamentals of Programming for Engineers

or Comp Sci 211 Introduction to Programming for Scientists and Engineers
2. Advanced Math Option Engr 346, Math 346, Math 342, or Math 344
3. Mech Engr 305 Engineering Tools Seminar
4. Mech Engr 312 Thermodynamics
5. Mech Engr 320 Dynamics
6. Mech Engr 325 Engineering System Dynamics
8. Mech Engr 341 Fluid Mechanics
9. Mech Engr 350 Mechanical Behavior of Materials
10. Mech Engr 370 Introduction to Machine Design
11. Mech Engr 441 Heat Transfer
12. Mech Engr 460 Experimental Mechanics (See Supplemental Information 2)
13. Mech Engr 491 Capstone Design Project I (See Supplemental Information 2)
14. Mech Engr 492 Capstone Design Project II (See Supplemental Information 2)
15. Mech Engr Option I (See Supplemental Information 3)
16. Mech Engr Option II (See Supplemental Information 3)
17. Mech Engr Option III (See Supplemental Information 4)
1. Engr 346 or Math 346 meets the prerequisites for all Mechanical Engineering electives
listed in the Mechanical Engineering Electives Table. Math 342 and Math 344 may not
meet all the prerequisites for electives listed in the Mechanical Engineering Electives
Table. Additionally, Math 342 will require one additional course to be taken to meet the
prerequisites. Careful consideration should be given when choosing a math elective.
2. If planning a focus in certain areas, cadets may petition DFME and other applicable
departments for a waiver to substitute the capstone design sequence of another major, or
an appropriate substitute for the Experimental Mechanics course.
3. Mech Engr Option I & II are any 3-semester hour courses in the Mechanical Engineering
curriculum from the Mechanical Engineering Electives Table (i.e., those with a "Mech
Engr" prefix) that has not been used to satisfy another curriculum requirement. Students
should carefully consider taking option courses in the same emphasis area to provide depth
in a traditional Mechanical Engineering specialty.
4. Mech Engr Option III may be one of the following:
a. Any 3-semester hour course in the Mechanical Engineering curriculum from the
Mechanical Engineering Electives Table (i.e., those with a “Mech Engr” prefix)
222
that has not been used to satisfy another curriculum requirement
b. A 3-semester hour Special Topics course, if offered (e.g., a Mech Engr 495)
c. An Independent Study of 2- or 3-semester hours (e.g., a Mech Engr 499)
d. d. Sys Engr 310
* Other 300- or 400-level 3-semester hour courses in the Engineering Division that have not
been used to satisfy another curriculum requirement may be considered on a case-by-case
basis and are subject to Department Head approval
Mechanical Engineering Electives Table
Emphasis Area Course Information
Aerospace Structures
Mech Engr 332 (F/S)
Prereq: Mech Engr 330 Coreq: Aero Engr 315, Mech Engr 320
Mech Engr 421 (S) Vibrations
(even years only) Prereq: Mech Engr 320 or Physics 355 Coreq: Math 346 or Engr 346
Structures Introduction to Finite Element Analysis
Mech Engr 431 (F) Prereq: Mech Engr 330 and Math 342, Math 344, Math 346, or Engr
346
Aerospace Composite Materials
Mech Engr 450 (S)
Prereq: Mech Engr 330, Math 245
Materials Science for Engineers
Mech Engr 340 (S)
Prereq: Mech Engr 220
Physical Metallurgy
Mech Engr 440 (F)
Prereq: Mech Engr 340
Materials
Mech Engr 445 (S) Failure Analysis and Prevention
(even years only) Prereq: Mech Engr 350 Recommended: Mech Engr 340
Aerospace Composite Materials
Mech Engr 450 (S)
Prereq: Mech Engr 330, Math 245
Linear Systems Analysis and Design
Engr 341 (F)
Prereq: Math 245
Mechatronics
Dynamic Systems Mech Engr 396 (F)
Prereq: ECE 315 (≥ B-)
Vibrations
Mech Engr 421 (S)
Prereq: Mech Engr 320 or Physics 355 Coreq: Math 346 or Engr
(even years only)
346
Thermal Fluid Mech Engr 468 (F) Sustainable Energy
Science (odd years only) Prereq: Mech Engr 312 Coreq: Mech Engr 341 or dept approval
Mech Engr 490 (F) Automotive Systems Analysis for the Engineer
N/A
(even years only) Coreq: Mech Engr 320 or dept approval
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Mechanical Engineering Major

4o
o o o
hrs per 3 hrs per 2 hrs per 1 hrs per
For Lang 1 3 2 Math 243 3 1 Mech Engr 305 1 1 Mech Engr 491 3 2
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Mech Engr 312 3 1 Mech Engr 460 3 2
Fall English 111 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 Mech Engr 350 3 1 Mech Engr Option II 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Math 356 3 1 Mech Engr Option III 2 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 1 ECE 315 3 1 History 300 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 English 211 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 Phy Ed 1 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1 14.5 9
20.5 9 Phy Ed 1 2
20 9
For Lang 2 3 2 Comp Sci 206 1 1 Mech Engr 325 3 1 Mech Engr 492 3 2
Chem 100 4 2 Mech Engr 320 3 1 Mech Engr 341 3 1 Mech Engr 370 3 1
Spring History 100 3 1 Mech Engr 330 3 1 Mech Engr Option I 3 1 Mech Engr 441 3 1
Math 142 3 1 Math 245 3 1 Adv Math Option 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Chem 200 4 2 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 MSS 251 4.5 2 Philos 310 3 1 Leadership 400 0.75 0
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Phy Ed 0.5 2
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 8
19.75 10 19.25 8

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 144.0 "
D
224
METEOROLOGY
THE METEOROLOGY MAJOR AT A GLANCE: From planning deployments and air strikes
to scheduling space launches and issuing proper protective clothing, weather considerations
influence a great many of the decisions made by Air Force and Space Force officers. Throughout
history, weather has played a pivotal role in the outcome and execution of many important
campaigns. The debacle of Napoleon’s army in Russia, the scheduling of the Normandy invasion,
and the destruction of Germany’s counter attack in the Battle of the Bulge, are but a few examples.
Knowledge of the weather is still important in the modern air, land, and space domains.
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and the weather that it generates. At the Air Force
Academy, the Meteorology major uniquely focuses on the impact of weather on military
operations. The growth of meteorology and weather forecasting is intimately linked with the
emergence and rise of aviation and space power through the 20th and into the 21st century. The
basic properties of the atmosphere and resulting weather phenomena are literally of life-and-death
importance to pilots and consequently, to the Air Force. According to Sun Tzu, “…know the
ground, know the weather; your victory will then be total.”
The Meteorology major provides the knowledge and understanding necessary to analyze and
predict atmospheric behavior over a broad range of time and space scales. These phenomena
include small features such as thunderstorms and tornadoes; medium-sized features such as squall
lines, hurricanes and blizzards; and even larger features such as continental weather, waves in the
jet stream, and climate change.
The Meteorology major requires a foundation in physics, mathematics, and an aptitude for problem
solving. This major is administered by the Department of Physics and Meteorology (DFPM).
While graduates with a Meteorology major are academically qualified for direct entry into the
Weather and Environmental Sciences (WESO, 15W) career field, the majority of Meteorology
graduates enter rated career fields. The knowledge and experience gained from a better
understanding of the atmosphere benefits them greatly throughout their careers.
The Meteorology Major is designed to develop officers who can:

1) Formulate a three-dimensional picture of past and current states of the atmosphere by:
1.1. gathering and interpreting in situ and remotely-sensed meteorological data from a
wide array of sources,
1.2. employing conceptual models developed for different regions on varying space and
time scales, and
1.3. demonstrating a thorough understanding of the physical and dynamical processes that
govern weather and climate.
2) Employ sound reasoning to solve the full spectrum of meteorological problems faced in
military and civilian operations by:
2.1. effectively relating current and forecast meteorological conditions to operational
mission and societal impacts,
2.2. selecting appropriate meteorological data, algorithms, and products to answer
225
questions about the current state of the environment (nowcasting), and
2.3. employing appropriate operational tools designed to anticipate future states of the
environment (forecasting).
3) Clearly communicate meteorological concepts through:

3.1. written forecast discussions, forecast reviews, and/or reports,
3.2. oral presentations and forecast discussions, and
3.3. correct manipulation and/or coding of mathematical expressions representing the
relevant physical laws governing meteorological processes.
The Meteorology major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA

Statistics Math 356
and Engineers
1. Meteor 320 Introduction to Meteorology and Aviation Weather

2. Meteor 330 Physical Meteorology I
3. Meteor 331 Physical Meteorology II
4. Meteor 351 Weather Data, Analysis, and Structure of Mid-latitude
Weather Systems
5. Meteor 352 Climatology
6. Meteor 370 Meteorological Applications of Remote Sensing
7. Meteor 430 Atmospheric Dynamics I
8. Meteor 431 Atmospheric Dynamics II
9. Meteor 432 Boundary Layer Structure and Processes
10. Meteor 450 Tropical Meteorology
11. Meteor 451 Development and Evolution of Extratropical Weather
Systems
12. Meteor 452 Mesoscale Meteorology
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13. – 14. Two Meteorology Elective courses from the following:
Comp Sci 211 Introduction to Programming for Engineers and Scientists
Geo 310 Cartography
Geo 351 Physical Geography
Geo 382 Remote Sensing and Imagery Analysis
Meteor 499 Independent Study
Physics 375 Physics of Space Domain Awareness
Any 3 semester hour course taught within the Dean of Faculty at the 300- or 400
level and approved by the Meteorology AIC
15. Meteor 490 Weather Forecasting and Impacts on Society
Meteorology Major
4o
o o o
hrs per 3 hrs per 2 hrs per 1 hrs per
For Lang 1 3 2 Math 243 3 1 Meteor 330 3 1 Meteor 431 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 English 211 3 1 Meteor 351 3 1 Meteor 432 1.5 1
Fall English 111 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Meteor 352 3 1 Meteor 450 1.5 2
Math 141 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 Philos 310 3 1 Meteor 451 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 ECE 315 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 History 300 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
19 8 15.5 9
For Lang 2 3 2 Meteor 320 3 1 Meteor 331 3 1 Meteor 452 3 2

Chem 100 4 2 Meteor Elective 3 1 Meteor 370 3 1 Meteor 490 3 1
Spring History 100 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Meteor 430 3 1 Meteor Elective 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Chem 200 4 2 Math 356 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 7 16.25 8
20.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 140.0 "
CJ
227
MILITARY & STRATEGIC STUDIES
THE MILITARY & STRATEGIC STUDIES MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Understanding of

strategy is an essential component in any competitive environment. From businesses to nation
states, sports teams to militaries, if competition is a component of the operating environment, the
ability to develop, implement, and assess strategy is what will enable success. The Military &
Strategic Studies major is an interdisciplinary program that teaches cadets how to develop and
employ strategy in a military context while giving the cadet the necessary skills to succeed in any
competitive environment.
Five required major’s courses provide all MSS cadets with a solid foundation in air, space, and
cyber strategy in current and future conflicts, the ability to conduct scholarly research using the
principles of quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as an understanding of the strategy of
negotiations. MSS majors then select three courses that develop the ability to employ strategy in
specific military applications. In the MSS 42X courses, cadets learn to take military capabilities
and develop a strategy for operational contexts. Designed to be an immersive and summative
experience in a cadet’s last semester, the MSS 49X series brings together all of a cadet’s previous
MSS courses and challenges the cadet to develop a theater campaign plan for a notional conflict
in a specific region of the globe.
Finally, a major in MSS allows the cadet to purposefully develop themselves according to their
own academic, military, and career interests. Good strategists require a broad understanding of
STEM, social science methods, as well as the humanities. Breadth electives are designed to
provide MSS majors the opportunity to have greater latitude in their own development as
strategists, while allowing interested cadets to pursue an academic minor without increasing course
loads.
Through this purposeful course of instruction that covers the entire depth and breadth of the theory,
context, and application of military & strategic studies, the Department of Military & Strategic
Studies develops these Student Learning Outcomes and Proficiencies:
1) Apply informed reasoning to solve a complex, contemporary military problem;
2) Explain the structure, functions, and responsibilities of the joint force;
3) Given a campaign plan, create a detailed supporting plan which synchronizes air, space,
cyber, SOF, or surface capabilities; and
4) Effectively communicate a scholarly argument on a Strategic Studies topic.
The Military & Strategic Studies major contributes to both the development and assessment of the
228
Statistics Choose 1
1. - 5. 15 semester hours of Foundations of Strategy (five courses):

MSS 298 Research Methods
MSS 343 Foundations of Joint Air, Space, and Cyber Strategy
MSS 353 Innovation and Future Conflict
MSS 444 Space & Cyber Strategy for National Security
MSS 498 Capstone Course in Joint Strategy
6. - 8. 9 semester hours of Specialization in Employing Military Capabilities (three courses)

MSS 302 Future Conflict and Disruptive Technologies
MSS 363 ISR Analysis
MSS 369 The Spectrum of Conflict
MSS 371 Joint Targeting and Strategy
MSS 372 Wargaming Air, Space, and Cyber Power
MSS 377 Airpower for Combined Effects
MSS 381 Air Warfare Operations and Planning
Soc Sci 483 Principles of Negotiations
9. 3 semester hours of Contextualizing Military Strategy (one course)

MSS 421 Strategy of International Power Projection
MSS 422 Strategy of Special Operations
MSS 423 Strategy of Weapons, Warfare, and Mass Destruction
10. 3 semester hours of Synthesizing National Strategy (one course)

MSS 490 Strategy in Asia and the Pacific
MSS 491 Strategy in the Americas
MSS 493 Strategy in Eurasia
MSS 494 Strategy in the Middle East and Africa
11. - 14. 12 semester hours of MSS Breadth Electives (four courses)

Any four MSS courses, or
Four courses to contribute to the Geospatial Intelligence Certificate, or
Four courses that contribute to a DF approved academic minor, or
229
Four courses approved by the academic advisor
Military & Strategic Studies Major

o o o
4 hrs per 3 hrs per 2 hrs per 1o hrs per
For Lang 1 3 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 MSS 343 3 1 MSS 42X 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 MSS 353 3 1 MSS Option 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 English 211 3 1 MSS 444 3 1 MSS Option 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Law 220 3 1 History 300 3 1 MSS Option 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 ECE 315 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Adv STEM Option 3 1
15.5 8 19 10 16 7 Phy Ed 0.5 2
18.5 8
For Lang 2 3 2 MSS 298 3 1 MSS Option 3 1 MSS 498 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 MSS Specialization 3 1 MSS 49X 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 Math 300 3 1 MSS Specialization 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 MSS Specialization 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 7 16.25 7
20.25 9

Core (29) MSS 251 must be taken NLT Core = 93.0 Sem Hours
Major (14) the third-class fall to declare MSS Major = 42.0 "
Phy Ed (10) or ForArStu - MSS Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 140.0 "
230
NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND STRATEGY MINOR
THE NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND STRATEGY MINOR AT A GLANCE: The Nuclear

Weapons and Strategy minor provides a pathway for cadets from all majors to build the technical
and strategic foundation to lead the USAF in the second nuclear age. Nuclear weapons play an
essential role in the strategic deterrence of adversaries and the current limited nature of warfare.
The Nuclear Weapons and Strategy minor focuses on the enduring fundamentals of the nuclear
enterprise. This includes the origin of nuclear energy, strategic policy, proliferation, and the effects
of radiation as a result of nuclear reactions. The skills and abilities developed in the Nuclear
Weapons and Strategy minor are of high importance to the execution of the Air Force’s nuclear
mission, maintenance of the Air Force’s nuclear arsenal, and may be applied in many Air Force
career fields. Graduates who complete the Nuclear Weapons and Strategy minor will be prepared
to lead the USAF in the second nuclear age and will be well prepared to support Air Force Global
Strike Command, NNSA, USSTRATCOM, AFNWC, DTRA, AFTAC, and DIA.
The Nuclear Weapons and Strategy minor requires a minimum of 146 hours and at least 2 non-
core academic courses (6 semester hours) in residence in excess of the major’s requirements
(including the Academy Option). The student must complete these five courses (15 semester
hours) with a grade of “C” or better. As this is an interdisciplinary minor, no more than 3 courses
for the minor can be from any one department; therefore, the option course must be from a
department other than DFPM.
1. Required Courses:
Physics 310 Principles of Nuclear Science
Physics 354 Nuclear Weapons Engineering
Physics 450 Nuclear Weapons Effects
Soc Sci 467 Nuclear Weapons Policy and Strategy

Pol Sci 302 American Foreign and National Security Policy
MSS 423 Weapons, Warfare, and Mass Disruption
History 320 Winged Defense: The History of Airpower
History 322 Conquest of the New Frontier: The History of Space Power
With the approval of DFPM, DFCH, DFHI, DFMI, or DFPS, cadets may substitute a 3.0
sem hrs (or greater) 495 Special Topic or 499 Independent Study course for this
requirement. One option for the Independent Study is a summer internship at a location
within the National Nuclear Enterprise, selected to provide the cadet an opportunity to
work on special projects designed to give them an understanding of the dynamics and
challenges within the Nuclear Enterprise. Cadets can follow-up in the fall semester with
an Independent Study that builds upon or finalizes the work done during the summer
internship. Independent Study requirements are managed and overseen by the department
231
administering the course. To participate in a summer internship, cadets must secure a
Cadet Summer Research Program (CSRP) slot.
232
OPERATIONS RESEARCH MAJOR
THE OPERATIONS RESEARCH MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Operations Research (OR) is

the application of scientific and mathematical methods to the study and analysis of problems
involving complex systems. More simply, OR is the science of problem solving and decision
making. To gain an appreciation for the field, it is necessary to look at its origins.
OR, as a discipline, arose from the need to determine optimal resource allocation and assist
decision makers during the Second World War. Groups of mathematicians, physical scientists,
and economists were assembled during the war to perform studies that would provide quantitative
input for commanders. The results of their efforts were impressive and, soon thereafter, the
commercial sector realized the power of these new planning techniques.
The use of mathematics to model real world systems was nothing new; physicists and economists
had been doing this for years. What defined this new field called OR was its focus on the
operations of organizations. Not only were traditional mathematical modeling methods used, such
as statistics and probability, but new modeling methods were created, such as mathematical
programming and queuing theory.
This is an exciting field and one that attracts curious problem solvers who are strong in
mathematics and computer science and are eager to solve real-world problems.
The description of OR provided above highlights OR’s interdisciplinary nature. USAFA has
captured the essence of the field by establishing a truly interdisciplinary major. The OR program
is jointly administered by the Departments of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Economics and
Geosciences, Management, and Mathematical Sciences. The required major’s courses include
courses from each of the four departments.
1) Apply fundamental operations research techniques to frame and solve ill-defined technical,
social, political, and economic problems;
2) Effectively form, lead, and work within multi-disciplinary teams;
3) Communicate ideas, concepts, and recommendations effectively; and
4) Learn independently.
The Operations Research major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA
233
Adv Open Option Systems Analysis Ops Rsch 310
1. Comp Sci 212 Intro to Programming for Analysts

2. Comp Sci 362 Computer Simulation
3. Econ 365 Econometrics I
4. Econ 465 Econometrics II
5. Math 344 Applied Linear Algebra
7. Ops Rsch 311 Deterministic Models
8. Ops Rsch 312 Probabilistic Models
9. Ops Rsch 331 Economic Theory and Operations Analysis
10. Ops Rsch 421 Capstone in Operations Research I
11. Ops Rsch 422 Capstone in Operations Research II
12. Ops Rsch Option (See Supplemental Information)
Seminar courses:
Ops Rsch 405 Operations Research Seminar I
Ops Rsch 406 Operations Research Seminar II
Cadets shall choose two of the following courses for the Ops Rsch Options:
Econ 377 Financial Markets
Econ 447 Quantitative Economic Methods
Econ 476 The Economics of Sports**
Math 359 Design and Analysis of Experiments*
Mgt 337 Managerial Finance
234
Mgt 341 Financial Accounting
Mgt 382 Investments
Ops Rsch 417 Quick-Turn Analysis*
Ops Rsch 476 Sports Analytics**
Ops Rsch 495 Special Topics
Sys Engr 311 Intermediate Systems Engineering Methods
Other courses allowed by Ops Rsch AIC and Ops Rsch Working Group approval
*Cadets pursuing 15A AFSC should strongly consider taking one/both courses
**Only one of these two courses can count for Ops Rsch elective credit
Air Force Career Fields

The operations research major is a desired academic background for many career fields in the Air
and Space Forces. Cadets should consult with their academic advisors about choosing core class
options and Operations Research electives to improve their chances of selection into specific rated
or non-rated career fields. The Hospital Services Administrator career field (41A) has separate
application and screening process that require specific coursework.
Many Operations Research majors enter the Operations Research Analyst career field (15A).
Those students that desire to become a 15A should maintain a major's GPA of 2.80 or higher to
qualify for acceptance into the career field. For initial skills training following graduation, all
selected 15As will attend graduate school at the Air Force Institute of Technology for an
Operations Research master's, certificate, or gain approval to attend a civilian institution for a
master's or PhD.
235
Operations Research Major

For Lang 1 3 2 Math 243 3 1 Ops Rsch 311 3 1 Econ 465 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 English 211 3 1 Ops Rsch 331 3 1 Ops Rsch 421 3 2
Fall English 111 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Math 377 3 1 Ops Rsch 405 0 1
Math 141 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Law 220 3 1 Ops Rsch Option 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Astro Engr 310 3 1 AF Ops Rsch Option 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 1 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
19 8 15.5 9
For Lang 2 3 2 Comp Sci 212 4 2 Comp Sci 362 3 1 Ops Rsch Option 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Math 344 3 1 Econ 365 3 1 Ops Rsch 422 3 2
Spring History 100 3 1 Ops Rsch 310 3 1 Math 378 3 1 Ops Rsch 406 0 1
Math 142 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Ops Rsch 312 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 P / C / B Option 4 2 ECE 315 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Leadership 300 0.75 0 History 300 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 7 Phy Ed 0.5 2
21.25 10 16.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 141.0 "
CJ
236
PHILOSOPHY
THE PHILOSOPHY MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The word “philosophy” derives from a Greek
work meaning the love of wisdom. In pursuit of wisdom, students of philosophy attempt to answer
fundamental questions about the nature of reality, knowledge, and value. Since antiquity,
however, philosophers have reminded us that academic study alone cannot make one wise; life
experience must complement the knowledge gained by study. Further, many philosophers have
insisted that wisdom as a cardinal virtue cannot exist independently of the other three cardinal
virtues—courage, temperance, and justice. The spirit of philosophy is accordingly summed up
well by Plato’s Socrates. On trial for his life and under pressure to desist from his philosophical
investigations, Socrates instead proclaimed that “…for a human being the unexamined life is not
worth living.” He went to his death apparently content that he had served his fellow citizens and
lived the life most worth living. USAFA philosophy majors will undertake their study of
philosophy as part of a life of energetic inquiry aimed at developing the virtues appropriate to a
leader of character. They will read and discuss primary texts from ancient times up to the present
day.
DFPY Student Learning Outcomes:
An undergraduate program in philosophy aims to cultivate skills in the methods of philosophy and
to foster learning across a broad range of philosophical topics and philosophical history.
Philosophy at the United States Air Force Academy includes these aims, but with adjustments. All
students are expected to defend the United States when they become part of the operational Air
Force. At the same time, the explicit aim of the institution is to build officers of character.
Together, these two institutional realities set our program apart. Our cadets should have an
understanding of the ethics of war as well as the ethics of officership. Moreover, our program
should provide opportunities for further study in other topics of special interest to future officers,
including philosophy of law (given the importance of the laws of war), medical ethics (given the
greater possibility of encountering injured people), and religion (given the international and
interreligious nature of military service).
The difference between cadets who major in philosophy and those who minor in philosophy is a
matter of the degree rather than kind. The learning objectives for both majors and minors are
therefore the same. Graduates shall demonstrate:
1) Skills in the methods of philosophy. Graduates of our program will:

a. Read critically, recognizing the assumptions, context, and arguments, made by
authors;
b. Write persuasively, following the best practices of the discipline;
c. Argue logically, employing both informal and formal systems of logic; and
d. Do all of this respectfully, displaying the virtues of charity, fairness, and humility.
2) Competence with respect to core philosophical subjects, grounded in the history of

philosophy, together with special expertise in ethics as applied to the profession of arms.
237
Graduates of our program can:
a. Describe a representative set of the central philosophical problems, questions, and
theories, especially those associated with metaphysics, epistemology, language,
ethics, and religion;
b. Outline the general history of philosophy, with special attention to important
philosophers such as Confucius, Zuangzi, Mencius, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine,
Avicenna, Al Gazali, Maimonides, Aquinas, Descartes, Locke, Kant, Hume, and
Mill;
c. Apply moral theory to the problems that are unique to war and the military
profession; and
d. Recognize and respond to the challenges and opportunities posed by diverse
cultural and religious practices as these impact war and the military profession.
The Philosophy major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA
A. 93 semester hours of Dean’s academic core courses to include:

Statistics Choose 1
B. 5 Semester hours of Director of Athletics courses.
1. Philos 311 War, Morality, and the Military Profession

2. Philos 370 Introduction to Symbolic Logic
3. Philos 391/2/3/4
4. Philos 401/402 Comparative Religion or Philosophy of Religion
5. Philos 423 Knowledge and Reality
6. Philos 495 Special Topics for Philosophy majors
7. - 13. Philosophy Options (See Supplemental Information 1 and 2)
14. Open Academic Option Any course (≥ 3.0 sem hrs) taught under the supervision of the
Dean of Faculty
238
1) Consistent with DF’s emphasis on multiple purposeful pathways, each of these options can
be filled in three ways:
a. “Neat”: take any 3-semester hour course taught by DFPY.
b. “With a twist”: take Law 463, Mgt 411, Pol Sci 301, Pol Sci 423, Pol Sci 451, Pol Sci 463,
and/or Econ 440; or with prior DFPY approval, take any 3-semester hour course taught
by DF that focuses on “overlap” texts commonly read by another discipline as well as
philosophy. In this case, DFPY advisors will probably look for a pairing (e.g., an English
495 on American Transcendentalism with Philosophy 382, American Philosophy, for 6
semester hours of Philosophy Option credit).
c. “With a splash”: with prior DFPY approval, take any course taught by DF or academic
course taught by AD (e.g., Phy Ed Aca 460) and pair it with a Philosophy 499 for 6
semester hours of Philosophy Option credit (e.g., Biology 459, Principles of Evolution,
paired with a Philos 499 on philosophy of biology; History 352, The History of Modern
America, paired with a Philos 499 on American Pragmatism).
2) Cadets majoring in philosophy who wish to take a foreign language minor may substitute the
number of foreign language courses necessary to earn the minor, minus two courses totaling
at least six semester hours, for philosophy options, one for one. (DF-wide policy governing
academic minors requires that at least two courses count only toward the minor.) Additional
foreign language courses beyond the minor can earn a similar offset with department
approval.
239
Philosophy Major
o o o o
For Lang 1 3 2 Philos Option 3 1 Philos 39X 3 1 Philos 423 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Philos 370 3 1 Philos 401 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 Philos 310 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Philos Option 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 ECE 315 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Adv STEM Option 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 English 411 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 7
19 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Philos Option 3 1 Philos 311 3 1 Philos Option 3 1

Chem 100 4 2 Philos Option 3 1 Philos 495 3 1 Philos Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 English 211 3 1 Philos Option 3 1 Open Academic Option 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Aero Engr 315 3 1 History 300 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Math 300 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 7 16.25 7
20.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 140.0 "
D
240
PHILOSOPHY MINOR
THE PHILOSOPHY MINOR AT A GLANCE: The Philosophy minor requires five philosophy
courses in addition to Philos 310. "Philosophy" is not another discipline. Rather, it is rational
inquiry into any discipline (e.g., philosophy of psychology, philosophy of history, philosophy of
law). Philosophers seek answers to the basic, fundamental questions which underpin any field of
study. In addition to the questions addressed in the core course about how we should live our lives,
philosophers also study: principles of language and reasoning (logic); foundations of empirical
discovery and other ways of knowing (epistemology); and the ultimate underpinnings and structure
of the self and the world (metaphysics).
In addition to the successful completion of Philos 310 ("C" or better), five courses (≥ 15 semester
hours) in which the student earns a grade of "C" or better. Required courses include:
1. One course in the history and topics series:

Philos 391 Ancient Western Philosophy
Philos 392 Western Medieval Philosophy
Philos 393 Modern Western Philosophy
Philos 394 Contemporary Topics in Philosophy
2. One of the following logic courses:

3. - 4. Any two Philos courses.
5. Any philosophy course or one of the following courses: Econ 440, Law 463, Mgt
411, Pol Sci 301, Pol Sci 423, Pol Sci 451, or Pol Sci 463.
WHY STUDY PHILOSOPHY? Philosophy is an ancient and valuable sub district within the
vast marketplace of ideas. It is concerned with the most interesting questions in life—the questions
that are fundamental and the least easy to answer or avoid. All cadets are required to take a course
in ethics, which is the discipline concerned with answering the questions: What is a good act?
What sort of person is the best person? What is truly valuable? By what principles should life be
led? Obviously, philosophy is not for everyone. It is not for those who want easy answers, nor is
it for those who do not care about the deeper meanings of life or the purpose of their own lives. It
is for those who wish to gain a more thorough understanding of themselves as rational, reflective
beings inhabiting and working in a world that sometimes allows us to glimpse its deeper meanings.
241
PHYSICS
THE PHYSICS MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Newton, Maxwell, Einstein...some of history's most

important and influential people focused their studies on physics. Our modern technological
society owes its existence to great thinkers such as these. Tablets, smart phones, Xboxes—the
laws and equations behind every one of our favorite devices were first discovered in a physics
laboratory somewhere around the globe. And although the pace of scientific discovery has been
nothing short of amazing over the past two centuries, there remains a plethora of fundamental
"unknowns" for future physicists to conquer: dark energy, dark matter, quantum gravity, Grand
Unification Theory…and many more.
On a more practical level, majoring in physics is the only path to becoming an Air Force physicist
(61D Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC)). History proves it is also an excellent path to success in
other career fields, including acquisition management (63A), space operations (13S), weather and
environmental sciences (15W), and intelligence (14N), as well as the whole spectrum of rated
AFSCs. For cadets seeking to pursue an advanced academic degree while on active duty, USAFA
physics majors are highly competitive for graduate school due to the quality of our program and
the wide variety of scholarships and sponsorships available. Got your sights set even higher? One
USAFA physics major—Dr. Ronald Sega, Class of 1974—flew two missions on the Space Shuttle
as a NASA astronaut and later went on to become the Under Secretary of the Air Force for Space.
So what do AF physicists actually do? Over their first 5-10 years on active duty, most 61Ds are
assigned to work cutting edge research, development, and test projects and next-generation
weapon system acquisition programs under Air Force Materiel Command, Air Force Special
Operations Command, Air Combat Command, the National Reconnaissance Office, and other
major commands. These assignments may include experimental design and data analysis,
launching new satellites, briefing members of Congress, and fielding state-of-the-art technologies.
Bottom line: the Air Force depends critically on 61Ds for their scientific expertise, critical thinking
skills, fresh perspectives and new ideas applied to the nation's toughest (and often highly classified)
technical challenges in the pursuit of maintaining US air, space, and cyberspace dominance for
decades to come.
For USAFA cadets choosing to major in physics, the journey typically begins spring semester of
the sophomore year with Physics 264 (Modern Physics) and Physics 291 (Introduction to Optics
and Lasers). The junior and senior years include courses like Classical Mechanics,
Electromagnetic Theory, Laboratory Techniques, Computational Physics, Thermal & Statistical
Physics, and Quantum Mechanics. Physics majors also choose three courses that constitute their
"concentration." The available concentrations include Directed Energy and Optics, Nuclear
Physics, and Space Physics. Another option is the Applied Physics concentration, which allows
the cadet to choose essentially any coherent sequence of three technical courses offered in either
the physics department or a combination of the physics department and another academic
department. Physics majors interested in the Weather and Environmental Sciences Officer (15W)
career field should speak with their advisor about incorporating meteorology courses into their
schedule as an applied physics concentration. There is also a well-established path to completing
double-majors that include Physics. The most common is Physics/Applied Mathematics, but
242
former physics students have also double-majored in Astronautical Engineering, Electrical
Engineering and several others.
Beyond the classroom, physics majors have ample opportunity to participate in world-class
scientific research and obtain academic credit through Capstone Physics Research (Physics 490)
and one or more an Independent Study (Physics 499) courses. Physics 499 can be taken for 1 to 3
semester hours per semester. DFPM is home to 5 research centers with more than 40 faculty and
full-time researchers executing dozens of diverse projects at any given time:
- Space and Atmospheric Research Center (SPARC): Designs, builds, calibrates,

operates, and analyzes data from scientific payloads that fly in space; investigates the
aurora and sprites in the middle atmosphere, and lightning in the lower atmosphere.
- Laser and Optics Research Center (LORC): Models, designs, and constructs new types
of lasers and optics for potential use in future intelligence, surveillance, and
reconnaissance platforms, non-kinetic weapon systems, and medical devices.
- Center for Space Situational Awareness Research (CSSAR): Operationalizes the
Falcon Telescope Network (FTN), twelve robotic 20-inch telescopes around the globe
from Colorado to Chile to Australia; schedules observations; analyzes satellite and
astronomical data for space situational awareness research.
- Astronomical Research Group and Observatory (ARGO): Collects spectral and
photometric images of stars using the 16-inch and 1-meter telescopes at the USAFA
Observatory, in addition to the FTN; processes data to characterize orbital properties
of previously unknown or unconfirmed exoplanets.
- Nuclear Enterprise Research Center (NERC): focuses on the engineering, science and
policy issues that face the United States Air Force and the Department of Defense.
NERC works closely with DIA, AFTAC, DTRA, AFNWC, and NNSA to respond to
evolving threats and difficulties that face this nation and the world.
Over the multiple years completing the USAFA physics major, cadets develop a mastery of the
most fundamental laws governing our universe—those same laws that dictate the F-35’s radar
cross-section, GPS's susceptibility to jamming, and the AIM-9's maximum kill range. Ultimately,
the physics major is tailored to prepare cadets for their primary role as future officers: solving
unforeseen, abstract, complex, and ill-defined problems. Regardless of AFSC, cadets graduating
from USAFA with a bachelor's degree in physics enter active duty with great confidence in their
abilities to conquer the many "unknowns" for which they will be responsible at their first
assignment and beyond.
Learning Outcomes: Our program's curriculum is designed such that our graduates shall
1. Demonstrate comprehensive quantitative and qualitative knowledge of the fundamental
pillars of physics (classical physics, quantum theory, relativity, and thermodynamics) and
apply fundamental concepts to explain or predict physical phenomena. (Physics
Knowledge & Application)
2. Frame and solve problems competently by identifying the essential parts of a problem and
formulating a strategy for solving the problem. Estimate the numerical solution to a
243
problem. Employ appropriate mathematical and computational techniques to arrive at a
solution, test the correctness of the solution, and interpret the results. (Problem Solving
Skills)
3. Design, conduct, and understand experiments or theoretical studies to include experimental
design, data collection techniques, mathematical analyses, and uncertainties. Properly and
safely use appropriate laboratory equipment, modern instrumentation, and sound
techniques to carry out experiments. May include theoretical or computational studies and
the appropriate analytical or numerical techniques. (Experimental Skills)
4. Effectively communicate physics concepts, problems, solutions, experiments, and their
application to physical phenomena, both orally and in writing, to experts and non-experts.
(Communication Skills)
5. Understand the processes for, and participate in, scientific research to investigate real-
world problems, including literature review, application of fundamental physics concepts,
experimental techniques, data collection and analysis, discrimination between relevant and
irrelevant data, and presentation of results. (Research Skills)
6. Explain the development and the current theoretical, experimental, and philosophical
foundation underlying what we know, what we cannot know, and what we do not yet know
about natural phenomena. Understand, evaluate, and critique recently developed or
alternative scientific ideas presented in the media, experiments, and the scientific literature.
(Philosophical Basis of Science)
7. Demonstrate character traits expected of an Air Force officer educated in the basic
sciences. These traits include: integrity, dedication to duty, commitment to excellence,
teamwork, intellectual curiosity, innovation, and responsibility. (Character Traits)
The Physics major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA Institutional
Critical Thinking Outcome.

General Chemistry II Lecture and Lab or Chem 200* or
P / C / B Option 2
Statistics Math 356
and Engineers
Physics 310 or
Adv Open Option
Physics 371
*For P / C / B Option 2, Chem 200 is preferred for most concentrations

244
C. 6 Semester hours in Applied Mathematics as follows:
1. Math 245 Differential Equations

2. Math 346 Engineering Mathematics
D. 32 Semester hours in Physics:
1. Physics 264 Modern Physics

2. Physics 291 Introduction to Optics and Lasers
3. Physics 341 Laboratory Techniques
4. Physics 355 Classical Mechanics
5. Physics 356 Computational Physics
6. Physics 361 Electromagnetic Theory I
7. Physics 362 Electromagnetic Theory II
8. Physics 421 Thermal and Statistical Physics
9. Physics 465 Quantum Mechanics
10. Physics 490 Capstone Physics Research
Seminar course:
Physics 405 * Physics Seminar
* Physics 405 must be taken concurrently with Physics 490
E. 9 Semester hours in one of the following three concentrations listed in the table below: At
most one 3 semester hour Physics 499 may substitute as a concentration course; Physics 499
courses with less than 3 semester hours do not count toward this requirement. For the Space
Physics sequence we recommend cadets take Physics 371 as their Advanced Open Option. For
the Nuclear Physics sequence we recommend cadets take Physics 310 as their Advanced Open
Option. Cadets majoring in physics and pursuing the nuclear minor must take at least 2 noncore
academic courses (6 semester hours) in residence in excess of the major’s requirements (including
the Academy Option) to meet the minor requirements.
245
Course Title Offered Pre/Co-requisites
Space Physics Upper Atmospheric & Fall Prereq: Phys 215 or dept approval
Physics 370 Geo-Space Physics odd years
Physics Physics of Space Fall Prereq: Phys 215 or dept approval
375 Domain Awareness even years
Physics Astrophysics Spring Prereq: Phys 264 & Phys 371 or dept approval
Concentration Sequences
486 even years Coreq: Phys 362 or dept approval

Nuclear Physics Nuclear Weapons Spring Prereq: C or better in Phys 310
Physics 354 Engineering
Physics Nuclear Weapons Fall Prereq: C or better in Phys 354
450 Effects
Physics Atomic & Nuclear Spring Prereq: Phys 465 or dept approval
468 Physics
Directed Physics Physics of Space Fall Prereq: Phys 215 or dept approval
Energy 375 Domain Awareness even years
& Optics Physics Atomic & Nuclear Spring Prereq: Phys 465 or dept approval
468 Physics
Physics Lasers & Modern Spring Coreq: Phys 362, ECE 444, or dept approval
482 Optics odd years
Additional Physics Plasma Physics Offered Prereq: Phys 370 recommended
Courses 451 infrequently Coreq: Phys 362 & Math 346 or dept approval
Physics Solid State Physics Offered Prereq: Physics 215
473 infrequently Coreq: Phys 465 & Math 245 or dept approval
Physics Special Topics Offered Department approval
495 infrequently
Physics Independent Research Department approval
499
Applied Physics Option:

Working with your academic advisor, you may also propose a sequence of your own by
selecting at least three courses (9 semester hours) from the Department of Physics and
Meteorology or other Academy academic departments. It is your responsibility to have
thorough discussions with your academic advisor to identify and justify a coherent three-course
sequence in an area related to basic sciences and engineering. You may take more than three
courses if your schedule permits in order to delve more deeply into a subject of interest. At
least two of the selected courses should be 300-level or higher and one must be a 400-level
course. All applied physics option sequences must be approved by the Physics Major AIC, the
department's Director of Advanced Programs, and the Department Head.
Some illustrative possible sequences:
Aircraft Propulsion Design: Aero Engr 241/Aero Engr 361/Aero Engr 466
Atmospheric Physics: Meteor 330/Meteor 331/Meteor 430
Materials Physics: Physics 473/Mech Engr 340/Mech Engr 440
Mathematical Physics: three of Math 344/Math 451/Math 468/Math 469/Math 470
Medical Physics (pre-med)*: Chem 233/Chem 234/Chem 243/Biology 431
Space Vehicle Design: Physics 370 or Astro Engr 331/Astro Engr 436/Astro Engr 437
246
* Four concentration courses are required for pre-med students and should be taken by the end
of the 2° year.
Physics Major
For Lang 1 3 2 Math 243 3 1 Math 346 3 1 Physics 421 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Physics 355 3 1 Physics 465 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 P/C/B Option 4 1 Physics 361 3 1 Physics Conc 1 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Law 220 3 1 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Physics 215 4 2 History 300 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 Adv Open Option 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 20 10 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 7
19 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Physics 264 3 1 Physics 341 4 2 Physics 405 0 1

Chem 100 4 2 Physics 291 3 1 Physics 356 3 1 Physics 490 4 2
Spring Physics 110 4 2 Math 245 3 1 Physics 362 3 1 Physics Conc 2 3 1
English 111 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Physics Conc 3 3 1
Math 142 3 1 English 211 3 1 Math 356 3 1 Philos 310 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Mech Engr 220 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
19.25 8 20.25 9 17.3 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 145.0 "
247
POLITICAL SCIENCE
THE POLITICAL SCIENCE MAJOR AT A GLANCE: The Political Science major offers a
course of studies tailored to the needs of prospective Air Force officers by providing a
comprehensive understanding of both the substance and process of politics and public policy. The
major is uniquely capable of preparing cadets to comprehend the political events, both domestic
and international, that will shape their careers. It accomplishes this by examining topics such as
political theory, research methods, comparative politics, international relations, American politics,
security studies, defense decision-making, political economy, and organizational behavior.
The Political Science major is flexible. The major allows cadets to study a subfield in-depth or to
examine a variety of political topics. The wide option of electives offers an advantage for cadets
who pursue a minor in a foreign language, philosophy, religion studies, or nuclear weapons and
strategy. The major offers four areas of concentration: American politics, international relations,
comparative politics and area studies, and national security policy. Academic advisors
enthusiastically assist cadets in tailoring an academic program to meet their individual interests.
Our program's curriculum is designed such that, by completion of our program, our graduates shall
• Explain the history, underlying theories, and operation of political systems and the
American political system under the Constitution.
• Evaluate fundamental similarities and differences among various political systems around
the world.
• Explain fundamental drivers of cooperation, conflict, and war in the international system.
• Analyze national security institutions, process, and strategy.
• Demonstrate proficiency in ethical, qualitative, and quantitative reasoning.
The Political Science major contributes to both the development and assessment of the USAFA
Critical Thinking and National Security of the American Republic Outcomes.

Statistics Choose 1
Soc Sci 311 International Security Soc Sci 212
248
1. Pol Sci 300 Quantitative Methods and Research Design

2. Pol Sci 301 Political Theory
3. Pol Sci 302 American Foreign and National Security Policy
4. Pol Sci 394 Comparative Politics
5. Pol Sci 491 Capstone Seminar in Political Science: National Security
and Political Analysis
6. - 8. Select one course from each of the following three baskets:

a) American Government Pol Sci 392, Pol Sci 451, Pol Sci 481, Pol Sci 482,
Pol Sci 483, Pol Sci 484
b) Comparative Politics Pol Sci 460, Pol Sci 464, Pol Sci 469, Pol Sci 471,
Pol Sci 473, Pol Sci 475, Pol Sci 477, Pol Sci 479
c) International Relations Pol Sci 390, Pol Sci 445, Pol Sci 496, Soc Sci 444
9. - 10. Pol Sci Options 1 & 2 Any Pol Sci course (See Supplemental Information 2)
11. Pol Sci Option 3 Any Pol Sci course, ForArStu course, Soc Sci 444, or
Soc Sci 467
12. - 13. Pol Sci Options 4 & 5 Any Pol Sci course, any ForArStu course, and any of the
following that contribute to a cadet's substantive or
methodological course of study as coordinated with an
academic advisor: any For Lang course at the 200-level or
above, any non-core History course, any non-core Econ
course, any non-core Law course, any non-core Philos
course, any non-core English course, Beh Sci 352, Beh Sci
360, Beh Sci 362, Beh Sci 364, Beh Sci 366, Beh Sci 368,
Geo 250, Geo 370, Geo 412, Geo 470, Geo 471, Geo 475,
Geo 480, Hum 430, Hum 461, Hum 463, MSS 353, MSS
369, MSS 421, MSS 422, MSS 423, MSS 444 MSS 490,
MSS 491, MSS 493, MSS 494, Soc Sci 420, Soc Sci 444,
Soc Sci 467, Soc Sci 495S
14. DF Option Any course (≥ 3.0 sem hrs) taught under the supervision
of the Dean of Faculty
1. Pol Sci 211, Soc Sci 212, and Pol Sci 302 support the National Security of the American
Republic in a Complex Global Environment outcome.
2. Pol Sci 300, Pol Sci 301, and Pol Sci 394 support the Critical Thinking outcome.
249
Political Science Major

4o
o o
hrs per 3 hrs per 2 hrs per 1o hrs per
For Lang 1 3 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Pol Sci 394 3 1 Pol Sci Option 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Pol Sci 301 3 1 Pol Sci Option 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Pol Sci Basket 1 3 1 Pol Sci 491 3 1
Math 141 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Philos 310 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 History 300 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 1 2 ECE 315 3 1 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15.5 8 19 10 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 7
19 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Adv STEM Option 3 1 Pol Sci 302 3 1 Pol Sci Option 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 English 211 3 1 Pol Sci 300 3 1 Pol Sci Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 Math 300 3 1 Pol Sci Basket 2 3 1 Pol Sci Option 3 1
Math 142 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Pol Sci Basket 3 3 1 DF Option 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Soc Sci 212 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Adv Open Option 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 7 16.25 7
20.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 140.0 "
250
RELIGION STUDIES MINOR
THE RELIGION STUDIES MINOR AT A GLANCE: Students minoring in Religion Studies

will consider questions ranging from the abstract (How might we define "religion?”) to the
concrete (What distinguishes Sunni from Shia Islam?). The study of religions is important to
develop understanding of cultural and ethical issues within the United States and around the world.
As human interaction becomes more global and as our US military finds itself serving in foreign
countries with peoples of varied religious beliefs, cadets need to understand religion as a critical
aspect of international, multi-cultural operating environments. Studying religion will also help
cadets gain a better understanding of their own beliefs and worldviews, allowing them to engage
more knowledgeably and respectfully with others.
Cadets will earn the minor by completing five courses (15 semester hours):
4. Three required courses (nine semester hours) that provide a basic understanding of the
concept of religion and of faith traditions around the world:
Philos 401 Comparative World Religions (or another course approved by

Humanities and Social Science Division Chairs)
Philos 402 Philosophy of Religion (or another course approved by Humanities
and Social Science Division Chairs)
Hum/Soc Sci 495 Religion Studies Capstone Project (to be completed last)
5. Two elective courses (six semester hours) that broaden students' understanding of religion
in the context of their academic majors. Courses offered in the current curriculum will
count if the owning department head, Humanities Division Chair, and Social Sciences
Division Chair concur that they offer substantial insight into the nature and practice of
religion:
Behavioral Science: sociology, personality, social psychology, biopsychology--

depending on section and syllabus
English: literature courses, depending on the syllabus in a given semester
History: any course might count depending on the syllabus that semester:
History 220 Let Freedom Ring?: American History since Reconstruction
History 230 Bastille to Brexit: Introduction to Modern European History
History 240 Steppes, Stalin, and Sputnik: Introduction to Russia and Eurasia
History 250 Introduction to the History of the Middle East and North Africa
History 260 Historia Pasada y Presente: Introduction to Modern Latin
American History
History 280 Africa South of the Sahara
History 290 Global Contact and Local Responses in South and Southeast Asia
251
History 360 Topics in Regional History: Eastern/Western Europe; Russia;
Latin America
History 361 Topics in Regional History: Eastern, Central, or Western Asia;
Africa
History 368 Big Ideas: Intellectual Trends in World History
Hum 461 Russian Literature
Hum 463 Far Eastern Literature
Mgt 440 Managerial Lessons in Literature
Philos 382 American Philosophy
Philos 392 Medieval Philosophy
252
ROBOTICS MINOR
THE ROBOTICS MINOR AT A GLANCE: The newest US Air Force mission statement is
"To fly, fight, and win…airpower anytime, anywhere," and official USAF doctrine defines
airpower as: "the ability to project military power through control and exploitation in, from and
through the air.” Recognizing this fact, the robotics minor focuses on how war in the air domain
will be changed through increased use of robotics. Up until now, robotics have primarily served
in roles where repetitive functions could be automated. However, as cost, computing power and
algorithmic development simultaneously enable newer classes of low-cost attritable assets, robotic
systems are taking a prominent role in defense and projection of power. The Robotics Minor is
for those cadets who want to go beyond the basic understanding of technology in the DoD via the
USAFA Core, and will focus explicitly on capability, need and employment of robotic systems.
It provides cadets exposure to tactical, operational, strategic considerations as well as
technological capabilities and limits of robotic systems. It adds to the core curriculum’s foundation
with greater depth in the specific application of robotic systems relevant to any Air Force
operational specialty. This minor is compatible with any academic major.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ROBOTICS MINOR:
The Robotics Minor requires a minimum of 15 semester hours. The student must complete these
five courses (15 semester hours) with a grade of “C” or better. Up to 9 semester hours may
“multiple count” (double, triple, etc., as the case may be) toward this minor and a cadet’s advanced
core options and/or major’s requirements. In the event that more than 9 semester hours satisfy
requirements for this minor and a cadet’s major, second minor, or core classes, additional courses
must be taken from the list of courses below. A cadet must take a minimum of 6 semester hours
solely counted for the Robotics Minor. This is an interdisciplinary minor. No more than 2 courses
for the minor can be from any one department, unless a specific special topic is proposed and
approved via an ECE 499 or Mech Engr 499 (in this case, it is possible that 3 courses could come
from either ECE or Mech Engr).
1-3. Three required foundational courses:

Mech Engr 396 Mechatronics
4-5. Choose two of the following depth options (Reminder, cadets may not choose more than a
total of two courses from the same discipline):
Astro Engr 331 Space Systems Engineering

Mech Engr 320 Dynamics
Comp Sci 472 Autonomous Systems
Econ 367 Industrial Organization
253
Engr 341 Linear Systems Analysis and Design
Engr 342 Linear Control System Analysis and Design
Law 440 Cyber Law
Math 344 or 360 Applied Linear Algebra or Linear Algebra (you may not count both towards
requirements for this minor)
Philos 320 Ethics and Technology
With the approval of the minor AIC and the Department Head of an instructor offering a 499,
cadets may substitute a robotics related 499 course.
254
SOCIAL SCIENCES
THE SOCIAL SCIENCES MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Social Sciences deal with human
behavior in its social and cultural aspects. At the Air Force Academy, the following disciplines
are within the social sciences: Economics, Geospatial Science, Management, Law, Political
Science, Behavioral Science, and Military & Strategic Studies.
The major in Social Sciences is designed for the cadet whose interests and abilities lie in a broader
program of study than a single disciplinary major would provide. The Social Sciences major
requires completion of at least one course, as indicated below, taught in five of the seven
disciplines included in the Social Sciences division. More concentrated study in one discipline is
possible through the use of the Social Science Divisional Options (any course(s) from the social
science disciplines).
Flexibility in course selection is one advantage of this major. A specialized graduate degree in a
particular discipline would be an option after graduation. The Social Sciences Major must be
recommended by the Academic Advisor, endorsed by the Department Head, and approved by the
Division Chair. Alternatively, the Social Sciences Major may be directed by the Academic Review
Committee and coordinated with the Division Chair.

Statistics Choose 1
1. Social Sciences Breadth Elective #1

6. Social Sciences Depth Elective #1
255
11. Social Sciences or Humanities Division Option
12. Academy Option
1. Econ 423 (Managerial Economics) may satisfy a Mgt or Econ requirement.
2. Soc Sci 420 (Law and Economics), taught by DFEG and DFLA, may satisfy a Law or Econ
requirement.
3. Soc Sci 483 (Principles of Negotiation), taught by DFLA and DFMI, may satisfy a Beh
Sci, Law, or Mgt requirement. Also may satisfy Adv Sociocultural Option.
4. Pol Sci 423 (Genocide and Mass Atrocity), taught by DFPS, may satisfy a Pol Sci or Law
requirement.
5. Any ForArStu course may satisfy one Social Sciences depth elective.
6. Breadth Electives: Select five courses not used to fill a core requirement, each from a
different discipline offered by the Social Sciences division (Behavioral Sciences,
Economics, Geosciences, Legal Studies, Management, Military & Strategic Studies, and
Political Science).
7. Depth Electives: Select any five courses from any department within the Social Sciences
division in any combination or concentration.
8. Social Sciences or Humanities Divisions Option: Any three semester hour graded course
taught within either the Social Sciences Division or the Humanities Division.
9. Academy Option: Any course taught for credit under the supervision of the Dean of the
Faculty, Commandant of Cadets, the Director of Athletics, or the 306 FTG. Courses must
carry at least three semester hours of credit. Academy Options may include EAP 109,
Armnshp 461, Armnshp 491, or any non-core course worth at least 3.0 semester hours.
256
Social Sciences Major

For Lang 1 3 2 Econ 201 3.5 2 Social Sciences Option 3 1 Social Sciences Option 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 Social Sciences Option 3 1 Soc Sci/Hum Div Option 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 English 211 3 1 Academy Option 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
15.5 8 Phy Ed 1 2 15.5 7
19 8
For Lang 2 3 2 Social Sciences Option 3 1 Social Sciences Option 3 1 Social Sciences Option 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Social Sciences Option 3 1 Social Sciences Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Social Sciences Option 3 1 Social Sciences Option 3 1
18.25 10 17.25 8 16.25 7 16.25 7

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 134.0 "
CJ
257
SPACE WARFIGHTING MINOR
SPACE WARFIGHTING MINOR AT A GLANCE: This minor is designed to broaden

understanding of the space warfighting domain through both discipline-specific knowledge and a
greater socio-cultural understanding of the principal spacefaring nations. This minor supplements
the attainment of a Bachelor of Science Degree by providing greater space domain awareness.
Four separate tracks enhance understanding within any major about the role of the space domain
in modern warfare through the perspectives of the primary careers contributing to the U.S. Space
Force missions. The Operator track provides an educational background for anyone interested in
the execution of space domain effects within the space operations field. The Intel track prepares
cadets interested in how space based intelligence enhances the execution of modern warfare, and
provides a diverse educational background on the major international actors in this domain. The
Digital track provides in-depth education on the cyber domain through which most space effects
are delivered. Finally, the Acquisition track provides a greater understanding of the design,
development and the unique nature of acquiring space warfighting effects. The Space Warfighting
Minor provides an educational background designed to enhance the greater understanding of the
role of the space domain within any field of study.
The Space Warfighting Minor requires a minimum of 15 semester hours. The course requirements
for the minor are designed to provide both a technical understanding of the space domain and a
socio-cultural understanding of this future battlespace. Each track listed below specifies the
required core options, required classes, and a list of additional classes from which a cadet may
choose.
258
SPACE WARFIGHTING OPERATOR TRACK

P / C / B Option 2 Choose 1*
Statistics Choose 1
Space and Cyber Strategy for National
Adv Sociocultural Option MSS 444
Sicherheit
*For P / C / B Option 2, Chem 200 is preferred.
B. Required courses:
Astro Engr 321 Intermediate Astrodynamics

Astro Engr 431 Space Mission Payload Design
Law 419 Space Law
Pol Sci 465 US National Space Policy
C. Choose at least one of the following:

Astro Engr 332 Satellite Communications
Astro Engr 423 Space Mission Design
History 240 Steppes, Stalin, and Sputnik: Introduction to Russia and
Eurasia
History 332 Conquest of the New Frontier: A History of Space Power
Physics 291 Introduction to Optics and Lasers
Pol Sci 469 Politics of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia
Pol Sci 473 Politics of Asia
259
SPACE WARFIGHTING INTEL TRACK

Statistics Choose 1
Sicherheit

C. Choose at least two of the following. Must take at least one Russia or China focused class.

Eurasia
Pol Sci 462 Politics and Intelligence
260
SPACE WARFIGHTING DIGITAL TRACK

Statistics Choose 1
Sicherheit
Law 440 or Law 419 Cyber Law or Space Law
Pol Sci 466 or Pol Sci 465 Cyber Security Policy and Politics or US National Space
Policy

Comp Sci 364 Databases and Applications
Comp Sci 467 Computer Networks
Cyber Sci 333 Cyber Warfare
Cyber Sci 334 Cyber Defense
ECE 382 Embedded Computer Systems I
D. Choose at least one of the following:

Eurasia
History 322 Conquest of the New Frontier: History of Space Power
261
SPACE WARFIGHTING ACQUISITION TRACK

P / C / B Option 2 Choose 1*
Statistics Choose 1
Sicherheit
*For P / C / B Option 2, Chem 200 is preferred.
Sys Engr 310/Mgt 477 Introduction to Systems Engineering/Operations and
Project Management

ECE 343 Electromagnetics
ECE 446 Applied Communication Systems
Eurasia
Law 419 Space Law
262
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
THE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MAJOR AT A GLANCE: Systems Engineering crosses

many disciplinary boundaries to create a holistic, integrative approach to enable the successful
realization of complex engineered systems used by our U.S. Air Force in defense of our nation.
The Systems Engineer implements systems principles and concepts, as well as scientific,
technological and management methods to:
• Surmount and tame the unwieldy complexity of modern warfighting systems development.
• Reduce the paralyzing uncertainty among engineering design alternatives and acquisitions
decision making.
• Optimize systems designs with consideration of the entire system lifecycle, from concept
development, to test and evaluation, to production and operations, to phase out, to
maximize value to a diverse set of stakeholders.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERS IN THE AIR FORCE:
• Create innovative solutions to defense problems

• Help to design critical new technical systems
• Establish new defense system requirements
• Work closely with industry engineering partners
• Conduct technical tests and evaluations
• Analyze experimental data and test results
• And much, much more!
Cadets in the Systems Engineering major specialize in an engineering depth area of their choosing,
or a blended depth approach, selected among courses from Aeronautical Engineering,
Astronautical Engineering, Behavioral Sciences (Human Factors Engineering), Computer Science,
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and other approved disciplines.
Depth tracks provide deeper knowledge and skills in a domain relevant to Systems Engineers.
Systems Engineering cadets apply their disciplined engineering approach by teaming up with
engineering cadets from other disciplines in a senior Capstone Design project, often working on
real-world Air Force challenges and innovating new system solutions. The Systems Engineering
major is an excellent choice for those who seek to become rated operators with a comprehensive
understanding of our integrated and complex modern warfighting systems.
Systems Engineering graduates are prepared to attain the following Program Educational
Objectives (PEOs) two to five years after graduation:
l) Recognition as successful Air Force officers through demonstration of their ability to:
263
2) Selection for career training on, or ahead of, schedule and for a progression of assignments
of increasing responsibility.
To support these goals, the Systems Engineering program's curriculum is designed such that, by
completion of the program, graduates shall demonstrate that they have attained the following
Student Outcomes (SOs):
and make informed judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions in
objectives;
strategies.
The Systems Engineering major contributes to the development of the USAFA Institutional
Critical Thinking Outcome. USAFA’s Systems Engineering major is accredited by the
Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET.

Probability and Statistics for Engineers Math 300/356/377
Statistics
and Scientists or Beh Sci 332
Adv Open Option Systems Analysis Ops Rsch 310
*For P / C / B Options, Physics 215 and Biology 215 are preferred, but other course
combinations are possible with approval of the SE Program Director.
264
1. Sys Engr 310 Introduction to Systems Engineering

2. Sys Engr Math Option (See Supplemental Information 1)
3. Comp Sci 211 Introduction to Programming for Scientists and Engineers
4. Sys Engr 301 Project Engineering
5. Ops Rsch 312 Probabilistic Models
6. Sys Engr 320 Optimization Theory with Design Applications
7. Beh Sci 373 Human Factors Engineering
8. Sys Engr 311 Intermediate Systems Engineering Methods
9. Sys Engr 336 Engineering Economics and Financial Management
10. Depth Option Course 1 (See Supplemental Information 2)
14. Sys Engr 491 Systems Engineering Capstone Design I
15. Sys Engr 492 Systems Engineering Capstone Design II
Sys Engr 405 Systems Engineering Colloquium I
Sys Engr 406 Systems Engineering Colloquium II
* In addition, Sys Engr 402, Professional Systems Engineering Development (Associate
Systems Engineering Professional exam), and/or Engr 402, Professional Engineering
Development (NCEES Fundamentals of Engineering in Industrial and Systems exam
prep), is a recommended course for all Systems Engineering cadets to take concurrently
with Sys Engr 406.
1. Sys Engr Math Option (depth area and prereq driven). Based on the depth area chosen, cadets
will choose one of the following math courses:
Math 245 Differential Equations (Electronics [ECE] depth majors
should take the ECE 245/ECE 332 sequence to meet this
requirement. Note that ECE 245 does NOT fulfill a depth
option requirement but ECE 332 does.)
2. Depth option areas (cadet choice). The available course list for each depth option is managed
and vetted by the respective host departments. Cadets will take a set of four courses from any one
named depth area or a coherent set of four courses from the below options with approval of the
Systems Engineering Program Director. Examples of alternative depth area sequences include
265
multi-discipline domains such as Energy, Weapons, Sustainable Engineering, and Transportation.
The four courses shall include a minimum of 8 engineering semester credits, as defined by the
Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET. A superscript "M" denotes a course that is
mandatory for any cadet taking courses in the respective named depth option area:
Aeronautical:
Mech Engr 320 Dynamics
Aero Engr 241 Aero-ThermodynamicsM
Aero Engr 341 Aeronautical Fluid Dynamics
Aero Engr 342 Computational Aerodynamics
Aero Engr 351 Aircraft Performance and Static Stability
Aero Engr 352 Aircraft Dynamic Stability and Control
Aero Engr 361 Propulsion I
Aero Engr 456 Flight Test Techniques
Astronautical:
Mech Engr 320 DynamicsM
Astro Engr 321 Intermediate Astrodynamics
Astro Engr 351 Rocket Propulsion
Astro Engr 422 Advanced Astrodynamics
Computer Science:
Comp Sci 210 Programming Fundamentals
Comp Sci 330 Software Design and Development
Comp Sci 350 Software Engineering
Comp Sci 351 Computer Organization and Architecture
Electrical:
ECE 281 Digital Design and Computer ArchitectureM
ECE 332 Differential Equations with Circuit Applications IIM
ECE 311 Electric Power (Power Track)
ECE 321 Electronics I (Electronics Track)
ECE 322 Electronics II (Electronics Track)
ECE 333 Signals and Systems (Digital Track)
ECE 346 Engineering Mathematics with ECE Applications
ECE 382 Embedded Computer Systems I (Computer Engineering
Track or Robotics Track)
266
ECE 383 Embedded Computer Systems II (Computer Engineering
Track)
ECE 387 Introduction to Robotic Systems (Robotics Track)
ECE 423 Power Electronics (Power Track)
ECE 434 Digital Signal Processing (Digital Track)
ECE 485 Advanced Computer Architecture (Computer Engineering
Track)
Recommended in addition to the four-course depth sequence:
ECE 210 (1 sem hr) Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering
Environmental Engineering:
Required Depth Courses:
Civ Engr 361 Fundamental HydraulicsM, 1

Civ Engr 362 Introduction to Environmental EngineeringM
Elective Depth Options:
Select at least one course from the following:
Civ Engr 351 Civil Engineering Practices - Field Engineering

Civ Engr 356 Sustainable Engineering
Civ Engr 363 Humanitarian Engineering
Select at least one course from the following:
Civ Engr 461 Hydraulic Design

Civ Engr 462 Site Assessment & Remediation2
Civ Engr 463 Wastewater Treatment Plant Design
Additionally, Math 245 (Differential Equations) is recommended.
Students enrolled in Sys Engr 491/492 who wish to pursue an environmental engineering
design focus will be embedded in the capstone sequence: Civ Engr 451/452.
Notes:
1
Civ Engr 351 is a prerequisite for Civ Engr 361. Systems Engineers will have this
prerequisite waived.
2
Civ Engr 390 is a prerequisite for Civ Engr 462. Systems Engineers will have this
prerequisite waived.
Human Factors:
Beh Sci 375 Aviation Psychology and Human Factors
Sys Engr 470 Human Systems Integration
267
Beh Sci 471 Engineering Psychology
Beh Sci 473 Human Factors Engineering in Systems Design
Mechanical:
Mech Engr 330 Mechanics of Deformable BodiesM
Three (3) additional, 3 semester hour 300- or 400-level Mech Engr courses.
3. Systems Engineering Capstone Design Sequence:

Sys Engr 491 Systems Engineering Capstone Design I
Sys Engr 492 Systems Engineering Capstone Design II
To satisfy the Systems Engineering Capstone Design sequence requirement, cadets will enroll
in Sys Engr 491 and Sys Engr 492 and be assigned to one of the following two-semester
capstone design options based on interest, depth option selection, and capstone needs.
Semester hour credit will be equivalent to that capstone course which the SE cadet supports.
Embedded within Host

SE Capstone Design Focus Semester
Domain Capstone Department
Sys Engr 491A Aircraft & Jet Engines Aero Engr 481 DFAN Fall
Sys Engr 491B Spacecraft Astro Engr 436 DFAS Fall
Sys Engr 491BL Human Systems Sys Engr 491BL DFBL Fall
Sys Engr 491C Software Comp Sci 453 DFCS Fall
Sys Engr 491E Electronic/Computer ECE 463 DFEC Fall
Sys Engr 491H Mechanical Mech Engr 491 DFME Fall
Sys Engr 491M Tech Innovation Mgt 419 DFMA Fall
Sys Engr 491S Various Systems Sys Engr 491S DFSE Fall
Sys Engr 492A Aircraft Aero Engr 482 DFAN Spring

Sys Engr 492A1 Jet Engines Aero Engr 483 DFAN Spring
Sys Engr 492B Spacecraft Astro Engr 437 DFAS Spring
Sys Engr 492BL Human Systems Sys Engr 492BL DFBL Spring
Sys Engr 492C Software Comp Sci 454 DFCS Spring
Sys Engr 492E Electronic/Computer ECE 464 DFEC Spring
Sys Engr 492H Mechanical Mech Engr 492 DFME Spring
Sys Engr 492M Tech Innovation Mgt 420 DFMA Spring
Sys Engr 492S Various Systems Sys Engr 492S DFSE Spring
4. Additional recommended courses. In addition to the curriculum listed above, if a cadet has
additional room in his/her schedule, the following courses are recommended for further
exploration of systems engineering topics.
Remaining P / C / B Option course: Physics 215, Biology 215, or Chem 200
Intermediate Math courses appropriate to the chosen depth area
Civ Engr 365 Sustainability and Green Engineering
268
Engr 341 Linear Systems Analysis and Design
Engr 402 Professional Engineering Development
ECE 210 (1 sem hr) Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering
Mech Engr 305 (1 sem hr) Engineering Tools Seminar
Physics 354 Nuclear Weapons Engineering
Sys Engr 402 Professional Systems Engineering Development
Sys Engr 460 UAV-RPA Systems
Systems Engineering Major

Math 141 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Sys Engr 311 3 1 Beh Sci 373 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 English 211 3 1 SE Depth Option 1 3 1 SE Depth Option 2 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Econ 201 3.5 2 Math 356 3 1 SE Depth Option 3 3 1
Fall English 111 3 1 Mech Engr 220 3 1 ECE 315 3 1 Sys Engr 491 3 2
For Lang 1 3 2 Physics 215 4 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1 Sys Engr 405 0 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Math 243 3 1 Biology 215 4 2 Aero Engr 315 3 1
20.5 10 20 9 15.5 9
Math 142 3 1 Sys Engr 310 3 1 Sys Engr 320 3 1 Depth Option 4 3 1
Physics 110 4 2 Comp Sci 211 4 2 Sys Engr 336 3 1 Sys Engr 492 3 2
History 100 3 1 SE Math Option 3 1 Sys Engr 301 3 1 Sys Engr 406 0 1
Chem 100 4 2 MSS 251 4.5 2 Ops Rsch 312 3 1 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Spring
For Lang 2 3 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 History 300 3 1 Adv SocioCultural Opti 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Ops Rsch 310 3 1 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Philos 310 3 1
18.25 10 Phy Ed 0.5 2 16.25 7 Phy Ed 0.5 2
21.75 10 16.25 9

Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 144.0 "
269
SECTION 2-9
THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE PROGRAM
THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE PROGRAM AT A GLANCE: The Bachelor of Science

Program (BSP) provides a broad educational foundation for graduation and subsequent service as
a professional AF officer, without specialization in a particular academic discipline. The BSP
provides for maximum flexibility in selecting advanced courses for depth and/or breadth beyond
core requirements. Successful completion of this program results in a Bachelor of Science degree.
The Bachelor of Science Program is not a major. The BSP can only be declared through DFVR
or ARC Chair recommendation, with DFV approval, no earlier than a cadet’s third semester. The
Office of Student Academic Affairs administers the BSP.

Statistics Choose 1
C. 3 Semester hours of Academy Option.
D. 27 Semester Hours of additional coursework
1. – 8. Academic Division Option

9. Academic Division/Open Option
270
Bachelor of Science Program

For Lang 1 3 2 Academic Div Option 3 1 Academic Div Option 3 1 Academic Div Option 3 1
Beh Sci 110 3 1 Physics 110 4 2 Academic Div Option 3 1 Academic Div Option 3 1
Fall History 100 3 1 English 211 3 1 Philos 310 3 1 Adv STEM Opt 3 1
Math 141 3 1 MSS 251 4.5 2 ECE 315 3 1 Adv Sociocultural Opt 3 1
Comp Sci 110 3 1 Phy Ed 1 2 P / C / B Option 4 2 Soc Sci 311 3 1
Phy Ed 0.5 2 15.5 8 Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2
15 6 16.5 8 15.5 7
For Lang 2 3 2 Academic Div Option 3 1 Academic Div Option 3 1 Academic Div Option 3 1
Chem 100 4 2 Pol Sci 211 3 1 Aero Engr 315 3 1 Acad Div/Open Option 3 1
Spring English 111 3 1 Law 220 3 1 Math 300 3 1 Academy Option 3 1
Math 142 3 1 History 300 3 1 P / C / B Option 4 2 Astro Engr 310 3 1
Econ 201 3.5 2 Mech Engr 220 3 1 Leadership 300 0.75 0 Adv Open Option 3 1
Leadership 100 0.75 0 Leadership 200 0.75 0 Phy Ed 1 2 Leadership 400 0.75 0
Phy Ed 0.5 2 Phy Ed 0.5 2 14.75 7 Phy Ed 0.5 2
17.75 10 16.25 7 15.5 7

Bach Sci (9) Major = 27.0 "
Academy Option (1) Academy Option = 3.0 "
Phy Ed (10) Phy Ed = 5.0 "
Total = 128.0 "
CJ
271
SECTION 2-10
COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
Descriptions of courses offered are listed here by subject in alphabetical order. Course numbers
have a general meaning. The first digit of a course number normally indicates the class year for
which the course is designed: 100 series for the fourth-class year, 200 series for the third-class
year, 300 series for the second-class year, and 400 series for the first-class year.
Following the title of each course is a code, such as 3(2). The number before the parentheses is
the semester-hour value, used to determine a cadet's semester course load and minimum graduation
requirements. A "0" before the parentheses means the course has no semester-hour value. The
number within the parentheses is a code indicating the contact hours and scheduling pattern for
the course as follows:
CONTACT HOURS AND SCHEDULING PATTERN CODES
CONTACT
HOURS SCHEDULING PATTERN
0 Course not scheduled by DFRR; cadet, instructors, and department make

individual arrangements
1 One 53-minute period per lesson (every other day)
1x One 53-minute period per lesson (every other day) for part of a semester
2' Two 53-minute periods per lesson (one every day)
2x Two 53-minute periods per lesson (one every day) for part of a semester
2" One 113-minute period each odd lesson, each even lesson, or once per week
2xx One 113-minute period per lesson (every other day) for part of a semester
3x One 173-minute period per lesson (one every day) for part of a semester
A "*" designation on the right side of the parentheses means an honors version of the course is
offered. Not all honors versions are offered both fall and spring semesters. Final examination or
final report requirements, course prerequisites, semester hours and offering times are shown at the
end of each course description. A number of academic courses are offered in both the fall and
272
spring semesters.
NOTE: 3.0 semester hour double-period academic core courses may utilize the second hour of a
lesson a maximum of 10 times per semester. Exemptions may be granted only by the Curriculum
Committee. DFFL has a temporary exemption for core foreign language courses.
AERONAUTICS (Aero Engr)

Offered by the Department of Aeronautics (DFAN)
Aero Engr 206. Fundamental Tools for Engineering. 1(1x). Introduces programming, modeling,
and simulation in MATLAB, introduces CAD using Fusion 360, SolidWorks, or a similar 3-D
modeling software package, and provides practical CAM skills for 3-D printing of physical
prototypes and wind tunnel models. Additional practical tools for engineering research, e.g. Lab
VIEW, may be introduced. Pass/Fail. Final project. Coreq: Aero Engr 210S or equivalent. Sem
hrs: 1 fall or spring.
Aero Engr 210S. Fundamentals of Aeronautics for Academy Scholars and Aeronautical
Engineering majors. 3(1). Introduction to aircraft design, fluid mechanics, airfoil and wing
aerodynamics, steady and accelerated aircraft performance, and stability and control.
Interdisciplinary design synthesis, analysis, and decision-making (including economic, political,
and other non-technical considerations) of an aircraft to meet a contemporary requirement. This
course is intended for cadets who have declared or are considering declaring the major in Aero
Engr and also serves as a core substitute for Aero Engr 315 for cadets enrolled in the Academy
Scholars Program. This course also fulfills one of the requirements for the Academy Scholars
Program. Final exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the Application of
Engineering Problem-Solving Methods outcome.
Aero Engr 241. Aero-Thermodynamics. 3(1). Fundamentals of the 1st and 2nd laws of
thermodynamics applied to systems and control volumes. Control volume approaches to the
equations of motion of a fluid. Applications of gas dynamics to incompressible and compressible
flows through nozzles, diffusers, and turbomachinery. Isentropic flows to include Prandtl-Meyer
expansions, non-isentropic flows to include normal and oblique shocks, and flows with simple
friction and heat transfer. Foundations in engineering problem solving. Final exam. Prereq:
Physics 110. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Aero Engr 315. Fundamentals of Aeronautics. 3(1). Introduction to aircraft design, fluid
mechanics, airfoil and wing aerodynamics, steady and accelerated aircraft performance, and
stability and control. Interdisciplinary design synthesis, analysis, and decision-making (including
economic, political, and other non-technical considerations) of an aircraft to meet a contemporary
requirement. Final exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 110. Coreq: Mech Engr 220. Sem hrs: 3 fall or
spring.
273
Aero Engr 316. Fundamentals of Aeronautics – French language section. 3(1). Section taught in
French; available for students qualified for Aero Engr 315 and having successfully completed or
validated French 321. DFFL strongly encourages cadets to enroll in this course prior to
participating in the French semester exchange program. Final exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 110 and
Mech Engr 220. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Aero Engr 341. Aeronautical Fluid Dynamics. 3(1). Fluid properties, the basic equations of
motion: the continuity equation, conservation of linear momentum, and conservation of energy
(both the differential and the integral forms). Use of the integral momentum equation to
experimentally determine the drag acting on a cylinder in a low-speed stream; computation of
unsteady Poiseuille flow. Potential Flow Theory. Introduction to viscous flow. Final exam.
Prereq: Aero Engr 210S or Aero Engr 315; Aero Engr 241. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Aero Engr 342. Computational Aerodynamics. 3(2). This course covers the theory and
application of modern computational tools used to predict fluid flows around basic and complex
geometries. The course is intended to give the student the necessary knowledge to choose the
relevant computational tool and perform independent computational analysis of moderately
complex geometries. The course will cover grid generation, computational fluid dynamic (CFD)
solvers, and post-processing using state-of-the-art tools, as well as computational potential
methods such as panel codes or vortex lattice codes. The course is project-oriented and explores
the important concepts of temporal and spatial resolution, stability and convergence, and flow-
field analysis. Final project or final exam. Prereq: Aero Engr 341. Coreq: Math 346. Sem hrs:
3 spring.
Aero Engr 351. Aircraft Performance and Static Stability. 3(1). Aircraft force, moment and
response definition in various coordinate systems. Takeoff and landing, cruise, climbs, turns and
other accelerated performance by both analytic and numerical methods. Static stability and control
and related aircraft design considerations. Design project. Final exam. Prereq: Math 243 and
either Aero Engr 210 or Aero Engr 315. Coreq: Physics 110. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Aero Engr 352. Aircraft Dynamic Stability and Control. 3(1). Aircraft equations of motion.
Examination of aircraft dynamic modes based on both limited and full degree of freedom models
utilizing analytical and numerical methods. Aircraft design considerations. Determination and
evaluation of aircraft flying qualities against military specifications. Application of control system
theory to the design of aircraft stability augmentation systems and autopilots. Control system
design project. Final exam. Prereq: Aero Engr 351 and Math 245. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Aero Engr 361. Propulsion I. 3(1). Introduction to Brayton and jet engine cycles. Application
of aero-thermodynamics to aircraft jet engines and major engine components. Overview of the
design, performance, and applications of turboprops/shafts, turbofans, turbojets, ramjets,
scramjets, and rockets. Focus on preliminary cycle analysis of aircraft gas turbine engines to
include mission analysis, parametric cycle analysis, and engine performance analysis. Lab. Design
project. Final exam. Prereq: Aero Engr 241 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
274
Aero Engr 436. Aircraft Structures, Dynamics and Aeroelasticity. 3(1). Design of aircraft
structure and structural components to meet in flight dynamic, and aerodynamic loads. Design of
components to meet fatigue life requirements including material selection. Forced and unforced
vibration of aircraft components and aeroelastic phenomena of an aircraft in flight. Dynamic
pressure, Mach and angle of attack effects on the bending and twisting of aircraft components.
Aeroelastic equations and coefficients related to flight characteristics such as flutter and
divergence. Final design project and/or final exam. Prereq: Aero Engr 210S or Aero Engr 315
and Mech Engr 330. Coreq: Mech Engr 350. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Aero Engr 442. Advanced Aerodynamics. 3(1). Analytical and numerical solution techniques
applied to incompressible, compressible, transonic, and supersonic flight regimes over airfoils,
wings, and bodies. Introduction to hypersonic aerodynamics. Techniques include those
historically used in incompressible flow up to and including state-of-the-art supersonic solutions
using high speed computers. Final exam. Prereq: Aero Engr 342. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Aero Engr 446. Introduction to Hypersonics. 3(1). Analysis of heat transfer and high temperature
effects on hypersonic vehicles. Application to reentry and transatmospheric vehicles. Final exam
or final project. Prereq: Aero Engr 241 or Mech Engr 341. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Aero Engr 447. Advanced Applied Aerodynamics. 3(1). Advanced topics in steady and unsteady
aerodynamics in all speed ranges are considered for study by analytical, experimental and
computational methods. Final exam or final project. Coreq: Aero Engr 442. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Aero Engr 456. Flight Test Techniques. 3(2). Fundamental flight test methods for defining
performance and flying qualities characteristics of fixed wing aircraft. Patterned after the Flight
Test Engineer’s Course at the USAF Test Pilot School. Students fly in designated aircraft to obtain
flight test data. Final project or final exam. Prereq: Aero Engr 351 and department approval.
Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Aero Engr 456L. Flight Test Techniques Laboratory. 1(2). Application of fundamental flight test
methods for defining the performance and flying qualities characteristics of high performance
fixed wing aircraft. This laboratory experience serves as a final project for Aero Engr 456.
Students receive credit for this course by participating in a field trip to Edwards AFB, flight test
sortie in a high performance aircraft, creation of a written report, and presentation of a final
briefing. This course will be scheduled during the same class period as Aero Engr 456. Coreq:
Aero Engr 456 and department approval. Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
Aero Engr 457. Aircraft Feedback Control Systems. 3(1). Design and analysis of aircraft stability
augmentation and automatic flight control systems by classical root locus and frequency domain
techniques. Introduction to digital system analysis. Analytical and numerical methods
complemented with aircraft simulation. Final exam. Prereq: Aero Engr 352. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Aero Engr 466. Propulsion II. 3(1). Analysis of advanced aircraft engines. Preliminary
aerodynamic and structural design of major engine components including inlets, compressors,
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combustors, turbines, mixers, afterburners, and nozzles. Final exam. Prereq: Aero Engr 361.
Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Aero Engr 471. Aeronautics Laboratory. 3(2). Introduction to experimental methods and
techniques. Introduction to instrumentation and data acquisition systems. Statistical analysis of
data. Selected experiments in the fields of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, propulsion, and flight
mechanics. Labs. Final report. Prereq: Aero Engr 341 and ECE 315. Coreq: Math 356. Sem
Aero Engr 472. Advanced Computational Aerodynamics. 3(1). Advanced theory and application
of computational tools used to predict and analyze fluid flows of interest supporting USAF
research, development, test, and evaluation programs. Working in teams, students will gain the
necessary knowledge and background to make contributions using the DoD’s High Performance
Computing (HPC) Modernization Program resources. Projects will include investigation of
unsteady flows, boundary layers, turbulence models, shocks, and multi-physics simulations. Final
report. Prereq: Aero Engr 342. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Aero Engr 481. Introduction to Aircraft and Propulsion System Design. 3(2). Fundamentals of
aircraft and propulsion system design taught using a systems engineering approach. Aerodynamic
design and drag prediction. Parameter effects on constraint analyses and preliminary weight
estimation. Configuration optimization. Conceptual layout and preliminary analysis of aircraft
structures. Factor and margin of safety. Material selection including strength, stiffness, weight,
and cost considerations. Introduction to propulsion system design and selection criteria. Safety,
reliability, maintainability, schedule and cost management concerns are addressed during the
course. Final report. Prereq: Aero Engr 341 and Aero Engr 351. Coreq: Mech Engr 330 and
Aero Engr 361. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Aero Engr 482. Aircraft Design. 3(2). Design of an aircraft using a systems engineering approach
to meet specifications provided. Detailed configuration optimization, aerodynamic analysis,
structural layout, material selection, and structural component sizing, weight and center of gravity
analysis, and stability and control analysis. Safety, reliability, maintainability, schedule, and cost
management concerns are addressed. Final report. Prereq: Aero Engr 352, Aero Engr 481, and
Aero Engr 342 (or department approval). Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Aero Engr 483. Aircraft Engine Design. 3(2). Preliminary design of an aircraft engine to meet
specified performance requirements. Cycle selection, installation effects, and engine sizing.
Determination of installed and uninstalled performance of selected and sized engine. Preliminary
design of major engine components to include variable geometry inlets, fans, compressor, main
burner, turbine, afterburner, and exhaust nozzles. Material selection for each component is
accomplished based on criteria such as the stress and temperature environments,
manufacturability, radar absorption capability, weight, and cost. Safety, reliability and
maintainability concerns during the design process are addressed throughout the course. This
course will include, if possible, a voluntary field trip to a government/industry design facility.
Final report. Prereq: Aero Engr 466 and Aero Engr 481. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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Aero Engr 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1-2). Selected topics in aeronautical engineering. Final exam
or final report. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs: 1-3 fall or spring.
Aero Engr 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study and research supervised by a faculty
member. Topic established with the department head. Final report. Prereq: Department approval.
• Aero Engr 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Aero Engr 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Aero Engr 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
AIRMANSHIP (Armnshp)
Offered by the 306 Flying Training Group (306 FTG)
Armnshp 201. Powered Flight Fundamentals. 0(4x). Elective. Armnshp 201 is a 4-sortie, live-
flight orientation (non-solo) course. Course is 10 lessons in duration, offered three times each
day on M and T-Day mornings and afternoons during A-G academic year block(s) and during all
summer periods. To the max extent possible, contact time will be four consecutive academic
periods 4-7. At a minimum, contact time will be three consecutive academic periods (ex: 5th thru
7th). Course is offered primarily to 3°s & 2°s. Enrollment is orchestrated by the HQ USAFA/A3
Airmanship Registrar - in coordination with the 306 FTG Registrar, DFVR and CWT summer
scheduling - and is based primarily on interest indicated by each cadet via a 4° fall semester
Operational Career Interest survey and/or inputs provided by cadets during Aviation 100 or
Armnshp 251 end-of-course surveys. Delayed enrollment requests may be submitted by the cadet
- after coordination with their academic advisor - direct to the HQ USAFA/A3 Airmanship
Registrar. Cadets interested in being considered for a rated assignment will take at least one of
Aviation 100, Armnshp 201, or Armnshp 251. Prereq: None; however, Aviation 100 is highly
desired. Sem hrs: 0 fall, spring or summer.
Armnshp 251. Basic Soaring. 0(3x). A 20-lesson course (Academic Year)/three week course
(Summer) designed to be able to take a cadet with no aviation experience to safely piloting an Air
Force aircraft solo in 14 flights. Cadets will receive 13 sorties with an Instructor Pilot as well as
additional training through virtual-reality Enhanced Training Devices. The 14th sortie is intended
to be a solo flight. Cadets who successfully complete the program will be awarded Basic Aviation
Wings while cadets who solo in the TG-16A will be awarded Cadet Solo Wings. Course is offered
primarily to 4º & 3°s. Enrollment is orchestrated by the HQ USAFA/A3O Operations Career Field
Manager, in coordination with the 306 FTG Registrar, DFVR and CWT summer scheduling, and
is based primarily on interest indicated by each cadet via the 4° fall semester Operational Career
Interest survey, CWT summer preference worksheet, inputs provided by cadets during AV-100
end-of-course survey, and direct contact with the HQ USAFA/A3O Operations Career Field
Manager. Delayed enrollment requests may be submitted by the cadet direct to the HQ USAFA/A3
Operations Career Field Manager. This program fulfils the rated assignment requirement. See
para 2-5.17 for further details. This program is a prerequisite to AM-461, Soaring Instructor Pilot
Upgrade. Prereq: Medical clearance (AF Form 2992 – contact Flight Medicine to determine the
status of medical clearance), AFNet.mil access, and other documentation as requested by the 306
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FTG Registrar upon course enrollment. For summer enrollment, flight physical is normally
completed during transition days after spring semester ends and before summer starts, request for
access to the .mil network should be submitted on AF Form 4394/2875 via USAFA/A6 prior to
completion of spring semester. Completion during the summer prior to third-class year fills one
military training requirement. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 fall, spring or summer.
Armnshp 302. Powered Flight Training. 0(4x). Elective. Armnshp 302 is a solo course consisting
of 12 sorties - each ~1.5 hours in duration - and includes a pattern solo if able. Course is 20
lessons in duration, offered on M and T-Day mornings (periods 1-4) during A/B, C/D, E/F & G/H
academic year block(s) and during all summer periods. Cadets enrolled during the academic year
will be available for at least 3 consecutive periods. Enrollment is limited to ~ 150 cadets/year,
orchestrated by the HQ USAFA/A3 Airmanship Registrar - in coordination with the 306 FTG
Registrar and DFVR - and is based primarily on: 1) AFOQT & PCSM scores; 2) Aviation 100,
Armnshp 251 or Armnshp 201 performance; and 3) Inputs provided by cadets during Aviation
100, Armnshp 251 or Armnshp 201 end-of-course surveys. Normal enrollment occurs no earlier
than the start of a cadets' spring, 2° semester, and may occur as late as the spring, 1° semester.
Delayed enrollment requests may be submitted by the cadet - after coordination with their
academic advisor-direct to the HQ USAFA/A3 Airmanship Registrar. Graduates of this course
will be considered for cadet instructor duty. Prereq: Aviation 300, Powered Flight Training
Ground School. Early completion and superior performance in Aviation 100, Armnshp 251 and/or
Armnshp 201 are highly desired and normally contribute to selection. Sem hrs: 0 fall, spring, or
summer.
Armnshp (AX) 302. Solo Flight Program – Exchange. 0(0). Fulfills USAFA’s rated interest
requirements and provides additional exposure and challenge to cadets identified to attain aviation
excellence. Course is offered summer only during each summer period when available.
Appropriately vetted (3-9) rising 3º cadets will participate in this solo flight program with a focus
on not only airmanship excellence but also Service Before Self as mentors to program participants.
Enrollment is orchestrated by the HQ USAFA/A3O Operations Career Field Manager through an
application process based primarily on: 1) GPA and MPA, 2) AV-100 performance; 3) inputs
provided by cadets during AV-100 end-of-course survey, and 4) an interview. Prereq: AV-100,
Intro to Powered Flight Operations (waiverable). Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Airmanship 401. Private Pilot Certificate (PPC) Training - USAFA. 0(3x). fulfills USAFA’s
rated assignment eligibility and AETC’s IFT requirement (if approved). Intended for
appropriately-vetted (8-12) 4° cadets whose overall performance, interest in participating in
additional USAFA Airmanship programs, and desire to attain aviation excellence warrants the
additional challenge of a Private Pilot Certificate. Enrollment is orchestrated by the HQ
USAFA/A3O Operations Career Field Manager and the 557th Flying Training Squadron and is
based on interest indicated by each cadet via the 4° fall semester Operational Career Interest Query,
Aviation 100 end-of-course survey, and the course application process. Post-enrollment, cadets
must be medically qualified via an FAA Class III medical certificate. Ground training includes
completion of an FAA approved ground school course and FAA written exam completed prior to
initiation of flight training. Flight training includes ~25 instructional and solo flights, including
night and navigation sorties, with FAA Licensed and Certified Flight Instructors. No final exam,
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but cadets will take an FAA check ride with an FAA Designated Pilot Examiner. Prereq: Not on
any probation. Sem hrs: 0 fall or spring.
Armnship (AX) 401. Private Pilot Certificate (PPC) Training - Exchange. 0(0). Fulfills USAFA’s
rated assignment eligibility and AETC’s IFT requirement (if approved). Intended for
appropriately-vetted (5-10) 2° cadets whose overall performance and desire to attain aviation
excellence warrants the additional challenge of IFT completion (equivalency) prior to graduation.
Taught at a civilian university and may be accomplished in combination with other academic
degree requirements when provided. Enrollment is orchestrated by the HQ USAFA/A3O
Operations Career Field Manager through an application process based primarily on: 1) AFOQT,
PCSM, and Order of Merit, 2) AV-100, AM-251, and/or AM-201 performance, 3) inputs provided
by cadets during AV-100, AM-251, and/or AM-201 end-of-course surveys, and 4) an interview.
No final exam but cadets will take an FAA check ride with an FAA Designated Pilot Examiner.
Prereq: AM 100 and AM-251 or AM-201 (waiverable) and no probations. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Armnshp 461. Soaring Instructor Pilot Upgrade. 0(3) fall. 3(3) spring. Cadets selected for this
program will undergo a year-long course that mimics Undergraduate Pilot Training and will
challenge them to hone their flying and instruction skills. Cadets will fly 75 sorties and experience
900 hours of training contact time, with a focus on developing capable pilots and leaders
responsible for simultaneously flying an aircraft and instructing a student. This course focuses on
USAFA’s institutional outcomes of critical thinking, clear communication, and warrior ethos.
Upon successful completion of this program, to include an AF Form 8 check ride administered by
a rated Flight Evaluation Officer, cadets will be awarded “G-Wings” (World War II glider wings)
and certification as one of the youngest instructor pilots in the Air Force. Program is administered
during the third-class year, scheduled operations occur from 1200L-1800L Monday-Thursday, and
1200-sunset on Friday. Cadets may require up to 6 Saturdays per semester in support of flying
operations and USAFA/AD events. This program is a prerequisite to Armnshp 472/473/474/475.
Pass/fail. Prereq: Completion of Armnshp 251, medical clearance (AF Form 2992 - contact Flight
Medicine to determine status of medical clearance), scheduling altitude chamber training to be
accomplished NLT class grad date IAW 11-403, and AFNet.mil access. Flight physicals are
normally completed during transition days between semester start and summer end. Request for
access to the .mil network should be submitted on AF Form 4394/2875 via USAFA/A6, prior to
start of fall semester. Sem hrs: 0 fall and 3 spring.
Armnshp 465. Precision Flight Training – USAFA Flying Team. 0(3). Selected cadets participate
in a three-year upgrade training program in aviation skills. Flight training includes precision
landings, cross-country navigation, aircraft preflight, instrument flying, message drop, aircraft
identification, Federal Aviation Regulations, Aeronautical Information Manual, and USAF flying
regulations. Qualified cadets may participate in national and international flying competitions
under the National Intercollegiate Flying Association, INC (NIFA). Selected cadets will serve
as flight and ground instructors within the Armnshp 465 syllabus, and recognized by AETC as a
Flying Team Flight Trainer (FT). Completion of FT upgrade fulfills a military training leadership
requirement. Armnshp 465X indicates Precision Flying Team tryouts. Once selected, cadets
spend one period in their first summer qualifying in the team's aircraft, validated by an AF Form
8 checkride. During the fall and spring semesters, the Flying Team is considered a mission
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essential activity and scheduled for a 4-hour training block on either M or T days. Pass/fail.
Prereq: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Private Pilot Certificate, not on any probation,
minimum entry GPA 2.75 (sem or cum), minimum entry PEA 2.30 (cum), and minimum entry
MPA 2.50 (cum). Exception: Up to 2 cadets per class year may be selected without a private
pilot's license. Sem hrs: 0 summer, fall, or spring.
Armnshp 472. Basic Soaring IP. 0(3xx). In this course, soaring instructors will be responsible
for scheduling and organizing approximately 30 third-class cadets in the Armnshp 251 program.
Instructors will be responsible for safe flight operations and for developing third-class cadets into
leaders of character capable of soloing in only 13 flights. This course focuses on USAFA’s
institutional outcomes of clear communication and critical thinking. Instructors in this course will
be competent in military flight regulations as well as instructing via virtual-reality Enhanced
Training Devices. Pass/fail. Prereq: AFnet.mil network access, completion of Armnshp 461.
Armnshp 473. Soaring Instructor Upgrade IP. 0(3). Soaring Instructors chosen for this program
will schedule, organize, and train 75 of the newest 461 upgrade selectees how to simultaneously
fly and teach in the aircraft. This course focuses on USAFA’s institutional outcomes of critical
thinking, clear communication, and warrior ethos. This is accomplished by the cadets taking
responsibility for the education and development of the students’ aviation and teaching skills. This
course requires semester-long participation. Scheduled operations occur from 1200L-1800L
Monday-Thursday, and 1200-sunset on Friday. Cadets may require up to 12 Saturdays per
semester in support of flying operations and USAFA/AD events. Completion fulfills a military
training leadership credit. Pass/fail. Prereq: AFnet.mil network access, completion of Armnshp
461. Sem hrs: 0 fall or spring.
Armnshp 474. Sailplane Racing / Cross-Country Competition Team. 0(3). Advanced Soaring
course designed to challenge aviation and leadership aptitudes. Candidates are hand-selected from
Armnshp 461 upgrading Instructor Pilots during spring semester of third-class year and typically
upgrade during the following summer period(s) and second-class academic year. Cadet focus is
on leadership, scheduling, advanced soaring operations, TDY planning and execution, TDY duty
positions, outside agency coordination, demonstrations and competition. This course focuses on
USAFA’s institutional outcomes of critical thinking, clear communication, and warrior ethos.
Soaring Instructors chosen for this program will schedule, organize, and train 12 cadet and staff
advanced soaring pilots how to fly hundreds of miles away from home airport, and instruct cross-
country soaring in the aircraft. Program is administered during the third-class year, with scheduled
operations occurring from 1200L-1800L Monday-Thursday, and 1200-sunset on Friday. Cadets
may require up to 12 Saturdays per semester in support of flying operations and USAFA/AD
events (for additional information about SCA’s contact the 94th FTS). Team candidates and
members typically attend a training deployment after the final day of the academic year and prior
to USAFA Graduation day. Qualified cadets may be selected to travel to 3 regional and national
cross-country soaring competitions during summer. All team members will be scheduled for two
summer periods of Armnshp 472 in order to fulfill a military leadership option. At the end of
summer, all second-class cadets will have a period of Armnshp 474 converted to a period of Mil
Tng 201, Ops AF, once completion of syllabus has been confirmed by Ops AF office. Prereq:
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AFnet’.mil’ network access, Armnshp 461, and selected by 94th FTS/CC. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0
summer, fall, or spring.
Armnshp 475. Sailplane Aerobatic Demonstration/Competition Team. 0(3). Advanced Soaring

course designed to challenge aviation and leadership aptitudes. Candidates are hand-selected from
Armnshp 461 upgrading Instructor Pilots during spring semester of third-class year and typically
upgrade during the following summer period(s) and second-class academic year. Cadet focus is
on leadership, scheduling, advanced soaring operations, TDY planning and execution, TDY duty
positions, outside agency coordination, demonstrations and competition. Soaring Instructors
chosen for this program will schedule, organize, and train 12 cadet and staff advanced soaring
pilots how to fly competition and airshow demonstrations at local and multiple TDY locations,
and instruct aerobatics in the aircraft. Course requires semester-long participation during M- or
T-day periods 2-4 and after school until 1800 Monday-Thursday and until sunset on Fridays.
Cadets may require up to 12 Saturdays per semester in support of flying operations and
USAFA/AD events (for additional information about SCA’s contact the 94th FTS). Team
candidates and members typically attend a training deployment during Spring Break. Qualified
cadets may be selected to travel to 3 regional, national and international aerobatic competitions,
and participate in home football game aerial demonstrations and airshows as part of the AETC
Glider Aerobatic Demonstration Team. Second-class team members will be scheduled for one
summer period of Armnshp 475, one period of Armnshp 472, and period of Operations Air Force.
First-class team members will be scheduled for one summer period of Armnshp 475, one period
of Armnshp 472 (in order to fulfill a military leadership option), and one summer period of a
Leadership Cadre Program. Prereq: AFNet’.mil’ network access, Armnshp 461 and designated
by 94 FTS/CC. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer, fall, or spring.
Armnshp 490. Basic Parachuting. 0(2). Instruction in basic free fall parachuting and
familiarization with emergency parachuting. Successful completion results in award of the Air
Force basic parachutist badge. Completion during summer before third-class year fills one military
training requirement. Saturday is a normal training day during the academic year course offering.
The weight limit for participation in Armnshp 490 is 215 lbs. Pass/fail. Prereq: Medical clearance
(AF Form 2992) required prior to course start. Contact Flight Medicine to determine status of
medical clearance and verify approval to fly/jump. Bring a current copy of Form 2992 on first day
of class. Sem hrs: 0 summer, fall, or spring.
Armnshp 491. Advanced Parachute/Jumpmaster/Instructor Training. 0(2) fall. 3(2) spring.

Ground and aerial training which allows cadets to progress from initial free fall qualification to
advanced free fall techniques, controlled body maneuvers, and precision landings. Introduces
selected cadets to instructional techniques, jumpmaster procedures, and competitive parachuting.
Training flows in a sequential path to become a USAFA cadet jumpmaster and parachuting
instructor. Saturday is a normal training day during the academic year course offering.
Participation in a spring training deployment is mandatory. Students must successfully complete
a qualification check ride and a final written exam requiring 85% to pass. Cadets upgrading to
Parachuting Instructor Duty are not eligible to enroll in any other Armnshp course during the same
semester they are enrolled in Armnshp 491. Course requires two scheduled periods (M1-2, M3-4,
Tl-2, or T3-4; cadets in M3-4 may extend through M5 if no conflict exists with CW scheduled
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training requirements; cadets in T3-4 may extend through T5 if their academic course schedule
permits). Pass/fail. Prereq: Armnshp 490, 98 FTS approval, not on any probation, AOC and
academic advisor approval, minimum entry MPA/PEA/GPA 2.60 (semester or cumulative), and
C2C or C3C in good standing. Medical clearance (AF Form 2992) required prior to course start.
Contact Flight Medicine to determine status of medical clearance and verify approval to fly/jump.
Bring a current copy of Form 2992 on first day of class. Sem hrs: 0 fall and 3 spring.
Armnshp 496. Parachute Team. 0(2). Selected cadets who wish to serve as instructors and
jumpmasters for Armnshp 490 and upgrade courses. Cadets participate in competitive parachuting
events and parachute demonstrations throughout the United States. Cadets performing
Parachuting Instructor Duty are not eligible to train as instructors in other Armnshp courses.
Saturday is a normal training day during the academic year course offering. Completion during
summer fulfills a military training leadership requirement. Course requires two scheduled periods
(Ml-2, M3-4, Tl-2, or T3-4; cadets in M3-4 may extend through M5 if no conflict exists with CW
scheduled training requirements; cadets in T3-4 may extend through T5 if their academic course
schedule permits). Pass/fail. Prereq: Armnshp 491 and 98 FTS approval, not on any probation,
AOC and academic advisor approval, minimum entry MPA/PEA/GPA 2.6 (Cum or Sem), and
C1C or C2C in good standing. Sem hrs: 0 summer, fall, or spring.
ASTRONAUTICS (Astro Engr)

Offered by the Department of Astronautics (DFAS)
Astro Engr 201. Technology Skills for Astronautics. 1(1). A self-paced course designed to
provide the programming, modeling, and simulation skills required in the various courses in the
Astro Engr major. Students will be introduced to the MatLab/Simulink tools for programming,
modeling, and simulation and to state-of-the-art 3-D computer tools for satellite analysis and
visualization. A series of proficiency tasks using the various tools must be completed over the
course of the semester. Prereq: Comp Sci 110. Coreq: Astro Engr 310. Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
Pass/fail.
Astro Engr 310. Introduction to Astronautics. 3(1). Introduction to the history, principles, and
challenges of space. Elements of space missions are examined including orbits, spacecraft
systems, launch vehicles, re-entry, operations, and mission management. Emphasis is placed on
understanding the underlying physical principles and the system engineering process used to select
orbits, plan maneuvers, and accomplish preliminary design of spacecraft payloads/subsystems to
meet mission requirements. Concepts are reinforced through hands-on use of application-based
analysis and visualization software and communication of these learned principles through written
reports. Final exam. Prereq: Math 142 and Physics 110. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Astro Engr 310S. Introduction to Astronautics for Scholars. 3(1). Introduction to the history,
principles, and challenges of space. Elements of space missions are examined including orbits,
spacecraft systems, launch vehicles, re-entry, operations, and mission management. Emphasis is
placed on understanding the underlying physical principles and the system engineering process
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used to select orbits, plan maneuvers, and accomplish preliminary design of spacecraft
payloads/subsystems to meet mission requirements. Concepts are reinforced through hands-on
use of application-based analysis and visualization software and communication of these learned
principles through written reports. This course fulfills one of the course requirements for the
Academy Scholars Program. Final exam. Prereq: Math 142 and Physics 110. Sem hrs: 3 fall or
spring.
Astro Engr 321. Intermediate Astrodynamics. 3(1). An intermediate course in orbit mechanics.
Topics include orbit determination and prediction, orbit maneuvers, perturbations, rendezvous and
proximity operations. Emphasis is on the design and use of structured computer programs to solve
real-world astrodynamics problems. Programming experience is recommended. Final exam.
Prereq: Astro Engr 201 or Comp Sci 211; Astro Engr 310; completed or enrolled in Math 245.
Astro Engr 331. Space Systems Engineering. 3(2). Fundamentals of space vehicle design are
presented with an emphasis on systems engineering. Introduction to system-level spacecraft
design issues are covered including reliability, environments, radiation effects, testing, materials
engineering, integration, launch vehicles, and operations. Introduction to and analyses of
payloads, structures, propulsion, electrical power, communications and data handling, attitude
determination and control, and thermal control subsystems are also covered. The course includes
an integrated lab experience where small teams develop, analyze, and integrate subsystems into a
functioning engineering model satellite. Each team demonstrates and documents their engineering
model satellite at the system level as a part of a comprehensive laboratory report. This course is
scheduled for the first 34 lessons of the semester. Final report or final exam. Prereq: Astro Engr
310 and Physics 215 (or DFAS Department Head approval.) Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Astro Engr 332. Satellite Communications. 3(1). This course will explore how satellites enable
global communication networks. Students will study several modulation and encoding
technologies as well as the techniques for providing multiple access. They will study antenna
design and terrestrial footprint based on orbital geometries. The class will also discuss the
international governance of communications frequencies and learn how the Air Force provides
service in the narrowband, wideband, and protected regimes of the SATCOM spectrum. Students
will hear joint perspectives of SATCOM usage and learn how adversary systems can deny our
SATCOM capabilities. The class may also include operational exercises with SATCOM
organizations at Schriever AFB and Peterson AFB. Final project or final exam. Prereq: Astro
Engr 310 and ECE 315. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Astro Engr 335. Human Spaceflight. 3(1). The course focuses on the design implications and
costs / benefits of launching humans into space. It is an orientation for those cadets who are
interested in participating in the Nation’s human spaceflight program. The course also covers
much of the history of human spaceflight, both its great successes and deep tragedies, from the
Cold War to the International Space Station. The final project is an architectural design of the
most demanding human spaceflight objective, a mission to Mars. Final Project. Prereq: Astro
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Engr 310 or Department Head approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Astro Engr 351. Rocket Propulsion. 3(1). Introduction to rocket propulsion and propulsion
system design. The basic laws of thermodynamics, thermochemistry, and conservation are used
to determine ideal motor performance. Emphasis is placed on describing the components and
conceptual design criteria for liquid, solid, and hybrid rockets. Electric, nuclear, and other
advanced propulsions systems are also studied. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Astro Engr
310 and Aero Engr 241. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Astro Engr 422. Advanced Astrodynamics. 3(1). A continuation of Astro Engr 321. The course
focuses on applying numerical and analytical techniques to solve realistic Air Force problems in
astrodynamics and space operations. Perturbations and the associated effects on satellite orbits are
examined. Least Squares and Kalman filter estimation techniques are applied to the orbital
prediction problem using batch and sequential processing. Structured computer programming is
used extensively in problem solutions. Final exam. Prereq: Astro Engr 321. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Astro Engr 423. Space Mission Design. 3(1). Basic mission design principles for Air Force and
civilian launch systems are examined. Mission objectives and constraints; feasibility studies; time-
line generation; launch, on-orbit, and recovery operations; and contingency planning are studied.
Structured computer programming is applied to analyze typical space missions. Final project.
Prereq: Astro Engr 321. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Astro Engr 431. Space Mission Payload Design. 3(1). An in-depth look at U.S. Space Force
satellite payloads and how they are used to support warfighters. Course will consist of three blocks
of instruction: producing GPS timing signals and determining a navigation solution; designing
optical/IR focal planes and satellite constellations for remote sensing; and interpreting radio
frequency signals to glean synthetic aperture radar, SIGINT and ELINT intelligence. Content will
include the design and function of various payloads, how they are used in operational
environments, and case studies of historical payload acquisition lessons learned. MATLAB and
STK software packages will be used. Final project. TS/SCI security clearance required. Prereq:
Astro 310. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Astro Engr 436. Small Spacecraft Engineering I. 4(2). An introduction to small spacecraft
systems engineering. Multi-disciplinary system design of spacecraft hardware and software to
include subsystems, propulsion systems, attitude determination and control systems, electrical
power systems, structures, payloads, and ground stations. Define mission and system
requirements, perform engineering trade studies, design and analyze spacecraft systems, and build
and test flight hardware. Course also includes opportunities to operate on-orbit small satellites.
Final project or report. Coreq: Astro Engr 310. Prereq: C1C standing and departmental approval.
Sem hrs: 4 fall.
Astro Engr 437. Small Spacecraft Engineering II. 4(2). A second course in small spacecraft
systems engineering. Multi-disciplinary system design of spacecraft hardware and software to
power systems, structures, payloads, and ground stations. Finalize design, fabricate, test, and fly
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actual spacecraft as a rideshare on a space launch vehicle. Course also includes opportunities to
operate on-orbit small satellites. Final project or report. Coreq: Astro 310. Prereq: C1C standing
(C2C accepted with department approval). Sem hrs: 4 spring.
Astro Engr 438. Small Spacecraft Engineering III. 4(2). A continuation of small spacecraft
systems engineering. Multi-disciplinary system design or spacecraft hardware and software to
power systems, structures, payloads, and ground stations. Finalize design, fabricate, test, and fly
actual spacecraft as a rideshare on a space launch vehicle. Course also includes opportunities to
operate on-orbit small satellites. Final project or report. Coreq: Astro Engr 310. Prereq: C1C
standing and department approval. Sem hrs 4 spring.
Astro Engr 445. Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics and Control. 3(1). Fundamental introduction to
the problem of controlling satellite attitude. Topics include direction cosine and Euler angle
attitude parameters, torque-free rigid body motion, spin stabilization, gravity-gradient
stabilization, momentum and reaction wheel control, and reaction jet control. Projects include the
development of a satellite attitude dynamics simulation and the design of a reaction wheel and
reaction jet attitude control system. Final project or final exam. Prereq: Mech Engr 320 or Physics
355; completed or enrolled in Engr 342. Includes analysis and synthesis with MATLAB
simulation. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Astro Engr 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected topics in astronautics. Final exam or final report.
Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs and offering time determined by department (not more
than 3 sem hrs).
Astro Engr 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study and research supervised by a faculty
member. Topic established with the department head. Final report. Prereq: Department approval.
• Astro Engr 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Astro Engr 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Astro Engr 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
Astro Engr 543. Methods of Optimization for Engineers. 3(1). Course in optimization methods
taught at graduate level. Topics include parameter optimization, optimization for dynamic
systems, optimal control and numerical solutions. Final exam. Prereq: Math 346, Math 356 and
Engr 342 or either ECE 333 or Mech Engr 325 with Course Director approval. Computer projects
require programming proficiency. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
AVIATION (Aviation)
Offered by USAFA A3
Aviation 100. Introduction to Powered Flight Operations. 0(1x). AV-100 is a Virtual Reality-
only course offered in the cadet area. Course is comprised of 10, single period lessons, and is
offered on M & T-Days during both academic semesters and during summer operations, primarily
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to 4°s & 3°s. Enrollment is orchestrated by the HQ USAFA/A3O, Operations Career Field
Manager, in coordination with DFVR and CWT summer scheduling when necessary, and is based
on interest indicated by each cadet via the 4° fall semester Operations Career Interest survey or
direct contact with the USAFA Operations Career Field Manager. Delayed enrollment requests
may be submitted by the cadet direct to the HQ USAFA/A3O Operations Career Field Manager.
Cadets interested in being considered for a rated assignment will take at least one of AV-100, AM-
201, or AM-251. See para 2-5.17 for further details. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 0 fall, spring, or
summer.
Aviation 202. Cadet VR Instructor Pilot Assistant Duty – AV-100. 0(1x). AV-202 is intended
for cadets who have successfully completed AV-100, AM-201 and/or AM-302 and who have
demonstrated instructional proficiency and overall excellent aviation performance. Appropriately
vetted cadets will perform instructor assistant responsibilities in AV-100. Course is comprised of
10 single period lessons, and is offered on M & T-Days during both academic semesters as well
as each summer period. Enrollment is based on program requirements and will vary each semester,
orchestrated by the HQ USAFA/A3O Operations Career Field Manager and is based on interest
indicated by each cadet during AV- 100, AM-201 and/or AM-302 end-of-course surveys. No final
exam. Prereq: AV-100 and AM-201 or AM-302. Sem hrs: 0 fall, spring, or summer.
Aviation 300. Powered Flight Training Ground School. 0(0). AV-300 is a Virtual Reality-only
course offered in the cadet area and a pre-requisite for/immediately precedes Armnshp 302.
Course is scheduled during transition week(s) prior to summer/academic semester for those cadets
enrolled in AM-302. Course is offered to 2°s and 1°s whose overall performance and desire to
attain aviation excellence warrant the additional challenge of initial skills training prior to
graduation. Enrollment is orchestrated by the HQ USAFA/A3O Operations Career Field Manager.
Prereq: AV-100 and AM-251 or AM-201. Early enrollment and superior performance in AV-100,
AM-251 and/or AM-201 are highly desired and normally contribute to selection. Sem hrs: 0 fall,
spring, or summer.
Aviation 400. Introduction to T-6 Operations. 0(2x). Aviation 400 is a rated assignment
preparation, Virtual Reality (VR)-only course offered in the cadet area. This course has no bearing
on rated assignment selection. The majority of class time is spent mastering instrument procedures
in the T-6 VR simulator in all weather conditions. This course is comprised of 20, double-period
lessons, and is normally offered both academic semesters as well as during all three summer
periods. Enrollment is ~200 cadets per year. Priority registration for the fall is first-class cadets,
for the spring is second-class cadets, and a combination for the summer offerings, based on 1)
interest provided by a cadet via end of Aviation or Armnshp course critique, out of cycle query, or
via e-mail to [email protected], 2) interest provided on behalf of a cadet via an
Academic Advisor, AOC or Coach email to: [email protected], or 3) prior
completion of Aviation 100 and Armnshp 201 (exceptions granted on a case-by-case basis).
Aviation 400 graduates who volunteer will be considered for cadet VR assistant and instructor
duties in support of Aviation 100 and Aviation 400. Pass/fail. Prereq: Aviation 100 and Armnshp
201 or Course Director approval. Sem hrs: 0 fall, spring, summer.
Aviation 401. Cadet VR Instructor Pilot Duty – AV-400. 0(2x). Intended for appropriately-vetted
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1° cadets (20-25) whose overall performance and desire to attain aviation excellence warrants the
additional challenge of flight instruction in a VR environment. Instructs cadets in AV-400 during
fall, spring, and/or summer. No final exam. Prereq: AV-400 (waiverable). Sem hrs: 0 fall, spring,
or summer.
BASIC SCIENCES (Bas Sci)

Offered by the Basic Sciences Division
Bas Sci 401. Basis Sciences Divisional Core Substitute. 3(0). This course can only be awarded
for coursework accomplished during a semester of study abroad (CSSAP), international exchange
(CSEAP), or service academy exchange (SAEP). With applicable Department Head or Division
Chair approval, this course can fulfill the core requirement for Biology 215 or Math 300/356/377.
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES (Beh Sci)

Offered by the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership (DFBL)
Beh Sci 110. Introduction to Behavioral Sciences. 3(1). This course provides an introduction to
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes across diverse levels of analyses. Respect
for human dignity will be emphasized through the course in topics such as perception, cognition,
learning, memory, social interactions, mental health issues, and the biological basis of behavior.
This course highlights psychological principles that can be applied in and out of the military, with
a specific emphasis on developing respect through perspective taking and enhancing healthy
relationship skills. In addition, students will be exposed to course topics from a biological,
psychological, and sociocultural perspective. Final exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or
spring.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the Ethics and Respect
for Human Dignity outcome.
Beh Sci 110S. Scholars Introduction to Behavioral Sciences. 3(1). This course is the Academy
Scholars Program version of the Beh Sci 110 course. The course will focus on the philosophical
and historical roots of the discipline, and will seek and examine connections between psychology
and related disciplines (i.e., sociology, anthropology, law, political science). The course goals
include, but are not limited to (1) acquainting cadets with the diverse disciplines within psychology
as well as related behavioral science disciplines, their methods, and approaches used to study
human behavior, and (2) encouraging cadets to think critically about the nature of human nature
within a rigorous scientific framework that will equip them to apply their knowledge both in their
college careers and throughout their lives. Materials required in this course will be a common
textbook(s) with selected readings, laboratory simulations, and video case studies. There will also
be supplementary materials that are commonly used in the non-scholars version of Beh Sci 110.
The course will be conducted primarily as a seminar. This means cadets can expect to be active
participants in class. Cadets will be evaluated via GRs, presentations, participation, and a final
project/paper as selected by the instructor. Final project or final paper. Prereq: Scholar status.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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Beh Sci 231. Basic Research Methods and Statistical Tools. 3(1). This course is the first in a
two-course sequence that includes Beh Sci 332. Within this sequence, students are introduced to
and then apply an integrated approach to empirical research, statistics, and ethics through study of
the scientific method, hypothesis testing, and research design. Students will study and compute
probability and descriptive statistics for normal and non-normal distributions on differing levels
of measurement. Students will use statistical software to perform descriptive and inferential
statistical analyses including, but not limited to, measures of central tendency and variability,
normality, ANOVA, t-tests, Chi-square, correlation, and the principles of regression; with an
emphasis on knowing when to use each method. Students will apply methodological and statistical
knowledge in a behavioral science research study they design; culminating in an APA formatted
research report (e.g. papers and/or posters). Final exam and/or final project or paper. Prereq: Beh
Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Beh Sci 330. Abnormal Psychology. 3(1). This course examines the development, nature, and
treatment of psychological disorders within a biopsychosocial context. Special consideration is
given toward leadership and military applications. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Beh Sci
110. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Beh Sci 332. Advanced Research Methods and Statistical Tools. 3(1). Continuation of Beh Sci
231 (please see Beh Sci 231 course description.) Final exam and/or final project or paper. Prereq:
Math 142/152, Beh Sci 110 and Beh Sci 231, or departmental approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Beh Sci 335. Learning and Cognition. 3(2). How does experience affect behavior? This age old
question has been examined both in theory and in practice by behavioral psychologists since the
early 1900’s. With the cognitive revolution in the late 1950s, a keen interest turned to
experimentally studying mental activity. In this course, cadets will examine theories from both
domains to better understand human behavior and mental activity. Cadets will test concepts from
learning and cognition in the laboratory using rats and report their experimental findings. Lab.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: Beh Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring
Beh Sci 352. Social Psychology. 3(1). This course provides an introduction to social psychology
and Behavioral Sciences. Social psychologists seek to understand the nature and causes of
individual behavior in social situations. In other words, social psychology explains how the
average person reacts to various social pressures. Topics covered include social perception,
attitudes, prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal attraction, social influence, prosocial
behavior, aggression, groups and personality. From a practical standpoint, this course explains
how and why people react to the world and other people as they do. Leadership implications are
discussed. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Beh Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Beh Sci 355. Brain and Behavior. 3(1). Using the interdisciplinary lens of neuroscience, cadets
will learn how the brain and nervous system generate behavior and mental activity. Learning
experiences will focus on how the wiring and structure of the brain are responsible for the way we
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behave. We will examine how real life issues such as traumatic brain injury, learning, memory,
decision-making, sleep, emotions, psychological disorders, drug effects, and stress are best
explained by understanding how the brain processes and computes different kinds of information.
Cadets will develop a three-dimensional understanding of neuroanatomy through extensive sheep
brain dissections. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Beh Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Beh Sci 360. Sociology. 3(1). Introduces sociology’s foundational perspectives and
methodologies and applies them to the systematic study of human behavior in social contexts.
Basic topics include the “sociological imagination,” biology and social behavior, the origins and
components of culture, socialization, the structure of social interaction, and the creation and
maintenance of groups, organizations, and societies. Additional themes include social
stratification, race/ethnicity, gender and sexuality, globalization and development, marriage and
family, religion, and social change. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
These courses contribute to the development and assessment of the Human Condition,
Cultures, and Societies outcome.
Beh Sci 361. Social Problems. 3(1). This course will introduce students to the sociological study
of contemporary social problems both within the United States and globally. Topics studied may
include social conflict, social inequality, drug abuse, crime, juvenile delinquency, divorce and
other family problems, community health, social class, race relations, media literacy, urbanization
and demographic change, war, violence, and other selected social issues. Topics analyzed will
change based on context and need. The course uses different theoretical perspectives and research
methods to identify and understand social problems, including accompanying controversies. We
also consider possible interventions and structural changes that could alleviate each problem. Final
paper or project. Prereq: None, although Beh Sci 360 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Beh Sci 362. Class, Race, and Ethnicity in Society. 3(1). Class, race, and ethnicity shape society,
individual life chances, and daily social interaction in powerful ways. For example, the American
Dream highlights opportunity for individuals to achieve success based on their own ability and
initiative while beliefs in a colorblind society forward ideas that race and ethnicity are no longer
meaningful in shaping experience. In this course, we examine how and why class and
race/ethnicity matter and the consequences of these for people's lives both in the United States and
in other countries. We review sociological theories of class and race/ethnicity, look at the social
contexts in which they emerged, and explore the political issues at stake in their various
formulations. Particular attention is paid to the significance of class and race/ethnicity in a variety
of institutional contexts including education, communities, housing, the criminal justice system,
the military, and the family; the link between class and race/ethnicity; and how gender and
sexuality inform our ideas about class and race/ethnicity. Final paper or final project. Prereq:
None, although Beh Sci 360 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
Beh Sci 363. Crime and Deviance. 3(1). This course will introduce students to the sociological
study of crime and deviance. Possible topics include physical, sexual, and family violence;
ideological extremism, political terrorism, and organized crime; drug and alcohol use; physical
and mental disorders; pornography, prostitution, and other forms of sexual deviance; and
stigmatized behaviors, beliefs, and appearances. Students will also consider how contemporary
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sociological and criminological theory can inform military and civilian policies related to the
punishment, treatment, and prevention of crime and deviance. Final paper or project. Prereq:
None, although Beh Sci 360 is recommended. Final paper or project. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Beh Sci 364. Gender, Sexuality, and Society. 3(1). Our ideas about gender and sexuality - about
men, women, masculinity, and homosexuality, for example - organize our social life in important
ways that we often do not notice. These ideas are either invisible to us (such that we take them for
granted as "normal") or explained away (such that they seem like the "natural" way life works).
This course adopts a different approach by viewing gender and sexuality through the lens of the
social - as shaped by social processes, including social interaction, institutions, ideologies, and
culture - and how these beliefs create and enforce a system of difference and inequality. We review
contemporary sociological theories of gender and sexuality, look at the social contexts in which
they emerged, and explore the political issues at stake in their various formulations. Particular
attention will be paid to exposing how gender works in institutions like education, the family, the
workplace, and the military; the link between gender and sexuality; and how race/ethnicity and
class inform our ideas about gender. Final paper or final project. Prereq: None, although Beh Sci
360 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
Beh Sci 365. Sociological Theory. 3(1). Sociological theory is a set of interrelated ideas that allow
for the systemization of knowledge of the social world, the explanation of that world, and
predictions about the future of the world. In this course, theory is brought down-to-earth to show
how a sociological imagination is valuable to self and society. Particular attention will be given
to the questions arising for the conceptual distinctions between macro social structure and
individual agency, on the one hand, and identity and the culture, on the other. Key questions
addressed in this course include: “How is social order possible?” “How autonomous and authentic
are human agents?” “Are families disintegrating?” “Why are some people discriminated against?”
What accounts for the crime rate?” “Are religion and economics compatible?” “Why is the sexual
division of labor so persistent?” “Are wars inevitable?”, and “How does social change take place?”
Theories are thus tentative explanations to the important questions that preoccupy us as members
of families, professions, institutions, communities, nations and, increasingly, as global citizens.
Final paper or project. Prereq: Beh Sci 360. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Beh Sci 366. Environmental Sociology. 3(1). This course explores the socio-cultural dimensions
of human-nature interaction. Topics covered include: the social construction of nature, social
psychology of environmental attitudes and behaviors, trends in environmental policy and public
opinion, environmentalism as a social movement, human-induced environmental decline, and
environmental justice. Students will explore how changes in ecosystems influence the
achievability and sustainability of societal values such as security from natural disasters, health,
good social relations, and freedom to pursue personal and cultural interests. Final paper or final
project. Prereq: None, although Beh Sci 360 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 spring of
even-numbered years.
Beh Sci 368. Internet and Society. 3(1). This course will provide students with a fundamental
understanding of the impact the internet is having on both macro- and micro-levels of society. As
such, the central interests of this course fall under the larger questions of how, and to what effect,
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society and technology intersect. Students will develop the ability to compare and contrast
competing explanations of structural changes in society due to the internet, as well as differing
lenses through which to understand the micro-level interactions and attitudes of people as a result
of internet use. Students will also be able to demonstrate how different social characteristics (e.g.,
race, age, class, gender) are associated with various forms and effects of internet use. Additional
key topics in this course include: cyber-crimes and cyber bullying/trolling, social construction of
reality, online dating, religion & ritual in cyberspace, politics of and through the internet, cyber
terrorism, catfishing, surveillance, employment, cryptocurrency, health care and health outcomes,
effects of social media on teens and adults. Final paper or final project. Prereq: None, although
Beh Sci 360 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
Beh Sci 373. Human Factors Engineering. 3(1). This course examines the process, principles,
and guidelines of human factors engineering as they impact the design of systems used by people
and provides an introduction to human factors engineering and Systems Design. Emphasizes the
interaction between human capabilities and limitations, to the task, and the environment, as they
relate to system performance. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Beh Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3
spring.
Beh Sci 375. Aviation Psychology and Human Factors. 3(1). This course examines human
performance and human-machine design issues in military and civilian aviation systems. Students
learn about human factors engineering in aviation systems and their failures as well as reviewing
the nature and scope of human factors impacts on performance by air and ground crews and their
supervisors. Students review the body of knowledge demonstrating how human flight-related
performance is based on psychological and physiological capabilities and limitations that, in turn,
influence the ability of humans to interact within the systems design constraints. Students also
learn how the application of effective systems design, specialized automation, and ongoing
training can facilitate optimal human-system performance associated with flight. Final exam or
final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Beh Sci 380. Theories of Personality. 3(1). Examines major psychological theories of personality,
including analytic, humanistic, cognitive, and learning approaches. Other non-traditional
approaches are also considered which explain personality development from the socio-cultural
perspective. Theoretical concepts are examined to understand individual personality development,
relevant current and historical issues, and applications to military leadership. Final exam or final
project. Prereq: Beh Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Beh Sci 390. Sensation and Perception. 3(1). This course will provide an introduction to the way
the outside world is perceived through our senses and how our brain makes sense of all the sensory
inputs. How our body experiences the world and what we perceive of the world are two
interrelated, but different entities. This is an important topic for Air Force officers, because our
perceptions do not always accurately represent the outside world. For example, pilots with
inaccurate perceptions of their aircraft attitude (e.g., spatial disorientation) could lead to loss of
control of their aircraft. Through lectures, labs, demonstrations and discussions, this course will
introduce the basic anatomy of the sensory systems, as well as, how these structures are used to
“make sense” out of what we are experiencing so that we can do such things as understand speech,
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perceive color, see motion and depth, and recognize faces. Final exam or final project. Prereq:
Beh Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Beh Sci 440. Lifespan Development. 3(1). This course examines how people develop physically,
psychologically, socially, and cognitively from birth to death. It explores changes that are
universal and changes that are unique to specific individuals. Developmental theories explaining
these changes are presented. The course also focuses on the social context of development: "What
is the impact of income, education, ethnicity, race, sex, culture, and historical time period on
developmental outcomes?" Final exam or final project. Prereq: Beh Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Beh Sci 471. Human-Computer Interaction. 3(1). Human-Computer Interaction is an applied,

interdisciplinary field which includes psychology (perception, memory, decision-making), design,
computer science, linguistics, and a variety of other fields. In this course, you will learn the
principles of HCI along with how to design and evaluate interfaces and systems from a human-
centered framework. Topics include the performance of tasks by humans and machines, the
structure of communication between human and machines (including machine response to changes
in user state), algorithms and programming of interfaces, engineering concerns that arise in the
design and construction of interfaces, the process of specification, design, and implementation of
interfaces, and design tradeoffs. By the end of this course, cadets will be able to design useful,
usable interfaces and evaluate interfaces using a variety of HCI methodologies. Students will also
learn the social, organizational, and team consequences of technological innovations including
issues in diversity, robotics, and mobility. Final project/paper. Prereq: Beh Sci 373 (waivers can
be approved on a case-by-case basis). Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Beh Sci 473. Human Factors Engineering in Systems Design. 3(1). This advanced course
emphasizes the role and responsibilities of the human factors engineer in the design and evaluation
of systems. The course uses a combination of group, individual, and in-class design projects to
explore the system design process. Particular attention is given to human characteristics and their
effects on system performance. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Beh Sci 471. Sem hrs: 3
spring.
Beh Sci 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected topics in the Behavioral Sciences. Final exam or
final paper. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs and offering time determined by DFBL (not
more than 3 sem hrs).
Beh Sci 498. Senior Capstone in the Behavioral Sciences. 3(1). This course culminates the
Behavioral Sciences curriculum, integrating previous coursework and departmental goals into a
seminar-based course. The specific content area adapts based on desired outcomes. The course
uses literature reviews as a basis to understand psychology and sociology as foundational sciences.
It develops learners dedicated to the application, advancement, and clear communication of our
disciplinary knowledge. Finally, empirically- driven content and analysis will be used to develop
inclusive leaders who respect the human dignity of all people. Final project. Prereq: CIC standing
and Beh Sci 332. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the Critical Thinking
USAFA outcome through departmental reinforcement within our major.
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Beh Sci 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Research or practicum in a specific area of behavioral
science. Conducted on a tutorial basis. Final paper. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs: 3
fall or spring.
• Beh Sci 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Beh Sci 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Beh Sci 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring
BIOLOGY (Biology)
Offered by the Department of Biology (DFBI)
Biology 215. Introductory Biology with Laboratory. 4(2). An overview of biological systems,
their structure and function, and the concepts and vocabulary essential to understanding biology
today. Course content includes recent biological advances in genetic engineering, human health
and performance, evolution, integrated global ecology, and environmental science. Discussions
address application and limitations of the scientific method, ethical issues of modern biology, and
the influence of biological science on society. Laboratories reinforce concepts and promote
scientific reasoning. Final exam. Prereq: Chem 100. Sem hrs: 4 fall or spring.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the Scientific
Reasoning and the Principles of Science outcome.
Biology 320. Biomechanics. 3(1). A study of the physical, anatomical, mechanical, and
physiological basis for motion focused on the human. Joint and muscle physiology will be
explored as a basis for functional activities. Physics and mechanical engineering concepts will be
applied to describe, investigate, and compare the ways we initiate and control movement. Students
also learn the effects musculoskeletal injury may have on normal motion. Final exam and/or final
project. Prereq: Biology 215 and Mech Engr 220. Sem hrs: 3 spring even numbered years.
Biology 330. Zoology. 4(2). An integrated study of the principles of invertebrate and vertebrate
zoology presented with a phylogenetic approach. Examines the behavior, ecology, morphology,
physiology, reproductive biology, classification, and evolutionary relationships of animals.
Functional aspects of respiration, circulation, osmoregulation, excretion, metabolism, and
thermoregulation are highlighted through comparisons within and among animal groups. Through
laboratory exercises, students will learn and recognize structural, physiological, and evolutionary
features of selected animals. Final exam. Prereq: Biology 215. Sem hrs: 4 fall or spring.
Biology 331. Botany. 4(2). An integrated study of the biology of plants is presented from
molecular to community levels of organization. Course content is organized into five units of
study: the plant system, plant anatomy and morphology, plant physiological ecology, plant
reproductive biology, and plant evolution and classification. This course focuses primarily on seed
plants because of their relevance to human nutrition, drugs, fibers, and flowers. A botanical
perspective enriches an understanding of the natural world. Laboratory and fieldwork is required.
Final exam. Prereq: Biology 215. Sem hrs: 4 fall or spring.
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Biology 332. Microbial Diversity. 3(1). Microscopic organisms are intimately involved in our
daily lives, where they produce many familiar foods and medicines, impact health, and play
important roles in natural and engineered systems. This course will survey microbial groups that
include algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, viroids, prions, and selected invertebrates. Each
group will be considered in terms of structure, classification, biochemistry, ecology, and economic
and medical significance. Relevance to the Air Force mission, such as deployment health issues
and biowarfare defense, is reinforced throughout the course. Includes integrated labs and
demonstrations. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Biology 215. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Biology 345. Aerospace Physiology. 3(1). This course provides in-depth knowledge as to how
human performance relates to the warrior and aircrew member. Specifically, it includes a survey
of the physiological stresses associated with the aerospace environment. Topics include: effects
of pressure changes with altitude, hyperbaric environments, respiratory and circulatory
physiology, hypoxia and hyperventilation, pressurization and aircraft decompression, effects of
"G" forces, self-imposed stresses, thermal stresses, human factors, crash dynamics and escape
systems, sensory physiology, spatial disorientation, and space physiology. Suitable for cadets
majoring in any academic discipline, including the Bachelor of Science program. Optional field
trip. Final exam. Prereq: Biology 215. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Biology 360. Cell and Molecular Biology. 3(1). This course provides a comprehensive
examination of the cell, the fundamental unit of life. Emphasis on eukaryotic cells, cellular
organization and processes, and how cell structure and activity ultimately determine structures and
functions at the organismal level. Lesson topics include, but are not limited to, major cell
structures, energy transforming cellular processes, application of cell biology to human disease,
the cell cycle, and biotechnology. Fundamental cellular concepts will be illustrated and reinforced
through discussions of factual information applied to case studies and critical thinking exercises.
The course reinforces current principles of cell biology and facilitates learning of the scientific
method. Final exam. Prereq: Biology 215; Chem 230 or Chem 233 or concurrent enrollment.
Biology 363. Genetics. 4(2). This introductory course in classical and contemporary genetics
explores a variety of topics, processes, and issues, including simple (Mendelian) and complex
inheritance patterns, genetic mapping, sex determination, population/evolutionary genetics,
DNA/RNA biochemistry/function, genome structure, DNA replication, gene expression,
mutations, genetic/chromosomal disorders, forensics, and genetic engineering. Throughout the
course, the ethical and social issues that emerge from modern genetics are discussed, and the
relevance of the lesson material in personal, clinical, and military contexts is emphasized.
Laboratory and practical exercises complement the course content and provide hands-on
experience with classical and modern techniques used in genetic research and biotechnology. A
group laboratory project reinforces course concepts, provides experience with live organisms, and
develops skills in problem solving, critical thinking, scientific writing, and effective teamwork.
Final exam. Prereq: Biology 215; Chem 230 or Chem 233 or concurrent enrollment. Sem hrs: 4
fall or spring.
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Biology 364. Molecular Biology Methods. 3(2). A practical study of the methods and techniques
used in the modern molecular biology and genetic engineering laboratory. Instructor-assisted
laboratory exercises with complementary lectures will focus on bacterial genetics, preparation and
analysis of nucleic acids, recombinant DNA construction, bacterial transformation, analysis of
cloned gene products, chromatographic separation of biomolecules, and polymerase chain reaction
applications. Selected methods used in cancer, immunology, and animal development research
will be included. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Biology 215. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Biology 365. Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Seminar I. 1.5(1). This classroom and
laboratory based advanced research skills seminar will focus on the theory and applications of
advanced genetic engineering skills. Electrophoresis, cloning, transformation, gene expression,
and other advanced techniques will be discussed and performed, along with the discussion and
implementation of the experimental design process. Laboratory skills will be assessed, to also
include safety, record keeping, and organization, in addition to teamwork and leadership skills.
Final project. Prereq: Instructor approval. Sem hrs: 1.5 spring.
Biology 366. Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Seminar II. 1.5(2). This classroom and
laboratory based advanced research skills seminar will focus on the theory and applications of
advanced genetic engineering skills. Electrophoresis, cloning, transformation, gene expression,
and other advanced techniques will be discussed and performed, along with the discussion and
implementation of the experimental design process. Laboratory skills will be assessed, to also
include safety, record keeping, and organization, in addition to teamwork and leadership skills.
Final project. Prereq: Instructor approval. Sem hrs: 1.5 fall.
Biology 370. Human Nutrition. 3(1). Provide a comprehensive, thoroughly updated account of
nutrition principles and their application. This course furnishes students with accurate nutrition
information and teaches them how to use a critical-thinking approach in making important daily
decisions about their own diet. Course material will focus on the fundamentals of nutrition, such
as defining the roles of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals in metabolism;
examining eating practices through individual dietary analysis, exploring the importance of
nutrition in the prevention of disease; and discussing the interplay of diet options with various
body systems for athletic performance, daily fitness, and overall health. Final exam or final
project. Prereq: Biology 215. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Biology 380. Principles of Ecology. 3(1). Fundamental interrelationships between organisms

and their environments, emphasizing energy flow through ecosystems, biogeochemical cycling,
population dynamics, and community interactions. Emphasis is placed on how human activities
affect the quality of life and the natural world. Case studies include the impact of environmental
concerns on regional and global Air Force operations. Final exam. Prereq: Biology 215. Sem
Biology 410. Anatomy and Physiology: Sensory and Motor Integration. 3(2). An introduction to
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human sensory and locomotory systems via experimentation and dissection of the human cadaver,
with dissection emphasized. The course focuses on feedback mechanisms and the integration of
organ systems for voluntary control. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Biology 215. Sem hrs:
3 fall.
Biology 430. Vertebrate Zoology. 3(2). This course is a comprehensive study of members of
classes Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia, and Aves. The
lessons will examine the systematics, diversity, and evolution of each vertebrate group, and
explore the challenges of and solutions to thermoregulation, osmoregulation, gas exchange,
nutrition, locomotion, and reproduction. Students will consider the similarities and differences
among the vertebrate groups, and relate these attributes to the groups’ physiological requirements
and evolutionary history. Through self-guided laboratory exercises with actual specimens,
students will learn to use biological nomenclature and to identify selected vertebrate species to the
various taxonomic levels. Students will gain hands-on experience in capturing, identifying, and/or
observing the fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds inhabiting the local area. Final exam
or final project. Prereq: Biology 330. Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
Biology 431. Microbiology. 3(2). A study of classical microbiology to include: environmental,

industrial, and medical applications. This laboratory intensive course covers the systematics and
classification of bacteria and viruses including the structure, function, and metabolic pathways of
groups of bacteria. Specifically, the course will include the culture methods and identification of
microbes important in the microbial ecology of humans, environmental microbiology, industrial
microbiology, and biowarfare. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Biology 332 and Chem 230
or Chem 233. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Biology 440. Anatomy and Physiology: Visceral Systems Integration. 3(2). An introduction to
systems physiology via experimentation and dissection of the human cadaver, with
experimentation emphasized. The course focuses on neural and endocrine feedback mechanisms
for involuntary control and maintenance of homeostasis. Final exam or final project. Prereq:
Biology 215. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Biology 455. Human Sex, Reproduction, and Sexuality. 3(1). This course will examine the
biological, behavioral, and psychological aspects of human sex, sexuality, and reproduction within
the social context of family, culture, and society. Students will explore the role of sexuality in
human development and conduct critical analysis of media and research. Communication and
decision-making skills relating to sex, reproduction, sexuality, and relationships will underline all
topics of the course. Course requirements, including class activities, have been designed to
emphasize the importance of both content and process in human sexuality education, and place
human reproduction and sexuality in context with other animals. Final exam. Prereq: Biology
215. Sem hrs: 3 spring odd-numbered years.
Biology 459. Principles of Evolution. 3(1). This course will examine the principles, patterns,
mechanisms, and processes of biological evolution. The course format will comprise instructor
presentations, student-led discussions, guest speakers, practical exercises, video programs, and
selected readings. This course will draw on examples from botany, zoology, human anatomy, cell
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and molecular biology, ecology, and genetics to provide a fuller understanding of evolution in
terms of evidence, processes, and outcomes. Through the study of evolutionary biology, students
will gain an appreciation of evolution as a unifying theme in biology, and will acquire a more
complete understanding of the origins, diversity, interrelationships, geographical distributions, and
adaptations of living organisms. Final exam. Prereq: Biology 363. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Biology 465. Advanced Biotechnology Seminar I. 1.5(1). This leadership and research
management course will teach principles of lab research leadership, peer mentoring, management,
training, safety, and the overall process of running a biotech lab and research team. Advanced
project management, proposal development, grant applications, budgets, experimental design, data
collection, and analysis will be discussed and practiced through leadership of the USAFA iGEM
team. Students will lead the team in preparing competition deliverables, website development, peer
review, and publications. Final project. Prereq: Instructor approval. Sem hrs: 1.5 spring.
Biology 466. Advanced Biotechnology Seminar II. 1.5(1). This leadership and research
management course will teach principles of lab research leadership, peer mentoring, management,
training, safety, and the overall process of running a biotech lab and research team. Advanced
project management, proposal development, grant applications, budgets, experimental design, data
collection, and analysis will be discussed and practiced through leadership of the USAFA iGEM
team. Students will lead the team in preparing competition deliverables, website development, peer
review, and publications. Final project. Prereq: Instructor approval. Sem hrs: 1.5 fall.
Biology 480. Biology Capstone Seminar. 3(1). The Biology Capstone Seminar emphasizes
student participation in exploring a variety of current biological issues. Students are challenged to
develop a deep, reflective understanding of a wide range of biological concepts as they evaluate
evidence, analyze issues, clarify assumptions, and consider different perspectives. They
communicate clear logical, scientific thinking through reading, listening, speaking, and writing.
Final paper. Prereq: C1C standing. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Biology 481. Applied Ecology. 3(2). Lecture and laboratories that address ecology and field
biology. Lecture includes biotic and abiotic inputs and controls of various ecosystems. Laboratory
exercises introduce survey techniques used in field studies. Classroom and laboratory work
emphasizes environmental issues that are of special interest to Air Force personnel. Includes field
studies conducted on the Academy grounds. Field trip. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq:
Biology 380 or concurrent enrollment with department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Biology 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected topics in the biological sciences. Final exam or
final report. Prereq: Announced each semester. Sem hrs and offering times determined by the
department (not more than 3 sem hrs).
Biology 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual research or tutorial study in the biological
sciences under the direction of a faculty member. Emphasis is on using pertinent biological
literature and conducting field and laboratory research. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs:
3 fall or spring.
• Biology 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
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• Biology 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Biology 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
CHARACTER AND LEADERSHIP (C&L)

Offered by the Commandant of Cadets (CW)
Character and Leadership (C&L) 100. 0(0). This program introduces fourth-class cadets to force
development doctrine, leadership actions (influence, improve, and accomplish), and the
importance of these actions, and vision, in accomplishing the mission. Fourth-class cadets are also
introduced to the Awareness, Reasoning, Deciding, Acting (ARDA) Model from the Center for
Character and Leadership Development’s conceptual framework, “Developing Leaders of
Character", through focusing on owning, engaging, and practicing habits of thought and action in
a personal leadership context. Pass/Fail. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 0 fall and spring.
This course, integrated with Leadership 100 and CE 100, is a contributor to the
development and assessment of the Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational
Management outcome.
Character and Leadership (C&L) 200. 0(0). This program advances third-class cadets’
understanding of the Awareness, Reasoning, Deciding, Acting (ARDA) Model from the Center
for Character and Leadership Development’s conceptual framework, “Developing Leaders of
Character”, through focusing on owning, engaging, and practicing habits of thought and action in
an interpersonal leadership context. Pass/Fail. Prereq: Officership 100. Sem hrs: 0 fall and
spring.
Management Outcome.
Character and Leadership (C&L) 300. 0(0). This program advances second-class cadets’
a team leadership context. The importance of trust, loyalty, and commitment in maintaining a
healthy culture and climate is also addressed to enhance their ability to effectively fulfill their role
as team leaders and stewards of culture and climate in the Cadet Wing. Pass/Fail. Prereq:
Officership 200. Sem hrs: 0 fall and spring.
Management Outcome.
Character and Leadership (C&L) 400. 0(0). This program advances first-class cadets’
an organizational leadership context. The importance of trust, loyalty, and commitment in
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maintaining a healthy culture and climate is also addressed to enhance their ability to effectively
fulfill their role as organizational leaders and stewards of culture and climate in the Cadet Wing.
Pass/Fail. Prereq: Officership 300. Sem hrs: 0 fall and spring.
Management Outcome and the Ethics and Respect for Human Dignity Outcome.
Cadet Service Learning. Cadet Service Learning is a “Service Before Self” focused experience,
designed to develop a sense of commitment, dedication, sacrifice, followership, and leadership in
our cadets and the USAFA culture. The program targets community service activities, and helps
cadets develop their leadership and organizational abilities while enhancing their sense of
responsibility to others and giving of their free time to meet community needs. Cadet Service
Learning continually seeks out service opportunities both in the local community and on a national
scale as well; examples include: Habitat for Humanity and significant relief and service efforts
like Hurricane Katrina. Cadet Service Learning is a catalyst for cadet development and growth in
key leadership areas designed to create officers of character for the nation.
Lessons of Living Honorably in the Profession of Arms (Honor Education). Cadets acquire an
awareness of the foundational concepts of living honorably in the profession of arms during Basic
Cadet Training, and thereafter continually expand their awareness and internalization of virtues
that support living honorably throughout their four years at USAFA. The education plan begins
with the Introduction to Living Honorably in the Profession of Arms (ILHPA) instructional series
during Basic Cadet Training (BCT). Living honorably in the profession of arms is a series of
lessons and small group sessions aimed at developing the highest standards of personal integrity
and strength of character in each cadet, in preparation for commissioning and to serve as a moral
basis throughout his or her officer career. During BCT and the academic year the Center staff and
cadet wing honor representatives train, manage, administer, and teach the lessons. Ultimately the
goal is the internalization of habits of living honorably in order to produce a leader of character.
National Character and Leadership Symposium (NCLS). Attended by 4,000 cadets and 300+
guests, students, and faculty from military academies and universities across the nation and around
the world. This nationally-recognized forum ties together distinguished scholars, military leaders,
and corporate executives with a popular student consortium to explore character and leadership
issues. Past keynote lectures have been given by the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Secretary
of the Air Force, Olympic gold medalists, military personnel from all services, and sports role
models – including Coach John Wooden of UCLA and Mr. Tommy Lasorda of the Los Angeles
Dodgers. NCLS provides our cadets and permanent party the opportunity to enhance their
understanding of character-based leadership.
CHEMISTRY (Chem)
Offered by the Department of Chemistry (DFCH)
Chem 100. General Chemistry I Lecture and Lab. 4(2). This course presents fundamental
chemistry with an emphasis on concepts underlying Air Force and other practical applications.
Provides a foundation in inquiry based learning to facilitate the development of critical thinking
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skills, data driven decision making, and technical writing skills. Topics to include atomic and
molecular structure, electronic structure, oxidation-reduction reactions, stoichiometry, chemical
bonding and structure, chemical analysis, intermolecular forces, thermochemistry, gas laws, and
special topics. Laboratories emphasize both quantitative and qualitative analysis, with possible
computer/IT interface. Final exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 4 fall or spring.
Reasoning and Principles of Science outcome.
Chem 200. General Chemistry II Lecture and Lab. 4(2). This course is a continuation and
extension of the material taught in Chem 100. Topics will include solutions, kinetics, equilibrium,
acid/base chemistry, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and special topics such as nuclear
chemistry, organic chemistry, modern materials, metals, and biochemistry. The course will use
methods (e.g. case studies) that tie together chemical knowledge with economic, social, and
political information to make informed decisions. Laboratories will be a foundational aspect of
this course, emphasizing both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Cadets will be required to use
modern chemical analysis (such as infrared spectroscopy) as part of the laboratory experience.
The laboratories are designed to develop a fundamental understanding of the role of
experimentation in scientific reasoning. Cadets who are placed into Chem 200 and received
validation or transfer credit for Chem 100 will have grade protection as described elsewhere in this
handbook. Final Exam. Prereq: Chem 100. Sem hrs: 4 fall or spring.
Chem 222. Analytical Chemistry. 4(2). Lecture and laboratory experience in both qualitative and
quantitative analysis using classical wet techniques and modern instrumentation. Topics may
include proper use of laboratory equipment, preparing solutions, calculating experimental error,
calibration methods, chemical equilibrium, titrations, spectroscopy, chromatography, mass
spectrometry, and electrochemistry. This course emphasizes using the analytical process in
solving real-world problems, making accurate and precise measurements, analyzing and
interpreting data, and using and understanding modern instruments. This course highlights real-
world applications of analytical chemistry across the medical and pharmaceutical sectors,
bioanalysis and forensics disciplines, the operational Air Force, and more. Final exam. Prereq:
Chem 200 or DFCH approval. Sem hrs: 4 fall or spring.
Chem 230. Introductory Organic Chemistry. 3(1). Introduction to the fundamentals of organic
chemistry. Topics include: nomenclature of organic compounds; stereochemistry; reaction
mechanisms; structure and function of organic functional groups; introduction to carbohydrates,
lipids, amino acids and proteins, and nucleic acids; basic aspects of polymer chemistry. This is a
service course primarily designed for Biology and Basic Science majors. Chemistry majors and
those cadets desiring to apply for medical school will not take this course in lieu of Chem 233 and
Chem 234. Final exam. Coreq: Chem 200 or equivalent. DFCH approval required for enrollment.
Sem hrs: 3 fall.
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Chem 233. Organic Chemistry I. 3(1). The scientific study of the structure, properties,
composition, reactions, and preparation of organic compounds. Topics include classification and
naming of organic compounds, stereochemistry and conformational analysis, reaction and
synthesis of alcohols, alkyl halides, alkenes, and alkynes; conjugated systems; spectroscopy and
structure determination. Final exam. Prereq: Chem 200 or taken concurrently with approval from
DFCH Department Head. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Chem 234. Organic Chemistry II. 3(1). Continuation of Chem 233. Topics include mechanisms
and reactions of aromatic compounds, organometallics, alcohols, ethers, and carbonyl-containing
functional groups to include enolate chemistry. Multi-step syntheses integrating the knowledge of
multiple functional groups is emphasized. Other topics such as carbohydrates, polynuclear
aromatics, heterocyclic compounds, amino acids, and proteins may be introduced. Final exam.
Prereq: Chem 233; a grade of "C" or better in Chem 233 or Department Head approval.
Concurrent enrollment in Chem 243 is recommended but is optional for non-chemistry majors.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Chem 243. Organic Chemistry Laboratory. 4(2). Experiments in the preparation, purification
and identification of representative organic compounds. The lab is designed to illustrate the
principles discussed in Chem 233/Chem 234 and develop techniques needed for the isolation,
purification, and characterization of organic materials. Sample preparation techniques include
recrystallization, distillation, melting point determination, including sample preparation of IR,
NMR, GC, and GC/MS, as well as instrument operation and data interpretation. Coreq: Chem
234. Sem hrs: 4 spring.
Chem 325. Space Chemistry. 3(1). This course examines the integral role chemistry plays in our
efforts to effectively utilize space. Topics may include the chemical derivation of the elements
found in the universe, materials science, propulsion chemistry, how the Air Force exploits the
space environment to accomplish the mission, and other subjects of current interest. Final exam,
final report, or final project. Prereq: Chem 200. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Chem 335. Physical Chemistry I. 3(1). This course will focus on the application of physical
chemistry to protein interactions and the connections between the different sub-disciplines of
physical chemistry: quantum mechanics, spectroscopy, dynamics, kinetics, thermodynamics, and
statistical thermodynamics. This course will explore a foundational basis in each of the six sub-
disciplines of physical chemistry. Final exam, final report, or final project. Prereq: Chem 200,
Math 142/152. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Chem 336. Physical Chemistry II. 3(1). This course will focus on the applications of physical
chemistry to materials science and the connections between the different sub-disciplines of
physical chemistry: quantum mechanics, spectroscopy, dynamics, kinetics, thermodynamics, and
statistical thermodynamics. This course will explore an in-depth basis in each of the six sub-
disciplines of physical chemistry and build from the foundations established in Chem 335. Final
exam, final report or final project. Prereq: Chem 335 or DFCH approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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Chem 344. Instrumental Analysis. 4(2). The course content and execution will focus on gaining
an understanding of instrumental design, operational theory, practical use, and interpretation of
data as applied to several instrumental methods of analysis that are used in chemistry major
courses. Spectroscopic instrumental methods covered may include nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectrometry, gas
chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy, atomic and
molecular electronic absorption (AA and UV-Vis) as well as emission (ICP-OES/MS,
fluorescence) spectroscopy and X-ray microanalysis (SEM and EDAX). Non-spectroscopic
methods covered may include various chromatographic methods of separation such as gas-liquid,
liquid-liquid and gel permeation chromatographic methods as well as thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and combustion methods. Prereq: Chem 222
and Chem 243. Sem hrs: 4 fall.
Chem 350. Chemistry of Weapons. 3(1). The primary focus of this course is on the chemistry
associated with weapons, from construction to delivery to by-products and detection as a result of
delivery or destruction. Topics covered include conventional explosives, propellants, chemical
weapons, biochemical effects, munitions design, and current topics. Emphasis is on understanding
the chemical principles and thermodynamic processes involved in a variety of current and future
weapon systems. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: Chem 200 or DFCH approval. Sem
hrs: 3 fall.
Chem 353. Theory of Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis. 3(1). Basic theory and real-
world examples of modern analytical methods of chemical analysis. Topics include ultraviolet,
visible, infrared absorption, Raman and emission spectroscopies; mass spectrometry, nuclear
magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy; chromatography; thermal
methods, and other methods as appropriate. Applied numeric methods will also be discussed, with
an emphasis on error analysis and determination of signal-to-noise ratio. Focus is placed on theory
of methods currently applied in advanced courses offered in the USAFA Department of Chemistry.
Final exam. Prereq: Chem 200. Sem hrs: 3 spring or fall.
Chem 381. Chemistry of the Environment. 3(1). Discussion of the chemistry and alteration of
the natural environment due to human impacts. Areas of study include atmospheric, soil, water,
and industrial chemistry, environmental contaminant properties, hazardous materials, waste
disposal, toxicology and environmental analytical techniques. Special topics of current or regional
interest may be included. Emphasis is on understanding the chemical principles, phenomena, and
basic chemistry associated with protecting and improving our environment. Final exam or final
report. Prereq: Chem 200. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Chem 399. Independent Study Techniques. 1.5(1). Methods and strategies for proposing,
planning, and executing independent research. A very useful and strongly recommended lead-in
to Chem 499. Knowledge and skills gained will facilitate the initiation of research projects and
improve efficiency of the research process. Exercises in searching the chemical literature, reading
journal articles, and preparation of proposals. With DFCH approval, this course may be combined
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with Chem 499B for three semester hours of independent study credit. Final report/research
proposal. Prereq: Chem 200 and DFCH approval. Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
Chem 431. Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry. 3(1). Theoretical approach to atomic structure,
covalent bonding, and molecular structures. Additional topics include a selection from the
following options: acid-base chemistry, ionic compounds, a general survey of the periodic table,
coordination chemistry, organometallics, catalysis, bio-inorganic chemistry, and inorganic
synthesis. Final exam. Prereq: semester of quantum chemistry. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Chem 432. Special Topics in Inorganic Chemistry. 3(1). Applications of Chem 431 will be
explored using a combination of seminar- and discussion- styled classes. Faculty will be invited
to speak on areas of their specialty. Topics of study will be selected by the cadets in the class.
Reading material will be taken from a wide range of sources with an emphasis on evaluating the
quality of the information from an inorganic perspective. Connections to other chemistry
disciplines will be explored and evaluating the material in the context of the larger world will be
encouraged. This will draw upon the wide range of core courses the cadets have taken in other
fields of study. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Chem 431. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Chem 433. Advanced Organic Chemistry. 3(1). Advanced studies of chemical bonding and
molecular structure; molecular orbital theory, aromaticity, structure-reactivity relationships,
kinetics, mechanisms, and linear free energy relationships. Topics include concerted reactions,
conservation of orbital symmetry, frontier molecular orbitals, photochemistry, selected synthetic
methods, nucleophilic carbon species, carbonyl compounds, principles of stereochemistry, and
asymmetric synthesis. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Chem 234; Chem 335, and DFCH
approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Chem 434. Introduction to Biochemistry. 3(1). Chemistry of the life processes. Topics covered
include the chemistry of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids);
energetics and metabolic control; enzyme kinetics and enzyme mechanisms, intermediary
metabolism, biosynthesis and function of macromolecules and an introduction to biotechnology
and recombinant DNA techniques. This course is designed to aid cadets with the biochemistry
portion of the MCAT exam. Final exam. Prereq: Chem 234. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Chem 435. Advanced Physical Chemistry. 3(2). Development of molecular quantum mechanics
and its application to molecular spectroscopy and chemical reaction dynamics. Topics include
rotational, vibrational, and electronic spectroscopy; chemical reaction dynamics with emphasis on
theoretical calculations for reactions, and advanced theoretical chemical methods. Laboratories
provide hands-on experience in advanced physical chemistry concepts and characterization of the
physical world. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Chem 336 and DFCH approval. Sem hrs: 3
fall or spring.
Chem 440. Polymer Chemistry. 4(2). An introduction to polymer chemistry. Lecture topics
include discussions on the interrelations between molecular and gross physical properties; polymer
structure; methods of polymerization; polymer development; and Air Force applications for
polymers. Laboratories provide hands-on experience in synthesis of polymeric materials. Final
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exam or final project. Prereq: Chem 234, Chem 243, and Chem 335 or DFCH approval. Sem
hrs: 4 spring of even-numbered years.
Chem 444. Integrated Chemistry Laboratory. 3(2). The intent of this course is to provide students
with a comprehensive chemistry laboratory experience that reinforces principles and techniques
gained in 200- and 300-level courses. The topics are presented as research-style problems that
may span the primary sub-disciplines of chemistry. As such, students are exposed to chemistry as
an integrated subject that requires them to put into practice cutting-edge technology and state-of-
the art chemical practices to answer modern scientific questions. The course, therefore, will be
modified in content as the course director sees fit in order to emphasize evolving investigations in
chemistry. Prereq: Chem 234 and Chem 243. Coreq: Chem 335. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Chem 445. Advanced Laboratory Techniques. 3(2). This course is designed to enhance cadets’
experience in advanced laboratory techniques in inorganic, organic, analytical, and physical
chemistry. Experiments include preparation, purification, identification, and analysis of
representative organometallic and inorganic compounds. Final project or final exam. Prereq:
Chem 234 and Chem 336. Coreq: Chem 431 or DFCH approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Chem 465. Chemistry of Advanced Materials. 4(2). Chemical studies in modern and high-tech
materials emphasizing physical chemistry fundamentals, the interface between molecules and
materials, and the development of these materials. Topics include chemical computational models,
materials for energy storage, electronics, structures, optics, and glasses. Laboratories provide
hands-on experience in synthesis and characterization of materials. Final exam or final project.
Prereq: Chem 336 or DFCH approval. Sem hrs: 4 spring of odd-numbered years.
Chem 481. Biochemistry I. 3(1). Chemistry of living organisms emphasizing the roles played by
biomacromolecules and macromolecular assemblies. Topics covered include an introduction to
primary literature in biomedical research, cells and organelles, amino acids, nucleic acids, protein
structures and enzymes, sugars and polysaccharides, lipids and membranes, and an introduction to
metabolism. Final exam. Prereq: Chem 234 or DFCH approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Chem 482. Biochemistry II. 3(1). Chemistry of living organisms emphasizing the central
metabolic processes and the transmission of genetic information. Topics covered include
glycolysis and other pathways of carbohydrate metabolism, the citric acid cycle, lipid and amino
acid metabolism, signal transduction, DNA replication, transcription of DNA and RNA, and
translation of mRNA into protein. Final exam. Prereq: Chem 481. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Chem 491. Biochemistry Laboratory. 4(2). Experiments to manipulate DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Techniques covered include agarose and acrylamide gel electrophoresis, recombinant DNA
techniques, microbial culture and transformation, cell culture, and production and purification of
recombinant proteins. This lab is designed to illustrate the conceptual principles presented in
Chem 481. Laboratory Practical Exam at semester’s end. Final project. Coreq: Chem 481. Sem
hrs: 4 fall.
Chem 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected topics in chemistry. Final exam or final report.
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Prereq: DFCH approval. Sem hrs and offering time determined by DFCH (not more than 3 sem
hrs).
Chem 499. Independent Study. 3(0). The capstone course for all Chemistry majors. A hands-on
laboratory experience applying the culminated knowledge and skills gained in the major towards
a novel research project. Individual research using state-of-the-art equipment under the direction
of a faculty member. Includes use of chemical literature. Final report. Prereq: DFCH approval.
Sem hrs: 3 fall, spring, or summer.
• Chem 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall, spring, or summer.
• Chem 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Chem 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
CIVIL ENGINEERING (Civ Engr)

Offered by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DFCE)
Civ Engr 215. Computer Applications for Civil Engineers. 3(1). Application of commercially
available computer-based tools for solving common types of Civil Engineering problems. Use of
spreadsheet and relational database software with an emphasis on information input, data handling,
and professional output. Introduction to geospatial mapping capabilities and using GIS
technologies. Component, architectural, and engineering modeling using state-of-the-art
computer-aided design (CAD) software, including presentation and working drawings. Final
project. Prereq: Cadets who are not Civil Engineering majors must receive approval from DFCE
AIC before enrolling. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Civ Engr 330. Elementary Structural Analysis. 3(1). Static analysis of determinate structures.
Stresses and deformations in beams, trusses, and frames. Final exam. Prereq: Mech Engr 220
and completed or enrolled in Math 245. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Civ Engr 351. Civil Engineering Practices - Field Engineering. 3(0). This two-phase course
includes Operation Civil Engineering Air Force (OpsCEAF) and a three week field experience at
the USAFA Field Engineering and Readiness Laboratory (FERL). Second-class cadets spend first
period at a government facility working on a project in the civil engineering field. Participants
will be scheduled for a second or third summer period leadership program. The three week field
experience introduces surveying, construction materials, design of concrete mixes, and hands-on
construction using metal, timber, asphalt and concrete, and working knowledge of environmental
systems. Cadets will construct various projects that they will design in later civil and
environmental engineering courses. OpsCEAF is in lieu of Operation Air Force (Mil Tng 301).
OpsCEAF credit is Pass/fail. Civ Engr 351 is graded. Prereq: Mech Engr 220; department
approval required for non-Civ Engr majors. Sem hrs: 3 summer (5 week course beginning after
final exams).
Civ Engr 352. Lightweight Concrete Design, Analysis, and Construction. 3(2). The design,
analysis, and construction of the concrete canoe is an integration of several course experiences and
develops cadets’ understanding of fundamental concepts in concrete, structural design, hydraulics,
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and computer applications. Cadets learn skills in project management, design, concrete
technology, material testing, and physical construction. Cadets use computer tools such as
computer aided design to complete three-dimensional modeling, project management software to
develop and track progress of the project, spreadsheets to design concrete mix, and structural
analysis packages to determine forces within the structure. Extensive time is spent in the
laboratory testing the engineering properties of concrete mixes and composite materials. Final
report and final project. Prereq: Civ Engr 351 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Civ Engr 355. Blast Effects and Protective Structures. 3(1). The purpose of this course is to
educate cadets on protective design strategies to mitigate blast damage and progressive collapse
of structures. An understanding of the principals covered in this course is critical for the safe
design of USAF structures that may be subjected to blast events. Topics include: computation of
blast loads on structures, computation of blast-loaded structural components’ dynamic responses,
design of structural components to achieve prescribed levels of performance for specific blast
scenarios, and analyses of structures to determine potential for progressive collapse. Final project.
Coreq: Civ Engr 372. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Civ Engr 356. Sustainable Engineering. 3(1). This course covers sustainability and green
engineering principles including infrastructure design, green buildings, life cycle assessment,
sustainable retrofitting, renewable energy, and climate change. Building on prior courses in
engineering, the course develops cadets' ability to apply engineering fundamentals in complex
environments. The course will outline commonly employed sustainable engineering principles,
metrics, and evaluation techniques. At the conclusion of the course, students will be able to
integrate and advocate for sustainability principles in plans and decisions affecting the built
environment. The course will integrate case studies and will include student projects on course
topics applied to Air Force installations. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Civ Engr 361. Fundamental Hydraulics. 3(1). Introduction of the principles of incompressible
fluid mechanics. Topics include: fluid properties, pressure measurement and manometry,
hydrostatics, forces on submerged surfaces, buoyancy and stability, continuity, the energy
equation, pipe flow, impulse-momentum principle, and open channel flow. Hydraulics
laboratories with reports. Final exam. Prereq: Mech Engr 220 and Civ Engr 351 or department
Civ Engr 362. Introduction to Environmental Engineering. 3(1). Introduction to the theory and
principles fundamental to the discipline of environmental engineering. Topics may include risk,
environmental chemistry, mass balance and its application to reactor theory and kinetics, air and
water pollution, water and wastewater treatment, indoor air quality, green engineering, renewable
energy, and climate change. Final exam. Prereq: Mech Engr 220. Coreq: Civ Engr 361. Sem
Civ Engr 363. Humanitarian Engineering. 3(1). Focus on the application of scientific and
engineering principles and practices for the betterment of individuals and communities in
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disadvantaged circumstances. Introduction to co-design, co-creation, co-implementation
paradigm for the implementation of innovative science- and engineering-based solutions with
communities, rather than for communities. Identification of needs, resources, and appropriate
technologies. Assessment of potential environmental, social, political, economic, cultural, and
human health impacts. Case studies from international development projects. Linkages to Air
Force Civil Engineer experiences. Final project. Prereq: Comp Sci 110, Civ Engr 351, or
Department Head approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Civ Engr 365. Sustainability and Green Engineering. 3(1). Students in this course will learn
about sustainability and green engineering principles as they relate to manufacturing, the built
environment, and energy. The course will outline commonly employed green engineering
principles, metrics, and assessment techniques. Topics associated with the built environment may
focus on High Performance and Sustainable Buildings, as well as Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) accredited professionals’ examination topics. Traditional,
renewable, and sustainable energy sources will be discussed along with the requisite background
necessary to understand climate change as a motivating factor and energy and power consumption.
The course is case study-based and will include multiple student projects on course topics that
have Air Force implications. Final report. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Civ Engr 372. Behavior and Analysis of Structures. 3(1). Behavior and analysis of statically
determinate and indeterminate beams, frames, and trusses. Calculate loads on a structural member
by applying load path and tributary area concepts. Determining design loads for dead, live, snow,
and wind loads. Calculate displacements using virtual work. Analysis of indeterminate structures
by consistent deformation and slope deflection. Introduction to direct stiffness method. Computer
analysis projects. Final exam. Prereq: ‘C-’ or better in Civ Engr 330 or department approval.
Civ Engr 373. Behavior and Design of Steel Members. 3(1). Behavior of structural steel beams,
columns, and connections, and frames; using the Load and Resistance Factor Design method.
Design for tension, flexure, shear, compression, and combined loads. Design of bolted and welded
steel connections. Design project. Final exam. Prereq: completed or enrolled in Civ Engr 372.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Civ Engr 376. Forest Service Bridge Design. 1.5(1). Design of a U.S. Forest Service (USFS)
pedestrian bridge at a National Forest site determined jointly by USAFA and the USFS. Topics
include construction site surveying, site plan development, field soil investigation and analysis,
environmental compliance and sustainability, waterway design flow determination, Federal land
management, recreation and bridge planning, and structural analysis and design. Students work
in design teams similar to those in civil engineering consulting firms. Includes overnight visit to
bridge construction site to accomplish preliminary site analyses. Cadets who enroll in this course
must also enroll in Civ Engr 377 and Civ Engr 378. Course enrollment is typically limited to 10
students, who must be second-class cadets. Final project. Prereq: Civ Engr 330, Civ Engr 351,
or Department approval. Sem hrs: 1.5 fall.
Civ Engr 377. Forest Service Bridge Construction Planning. 1.5(1). Preparation of construction
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documents for Forest Service pedestrian bridge designed in Civ Engr 376. Submittal of bridge
design and construction documents to the U.S. Forest Service for technical review and approval.
Bridge construction preparation, including final plans and specifications preparation, project
planning and scheduling, project cost estimating, equipment and tools selection, and construction
project safety. Preparation of bridge project bill of materials for submittal to U.S. Forest Service
for use in construction materials ordering. Students work in teams similar to those in commercial
construction companies. Course enrollment is typically limited to 10 students. Final project.
Prereq: Civ Engr 376. Sem hrs: 1.5 spring.
Civ Engr 378. Forest Service Bridge Construction. 0(1). Three-week summer course to construct
Forest Service bridge designed and planned in Civ Engr 376 and 377. USFS provides construction
materials and oversite, and cadets physically construct bridge foundation and abutments, primary
bridge stringers, deck, handrails and bridge approaches. Course includes daily planning and
scheduling meetings, construction safety briefings, USFS standard construction practices and
procedures, public relations guidance and team building activities. Students will also visit previous
USAFA cadet bridge project sites to assess deterioration and complete bridge maintenance
procedures. Course enrollment is typically limited to 10 students. Prereq: Civ Engr 377. Sem
hrs: 0 third summer period. Pass/fail.
Civ Engr 385. Construction Management. 3(1). This course emphasizes the methods and
materials of construction as well as the management practices required to run a successful
construction project. Topics include construction materials, project planning, scheduling, cost
estimating, and field engineering. A semester project, in the form of a detailed study of a major
construction project, complements the classroom experience. Final project. Prereq: Civ Engr 351
or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Civ Engr 390. Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering. 3(2). Engineering properties of soils,
soil classification, compaction, hydraulic conductivity, consolidation, shear strength and
introduction to slope stability and foundation design. Soils laboratories with reports. Final exam.
Prereq: Civ Engr 351 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Civ Engr 405. Civil Engineering Seminar. 0(1). A course designed to give Civil Engineering
majors the opportunity to synthesize and apply the concepts they have learned throughout their
undergraduate education. Topics discussed include engineering ethics and those that cadets may
encounter in the Air Force after graduation. The course meets once per week. Open only to 1°
Civil Engineering majors. Sem hrs: 0 spring. Pass/fail, no final.
Civ Engr 451. Civil Engineering Capstone 1. 3(2). This is the first course in the civil engineering
capstone sequence. This course challenges students to solve a complex engineering problem in
teams. The problems will be open-ended in nature and involve the application of math, science,
and engineering principles acquired in previous coursework. The students will be assigned to a
team, and either conduct research, design, or design and build for their project. Work will require
application of engineering methods to define the problem, analyze alternatives, and select the best
alternative to solve the problem. Work on this problem will continue in the next course: Civ Engr
452. Coreq: One of the civil engineering design options or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
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Civ Engr 452. Civil Engineering Capstone 2. 3(2). This is the second course in the civil
engineering capstone sequence. This course continues the process initiated in Civ Engr 451.
Students will implement, test, model, or communicate their solution to solve a complex
engineering problem in teams. They will determine the applicable standards and requirements
associated with their problem and will consider, as appropriate and applicable, how the project
meets specified needs with consideration of public health, safety, and welfare, as well as global,
cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors. Teams will communicate their
recommended solutions either orally, in a written report or draft journal manuscript, or both.
Teams will receive feedback, reflect on their work and iterate towards a more robust final solution.
Prereq: Civ Engr 451 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Civ Engr 461. Hydraulic Design. 3(1). Hydrology and drainage system design. Topics may
include: hydrologic cycle, surface water flow, hydrographs, stormwater runoff estimation,
overland flow, drainage channel flows, design of storm-drain systems, pipe and sewer networks,
and culverts. Special emphasis on airfield drainage and flood control problems. Sustainability
considerations and potential impacts of climate change on hydraulic designs. Best stormwater
management practices. Design projects. Prereq: Civ Engr 361 (C- or better). Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Civ Engr 462. Site Assessment & Remediation. 3(1). A comprehensive introduction to
groundwater hydrology, contaminant transport, and the design of technical approaches to
remediate subsurface environmental contamination. Topics may include site conceptual models,
groundwater flow, well hydraulics, reactive transport in the subsurface, design of common
isolation and in situ treatment technologies, and the use of feasibility studies to select appropriate
remedial approaches. Applications related to current Air Force environmental liabilities are also
discussed. Design Projects. Prereq: C- or better in Civ Engr 361. Coreq: Civ Engr 362, Civ
Engr 390. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Civ Engr 463. Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. 3(2). Design of facilities for physical,
chemical, and biological treatment of wastewater; and treatment and disposal of sludge. Coverage
of advanced wastewater treatment and land treatment systems. Laboratory exercises analyzing
raw sewage with data being used for the design processes. Final design project consists of a
complete wastewater treatment plant design. Prereq: Civ Engr 362. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Civ Engr 464. Architectural Design. 3(2). Design of a commercial building. Uses computer-
aided-design and drafting (CADD) software in developing design to include: site plan, functional
layout, structure, energy and HVAC, aesthetic design, landscaping, and electrical. Produces set of
design working drawings by end of course. Final project. Prereq: Civ Engr 215; Civ Engr 351; or
department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Civ Engr 467. Water Treatment Principles and Design. 3(1). Introduction to advanced reactor
analysis, including equilibrium thermodynamics, kinetics, ideal reactors, and non-ideal reactor
analysis. Application of these principles to the design of water treatment unit operation, including
those used for treatment of drinking water and remediation of contaminated waters. Topics may
include the design of adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, air stripping, coagulation and
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sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection processes. Includes two complete design exercises.
Final report. Prereq: C- or better in Chem 200 or Department Head Approval, Civ Engr 362. Sem
hrs: 3 fall.
Civ Engr 473. Structural Design. 3(2). Design of a multi-story steel and reinforced concrete
building, including structural frame, floor and roof system, and foundation. Computer-aided
analysis and design. Final report. Prereq: Civ Engr 373 and Civ Engr 474. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Civ Engr 474. Behavior and Design of Concrete Members. 3(1). Properties of reinforced
concrete. Behavior and ultimate strength design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns, and
footings. Design for flexure, shear, compression, bond, and anchorage. Design project. Final
exam. Prereq: Completed or enrolled in Civ Engr 372. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Civ Engr 480. Project Management and Contract Administration. 3(1). First-class students
integrate discipline-specific design work from previous courses through a semester project. Cadets
take an owner's project requirements through stages of scope definition, budgeting and planning,
conceptual design, scheduling, and construction contract administration. Cadets apply engineering
standards and consider realistic issues including engineering economics, constructability,
environmental requirements, sustainability, and safety. The course addresses and applies
management topics and concepts of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in the context
of a capstone engineering project. The course concludes with a project competition involving
construction industry professionals. Serves as a core replacement for Mgt 400 for Civ Engr majors.
Final project. Prereq: Civ Engr 385 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Civ Engr 486. Applied Construction Practices. 3(1). Students in this course will learn about
construction processes and project delivery methods. Their work will be in preparation to form
one or more teams to compete in the annual Associated Schools of Construction regional student
competition each February. The cadet teams will play the role of construction or design-build
firms competing to win a project award. Student products will include a qualifications package,
site plans, conceptual architectural and/or engineering designs, cost estimates, project schedules
and construction plans. The students will also present their plans to a panel of industry
representatives. They will compete against other teams from universities across the western U.S.
The deliverables include the final versions of all cadet work and their lessons learned for next
year’s teams. This is a continuation of Civ Engr 486X. Final project and presentation. Prereq:
Civ Engr 486X. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Civ Engr 486X. Applied Construction Practices. 0(1). Students in this course will learn about
construction processes and project delivery methods. Their work will be in preparation to form
one or more teams to compete in the annual Associated Schools of Construction regional student
competition each February. The cadet teams will play the role of construction or design-build
firms competing to win a project award. Student products will include a qualifications package,
site plans, conceptual architectural and/or engineering designs, cost estimates, project schedules
and construction plans. The students will also present their plans to a panel of industry
representatives. They will compete against other teams from universities across the western U.S.
The deliverables include the final versions of all cadet work and their lessons learned for next
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year’s teams. The course is offered in the last 20 lessons (21-40) of the fall semester. Final project
and presentation. Prereq/Coreq: One of the civil engineering design options or department
approval. Sem hrs: 0 fall.
Civ Engr 488. Pavement Design and Rehabilitation. 3(1). Fundamental theory and design
principles of flexible and rigid pavements covering traffic characteristics (loads and repetitions),
airfield and highway pavement design, pavement evaluation and maintenance, and pavement
rehabilitation techniques. The course content may include traffic operations (safety, volume, flow,
and level of service) and roadway geometrics (intersections and horizontal and vertical alignment).
Final exam or project. Prereq: Civ Engr 390. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Civ Engr 491. Foundation Engineering. 3(1). Students design a facility foundation. Topics
include site investigation, bearing capacity and settlement, analysis and design of deep and shallow
foundations. Introduction to lateral earth pressures. Final design project. Prereq: Civ Engr 390.
Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Civ Engr 492. Earth Structures. 3(1). Estimate/predict lateral earth pressures, analyze slope
stability, design embankments, design retaining walls, and summarize current research on
retaining wall design. Final design project. Prereq: Civ Engr 390. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Civ Engr 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected topics in civil engineering. Final exam or final
report. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs and offering time determined by department (not
Civ Engr 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study and research in an advanced civil
engineering topic approved by the department head. Final report. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Civ Engr 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Civ Engr 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Civ Engr 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
COMMISSIONING EDUCATION (CE)

Offered by the Commandant of Cadets
CE 100. Commissioning Education for Personal Leadership. 0(0). Fourth-class cadets receive
training on Air Force Commissioning Education Learning Outcomes (CELOs) related to
Followership (A2.1.2) and Self Development (A2.1.4). Specific learning outcomes for this course
are outlined in AFI 36-2014, Commissioning Education Program, and CJCSI 1800.0ID, Officer
Professional Military Education Policy. Final exam. Pass/Fail. Apply toward MPA. Prereq:
Fourth-class standing. Sem hrs: 0 fall or spring.
This course, integrated with Leadership 100 and C&L 100, is a contributor to the
Management outcome.
CE 200. Commissioning Education for Interpersonal Leadership. 0(0). This course provides
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education and training to provide the basic and essential knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to
ensure success for all new Air Force officers upon entry to commissioned service in accordance
with AFI 36-2014. Pass/Fail. Apply toward MPA. Prereq: Officership 100. Sem hrs: 0 fall or
spring.
Management outcome.
CE 300. Commissioning Education for Team Leadership. 0(0). This course provides education
and training to provide the basic and essential knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to ensure
success for all new Air Force officers upon entry to commissioned service in accordance with AFI
36-2014. Pass/Fail. Apply toward MPA. Prereq: Officership 200. Sem hrs: 0 fall or spring.
Management outcome.
CE 400. Commissioning Education for Organizational Leadership. 0(0). This course provides
education and training to provide the basic and essential knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to
ensure success for all new Air Force officers upon entry to commissioned service in accordance
with AFI 36-2014. Pass/Fail. Apply toward MPA. Prereq: Officership 300. Sem hrs: 0 fall or
spring.
Management outcome.
COMPUTER SCIENCE (Comp Sci)

Offered by the Department of Computer and Cyber Sciences (DFCS)
Comp Sci 110. Introduction to Computing and Cyber Operations. 3(1)*. An introduction to the
principles, capabilities, applications, limitations, and vulnerabilities of computer-based systems.
Topics include information representation, algorithmic problem solving, programming, artificial
intelligence, computer networking, information security, and cyber operations. Final project.
Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Comp Sci 110S. Introduction to Computer Science and Cyber Operations for Scholars. 3(1). An
overview of the great ideas in computing. We will investigate the “big questions” in computing
and humanity’s best attempts to answer them, by reading the original writings of significant
contributors to the field. Problems explored include: “What is computing?” “What can and cannot
be computed?” “How can a computer be constructed?” “How can we best express our ideas to
computers?” “How long does it take to compute something?” Particular emphasis is placed on
reading original materials, learning by doing, and on the military and social consequences of
computing. The latter will be illustrated through exercises emphasizing the results of applying
computer science principles in the cyber domain. Programming experience is not required. Final
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exam. Prereq: Scholar status. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Comp Sci 206. Fundamentals of Programming for Engineers. 1(1X). Introduces and applies
programming, modeling, and simulation skills required in the various courses in engineering
majors. Students will be introduced to MatLab for programming, modeling, and simulation.
Students must successfully complete a series of proficiency tasks for credit. When registering for
this course, please specify preference for taking the course during the first-half (e.g., Comp Sci
206) or second-half of semester (e.g., Comp Sci 206X). Pass/fail. Prereq: Comp Sci 110. Sem
hrs: 1 spring.
Comp Sci 210. Programming Fundamentals. 4(2). Establishes an understanding of the

fundamental concepts of software development along with applied computer programming and
problem-solving skills. Topics include programming constructs, appropriate use of fundamental
data types and libraries, error handling techniques, problem-solving strategies, algorithms, data
structures, and recursion. Considerable attention is devoted to developing effective software
engineering practices, emphasizing design, documentation, encapsulation, procedural abstraction,
testing, debugging, and software reuse. Final project. Prereq: Comp Sci 110. Sem hrs: 4 fall.
Comp Sci 211. Introduction to Programming for Scientists and Engineers. 4(2). Introduces and
applies the fundamental techniques of scientific programming as a foundation for solving scientific
and engineering problems using computers. Topics include programming constructs, problem-
solving strategies, testing and debugging, effective use of pre-defined functions, and vector and
matrix operations, with a focus on engineering and scientific applications. Cadets will learn a
programming language and development environment that is suited for science and engineering
disciplines. Final project. Prereq: Comp Sci 110. Sem hrs: 4 fall or spring.
Comp Sci 212. Introduction to Programming for Analysts. 4(2). Introduces the fundamental
techniques of software development as a foundation for solving analytical problems using
computers. Topics include programming constructs, problem-solving strategies, algorithms, and
data structures, with a focus on analysis applications. Considerable attention is devoted to
developing effective software engineering practices, emphasizing design, decomposition,
encapsulation, modularity, testing, debugging, and software reuse. Cadets will learn a
programming language and development environment that is widely used within the analytic
discipline. Final project. Prereq: Comp Sci 110. Sem hrs: 4 spring.
Comp Sci 220. Data Structures and Systems Programming. 3(1). Continues the introduction of
software development, with a particular focus on the ideas of data abstraction, data structures, and
memory management. Topics include recursion, algorithmic complexity, memory management,
reference semantics, and fundamental computing algorithms. Final exam. Prereq: C or better in
Comp Sci 210. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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Comp Sci 330. Software Design and Development. 3(1). Focuses on advanced software analysis,
design, implementation, and testing concepts and techniques within the object-oriented, functional,
and possibly other paradigms. Primary topics include object-oriented analysis and design,
inheritance and polymorphism, user interface design, object-oriented programming, testing
techniques, functional language theory, and functional programming. Final exam. Prereq: Comp
Sci 220. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Comp Sci 350. Software Engineering. 3(1). Develops a theoretical and applied understanding
of the concepts and techniques of software engineering emphasizing agile methodologies, software
architectures, project planning and management, risk management, requirements engineering,
prototyping, goal modeling, design techniques and quality measures, security considerations and
protections, quality assurance techniques, testing methodologies, configuration management and
control, sustainment, and tool support. Final exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 220. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Comp Sci 351. Computer Organization and Architecture. 3(1). Introduces basic computer logic
systems, major types of computing system organizations, and machine and assembly language
programming. Topics include digital logic, processor architecture, data representation, memory
architecture, performance analysis, computer arithmetic, pipelining, and multi-processing. Final
exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 210 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Comp Sci 362. Computer Simulation. 3(1). Introduction to modeling and simulation. Topics
include principles of computer simulation methodologies; simulation data analysis and input
design; simulation development; analysis of results; and verification of system design,
implementation, and assumptions. The course includes the development of small conceptual
simulations, statistical analysis of data sets, and a group project involving the simulation and
analysis of real-world systems. Final project. Prereq: Comp Sci 210, Comp Sci 211, or Comp
Sci 212; Math 356 or Math 377. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Comp Sci 364. Databases and Applications. 3(1). Introduction to the basic concepts of database
systems. Topics include data models, database design theory, database performance, transaction
processing, web-database interaction, techniques for handling large volumes of data, and
contemporary database issues. Hands-on projects emphasize basic database and information
storage and retrieval techniques. Final Project. Prereq: Comp Sci 210 or Comp Sci 211 or Comp
Sci 212. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Comp Sci 380. Design and Analysis of Algorithms. 3(1). Advanced design and analysis of
algorithms used in modern computing systems. Topics include analysis of algorithms, basic
structures, advanced abstract data types, recursion, computability and complexity. Problem
solving and analytical skills are improved by examining the application of problem solving
strategies to several problem domains with an emphasis on the impact of design decisions on
algorithm performance. Concepts are reinforced by several programming exercises. Final exam.
Prereq: Comp Sci 220; Math 340 or Math 374. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Comp Sci 385. Software Dev for Mobile Devices. 3(1). Introduces the design and development
of applications (apps) for mobile devices. Mobile device topics include runtime environments;
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human interface guidelines; display optimization; device orientation, location, and movement; user
gesture handling; interactions metaphors; user interface paradigms; user content expectations;
user-centric terminology; data reach-back; and multitasking. Hands-on projects emphasize the
unique aspects of software development to meet device-specific user expectations and the unique
aspects of mobile device sensors, input and output modes, and limitations. Final project. Prereq:
Comp Sci 405. Computer Science Colloquium I. 0(1). A course for Computer Science majors
that provides for presentation of cadet and faculty research; guest lecturers; field trips; seminars
on career and graduate school opportunities; goal setting exercises; and applications for Computer
Science. The class meets once each week. Open only to 1° Computer Science majors. Pass/fail.
Prereq: C1C standing. Sem hrs: 0 fall.
Comp Sci 406. Computer Science Colloquium II. 0(1). A course for Computer Science majors
on career and graduate school opportunities; goal setting exercises; and applications of Computer
Science. The class meets once each week. Open only to 1° Computer Science majors. Pass/fail.
Prereq: C1C standing. Sem hrs: 0 spring.
Comp Sci 426. Languages and Machines. 3(1). Students will learn the theoretical foundations of
computer science and apply these concepts to appropriate stages in compiler implementation.
Topics include finite automata, formal language theory, grammars, scanners, parsing techniques,
code generation, symbol tables, and run-time storage allocation. Students will design and
implement a syntax-directed compiler for a high-order programming language. Final exam.
Prereq: Comp Sci 330. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Comp Sci 453. Software Engineering Capstone Project I. 3(2). First course in the two- semester
capstone design sequence for Computer Science majors. Applies contemporary concepts and
techniques for the team-based analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance of larger
scale software engineering projects. Includes development of project management, configuration
control, technical communications, and teamwork skills. Final project. Prereq: C1C standing and
department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Comp Sci 454. Software Engineering Capstone Project II. 3(2). Second course in the
two-semester project sequence for Computer Science majors. Continues the applied study of the
software development lifecycle with the goal of delivering a robust and sustainable product. Final
project. Prereq: Comp Sci 453. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Comp Sci 467. Computer Networks. 3(1). Examination of modern data communications systems
and related security issues. Topics include the TCP/IP reference model, data transmission theory,
network design issues, internetworking, routing, network protocols, implementation of networks,
and communications security. Final exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 210. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Comp Sci 471. Artificial Intelligence. 3(1). Introduction to major subjects and research areas in
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artificial intelligence (AI). Topics include: problem solving techniques, knowledge
representation, machine learning, heuristic programming, AI languages, expert systems, natural
language understanding, computer vision, pattern recognition, robotics, and societal impacts. The
course will also explore current and projected uses of AI in the Air Force. Final exam. Prereq:
Comp Sci 210 or Comp Sci 212. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Comp Sci 472. Autonomous Systems Integration. 3(1). Students learn the fundamentals of
autonomous systems and related technologies (hardware and software) as well as implementations
and applications. In addition, students learn how to integrate machine learning with autonomous
drones to provide applied solutions to real-world problems. Final Project. Prereq: Comp Sci 471.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Comp Sci 474. Computer Graphics. 3(1). Basic concepts of interactive computer graphics
including both vector and raster graphics. Topics include mathematics of 2-dimensional and 3-
dimensional geometric transformations, interactive techniques, graphics hardware architectures,
graphic algorithms, and realism in computer-generated images. Course includes several computer
projects. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Comp Sci 220. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Comp Sci 483. Operating Systems. 3(1). Examines the design and implementation of programs
that manage hardware resources and provide abstract interfaces for hardware control. Topics
include resource allocation, synchronization primitives, virtual memory, information protection,
performance measurement, I/O sub-subsystems, and distributed computing. Final exam. Prereq:
Comp Sci 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected topics in computer science. Final exam or final
Comp Sci 496. Computer Science Seminar. 3(1). Advanced topics in computer science. Students
participate in and lead discussions on significant issues in current computer science research as
well as key historical developments. Final report. Prereq: C1C standing and department approval.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Comp Sci 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study and research supervised by a faculty
member. Topic established with the department head. Final report. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Comp Sci 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Comp Sci 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Comp Sci 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
CREATIVE ARTS (Creative Art)

Offered by the Department of English and Fine Arts (DFEN)
Creative Art 300. Creative Writing: Prose (Fiction/Nonfiction). 3(1). Examines techniques of
creative writing. In a workshop atmosphere, students experiment with writing, focusing on prose.
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The student's own work becomes the subject of discussion and attention. Final project. Prereq:
English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Creative Art 305. Creative Writing: Poetry, Drama, Adaptation. 3(1). Examines techniques of
creative writing. In a workshop atmosphere, students experiment with writing, focusing on forms
such as poetry, drama, and/or the adaptation and reimagining of existing works. The student's own
work becomes the subject of discussion and attention. Final project. Prereq: English 211. Sem
Creative Art 310. Film Studies. 3(1). A structured introduction to cinema and/or cinema history.
Topics vary but the course will take a thematic or chronological approach to the study of film as
an art form, with attention to developing an understanding of film grammar, terminology,
narration, forms of genre, and modes of production. Each film is viewed outside of class before it
is discussed. Possible topics include, but are not limited to, film and war; horror stories; science
fiction; film noir. Final paper or project. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Creative Art 315. Drawing and Visual Design. 3(1). This course features hands-on lessons to
gain practical experience creating still lifes, landscapes, and figures from observation. Students
will learn to critically engage with visual artistic expression through written analysis of significant
works of art. No drawing or painting experience required. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs:
3 fall or spring.
Creative Art 320. Painting. 3(1). This course features hands-on lessons that focus on visual
artistic expression through applying traditional and modern acrylic painting techniques. A variety
of painting styles, subjects, and approaches are covered. Critical analyses of the creative processes,
concepts, and contexts, are included throughout the course, requiring students to reflect and study
visual expression over time, geography, and culture. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall
or spring.
Creative Art 325. Art of Photography. 3(1). This course focuses on photography as an art form.
Students will study the history of photography and aesthetics, producing written analyses of
significant works of photography. In addition, this course features hands-on lessons to gain,
practical experience with photography. Students will use digital cameras to explore a variety of
art concepts, styles, and techniques. No art or photography experience is required. Final project
and/or exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Creative Art 330. Art Seminar. 3(1). This course features discussions of selected works of art
across time, geography, and cultures. Topics may include major artists and periods, as well as
neglected and re-emergent figures and artistic movements. Students will learn to critically engage
with visual artistic expression through written analysis of significant works of art. No practical art
experience required. Final paper or project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs. 3 fall or spring.
Creative Art 335. Music Seminar. 3(1). An introductory course featuring discussions of works
of music across time, geography, and cultures. Topics may include major composers and periods
as well as neglected and re-emergent figures and music. Students will learn to critically engage
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with musical artistic expression through written analysis of significant musical movements and
works of composition. No practical musical experience required. Final paper or project. Prereq:
None. Sem hrs. 3 fall or spring.
Creative Art 495. Special Topics. 3(1). Selected special topics in Creative Arts. Final exam or
final report. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Creative Art 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Independent study in art, music, or another creative
field. Subject and meetings arranged with the instructor. Prereq: department approval. Sem hrs:
3 fall or spring.
• Creative Art 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Creative Art 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Creative Art 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
CYBER
Cyber 256. Basic Cyber Operations. 0(2). Cyber operations training supports USAFA Outcomes
and helps motivate cadets towards a career in the United States Air Force. Cadets will explore the
joint cyber mission area during this course with hands-on training designed to teach the
fundamentals of operating, attacking, and defending computers and networks. Successful
completion of this course fulfills one military training requirement and partially fulfills the
requirements for award of the Cadet Basic Cyber badge. Pass/fail. Prereq: Comp Sci 110. Sem
hrs: 0 summer.
Cyber 355X. Senior Cyber Instructor Training. 1(1). This course prepares cadets to become Basic
Cyber Operations (Cyber 256) Instructors. Focus will be on course development for the upcoming
Cyber 256 course including exploring the mission planning process and ethical, legal, and
operational challenges of executing missions in and through cyberspace. Cadets will learn and
practice instructional skills and how to safely operate a cyber warfare training range. The course
concludes with a qualification check ride evaluation. Successful completion will qualify cadets to
wear the Senior Cyber Operations badge. This course is offered in the third- or second-class year
during the last 20 lessons of the spring semester and is a prerequisite for Cyber 456. Pass/fail.
Prereq: Cyber 256 or Department Head approval. Sem hrs: 1 spring.
Cyber 356. Senior Cyber Instructor. 0(0). Selected cadets serve as cadre and instructors for Cyber
256. Completion during the summer fulfills a military training leadership option. Pass/fail.
Prereq: Cyber 355 or Department Head approval. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Cyber 455X. Master Cyber Instructor Training. 1(1). This course prepares cadets to become
Basic Cyber Operations (Cyber 256) senior cadre instructors. Focus will be on leading and
designing the upcoming Cyber 256 course including exploring the mission planning process and
ethical, legal, and operational challenges of executing missions in and through cyberspace. Cadets
will learn and practice more advanced operational and leadership skills compared to Cyber 355.
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The course concludes with a qualification check ride evaluation. Successful completion will
qualify cadets to wear the Master Cyber Operations badge. This course is offered in the second-
class year during the last 20 lessons of the spring semester. Pass/fail. Prereq: Cyber 356 or
Department Head approval. Sem hrs: 1 spring.
Cyber 456. Master Cyber Instructor. 0(0). Selected cadets serve as cadre and leadership for Cyber
256. Completion during the summer fulfills a military training leadership option. Pass/fail.
Prereq: Cyber 455 or Department Head approval. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
CYBER SCIENCE (Cyber Sci)

Cyber Sci 333. Cyber Warfare. 4(2). This cyber security course addresses the fundamentals of
understanding cyber vulnerabilities via immersive hands-on techniques. Emphasis is on both
theory and practical applications behind computer exploitation and cyber warfare methods. Topics
include fundamental security principles, low-level programming, application and programming
security to include exploitation techniques, malware reverse engineering, and ethics. Final exam
or final project. Prereq: Comp Sci 220 and either ECE 281 or Comp Sci 351. Sem hrs: 4 fall.
Cyber Sci 334. Cyber Defense. 3(1). This second course of a three-semester foundational
sequence for Cyber Science majors focuses on the fundamentals of network defense and digital
forensics. Topics include security models, vulnerability analysis, defense mechanisms, network
design and management, incident response, file system structures, non-volatile memory analysis,
volatile memory analysis, network traffic analysis, file integrity, chain of custody, and ethics.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: Comp Sci 467. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Cyber Sci 405. Cyber Science Colloquium I. 0(1). A course for Cyber Science majors that
provides for presentation of cadet and faculty research; guest lecturers; field trips; seminars on
career and graduate school opportunities; goal setting exercises; and applications for Cyber
Science. The class meets once each week. Open only to 1° Cyber Science majors. Pass/fail.
Prereq: C1C standing. Sem hrs: 0 fall.
Cyber Sci 406. Cyber Science Colloquium II. 0(1). A course for Cyber Science majors that
provides for presentation of cadet and faculty research; guest lecturers; field trips; seminars on
career and graduate school opportunities; goal setting exercises; and applications of Cyber Science.
The class meets once each week. Open only to 1° Cyber Science majors. Pass/fail. Prereq: C1C
standing. Sem hrs: 0 spring.
Cyber Sci 431. Cryptography. 3(1). Introduces the principles of cryptography and number theory.
Topics include: primes, random numbers, modular arithmetic and discrete logarithms, symmetric
encryption, public key encryption, key management, hash functions, digital signatures,
authentication protocols and protocols for secure electronic commerce. Additional
advanced and contemporary topics in cryptography, such as cryptocurrency and quantum
computing, will also be introduced. Final exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 210, Comp Sci 211, or Comp
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Sci 212; Math 340, Math 472, or Math 474; or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Cyber Sci 435. Cyber Operations. 3(1). This immersive cyber operations course allows cadets to
plan and execute realistic cyber operations. Topics include mission planning, risk assessment, the
cyber-attack methodology, and the relevant legal, ethical, and strategic concerns. Practical tools
and techniques are used within a cyber training range to allow realistic simulation of the cyber
operations lifecycle. Particular focus is on the penetration testing of cyber-physical systems such
as supervisory control and data acquisitions systems (SCADA). Final project. Prereq: Cyber Sci
333 and Cyber Sci 334. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Cyber Sci 438. Cyber Science Capstone I. 3(2). First course in the two semester capstone design
sequence for Cyber Science majors. Applies contemporary concepts and techniques for the team-
based analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance of larger scale cyber science
projects. Includes development of project management, configuration control, technical
communications, and teamwork skills. Final project. Prereq: C1C standing and department
Cyber Sci 439. Cyber Science Capstone II. 3(2). Second course in the two semester project
sequence for Cyber Science majors. Continues the applied study of the cyber science topics. Final
project. Prereq: Cyber Sci 438. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Cyber Sci 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected topics in cyber science. Final exam or final
Cyber Sci 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study and research supervised by a faculty
member. Topic established with the department head. Final report. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Cyber Sci 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Cyber Sci 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Cyber Sci 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
DATA SCIENCE (Data)

Offered by the Department of Computer and Cyber Sciences (DFCS), Department of
Management (DFMA), and Department of Mathematical Sciences (DFMS)
Data 421. Data Science Capstone I. 3(2). The first course in a two-semester data science capstone
experience. Students will complete the planning, design, and implementation of a significant
multi-disciplinary project centered on the acquisition, curation, and analysis of data. Final project.
Prereq: C1C Standing in the Data Science major or course director approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Data 422. Data Science Capstone II. 3(2). The second course in a two-semester data science
capstone experience. Students will continue work on a significant multi-disciplinary project
centered on the acquisition, curation, and analysis of data. Final project. Prereq: Data 421 or
course director approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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Data 495. Special Topics. 3(1 or 2). Selected topics in data science. Final exam or final project.
than 3 sem hrs).
Data 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study and research supervised by a faculty
member. Topic established with the Data Science Program Director. Final report. Sem hrs: 3
fall or spring.
• Data 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Data 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Data 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
ECONOMICS (Econ)
Offered by the Department of Economics and Geosciences (DFEG)
Econ 201. Introduction to Economics. 3.5(2). Introduces the economic way of thinking so that
graduates can understand the world around them in economic terms and apply economic concepts
to the challenges they will face as Air Force officers. The course focuses on using economic
analysis to improve cadets’ critical thinking, decision-making, and quantitative literacy skills to
make them more effective leaders. Graduates can apply these skills to analyze economic policy,
defense economics, engineering economics, and personal finance issues. Graduates will also
develop literacy in the national and international economic environment in order to understand
contemporary issues and public policy. Students will be able to apply the economic concepts to
national security issues. This course is scheduled for the first 30 lessons of the semester. Final
exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3.5 fall or spring.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the following
outcomes: 1) Critical Thinking, and 2) National Security of the American Republic in a
Complex Global Environment.
Econ 201S. Introduction to Economics (Scholars). 3.5(2). This course is the Academy Scholars
Program version of the Econ 201 course. Introduces the economic way of thinking so that
graduates can understand the world around them in economic terms and apply economic concepts
to the challenges they will face as informed citizens and Air Force officers. The course focuses
on analyzing contemporary economic issues to enhance cadets' critical thinking, decision-making,
and quantitative literacy skills. Graduates can apply these skills to analyze economic policy issues.
This course is scheduled for the first 30 lessons of the semester. Final paper. Prereq: Scholar
status. Sem hrs: 3.5 fall.
outcomes: 1) Critical Thinking, and 2) National Security of the American Republic in a
Complex Global Environment.
Econ 332. Intermediate Microeconomics I: Competitive Markets. 3(1). The first course in a
calculus-based treatment of microeconomic theory. This course focuses on deriving general results
in a competitive market, including in-depth analysis of market supply and demand, utility theory,
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consumer optimization, demand functions, income/substitution effects, production functions,
long-run and short-run cost functions, and profit maximization. Final exam. Prereq: Econ 201
and Math 142/152. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 333. Intermediate Microeconomics II: Market Failures and Advanced Topics. 3(1). The
second course in a calculus-based treatment of microeconomic theory. This course focuses on
relaxing the assumptions of competitive markets and has an in-depth analysis of market failures
(monopoly, public goods, externalities, asymmetric information). Game theory is developed and
used to study markets with strategic interaction. Advanced topics may include auctions,
intertemporal choice, choice under uncertainty, finite resources, and others. Final exam. Prereq:
Econ 332. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Econ 351. Comparative Economic Systems. 3(1). This course is an examination of the world's
major economic systems including capitalism, market socialism, and planned socialism. These
systems will be examined through a critical analysis of the theoretical literature and case studies.
Areas of study include the United States, the European Union, China, the Middle East, and parts
of the developing world. Both economic and non-economic aspects of these countries’ systems
will be examined to come to an understanding of how these countries work and why countries
experience different results despite similarities in their systems. Final exam or final project. Prereq:
Econ 201; Econ 355 or Econ 374. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Econ 355. Principles of Macroeconomics. 3(1). Foundations of key macroeconomic principles.

Analysis of the macroeconomics of a nation at an aggregate level. Analytical models are developed
and used to analyze the impacts of alternative government economic policies, introducing
Keynesian, classical and other macroeconomics schools of thought. Topics include inflation,
unemployment, national income, the banking system, fiscal and monetary policy, debt, deficits,
and international finance and trade (including exchange rates and barriers to trade). Focuses on
domestic and global economic environments of organizations and discusses current and historical
issues in the macroeconomy relating to real-world events. Final exam or final project. Prereq or
Coreq: Econ 201. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Econ 356. Intermediate Macroeconomics. 3(1). Analysis of national income, employment, price
level determination, growth, monetary, and fiscal policies. Contemporary macroeconomic issues
are explored using both closed and open economy scenarios. Modern business cycle theory and
stabilization policy are examined from the vantage point of varying macroeconomic schools of
thought by comparing and contrasting Keynesian, classical and other competing theories. Final
exam or final project. Prereq: Econ 355. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 365. Econometrics I. 3(1). Application of regression analysis and other statistical tools to
economic data, concentrating on methodology, econometric model building, interpretation,
statistical inference, and applications to economic and policy issues. Final exam or final project.
Prereq: Math 356 or Math 377. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 367. Industrial Organization. 3(1). The study of Industrial Organizations (IO) in economics
explores the impacts and incentives associated with a variety of market and management
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structures, such as monopoly, oligopoly, public vs private provision, horizontal and vertical
integration, price discrimination, strategic behavior, research and development decisions, and
industry entrance and exit. This course expands on basic principles covered in traditional
microeconomics course sequences and introduces real-world complexity into the theoretical
framework. Participants in this course will apply these principles specifically to industries that
support Air Force and Space Force capabilities and operations such as aerospace, space, robotics,
cyber, energy, biotechnology, and strategic materials. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ
332 and 333 (or equivalent) or consent of instructor. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 369. Causal Pathways: A Social Science Approach to Interdisciplinary Problems. 3(1).
Individual and societal decisions hinge on the expected consequences of those decisions. How
does serving in the military affect later career outcomes? How does local air pollution impact
health of residents? Despite the importance of understanding the causal effects of individual
actions and policies, measuring those impacts empirically is challenging. This course will
introduce cadets to systematic methods designed to estimate causal impacts, focusing on settings
where experimentation is not practical. Cadets will evaluate intuition behind those methods. Final
exam or final paper. Prereq: Math 300 or equivalent; cadets may not receive credit for both Econ
369 and Econ 365. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 374. Survey of International Economics. 3(1). This course spends the first part exploring the
foundations of key macroeconomic principles and developing the tools that can be used to analyze
the macroeconomic goals and performances of economies around the world. The second part is
spent on the examination of current issues in the commercial relations among nations, including
international trade, international finance, economic development, and the multinational enterprise.
This course is designed for FAS majors and any interested cadets who are not majoring in
economics. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ 201. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 377. Financial Markets. 3(1). Provides an introduction to analysis of financial markets
looking at the characteristics, valuations, and functions of various financial instruments (mutual
funds, stocks, bonds, real assets, options); emphasis is placed on developing investment policy and
portfolio objectives; course rigorously addresses the mathematics of diversification to include
statistical measures of variation and quadratic programming for portfolio optimization.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ 333 or Ops Rsch 331 and either Math 356 or Math 377
(or department approval). Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Econ 411. Introduction to Game Theory. 3(1). This course will introduce the concepts required
to analyze strategic situations, or situations in which a player‘s payoff depend on his choices and
those of the other players. Topics will include zero-sum and nonzero-sum games, normal and
extensive form games, the implications of informational asymmetries on these strategic situations,
auctions, and bargaining models. Developing the ability to think strategically is valuable to
everyone, but this course will be especially important for those studying any of the social sciences.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ 333 or Ops Rsch 331. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Econ 422. Labor Economics. 3(1). This course examines how people make decisions regarding
their participation in the labor market. Included in this course is the examination of government
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policies (such as social security, minimum wage, etc.) and their impacts of the supply and demand
of labor. Wage determination for women and minorities will be discussed in light of the supply
and demand forces in the influence of the human capital decisions made by individuals. Final exam
or final project. Prereq: Econ 333 (or Ops Rsch 331) and Econ 365. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 423. Managerial Economics. 3(1). Traditional economic theory for cadets not majoring in
economics emphasizing the principles of product and factor pricing, allocation and employment
of resources, and the implications of various market structures. In addition to these microeconomic
topics, the use of other economic tools which may aid the decision maker will be discussed
including topics in macroeconomics and international economics. Final exam or final project.
Prereq: Econ 201 and Mgt 303 or AIC approval. Semester hrs: 3 fall.
Econ 440. Development of Economic Thought. 3(1). This course explores the development of
economic thought and economic methodology from the mercantilists to current schools of
economic thought. The focus will be on economics as an evolving body of thought emphasizing
the movement from classical economics to neoclassical economics as a foundation for modern
economic theory. The student will gain an appreciation of how today‘s economic theories have
been influenced by the important economic thinkers from the past, such as Adam Smith, Karl
Marx, and John Maynard Keynes. Final exam or final project. Prereq/Coreq: Econ 201. Sem
hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 447. Quantitative Economic Methods. 3(1). Analysis of economic problems through
statistical and mathematical methods and the use of quantitative models. Final exam. Prereq: Econ
333 or Ops Rsch 331 (or department approval). Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Econ 450. International Economics. 3(1). This course develops and employs economics models to
help analyze and explain the patterns of international trade, immigration and capital flows; assess
the impact of international trade on workers, capital owners, and land owners; explore the motives
and consequences of protectionism; and examine the strengths and weaknesses of a variety of
exchange rate mechanisms and trading partnerships like the European Union and the North
American Free Trade Agreement. The course relies heavily on economic modeling techniques
developed in the micro- and macroeconomics curriculum. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ
333 and Econ 356 (or departmental approval). Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Econ 454. Economics of Development and Conflict. 3(1). This course examines the underlying
theory, historical experiences, and lessons learned associated with economic development efforts,
with special emphasis on countries at high risk of civil conflict or government failure. Students
will assess the conventional wisdom on development programs using an analytical framework that
emphasizes the role of incentives, the importance of valid assumptions, and impact of the social
environment in determining the prospects for successful development. Due to its strong emphasis
on African development, this course is ideal for Foreign Area Studies majors in the Africa track.
Prereq: Econ 201; Econ 355 or Econ 374. Final exam or final project. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 465. Econometrics II. 3(1). Continues development of additional econometric techniques,
identification and treatment of violations of modeling assumptions, and complex applications of
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econometric analysis to economic and policy issues. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ
Econ 466. Advanced Econometrics. 3(1). Explores advanced topics in econometrics and further
application of techniques. Topics covered may include time-series methods, maximum likelihood
estimation, generalized method of moments, Bayesian econometrics, or bootstrapping. The course
may also focus on application of econometric analysis to specific topics selected by cadets or the
instructor. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ 465. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 473. Public Economics. 3(1). This course explores the role of the government (public
sector) in a market economy. Students will use economic principles to analyze when government
interventions are justified, which government policies are most effective in achieving their stated
goals, and the effects of such policies on behavior. Students will then use these economic
principles to evaluate contemporary public policies in the United States such as public education,
government-sponsored health care, Social Security, other social insurance programs, and taxation.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ 333 or Ops Rsch 331 or department approval. Sem hrs:
3 fall.
Econ 475. Money, Banking and Financial Institutions. 3(1). Advanced treatment of money and its
role in the economy. Critical analysis of financial structure and institutions, the Federal Reserve
System, and the increasing importance of the global financial arena. Special emphasis is placed on
financial events and policy issues. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ 356 (or department
approval). Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 476. The Economics of Sports. 3(1). This applied economics course explores aspects of
the economics of sports and sports leagues. We will consider the business and economics of
professional team sports and sports broadcasting and analyze competitive balance policies, player
relations issues including the drivers of players’ salaries, the public finance nature of sports teams
and stadium financing, antitrust issues, and the nature of amateurism in collegiate sports. Final
exam or final project. Prereq: Econ 201, Econ 333 (or Ops Rsch 331), and Econ 365. Sem hrs:
3 spring.
Econ 477. Economics of Inequality. This course examines inequality of income, wealth, and
health with a large focus on the United States. We’ll consider factors such as technological
advances, globalization, returns to education, government policy, family structure, and the degree
of competition within the US. Lastly, we’ll examine government policies that impact inequality,
including progressive taxation, the minimum wage, unions, public education, immigration policy,
and government involvement in healthcare. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ 365 or Econ
369 (or equivalent) or Consent of Instructor. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Econ 480. Defense Economics. 3(1). Defense economics is the field of national economic
management concerned with the economic process and effects of military expenditures in
peacetime and in conflict. This course develops understanding and familiarity with defense
economics by introducing cadets to both the government and industry perspective, with an
emphasis on using applied economic research to explore and assess relevant real-world case
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studies from the national security and national defense domains. This is a course designed
primarily for first-class cadets. Final project. Prereq: Econ 333 or Econ 423; C1C standing in the
Economics major, or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 481. Applied Economic Research Capstone I. 3(1). Students will conduct an applied
economic research project that uses economic principles and data analysis to address a real-world
problem. Students will identify the scope of the problem, review relevant literature, identify
analytic procedures, initiate data collection, and perform other aspects of the research as directed
by a faculty mentor. Course director may require students to identify a project before enrolling in
the course. This is a capstone course designed primarily for first-class cadets. Final project.
Prereq: C1C standing in the Economics major or course director approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Econ 482. Applied Economic Research Capstone II. 3(1). Students will conduct an applied
economic research project that uses economic principles and data analysis to address a real-world
problem. Students will continue projects started in Econ 481, completing data collection,
conducting analysis, communicating findings to relevant stakeholders, and performing other
aspects of the research as directed by a faculty mentor. This is a capstone course designed
primarily for first-class cadets and substitutes for Econ 480. Final project. Prereq: Econ 481;
C1C standing in the Economics major or course director approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Econ 495. Special Topics. 3(1). Selected topics in economics of either an advanced treatment or
general interest orientation. Final exam or final project. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Econ 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Tutorial investigation of a specific area of economics. Final
report. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Econ 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Econ 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Econ 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING (ECE)

Offered by the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (DFEC)
ECE 210. Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering. 1(1). An introduction to

Electrical and Computer Engineering principles through signal analysis and electronic system
design of embedded hardware/software systems. This course is intended for cadets who have
declared or are considering declaring the Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering
majors. Primary emphasis is placed on exploring concepts through the use of simulation, lab
exercises, and projects. Lab. Final project. Pass/Fail. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 1 fall.
ECE 215. Principles of Electronic Cyber Warfare. 3(1). An introduction to electrical and
computer engineering principles applied to Air Force electronic and cyber systems. Topics include
resistive circuit analysis, power generation and storage, fundamentals of signal processing, digital
and analog communications, radio-frequency (RF) systems, radar, jamming, and electronic
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warfare. This course is a core substitute for ECE 315 and is intended for cadets who have declared
or are considering declaring the Electrical and Computer Engineering major. Final exam. Coreq:
Comp Sci 110 and Math 142. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
ECE 215S. Principles of Electronic Cyber Warfare for Academy Scholars. 3(1). An introduction
to electrical and computer engineering principles applied to Air Force electronic and cyber
systems, and systems of international strategic importance. Topics include resistive circuit
analysis, power generation and storage, fundamentals of signal processing, digital and analog
communications, radio-frequency (RF) systems, radar, jamming, and electronic warfare. This
scholars course will place a greater emphasis on the economic, political and strategic dependencies
on electrical power production and distribution. Upon gaining a fundamental understanding of
electrical engineering concepts for power production and distribution, students will investigate
recent events where the fragility of our nation's power grid highlights potential vulnerabilities and
impacts to our ability to project power. This course is a core substitute for ECE 315 and is intended
for cadets accepted into the scholars program or have declared or are considering declaring the
Electrical and Computer Engineering major. Final exam. Prereq/Coreq: Comp Sci 110 and Math
ECE 245. Differential Equations with Circuit Applications I. 3(1). An introduction to the analysis
of linear ordinary differential equations, circuit analysis and system design. Topics include circuit
models and simulations of electrical devices and systems, nodal and mesh analysis, Thevenin and
Norton equivalent circuits, dependent sources, operational amplifier circuits, transient, sinusoidal,
steady-state and frequency response of first-order circuits. Differential equations solutions include
separation of variables, integrating factors, and method of undetermined coefficients. Final exam.
Prereq: Math 142. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
ECE 281. Digital Design and Computer Architecture. 3(1). An introduction to the fundamental
principles of logic design. Includes Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential logic circuits
with basic design and analysis techniques, hardware description languages, FPGAs, and an
introduction to computer architecture. Laboratory projects include the design and analysis of
digital systems, computer architecture, and computer microarchitecture. Lab. Final Exam or Final
Project. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
ECE 311. Electric Power. 3(1). The course covers applications of electrical power including the
fundamentals of generation, transmission, distribution, and uses of electrical energy. Topics
include sinusoidal steady-state circuit analysis, single-phase and three-phase AC power,
generators, transformers, transmission lines, remote power systems, and power system analysis.
Lab. Final exam. Prereq: ECE 215 or ECE 315. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
ECE 315. Principles of Air Force Electronic and Cyber Systems. 3(1). An introduction to
electrical and computer engineering principles applied to Air Force electronic and cyber systems
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through analysis and evaluation of signals and systems. Topics include signal representation, the
realization of analog, digital, and radio-frequency (RF) systems using electronic devices, and their
application in areas such as electrical power generation and distribution, digital networks,
communication, radar, and electronic warfare. Final exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 110 and Math 142.
ECE 321. Electronics I. 3(2). An introduction to semiconductor electronics. Covers qualitative

and quantitative analysis of semiconductor devices to include diodes, bipolar junction transistors
and the field effect transistor. Includes modeling, analysis, and design of related circuits, including
combinational and sequential digital logic. Lab. Final exam. Prereq: ECE 245. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
ECE 322. Electronics II. 3(2). A continuation of ECE 321. Applies basic semiconductor concepts
to more complex applications. Extends modeling and circuit analysis processes to circuits
containing multiple transistors including differential/operational/power amplifiers, frequency
response, feedback, and stability. Lab. Final exam. Prereq: ECE 321. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
ECE 332. Differential Equations with Circuit Applications II. 3(1). A continuation of differential
equation applications, circuit analysis and systems design. Differential equation topics extend
solutions covered in ECE 245 to second order equations and introduce transform solution
techniques. Circuit analysis and design topics include natural, step and sinusoidal steady-state
responses of second order circuits, Laplace transform techniques with circuit analysis applications,
frequency response of first- and second-order circuits and analog filter design. Final exam. Prereq:
ECE 245. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
ECE 333. Signal Processing and Linear Systems. 3(1). An introduction to analog and digital
signal processing by linear, time-invariant systems. Topics include continuous and discrete-time
signal characterization, using Laplace and z transforms, as well as continuous and discrete-time
convolution and Fourier-analysis. Final exam. Prereq: ECE 332. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
ECE 343. Electromagnetics. 3(1). The study of Maxwell's Equations, plane waves, transmission,
and radiating systems. Topics include wave propagation, transmission lines, waveguides, and
antennas. Lab. Final exam. Prereq: Physics 215 and ECE 346. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
ECE 346. Engineering Mathematics with ECE Applications. 3(1). Provides advanced
mathematical concepts and skills required to succeed in Electrical Engineering. Topics include:
Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, Linear Algebra, Vector Calculus (Green’s Theorem,
Stokes’ Theorem, and Divergence Theorem) and Fourier Analysis. The course will also look at
numerical approaches to each of these topics. Final exam. Prereq: Math 243 and ECE 245. Sem
hrs: 3 fall.
ECE 348. Telecommunication Principles. 3(1). Introduces the principles of telecommunication

systems with application in cyber operations and satellite communications. Topics include
physical mediums, signal modulation and propagation, and telecommunication network devices
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and protocols. Attention is devoted to developing effective telecommunication engineering
practices, emphasizing the ability to overcome common challenges, including noise, propagation
delay, and channel security. This course is not intended for ECE majors. Final exam. Prereq:
ECE 315. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
ECE 360. Instrumentation Systems. 3(1). Principles and design of modern data acquisition and
instrumentation systems for non-electrical engineering majors. Includes measurement techniques,
transducers, analog and digital data processing systems, and displays. Lab. Final exam. Prereq:
ECE 315. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
ECE 373. Digital VLSI Circuits. 3(2). A continuation of the study of electronics for Computer
Engineering majors. Applies diode and field effect transistor concepts to the design and
implementation of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. Applies VHDL descriptions in
concert with logic synthesis tools to generate mask level implementations of physical VLSI circuit
design. Lab. Final project. Prereq: ECE 281 and ECE 321. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
ECE 382. Embedded Computer Systems I. 3(1). Provides a broad understanding of

microcontroller systems and embedded programming practices. The microcontroller and
programming principles presented provide a foundation that can be used in other courses to
simplify and improve projects. Includes design, application, interfacing, assembly language, C
programming language, and microcontroller hardware / subsystems. Laboratory projects
emphasize computer architecture implementation, assembly language programming, and
microcontroller analysis. Lab. Final project or Final exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 110 and ECE 281.
Sem hrs: 3 fall.
ECE 383. Embedded Computer Systems II. 3(2). A course in the design of digital systems using
microprocessors, special-purpose processors, and field-programmable arrays (FPGAs). Students
investigate processor architecture tradeoffs, implementation of high-speed digital circuits,
configuration of processors on FPGAs, input/output, peripherals, hardware-software interfacing
techniques, memory systems, and bus features, including serial communications. Lab. Final
project. Prereq: ECE 382. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
ECE 387. Introduction to Robotic Systems. 3(1). A course in practical skills in object-oriented
programming in a Linux operating system for multiple robotic applications. Students will utilize
software frameworks called Robot Operating System (ROS) to write, compile, debug, and run
C++/Python programs. Includes design, evaluation, analysis, and demonstration of robotic tasks
such as closed-loop control, state estimation, and map building. Lab. Final project or final exam.
Prereq: Comp Sci 206, Comp Sci 210, Comp Sci 211, Comp Sci 212, or department approval.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
ECE 423. Power Electronics. 3(1). An introduction to the analysis and design of power
electronics circuits. Topics include the mathematics necessary to analyze power electronics
circuits, dc-to-dc voltage-level converters, rectifiers (ac-to-dc converters) and inverters (dc-to-ac
converters). The course investigates both efficiency and accuracy of waveform converters. Lab.
Final project or final exam. Prereq: ECE 321. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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ECE 434. Digital Signal Processing. 3(1). Advanced digital signal processing. Topics include
classical solutions to linear difference equations, the z-transform, digital filter design, quantization
effects of Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog converters, frequency analysis of decimation
and interpolation, discrete Fourier transform, and the fast Fourier transform. Final project. Prereq:
ECE 444. Applied Field Theory. 3(1). Topics include antennas, fiber optics, scattering, Fourier
optics, radiowave propagation, radar cross-section, and numerical methods. The analysis and
design of practical systems is emphasized. A few lessons are reserved for current state-of-the-art
topics, such as stealth technology, adaptive antennas, and holography. Lab. Final project. Prereq:
ECE 343 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring, as available.
ECE 446. Applied Communication Systems. 3(1). An introduction to modern electronic

communications systems with application in satellite communications. The performance of
various analog and digital modulation and detection methods are analyzed. Coverage includes
theory of operations of various modulation systems, effects of random noise, bandwidth,
propagation channels, and other design constraints. ECE 446 is not appropriate for ECE majors.
Lab. Final exam. Prereq: Math 346, Math 356 or Math 377, and Engr 342. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
ECE 447. Communications Systems. 3(1). An introduction to modern electrical communications.

The performance of various modulation and detection methods for both analog and digital systems
are analyzed. Coverage includes theory of operation, effects of random noise, bandwidth and other
communication design constraints. Lab. Final exam. Prereq: ECE 346. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
ECE 448. Wireless Communications. 3(1). A course in practical telecommunications using

software-defined radios (SDRs). Students will use contemporary software tools, such as
MATLAB, Python, and GNU Radio Companion to implement complete transmitting and
receiving systems using software-defined radios. Final project. Prereq: ECE 333. Sem hrs: 3
spring.
ECE 463. Capstone Design Project I. 3(2). First course in the two-semester capstone design
sequence for Electrical Engineering majors. Presents contemporary methods essential to design,
planning, and execution of complex electrical and computer engineering projects. Includes
instruction in contemporary Air Force project management methods and tools, organization of
requirements, software and hardware specification and design, hardware fabrication, quality
assurance, and testing. Planning and prototyping the semester-long design project is completed in
this course. Final project. Prereq: C1C standing and department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
ECE 464. Capstone Design Project II. 3(2). Second course in the two-semester project design
sequence for Electrical and Computer Engineering majors. Continues study of the system software
and hardware lifecycle. Emphasis is placed on system design, appropriate implementation in
hardware and software, analysis, testing and evaluation, quality assurance, and documentation.
The course uses a design project to emphasize Air Force applications. Final project. Prereq: ECE
463 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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ECE 472. Instrumentation System Fundamentals. 3(1). Introduction to instrumentation
components. Analysis and design of advanced operational amplifier circuits, including Schmitt-
trigger, waveform generators, instrumentation amplifiers, and active filters. Discussion and
practical design of transducer circuits to instrument various processes. Lab. Final exam. Prereq:
ECE 473. Introduction to CMOS VLSI Circuit Design. 3(1). Introduction to design of Very
Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits in silicon Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS) technology. Course includes discussion of the CMOS fabrication technology,
combinational and sequential logic structures, analog circuit structures, computer-aided layout and
simulation techniques, load/timing analysis and integrated systems design
techniques/considerations. Lab. Final project. Prereq: ECE 322 or department approval. Sem
hrs: 3 fall.
ECE 484. Advanced Digital System Design. 3(2). This course is a culmination of the digital
design sequence using Application Specific Integrated Circuits and field-programmable gate
arrays (FPGAs). Students investigate processor architecture tradeoffs, implementation of high
speed digital circuits, configuration of digital systems on FPGAs, memory systems, and bus
features. This is accomplished through a series of design exercises. Final project. Prereq: ECE
373 or ECE 383, or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
ECE 485. Advanced Computer Architecture. 3(1). This final course in the Computer Systems
Area of Study quantitatively examines trade-offs in the design of high-performance computer
systems. Topics include price/performance, instruction sets, hardwired control versus
microprogramming, memory hierarchy, cache memory, virtual memory, pipelining, reduced
instruction set computers (RISC), input/output, and parallel processing. Final project will examine
state-of-the-art processors and computers. Lab. Final project. Prereq: Math 300, Math 356, or
Math 377; and ECE 382. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
ECE 487. Fundamentals of Robotics. 3(1). An introduction to the modeling, analysis, and design
of robotic systems. The course will focus on robot arms, mobile robots, and navigation and
planning algorithms. Topics include forward and inverse kinematics, motion control, trajectory
planning, navigation, and localization. Lab. Final project or final exam. Prereq: ECE 333, ECE
346, ECE 387, and Math 356 or Math 377 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
ECE 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected topics in electrical engineering. Typical subjects
include audio power amplifier design, laser optics and weapons, advanced signal and image
processing, and advanced electronic circuits. Final project. Prereq: Department approval. Sem
hrs and offering time determined by department (not more than 3 sem hrs).
ECE 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study and research in an engineering design topic
approved by the department head. Final paper and oral report. Prereq: Department approval.
• ECE 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
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• ECE 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• ECE 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
ENGINEERING (Engr)
Offered by various departments within the Engineering Division
Engr 341. Linear Systems Analysis and Design. 3(1). Analysis and design of linear systems.
Includes modeling of electrical and mechanical systems; characterization of physical systems
using linear, constant-coefficient differential equations and state-space models; Convolution using
Laplace transform techniques; identification of system response using frequency response and
Bode plots; specification of design criteria in the s-domain; and modification of system parameters
to satisfy design requirements. MATLAB and SimulinkTM are introduced as simulation tools
and as a computer interface for analysis and design. Lab. Final exam. Prereq: Math 245.
(Administered by the Department of Astronautics). Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Engr 342. Linear Control System Analysis and Design. 3(2). Formulation and analysis of the
linear control problem by transform methods. Synthesis of linear control systems emphasizing the
root locus and Bode methods. Includes laboratory analysis and synthesis with real hardware and/or
MATLAB™ and Simulink™ simulation. Final project. Prereq: Engr 341 or Mech Engr 325 or
ECE 332 or department approval. (Administered by Department of Astronautics). Sem hrs: 3
spring.
Engr 346. Engineering Mathematics with Applications. 3(1). Advanced engineering mathematics
concepts, theory, and tools necessary to solve problems in advanced engineering courses. Topics
include linear algebra and vector spaces(basis, orthogonality, least-squares approximation, four
fundamental subspaces); differential and integral vector calculus (Green’s, Stokes’, and
Divergence Theorems); systems of linear ordinary and partial differential equations (including
boundary value problems); linearization and stability; static optimization (KKT conditions,
analytically and numerically); orthogonal functions and Fourier series; frequency domain (Laplace
and Fourier transformations); and practical numerical methods for solving engineering problems.
Final Project. Prereq: Math 245. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Engr 400. Divisional Seminar. 3(1). An interdisciplinary study of engineering concepts, with
emphasis on applications of fundamental principles. Includes case study, research, preparation
and presentation of at least one major paper. Term paper or final project. Prereq: C1C Honors
Degree candidate or approval of the Division Chair. (Administered by a selected engineering
department). Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Engr 401. Engineering Divisional Core Substitute. 3(0). This course can only be awarded for
coursework accomplished during a semester of study abroad (CSSAP), international exchange
Chair approval, this course can fulfill the core requirement for Astro Engr 310, Aero Engr 315,
ECE 315, or the Science & Technology Energy/Systems Option. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
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Engr 402. Professional Engineering Development. 0.5(1). Review of mathematics, chemistry,
properties and strengths of materials, statics, dynamics, computers, electricity and magnetism,
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, engineering economics, ethics, and business practices in
preparation for the national Fundamentals of Engineering exam administered at the end of the
course by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying. A fee must be paid
by the student to take the exam; therefore, taking the exam is not required. Prereq: C1C standing;
accredited engineering major. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0.5 spring.
Engr 443. Advanced Control Theory and Design. 3(1). Introduction to advanced control
techniques. Topics include state-space fundamentals, state feedback control, optimal control
methods, estimation theory, and non-linear controls topics. Methods are applied to the design of
control systems for aircraft and spacecraft. MatLabTM/SimulinkTM will be employed in three design
projects. Final exam. Prereq: Math 346, Math 356 (or Math 377), and Engr 342 (or ECE 333 or
Mech Engr 325 or Aero Engr 457). (Administered by Department of Astronautics). Sem hrs: 3
fall.
Engr 495. Special Topics in Engineering. 1-3(1). Selected topics in engineering, administered
by various Engineering departments. Prereq: Approval of controlling department's head. Sem
hrs: up to 3; offering times determined by controlling department.
ENGLISH (English)
Offered by the Department of English and Fine Arts (DFEN)
English 111. Introductory Composition and Research. 3(1). Teaches fundamentals of written
academic inquiry and introduces foundational concepts in argumentation and rhetorical studies.
Students learn to read and write across multiple genres, honing their ability to analyze complex
texts and write analytic arguments that rely on the use of credible, relevant sources. Students
develop their ideas by completing sequenced writing assignments that introduce norms of
academic argumentation, including the development, presentation, and documentation of
researched materials. Process-oriented writing practice, which includes guided reflection and peer
review, provides students with the opportunity to learn revision practices that foster critical
thinking and clear communication. Final paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the Clear
Communication outcome.
English 200S. Literature and the Fine Arts I (Medieval Period to the Enlightenment). 3(1).
Interdisciplinary course that introduces students to the intellectual history of Western civilization
through literature and the arts. The course lays the foundation for further study in the disciplines
of English and the fine arts, promoting interdisciplinary and critical thinking. English 200S is a
core substitute for English 211 and can be taken by cadets enrolled in the Academy Scholars
Program or by course director approval. Upon completion of English 200S, students may enroll
directly in English 400S. Final project. Prereq: English 111 and Scholar status. Sem hrs: 3 fall
or spring.
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English 211. Literature and Intermediate Composition. 3(1). Introduces students to literature, an
art form requiring a deliberative method of reading that addresses questions of meaning in the
context of complex and unfamiliar situations. These are the sorts of situations within which cadets
will be charged to provide active leadership as officers and citizens. Accordingly, students learn
to make sense of a text’s significant formal aspects; to analyze the concrete details of its contents
and contexts; and to argue for its cultural values with rhetorical clarity and intellectual
sophistication. The ultimate goal is to develop life-long close readers, well-reasoned and ethical
communicators, and officer-citizens who value both clarity and complexity. Final paper. Prereq:
English 211FR. Literature and Intermediate Composition. 3(1). English 211FR is designed for
4-degree cadets who have validated English 111 (per the decision of the English 111 course
director) as well as for second-semester 4-degree cadets who took English 111 in the fall. As in
English 211, students in English 211FR will be introduced to literature as an art form, learn to
make sense of a text’s significant formal aspects, analyze the concrete details of a text’s contents
and contexts, and argue for its cultural values with rhetorical clarity and intellectual sophistication.
The ultimate goal is to develop life-long close readers, well-reasoned and ethical communicators,
and officer-citizens who value both clarity and complexity. Final paper. Prereq: English 111
validation or transfer credit OR English 111 in the fall. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 211S. Literature and Intermediate Composition. 3(1). English 211S meets the goals of
English 211 as detailed in the above description, and services cadets in the Academy Scholars
Program (ASP). This course is the ASP version of English 211. Introduces students to literature,
an art form requiring deliberative method of reading that addresses questions of meaning in the
context of complex and unfamiliar situations. The readings thus offer simulations within which
cadets will explore their potential for active leadership as officers and citizens. Students learn to
make sense of a text’s significant formal aspects; to analyze the concrete details of a text’s contents
and contexts; and to argue for its cultural values with rhetorical clarity and intellectual
communicators, and officer-citizens who value both clarity and complexity. Final paper. Prereq:
English 111 and Scholars status. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 212. Literature and Intermediate Composition: Digital Humanities. 3(1). English 212 is
designed primarily for majors in the Engineering and Basic Sciences Divisions, but open to all
majors. The course explores Digital Humanities methods for computationally based analysis of
literature. As in English 211, students in English 212 will be introduced to literature as an art
form, learn to make sense of a text’s significant formal aspects, analyze the concrete details of a
text’s contents and contexts, and argue for its cultural values with rhetorical clarity and intellectual
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communicators, and officer-citizens who value both clarity and complexity through understanding
how to blend various computationally-based methods of analysis with traditional literary methods
of analysis. Final paper. Prereq: English 111. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 300. Literary and Linguistic Problems. 3(1). A sustained study of a specified literary
and/or linguistic problem that presents difficulties and therefore demands careful research
methods, special resources, and clear argumentation. Concentrates on close reading and methods
of interpretation, surveys various research resources and archives, and develops the ability to
formulate and defend a complex argument with compelling evidence. Possible topics include but
are not limited to, Russian formalism, poststructural approaches to modern literature, and
postcolonial approaches in a global environment. Final paper or project. Prereq: English 211. Sem
English 303. Classical Literature. 3(1). Classical literature encompasses a broad range of texts,
authors, and genres from roughly the 8th century BCE through the 4th century CE. The course
reflects the vibrant literary exchange of the Mediterranean world in antiquity and may be period-
focused or transhistorical. Topics vary but may include mythology, the idea of the hero, tragedy
and democracy, imperial epic, literature and material culture in the ancient world, and classical
reception. Final paper, project and/or exam. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 308. Medieval and Renaissance Literature. 3(1). A study of literature from the medieval
and/or early modern period and the cultural and historical contexts shaping it. Through close
reading of primary texts, students will study figures, movements, and genres of the period,
including but not limited to the relationship between oral and written cultures, the history of the
English language, conceptions of authorship, the relationship between print and performance, the
emergence of capitalism, the centralization of power and rise of the nation-state, pre-modern
histories of race and colonialism, religious conflict and the Protestant reformation, and
constructions of gender and sexuality. Final paper, project and/or exam. Prereq: English 211. Sem
English 313. Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Literature. 3(1). The literature of this period
analyzes the transition from the early modern to the modern world, and may focus on one or both
centuries, British or American. Literature may engage with national and cultural conflicts,
religious wars, capitalism, slavery, colonialism, the English Civil Wars, the Industrial Revolution,
the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, philosophies of freedom and democracy, the
American Revolution, women's rights, professional armies, and trans-continental wars of Empire.
Final Paper and/or Final Exam. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 319. Nineteenth-Century Literature. 3(1). A study of literature from the nineteenth
century and the cultural and historical contexts shaping it. The course may focus on major
movements and historical periods including Romanticism, Victorianism, Transcendentalism,
abolitionism, and the Civil War period. Possible topics include but are not limited to literature that
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treats political radicalism, suffrage, secularism, imperialism, industrialization, U.S. nationalism,
scientific and evolutionary theories, race and slavery, Native American and indigenous writing,
and democratic politics. Final paper, project and/or exam. Prereq: English 21 l. Sem hrs: 3 fall or
spring.
English 324. Twentieth-Century Literature. 3(1). Twentieth-century literary study captures a

changing world in the midst of two world wars and massive industrial, technological, and
intellectual innovation. Major movements considered may include modernism, surrealism, Harlem
Renaissance literature and music, postmodernism, postcolonialism and others, examining literary
strategies that include expressionism, stream of consciousness, Gothic conventions,
confessionalism, and realism. Final paper, project and/or exam. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3
fall or spring.
English 330. Twenty-First-Century Literature. 3(1). This literary study of our contemporary
moment includes possible examination of literary texts, cultural objects, and art from the twenty-
first century, examining artistic development in a new century and exploring movements and
strategies that emphasize form, innovations in realism, and interdisciplinary study. Examinations
of literature may be transnational and include writing from the global majority and African and
Middle Eastern diaspora, as well as writing from Indigenous, First Nations, LGBTQ+, and Latinx
authors. Final paper, project and/or exam. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 335. Speech and Communication Studies. 3(1). Considers communication through
informative and persuasive speaking/writing; the advanced study of oral and/or written
argumentation in a range of academic and professional registers to include a review of
argumentation theory and readings in communication, cultural, and critical studies; and/or
linguistics, rhetoric and application. Possible topics include, but are not limited to, public speaking
and democratic participation; communication across cultural borders; propaganda and the media;
the story of English; argument and advocacy; the rhetoric of war; communication, culture, and
identity. Final paper and/or project. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 340. Genre and Form. 3(1). This course highlights questions of artistic form in literature.
Topics vary, but may include the historical development of literary genres, theoretical approaches
to aesthetics, readings in narrative and poetic technique, the philosophical underpinnings of art,
and interdisciplinary influences on literary forms. Genres studied may include the novel (historical,
sentimental, Gothic, picaresque, realist, modernist, postmodern), poetry (epic, lyric, ballad,
confessional), drama (Classical, epic, melodramatic, postmodern), and film (German
expressionism, Italian neorealism, French new wave). Final paper and/or project. Prereq: English
English 345. Digital Humanities. 3(1). This course provides a broad introduction to the
intersections of technology and the humanities. The course addresses a wide range of principles
and methods of engaging with arts and humanities content in digital environments with a focus on
tools and perspectives that assist comprehension of textual and linguistic data. Students will learn
to analyze and visualize textual data (literary and rhetorical) to make them communicative and
meaningful in electronic venues, with special attention to practical and aesthetic considerations for
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design. Topics vary by approach and subject and may include text mining, narrative theory and
gaming, and the rhetoric of games. Team projects. Final project. Prereq: English 211. Sem hours:
3 fall or spring.
English 350. World Literature. 3(1). This course focuses on world literature, which may include
Anglophone or literature in translation, with an emphasis on centering non-Western literary
traditions across different time periods. Topics may include literature that focuses on the African
diaspora, Latin America, the Pacific Islands and South East Asia, and Asian postcolonial studies.
Approaches may include comparativist, postcolonial, and translation studies. Final paper and/or
project. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 355. Literature, Language, and Race/Ethnicity. 3(1). This course examines the
relationship between literature and the history of race and ethnicity as social structures. Topics
vary but may include the literary representation of racialized identities; race and canon formation;
the history and significance of racialized cultural forms and practices; and the intersection of race,
ethnicity, gender, sexuality, colonialism, and place. Specific versions of the course may focus on
such topics as postcolonial literature; the Harlem Renaissance; borderlands, migration, and
diasporas; Latin American literatures; Native American literature; and narratives of the immigrant
experience. Final paper and/or project. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 360. Literature, Language, and Gender/Sexuality. 3(1). This course will focus on how
literature and language explore and contribute to understandings of gender and/or sexuality within
a culture. Topics may be transhistorical or organized around a specific period or place, so may
include questions of identity formation and/or disintegration, overt and covert forms of sexism or
discrimination, social status and mobility, gender and socio-linguistics, public rhetoric and the
LGBTQ+ community, feminist theory, masculinity studies,; a historical grouping such as Women
of Letters in the Enlightenment or Victorian Women Novelists, or a single author. Final paper
and/or project. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 365. Literature, Language, and Class. 3(1). This course explores the relationship between
literature and the formation, maintenance, and understanding of social and economic class. Topics
vary but may include literary representations of distinct class identities; the history of various
practices and assumptions that work to reinforce a particular class structure; as well as, the
relationship between class as a complex social category and other categories such as race, gender,
sexuality, place, and ethnicity. Course may be transhistorical or focus on one key moment in
history, such as sentiment and the framing of the working-class subject, morality and class identity,
the American dream, the development of the professional class in the 19th century, language
variation and change, the politics of class, and the role of cultural taste in class distinction. Final
paper and/or project. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 370. Special Topics in War and Literature. 3(1). This course will focus on the ways
literature and language explore and contribute to understandings of war. While topics vary, the
course invariably examines the formal and linguistic means by which fiction, memoir, poetry,
creative nonfiction, film, journalism, drama, documentaries, and biography represent and reveal
nuances about the human experience of war. Possible topics include the literature of remembrance
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and memory, literature of the Holocaust, women and war narratives, the ethics and aesthetics of
representing war, war and cultural transformation, 20th- and 21st-century representations of war,
literature from the First World War, the Great War and modern memory, World War II literature,
the literature of the Vietnam War, the literature of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, or ancient war
stories. Final paper and/or project. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 375. Literature, Language, and Science. 3(1). This course examines the intersection of
literary texts with scientific innovation, including invention, medicine, technology, biology, and
other scientific study. Topics vary but may include literary representations of the history of clinical
practices, the history of scientific inquiry, the development of ethics, and the relationship between
humans and technology. Courses may be transhistorical or focus on a particularly revelatory
moment in scientific development, such as environmental studies, posthumanism, medical
humanities, and marginalized practices such as alchemy or animal magnetism. Final paper and/or
project. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
English 380. Literature, Language, and Politics. 3(1). This course examines the intersection of
literary texts with political history, philosophical approaches to government, and rhetoric of
statecraft. Topics treated in this course may include literary engagements with British
constitutionalism, the founding of the American nation, English and American civil wars, the
history of European colonialism, racial politics in the contemporary world, literature and
espionage, or comparative politics. Courses may be transhistorical, or focus on one key moment
in the history of literature and politics. Final paper and/or project. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3
fall or spring.
English 385. Literature, Language, and Philosophy. 3(1). This course will focus on how literature
and language explore, critique, and contribute to understandings of philosophy and philosophical
ideas. Topics vary but may examine the influence of specific philosophical figures on writers of
literature, the means by which literary writers have appropriated and invented philosophy, and the
historical role played by literature in popularizing philosophical positions and theories. Final
project and/or paper. Possible topics include, but are not limited to, the intellectual history of the
"self," the philosophical underpinnings of the Enlightenment and Romanticism; the
phenomenological nature of literature; and existential writing. Prereq: English 211. Sem hrs: 3 fall
or spring.
English 400S. Literature and the Fine Arts II (Enlightenment to the 20th Century). 3(1).
Interdisciplinary course focused on the intellectual history of Western civilization through
literature and the arts. English 400S is a core substitute for English 411 and can be taken by cadets
enrolled in the Academy Scholars Program (ASP) as well as by approval from the course director.
Upon completion of English 200S, cadets may enroll directly in English 400S. Cadets enrolled in
the ASP or in one of the Humanities Division majors who did not take English 200S may contact
the course director to be placed in English 400S. Final project and/or paper. Prereq: 3.5
cumulative GPA, Scholar status, and course director approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
This course contributes to the development and assessment of the Human Condition,
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English 411. War Stories. 3(1). An Advanced Sociocultural Option, this course focuses on the
moral and intellectual aspects of war as expressed in the literature of our profession: biographical,
autobiographical, and fictional accounts, along with documentaries and film. Written and oral
assignments give cadets the opportunity to reflect on the inviolable bond that unites successful
leadership with its moral, intellectual, and emotional foundations. The text list is composed of
important works of fiction, memoir, and film that address the concreteness and complexity of war
as well as the ethical issues of leadership. Prereq: English 211 or English 212 or English 200S.
This course contributes to the development and assessment of the Human Condition,
English 489. Capstone Research. 1.5(1). Part 1 of the Capstone Sequence. In the spring of their
junior year, students will submit a statement of interest outlining an area of research they would
like to pursue for their capstone project. Capstone projects are long-term research projects; wit
approval, projects may represent any of the English Department’s areas of interest. The goal is for
students to develop a depth in an author, topic, problem, or genre. This fall 1.5 credit course
affords students the opportunity to do independent research in the content areas and methods the
project requires. By the end of the fall semester, students will submit an annotated bibliography
and a substantial prospectus outlining the research question their capstone seeks to explore and the
provisional claim(s) the project will argue. Prereq: Course director approval. Sem hrs: 1.5 fall.
English 490. Capstone Colloquium. 3(1). Part 2 of the Capstone Sequence. The aim of this
seminar is to guide students through the writing process as they draft, revise, and complete their
capstone projects on the basis of independent research and analytical methods appropriate to the
project. Students will present their work-in-progress to the department in order to receive feedback
for final revisions. Available to seniors (by application). Prereq: English 489. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
English 495. Special topics. 3(1). Selected topics in English. Final paper and/or project. Prereq:
English 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Study and research in literature, composition, or creative
writing for students who have demonstrated their ability for advanced study in regularly offered
enrichment courses and for whom an appropriate enrichment course does not exist. Topics and
meetings arranged with the instructor. Final report. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs:
3 fall or spring.
• English 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• English 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• English 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
ENGLISH for ACADEMIC PURPOSES (EAP)

Offered by the Academic Success Center (DFVRL)
EAP 109. Academic Communication for English as a Second Language Four-year Exchange
Cadets. 3(1). Introduction to academic reading, writing and public speaking for English as a
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Second Language (ESL) students. Frequent writing assignments emphasize writing for the various
core academic communities, which includes a narrative, a literary inquiry, and an academic
research paper. All assignments are scaffolded to guide students through the writing and public
speaking process. Prerequisite to English 111 for identified ESL students. Final paper and project.
Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
EAP 209. Academic Communication for English as a Second Language Semester-Exchange

Cadets. 3(1). In this course, cadets will use a process approach to write a narrative, a literary
inquiry, and conduct academic research of their choice using MLA conventions on the theme of
War, Occupation, Culture, and Migration. As their research will culminate in a final paper and
public presentation, cadets will be given the opportunity to enhance both their research and public
speaking and presentation skills. Cadets will examine the course theme through the critical reading
of several novels from diverse authors and advanced perspective taking. Final paper and project.
FIRST-YEAR EXPERIENCE (FYE)

Administered by the Student Academic Affairs & Academy Registrar (DFVR)
First-Year Experience 101 (FYE 101). 0(1x). First-Year Experience (FYE) is a one semester hour
course spanning the two semesters of a cadet’s four-degree year. Designed to develop cadets’
personal accountability and self-awareness, the purpose of FYE is to accelerate the development
of habits of mind needed to succeed in a college environment. The FYE program focuses on
building a strong understanding of academic expectations through exposure to and integration of
the USAFA Learning Outcomes. Key topics covered in FYE include engaged learning, Academy
expectations, time management, learning style assessment, critical thinking, decision making,
effective communication, and a passion for lifelong learning. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 0 fall.
First-Year Experience 102 (FYE 102). 1(1x). Continuation of First-Year Experience 101 from
the fall semester. Prereq: FYE 101. Sem hrs: 1 spring.
FOREIGN AREA STUDIES (For Ar Stu)

Offered by the Department of Economics and Geosciences (DFEG), the Department of Foreign
Languages (DFFL), the Department of History (DFHI), and the Department of Political Sciences
(DFPS)
For Ar Stu 400. Intercultural Competence. 1(0). This course will prepare cadets for participation
in the Cadet Semester Study Abroad Program (CSSAP) or Cadet Semester Exchange Abroad
Program (CSEAP). This course is designed to teach students how to have successful and
meaningful experiences and cultural interactions while traveling and studying abroad through the
study of plausibility structures, cognitive dissonance, culture shock, and cultural resolution.
Pass/fail. Prereq: DFFLP notification and approval by the Vice Dean and Vice Commandant for
participation in CSSAP or CSEAP. Sem hrs: 1 spring.
For Ar Stu 410. Model Arab League (MAL). 3(1). Inter-departmental, inter-disciplinary seminar
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on contemporary issues on the Middle East, preparing Foreign Area Studies majors for regional or
national-level competitions of the MAL. Specialists from various departments introduce
historical, geographical, political, socio-economic, cultural, linguistic and literary factors to
enhance understanding of a specific region or nation of the Middle East. In addition, enrollees
will learn parliamentary and forensic procedures. Portions of the course may be taught in Arabic.
Final project or paper. Prereq: C1C or C2C standing, course director’s approval. Sem hrs: 3
spring.
For Ar Stu 415. Advanced Model Arab League (AMAL). 3(1). Advanced Inter-departmental,
inter-disciplinary seminar on contemporary issues on the Middle East, preparing students for
regional or national-level competitions of the MAL. Specialists from various departments
introduce historical, geographical, political, socio-economic, linguistic and literary factors to
enhance understanding of a specific region or nation of the Middle East. In addition, enrollees
serve as class leaders and mentors for students of ForArStu 410, Basic Model Arab League.
Enrollees of ForArStu 415 will serve as focal points during the drafting and presentation of point
papers and resolutions during the model competitions. Final paper. Prereq: C1C standing,
successful completion of ForArStu 410, and course director approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
For Ar Stu 420. Model Organization of American States (MOAS). 3(1). Inter-departmental,
inter-disciplinary seminar on contemporary issues in Latin America, preparing Foreign Area
Studies majors for regional or national-level competitions of the MOAS. Specialists from various
departments introduce historical, geographical, political, socio-economic, cultural, linguistic and
literary factors to enhance understanding of a specific region or country in Latin America. In
addition, enrollees will learn parliamentary and forensic procedures. Portions of the course may
be taught in Spanish. Final project or paper. Prereq: C1C or C2C standing, course director’s
approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
For Ar Stu 425. Advanced Model Organization of American States (AMOAS). 3(1). Advanced
inter-departmental, inter-disciplinary seminar on contemporary issues on Latin America, preparing
students for regional or national-level competitions of the MOAS. Specialists from various
departments introduce historical, geographical, political, socio-economic, linguistic and literary
factors to enhance understanding of a specific region or nation of Latin America. In addition,
enrollees will serve as class leaders and mentors for first-time students of For Ar Stu 420, Basic
Model Organization of American States. Enrollees of For Ar Stu 425 will serve as focal points
during the drafting and presentation of point papers and resolutions during the model competitions.
Final paper. Prereq: C1C standing, successful completion of For Ar Stu 420, course director’s
For Ar Stu 430. Model African Union (MAU). 3(1). Inter-departmental, inter-disciplinary
seminar on contemporary issues in Africa, preparing Foreign Area Studies majors for regional or
national-level competitions of the MOAU. Specialists from various departments introduce
historical, geographical, political, socio-economic, cultural, linguistic and literary factors to
enhance understanding of a specific region or country in Africa. In addition, enrollees will learn
parliamentary and forensic procedures. Final project or paper. Prereq: C1C or C2C standing,
course director’s approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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For Ar Stu 435. Advanced Model African Union (AMAU). 3(1). Advanced Inter-departmental,
inter-disciplinary seminar on contemporary issues on Africa, preparing students for regional or
national-level competitions of the MOAU. Specialists from various departments introduce
historical, geographical, political, socio-economic, linguistic and literary factors to enhance
understanding of a specific region or nation of Africa. In addition, enrollees will serve as class
leaders and mentors for first-time students of For Ar Stu 430, Basic Model Organization of African
Unity. Enrollees of For Ar Stu 435 will serve as focal points during the drafting and presentation
of point papers and resolutions during the model competitions. Final paper. Prereq: C1C standing,
successful completion of For Ar Stu 430, course director’s approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
For Ar Stu 440. Model European Organizations. 3(1). Interdepartmental, interdisciplinary

seminar on contemporary issues in Europe. This course prepares cadets for regional or national-
level competitions of the Model NATO and/or Model EU. Specialists from various departments
introduce historical, geographical, political, socio-economic, cultural, and civil-military factors to
enhance understanding of a specific country or countries in Western Europe. In addition, enrollees
will learn parliamentary and forensic procedures. Final Exam, Project, or Paper. Prereq: C1C or
C2C standing, course director’s approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
For Ar Stu 445. Advanced Model North Atlantic Treaty Organization (AMNATO). 3(1).
Advanced Inter-departmental, inter-disciplinary seminar on contemporary North American and
West European issues, preparing students for regional or national-level competitions of the
MNATO. Specialists from various departments introduce historical, geographical, political, socio-
economic, linguistic and literary factors to enhance understanding of a specific region or nation of
Europe. In addition, enrollees will serve as class leaders and mentors for first-time students of For
Ar Stu 440, Basic Model North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Enrollees of For Ar Stu 445 will
serve as focal points during the drafting and presentation of point papers and resolutions during
the model competitions. Final paper. Prereq: C1C standing, successful completion of For Ar Stu
440, course director’s approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
For Ar Stu 491. Culture and the Military Profession. 3(1). This course presents an overview of
the study of cultural concepts, methodologies, and applications pursuant to the roles and missions
of the military profession. It addresses culture on multiple levels and across disciplinary
boundaries – drawing on the knowledge, literature, and practices of several informed perspectives.
The course includes discussion of the heritage of the US military’s application of cultural and
ethnographic knowledge; outlines contemporary models for cultural observation, analysis and
conclusion; presents theoretical foundations for the various levels of cultural learning (general-,
regional-, and specific-culture); applies concepts of cultural study within various case studies and
discussion examples; and outlines relevant methodologies drawn from several traditional academic
disciplines in the areas of cultural geography, cross-cultural study as a unique interdisciplinary
construct with strong application to the US military profession across a broad spectrum of
operations and activities. Final exam. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
For Ar Stu 495. Special Topics in Foreign Area Studies. 3(1). Interdisciplinary course for Foreign
Area Studies majors. (The following suffixes indicating geo-cultural region of course
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specialization apply: “A” for Asia, “E” for Eastern Europe, “F” for Africa, “L” for Latin America,
“M” for the Middle East, “S” for Russia or Slavic regions, and “W” for Western Europe.). Cultural,
literary, linguistic, historical, political, social, economic, geographical, and other pertinent factors
bearing on an understanding of the particular region involved are treated by specialists from
relevant departments. Portions of the course may be taught in the relevant foreign language. Final
paper or final exam. Prereq: C1C or C2C standing, course director’s approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall
or spring.
For Ar Stu 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Independent study or research in foreign area studies.
Topic or area of study/research must be approved by the Foreign Area Studies Working Group or
DFFL Department Head. Final exam, project, or paper. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• For Ar Stu 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• For Ar Stu 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• For Ar Stu 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
FOREIGN LANGUAGES (For Lang)

Offered by the Department of Foreign Languages (DFFL)
Foreign Language Placement:

All cadets who have a background in one of the foreign languages offered at the Academy will be
administered a placement examination upon arrival. Based on the results of their examination,
cadets will be placed into an appropriate course and level. Cadets without prior language
background and cadets who score low on a placement examination will be placed into For Lang
131/132 (Basic Sequence). All 100-level foreign language courses will meet every day. Cadets
who place into the 221/222 level will receive 131/132 validation credit. Note: Cadets placed into
Portuguese 211/212 (a different course than Portuguese 221/222) do not receive validation credit
for Portuguese 131/132. In sum (with the exception of Portuguese 211/212), cadets who place at
or above the 200 level will receive validation credit for up to four language courses. See below
for possible placement/validation scenarios:
Spanish 131/132 placement: Cadet receives no validation credit.

Spanish 221/222 placement: Cadet receives Spanish 131/132 validation credit.
Spanish 222/321 placement: Cadet receives Spanish 131/132/221 validation credit.
Spanish 321/322 placement: Cadet receives Spanish 131/132/221/222 validation credit.
Spanish 365/410 placement: Cadet receives Spanish 221/222/321/322 validation credit.
Language Typical Course Sequence

Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall
Arabic 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
Chinese 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
French 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
German 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
Japanese 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
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Portuguese 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
Portuguese --- --- 211 212 321 322 365
Russian 131 132 221 222 321 322 365
Spanish 11 131 I 132 I 221 I 222 I 321 I 322 I 365 I
For Lang 131-132. (Basic Sequence). 3-3(2'-2'). Basic foreign language and culture study.
Introduction to the language, culture, and societies. Students will explore language and also
compare and contrast societal themes as they relate to cultures speaking that foreign language.
Students are placed in the course on the basis of no prior language background or low placement
examination scores. Final exam both semesters. Must be taken sequentially. Sem hrs: For Lang
131 - 3 fall; For Lang 132 - 3 spring.
Arabic 131-132 Basic Arabic (Fall – Spring)
Chinese 131-132 Basic Chinese (Fall – Spring)
French 131-132 Basic French (Fall – Spring)
German 131-132 Basic German (Fall – Spring)
Japanese 131-132 Basic Japanese (Fall – Spring)
Portuguese 131-132 Basic Portuguese (Fall – Spring)
Portuguese 211-212 Accelerated Basic Portuguese (Fall – Spring)
Russian 131-132 Basic Russian (Fall – Spring)
Spanish 131-132 Basic Spanish (Fall – Spring)
Portuguese 211. Accelerated Basic Portuguese I. 3(1). Introduction to the language, culture and
civilization. Language Learning Center (LLC) supplements classroom instruction. Students are
placed into the course on the basis of prior Spanish language background—level to be determined
by the Department of Foreign Languages. Cadets who successfully complete Portuguese 211 will
enroll next in Portuguese 212. Final exam. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Portuguese 212. Accelerated Basic Portuguese II. 3(1). Refinement of communication in the target
language. Intensification of aural and reading comprehension. Student presentations and
classroom discussions based on readings/topics in culture and civilization of Portuguese.
Language Learning Center may supplement classroom instruction. Cadets who successfully
complete Portuguese 212 will likely enroll into Portuguese 321 allowing them to bypass
Portuguese 221/222. Final Exam. Prereq: Successful completion of Portuguese 211 or placement
into this level by DFFL. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
For Lang 221. 3(1). Refinement of communication in the target language. Intensification of aural
and reading comprehension. Student presentations and classroom discussions based on selected
readings/topics in culture and civilization of language studied. Language Learning Center may
supplement classroom instruction. Final exam. Prereq: Normally for students who have taken
For Lang 131-132, or placement into this level by DFFL. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Arabic 221 Intermediate Arabic I (Fall)
Chinese 221 Intermediate Chinese I (Fall)
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French 221 Intermediate French I (Fall)
German 221 Intermediate German I (Fall)
Japanese 221 Intermediate Japanese I (Fall)
Portuguese 221 Intermediate Portuguese I (Fall)
Russian 221 Intermediate Russian I (Fall)
Spanish 221 Intermediate Spanish I (Fall)
For Lang 222. 3(1). Continued refinement of target language. Emphasis on conversational
practice and aural comprehension of contemporary spoken language. Student presentations and
classroom discussions based on culture and civilization readings/topics in target language.
Language Learning Center may supplement classroom instruction. Final exam. Prereq:
Successful completion of For Lang 221 or placement into this level by DFFL. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Arabic 222 Intermediate Arabic II (Spring)
Chinese 222 Intermediate Chinese II (Spring)
French 222 Intermediate French II (Spring)
German 222 Intermediate German II (Spring)
Japanese 222 Intermediate Japanese II (Spring)
Portuguese 222 Intermediate Portuguese II (Spring)
Russian 222 Intermediate Russian II (Spring)
Spanish 222 Intermediate Spanish II (Spring)
For Lang 321. 3(1). A capstone communication course designed to enhance the students’ ability
in the language and culture. Final exam. Prereq: For Lang 222 or placement into this level by
DFFL. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Arabic 321 Advanced Arabic I (Fall)
Chinese 321 Advanced Chinese I (Fall)
French 321 Advanced French I (Fall)
German 321 Advanced German I (Fall)
Japanese 321 Advanced Japanese I (Fall)
Portuguese 321 Advanced Portuguese I (Fall)
Russian 321 Advanced Russian I (Fall)
Spanish 321 Advanced Spanish I (Fall)
For Lang 322. 3(1). A follow-on capstone communication course to For Lang 321 designed to
further hone the students’ ability in the language and culture. Final exam. Prereq: For Lang 321
or placement into this level by DFFL. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Arabic 322 Advanced Arabic II (Spring)
Chinese 322 Advanced Chinese II (Spring)
French 322 Advanced French II (Spring)
German 322 Advanced German II (Spring)
Japanese 322 Advanced Japanese II (Spring)
Portuguese 322 Advanced Portuguese II (Spring)
Russian 322 Advanced Russian II (Spring)
Spanish 322 Advanced Spanish II (Spring)
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For Lang 365. 3(1). Oral discussion of civilization, culture, and contemporary issues (military,
political, economic) of the country or countries concerned. Discussion is in the target language
and is based on selected readings in that language. This course is a prerequisite for subsequent
language courses unless waived by DFFL. Final exam, project, or paper. Prereq: Successful
completion of For Lang 322 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Arabic 365 Arabic Civilization and Culture (Fall)
Chinese 365 Chinese Civilization and Culture (Fall)
French 365 French Civilization and Culture (Fall)
German 365 German Civilization and Culture (Fall)
Japanese 365 Japanese Civilization and Culture (Fall)
Portuguese 365 Portuguese Civilization and Culture (Fall)
Russian 365 Russian Civilization and Culture (Fall)
Spanish 365 Spanish Civilization and Culture (Fall)
For Lang 400/401. Intensive Language Study. 3(0). Intensive foreign language and culture study,
commonly known as CSLIP (Cadet Summer Language Immersion Program). The course counts
toward a foreign language minor. Enrollment in the appropriate follow-on language course during
the fall semester immediately following CSLIP is mandatory. Cadets who do not enroll in the
appropriate follow-on language course during the fall semester, or who do not earn a minimum of
C in this follow-on language course, will be awarded a grade of Withdraw Fail (WF) for For Lang
400/401. Department Head may award Pass/Fail credit for For Lang 400/401 as a separate entity
in exceptional circumstances when cadet cannot register for the follow-on language course. For
Lang 401 applies to cadets who have previously earned For Lang 400 credit. Pass/fail. Prereq:
DFFLP selection. Sem hrs: 3 summer.
Arabic 400/401 Arabic Summer Language Immersion (Summer)
Chinese 400/401 Chinese Summer Language Immersion (Summer)
French 400/401 French Summer Language Immersion (Summer)
German 400/401 German Summer Language Immersion (Summer)
Japanese 400/401 Japanese Summer Language Immersion (Summer)
Portuguese 400/401 Portuguese Summer Language Immersion (Summer)
Russian 400/401 Russian Summer Language Immersion (Summer)
Spanish 400/401 Spanish Summer Language Immersion (Summer)
For Lang 402. 3(0) Experiential language credit for cadets participating in Cadet Semester Study
Abroad Program (CSSAP) or Cadet Semester Exchange Abroad Program (CSEAP). This course
provides cadets who successfully complete CSSAP or CSEAP with course credit for the relevant
language corresponding to the program in which they participate. Pass/fail. Prereq: DFIP
selection. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Arabic 402 Arabic Semester Abroad Language Credit (Fall)
Chinese 402 Chinese Semester Abroad Language Credit (Fall)
French 402 French Semester Abroad Language Credit (Fall)
German 402 German Semester Abroad Language Credit (Fall)
Japanese 402 Japanese Semester Abroad Language Credit (Fall)
Portuguese 402 Portuguese Semester Abroad Language Credit (Fall)
Russian 402 Russian Semester Abroad Language Credit (Fall)
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Spanish 402 Spanish Semester Abroad Language Credit (Fall)
For Lang 410. 3(1). Cadets will experience a semester-long survey of significant current events
in those regions relevant to the target language. They will study and research the cultural, political,
economic, and historic factors that affect current reality. The course uses available sources from
the internet, newspapers, television, radio broadcasts, etc. to carry out its objectives. Most of the
activities of this course are in seminar format, and emphasis is placed in oral discussions and
written production. All class activities are conducted in the target language. Final exam, project,
or paper. Prereq: For Lang 365 or placement into this level by DFFL. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Arabic 410 Current Events in the Arabic-Speaking World (Spring)
Chinese 410 Current Events in the Chinese-Speaking World (Spring)
French 410 Current Events in the French-Speaking World (Spring)
German 410 Current Events in the German-Speaking World (Spring)
Japanese 410 Current Events in the Japanese-Speaking World (Spring)
Portuguese 410 Current Events in the Portuguese-Speaking World (Spring)
Russian 410 Current Events in the Russian-Speaking World (Spring Odd Years)
Spanish 410 Current Events in the Spanish-Speaking World (Spring)
Russian 411. The Era of the Soviet Union. 3(1). A survey of the major events, individuals, and
institutions of the period roughly from the October Revolution in 1917 to the disintegration of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991. Students will analyze primary sources such as
articles, diaries, films, interviews, photographs, and speeches. Through the close reading and
discussion of these texts, students will converse in an informed way about topics such as the
October Revolution, New Economic Policy, Soviet Industrial Revolution, Gulags, Purges, Great
Patriotic War, Cold War, Thaw, Space Race, Stagnation, Perestroika, and collapse of the Soviet
Union. Final exam, project, or paper. Prereq: Russian 365. Sem hrs: 3 spring of even years.
For Lang 420. 3(1). Survey of important writers, their works, and influences on their societies.
Students are provided cultural insights through literature. Discussions are conducted in the target
language and based on selected literary works ranging from early times to contemporary periods.
All class activities are conducted in the target language. Final exam, project or paper. Prereq: For
Lang 365 or placement into this level by DFFL. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Arabic 420 Introduction to Literature (Fall)
Chinese 420 Introduction to Literature (Fall Odd Years)
French 420 Introduction to Literature (Fall)
German 420 Introduction to Literature (Fall)
Japanese 420 Introduction to Literature (Fall)
Portuguese 420 Introduction to Literature (Fall Odd Years)
Russian 420 Introduction to Literature (Fall Odd Years)
Spanish 420 Introduction to Literature (Fall)
Russian 421. Modern Russian Literature. 3(1). A survey of the major authors, movements, and
texts in the long twentieth century, roughly from the assassination of Tsar Alexander II to the
election of President Vladimir Putin in 2000. Through the close reading and discussion of primary
sources, students will examine the role of modern artists in creating the vanguard of the
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Revolution, compare the waves of enthusiasm for and disenchant with the Soviet regime, and
analyze how artists helped create the atmosphere that led to the dissolution of USSR. Final exam,
project, or paper. Prereq: Russian 365. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even years.
Spanish 421. Introduction to Latin American Literature. 3(1). Primary focus is a survey of
important Latin American writers, their works, and influences on their societies. Students are
provided cultural insights through literature. Discussions are conducted in the target language and
based on selected literary works ranging from early times to contemporary periods. All classes
will be conducted in the target language. All assignments will be conducted in the target language.
Final exam, project, or paper. Prereq: Spanish 365. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Chinese 430. Exploring Chinese Culture through Formulaic Expressions. 3(1). This course helps
the advanced language learners explore Chinese formulaic expressions, which is a significant part
of Chinese lexicon ranging from the 4- character-set words to buzz words, common sayings,
idioms, proverbs and slangs. The awareness and mastery of this group of lexicon will enable
Chinese advanced learners to comprehend linguistic and cultural nuances embedded in both oral
and written modes to improve their communication competence. Authentic materials from various
audio and written sources will be used to generate class discussions in the target language. Final
exam, project or paper. Prereq: Chinese 365. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even years.
Chinese 431. Culture and Knowledge of the Chinese Military. 3(1). Provides an introduction to
the Chinese People’s Liberation Army and its military service components. Students will be
introduced to contemporary military vocabulary and terminology from the Army, Navy, and Air
Force, with an emphasis on the Air Force. Students will also learn to identify uniforms and
recognize Chinese rank structure, as well as gain a basic understanding of Chinese aircraft, military
organizations, and military structure. Discussion topics include the role of women in the Chinese
military, an introduction to Chinese military service academies, military law and discipline, and
qualifications for Chinese military service. This course describes China’s politico-military
structure and will examine China’s philosophy and approach to ancient and contemporary warfare.
The course will be taught entirely in Chinese, and course materials will be derived from authentic
newspapers, magazines, and other texts, as well as from audio and video clips. Final exam and/or
final project. Prereq: Chinese 322 or equivalent. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
French 430. French Film and Media. 3(1). A survey of the major works in French films and/or
various media (including internet, art, television and press). Students will make cultural
connections via authentic materials and guided discussions in French. Final exam, project, or
paper. Prereq: French 365. Sem hrs: 3 spring of even years.
German 431. Three Hundred Years of German Immigration to America. 3(1). More than seven
million Germans have come to our shores through the centuries, and today some 60 million
Americans – one in four – trace their heritage back to German ancestry. This course investigates
the reasons why they came and where they settled; and how they were able to endure tremendous
hardship only to succeed. Last but not least, we will study the economic, social, scientific, cultural,
and political contributions that these immigrants have made to the growth and success of the
United States of America. All activities are conducted in German. Final exam, project, or paper.
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Prereq: German 322 or placement into this level by DFFL. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Portuguese 430. Cinema across Portuguese-Speaking Cultures. 3(1). Introduction to the

cinematic production of Brazil, Lusophone Africa, Portugal, and diaspora communities from the
twentieth century to the present. Classes are seminar format with a focus on active discussion,
debate, and interpretation by students. Topics will include a range of culturally significant themes
such as social inequality, economic development, decolonization, family, and politics. Final exam,
project, or paper. Prereq: Portuguese 365. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even years.
For Lang 440. 1(0). This course will prepare cadets linguistically and culturally for participation
in Cadet Semester Study Abroad Program (CSSAP) or Cadet Semester Exchange Abroad Program
(CSEAP). Pass/fail. Prereq: DFFLP notification and approval by the Vice Dean and Vice
Commandant for participation in CSSAP or CSEAP. Sem hrs: 1 spring.
Arabic 440 Arabic Semester Abroad/Exchange Preparation (Spring)
Chinese 440 Chinese Semester Abroad/Exchange Preparation (Spring)
French 440 French Semester Abroad/Exchange Preparation (Spring)
German 440 German Semester Abroad/Exchange Preparation (Spring)
Japanese 440 Japanese Semester Abroad/Exchange Preparation (Spring)
Portuguese 440 Portuguese Semester Abroad/Exchange Preparation (Spring)
Russian 440 Russian Semester Abroad/Exchange Preparation (Spring)
Spanish 440 Spanish Semester Abroad/Exchange Preparation (Spring)
For Lang 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected topics in foreign languages. Final exam, project,
or paper. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs and offering time determined by Division Chief.
Sem hrs: 1-3.
For Lang 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study or research conducted on a tutorial
basis. Study may be in any of the seven languages offered by the department. Topic or area of
study/research must be approved by the department head. Final exam project, or term paper.
Prereq: DFFL approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• For Lang 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• For Lang 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• For Lang 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
GEOSPATIAL SCIENCE (Geo)

Offered by the Department of Economics and Geosciences (DFEG)
Geo 250. Human Geography: A Global Cultural Awareness. 3(1). This course will introduce
students to major ideas, concepts, institutions, and events that shape human cultures and societies.
Cadets will develop an understanding of the complex relationship between humans and the
environment through the study of human movement, language, religion, race, economic activities,
and urban development. A major objective of the course is for cadets to be able to compare and
appreciate global cultures in a spatial context. To help cadets achieve this cultural understanding
the course uses a comparative approach to the study of global cultures focusing on religions,
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languages, traditions, ways of life and perceptions. Each cadet should develop a strong
appreciation and comprehension of the never-ending and dynamic processes that are continually
shaping the Earth, its peoples, and their cultures. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem
Geo 310. Cartography. 3(1). Cartography is an applied course that teaches the principles, art and
science of cartographic communication. The course aims to teach students to apply map-design
principles along with computer-aided mapping techniques to graphically depict complex
geospatial concepts in the fields of geography, economics, earth sciences and other disciplines.
Students will study the basic cartographic design principles and processes along with the science
behind the map itself—i.e. the rendering of three-dimensional reality onto a two-dimensional
plane. Students will also learn to use geospatial analysis and mapping software to solve complex
spatial problems and show their results using various types of maps. Students will demonstrate
their ability to synthesize and apply sound mapping principles and geospatial analysis techniques
via a comprehensive final project. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Geo 340. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. 3(1). Introduction to the use of
geographic information systems (GIS) for collection, digitization, storage, display, modeling and
analysis of spatial data. In this course students will develop proficiency in the use of current GIS
software and basic data flow in GIS applications. Special emphasis will be on data management,
analytical techniques, and data visualization that facilitates decision-making through the
communication of geospatial data. By the end of the course, cadets will be able to transform data
into geospatial intelligence. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Geo 351. Physical Geography. 3(1). The study of the Earth System (atmosphere, hydrosphere,
biosphere, and lithosphere). Focuses on the spatial distributions within the system, the use of maps
to explain the distributions, origins and processes shaping the Earth's surface, and the influence of
humans on the Earth system. Final exam or final research project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall
or spring.
Geo 353. Geomorphology. 3(1). An analysis of the dynamic processes, distribution, and structure
of the Earth's physical features. Focuses on fundamental concepts of physical geology, climate,
soils, and vegetation. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Geo 351. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Geo 355. Field Experience in the Geosciences. 3(1). This course provides the opportunity for
advanced learning in a specific aspect of the Geosciences. Cadets apply prerequisite knowledge
to a field-based, practical problem. The course is a combination of classroom instruction and
problem design with extensive field experiences addressing the problem. Topics and study sites
are variable and determined by the course director. Final exam. Prereq: Geo 200, Geo 250, and
Geo 351; or course director approval. Sem hrs: 3 summer.
Geo 360. Economic Geography. 3(1). This course is designed to provide students with a solid
foundation in the concepts, theories, and approaches on which the field of economic geography is
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based. This includes the location of economic activities over the earth’s surface, the distribution
of agriculture, manufacturing and transportation, and the economic growth of areas. This
disciplinary overview will be presented in the context of the contemporary world economy. The
course is divided into four parts. Part I surveys the geographic patterns and processes which
characterize the international economic system. Part II studies issues of production, and how firms
and industries organize across geographic space to design, build, and distribute a product or
service. Part III examines the global economy as a landscape of places and spaces through which
streams of capital, labor, and knowledge flow and interact. Part IV focuses on trade, employment,
and development. By the conclusion, the student will be prepared to apply geographic principles
to economic processes and systems. Final project. Prereq: Econ 201, Geo 250. Sem hrs: 3.
Offered when faculty scheduling and availability allows.
Geo 370. Military Geography. 3(1). Military geography considers the influence of geography on
military operations and the impacts of military activities on places and the environment. Topics
include accounting for physical and cultural geography in operational planning, spatial variability
in military-civil society relations, and the effect of military activities at a variety of scales on
places. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Geo 250 or Geo 351. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Geo 375. Geography of International Conflicts. 3(1). This course will introduce a geographic
perspective to aid in understanding the dynamics of contemporary global conflicts, including
issues related to global power struggles, persistent nationalist conflicts, border dynamics, the
global military actions of the U.S., terrorism, insurgencies, peace movements, resource conflicts,
and the politics of climate change. Students will develop this perspective by focusing on key
concepts, such as place, region, scale, territory, networks, and boundaries, and use them to better
understand why certain people, groups, or countries act in certain ways in certain situations.
Students will also use a particular theoretical idea, structure and agency, in conjunction with the
other concepts to situate conflicts and those involved in them. The goal is to contextualize these
issues and try to understand the limits and possibilities faced by diverse political actors as they
negotiate, initiate, or try to avoid conflict. Final Project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Geo 380. Geography of Travel and Culture. 3(1). This course is designed to teach students how
to have successful and meaningful experiences and cultural interactions while on military
assignments and traveling abroad through the study of plausibility structures, cognitive dissonance,
culture shock, and cultural resolution through various methods and exercises. The course will be
divided into four modules. First, this course will explore how theories of geography are intrinsic
in having successful experiences abroad. Second, the course will delve into travel theory as it has
been developed by the professor and other scholars. Third, the course will explore cultural training
and coaching techniques used to prepare students and professionals for intercultural experiences.
Fourth, this course will teach students how to leverage material learned in this course and
experience abroad in future positions/appointments/jobs. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs:
3. Offered when faculty scheduling and availability allows.
Geo 382. Remote Sensing and Imagery Analysis. 3(1). Mechanisms for exploiting the
electromagnetic radiation spectrum are investigated using particle and wave theory equations.
Digital image processing techniques are presented and applied using the Applied Geography
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Laboratory facilities and raster data from commercial spaceborne sensing systems. Final exam or
final project. Prereq: Physics 215. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Geo 385. Applied UAS Photogrammetry. 3(1). This course teaches cadets the fundamentals of
deriving high resolution aerial imagery and 3D digital models of the earth’s surface from photos
acquired from multi-rotor and fixed-wing mounted sensors using high tech state of the art software.
Cadets learn to plan flight missions, layout ground control using GPS, fly the UAS, and download,
process and analyze the imagery. The science behind creating highly accurate images is taught,
and cadets will learn to create local 3D topographic fly-throughs and analyze visible spectrum,
NIR and thermal imagery. Students will employ advanced geospatial processing techniques to
solve current, multi-disciplinary geographic problems. The course is divided into lecture and
laboratory periods. Students will complete practical exercises, GRs, and a final project. Final
project. Prereq: None. Sem hours: 3 spring.
Geo 412. World Cultural Geography. 3(1). This course will introduce students to systematic
methods for analyzing and assessing world cultural regions while also exploring the causes of
important cultural groupings around the world, their attributes, and patterns of interaction. The
main objective of this course is to give students a better understanding of the world they live in by
challenging their pre-existing cultural stereotypes and strengthening their mental map of global
cultures. Throughout the world, an increase in the number of regional conflicts coupled with recent
geopolitical shifts has highlighted the need to understand cultural geographic relationships. Each
geographic region will be examined for the impact of human-cultural and physical-environmental
attributes, assets, liabilities, linkages, barriers, and potential prospects. The various sub-disciplines
of geography (culture and ethnicity, levels of economic development, industrial and agricultural
bases, population demographics, and the physical environment) will be used to explore
connections within and between regions. The overall theme emphasizes the interconnectivity and
globalization of all the regions of the world. Final paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Geo 440. Advanced Geospatial Analysis. 3(1). This course equips students with advanced
analytical skills to understand and resolve complex geospatial problems. Discussion and projects
will integrate advanced geospatial analysis techniques with real world data to address problems
similar to those officers may encounter in the operational Air Force. Building on knowledge and
expertise learned in Introduction to Geospatial Information Systems (Geo 340), students will
integrate theoretical geoscience concepts with data analysis and information-extraction techniques.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: Geo 340. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Geo 452. Physical Geography of Volcanic Landscapes. 3(1). The course addresses aspects of the
physical geography and environments of landscapes created and/or dominated by volcanism and
other igneous processes. Topics include causes of volcanism and volcanic processes, volcanic
landforms, volcanic hazards, and microclimates of volcanic landforms and features, among others.
The course includes optional weekend field trips to sites in the region. Students will engage in
both theory and concepts, and apply these to case studies and collected datasets for hypothesis
testing. Final Project. Prereq: Geo 351. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
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Geo 470. Geography of Europe and Russia. 3(1). This course is designed to provide a
geographical analysis of the diverse regional-cultural landscapes of Europe, Russia, and Central
Asia. This is an advanced human geography course focusing on the complex human interaction
with the physical environment. Special attention will be paid to the formation and current status
of the entire European cultural area to improve cadet understanding and cultural awareness of
topical analysis regarding demography, language, religion, economics, geopolitics, and relations
with the rest of the world, to include the United States. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None.
Sem hrs: 3 (offering times determined by DFEG).
Geo 471. Geography of the Americas. 3(1). This course is designed to provide a geographical
analysis of the diverse regional-cultural landscapes of North America, South America, and
Caribbean regions. This is an advanced human geography course focusing on the complex human
interaction with the physical environment. Special attention will be paid to the formation and
current status of the entire regional-cultural area to improve cadet understanding and cultural
awareness of topical analysis regarding demography, language, religion, economics, geopolitics,
and relations with the rest of the world, to include the United States. Final exam or final project.
Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 (offering times determined by DFEG).
Geo 475. Geography of Asia. 3(1). This course is designed to provide a geographical analysis of
the diverse regional-cultural landscapes of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the South Asia regions.
This is an advanced human geography course focusing on the complex human interaction with the
physical environment. Special attention will be paid to the formation and current status of the
entire regional-cultural area to improve cadet understanding and cultural awareness of topical
analysis regarding demography, language, religion, economics, geopolitics, and relations with the
rest of the world, to include the United States. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem
hrs: 3 (offering times determined by DFEG).
Geo 480. Geography of the Middle East and Africa. 3(1). This course is designed to provide a
geographical analysis of the diverse regional-cultural landscapes of the Middle East and African
regions. This is an advanced human geography course focusing on the complex human interaction
with the physical environment. Special attention will be paid to the formation and current status
of the entire regional-cultural area to improve cadet understanding and cultural awareness of
topical analysis regarding demography, language, religion, economics, geopolitics, and relations
with the rest of the world, to include the United States. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None.
Sem hrs: 3 (offering times determined by DFEG).
Geo 482. Advanced Remote Sensing. 3(2). Students will explore advanced analysis techniques
for extracting information from satellite imagery. Imagery of various spatial and spectral scales
will be used, including thermal-infrared and radar imagery. The goal of this course is to provide
students with experience in tackling geospatial problems with remote sensing data—from
development of the questions, to identification of the necessary data, and finally selection and
execution of appropriate analysis techniques. The course will include several case studies. Final
project. Prereq: Geo 382. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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Geo 488. Geospatial Intelligence. 3(1). This course will introduce students to the crucial role of
geography in national security and intelligence. Students will conduct an in-depth exploration of
processes, products, and members of the Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) Enterprise,
investigating how GEOINT serves stakeholders and decision makers. Students will gain insight
into the history and development of GEOINT. They will examine imagery, spatial data, and
analytical practices across a range of military and intelligence applications. Students will discover
the emerging possibilities of GEOINT technologies towards solving national security priorities.
Final Project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Geo 495. Special Topics. 3(1). Selected topics in geospatial science. Final project, final exam,
or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Geo 498. Capstone in Geospatial Science. 3(2). The course is designed to assess the student's
ability to integrate and synthesize geoscience knowledge, analytical techniques, and research
methods using geospatial research tools. This culminating experience will include service-based
projects and/or research case studies on topics related to Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT),
human geography, physical geography, and/or regional geography. Scheduled for lessons 1 – 20.
Final project. Prereq: Geo 250, Geo 310, and Geo 351; or course director approval. Sem hrs: 3
fall or spring.
Geo 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Independent research under the direction of a faculty member.
Research paper or final project. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Geo 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Geo 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Geo 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
HISTORY (History)
Offered by the Department of History (DFHI)
History 100. The History of Modern Warfare. 3(1). Cadets will develop a greater understanding
of the Warrior Ethos by deepening their comprehension of the profession of arms and how it
struggles to win wars. In order for cadets to comprehend the profession of arms and gain an
understanding of the nature and character of wars, this course will develop in them the ability to
critically assess the factors that have led to success and failure in war through a thoughtful
consideration of warfare's evolution at each of its three levels: strategic, operational, and tactical.
The course covers evolving ideas and methods of warfare from the twentieth century to the present.
The course also demonstrates the critical importance of certain professional qualities required to
serve honorably and successfully in the profession of arms. Final exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs:
3 fall or spring.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the Warrior Ethos as
Airmen and Citizens outcome.
History l00S. The History of Modern Warfare (Scholars). 3(1). This reading, writing, and
discussion intensive course covers the evolving ideas and methods of waging war from the
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twentieth century to the present. Select academically gifted cadets will develop a greater
understanding of the Warrior Ethos by deepening their comprehension of the profession of arms,
its development over time, and its relationship to warfare. Most especially, they will gain greater
knowledge of how military professionals have sought victory at the various levels of war, and
enhance their understanding of why various military forces, states, and entire alliance networks
have succeeded and failed in war. The course will also demonstrate the critical importance of
certain professional qualities required to serve honorably and successfully in the profession of
arms. Prereq: None. Final exam or final paper. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
History 200. The Historian's Craft: Introduction to Historical Methodology. 3(1). A history
practicum that is the "how to" course for history majors. The course is devoted to practicing
historical methodology, including historical "detective work," critical analysis of evidence, asking
and answering historical questions, and oral and written presentation skills. Each student will
write and present a major research paper on a topic of his or her choice. Final paper. Prereq:
History 100 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
History 210. The Foundations of Modern America. 3(1). This course examines the political,
intellectual, social, and economic origins and development of the United States from the first
settlements through the Reconstruction period (1865-1877). Course readings will emphasize the
importance of the colonial experience, the American Revolution, the early national period, the
growth of democracy, Westward expansion, and the Civil War and Reconstruction in shaping
modern America. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
History 220. Let Freedom Ring?: American History since Reconstruction. 3(1). This course
continues the examination of the political, intellectual, social, and economic development of the
United States from the late nineteenth century to the present and concentrates on the growth of the
United States as a major economic and political power. Special attention is given to the impact of
industrialization, urbanization, immigration, reform movements, mass culture, domestic economic
fluctuations, governmental expansion, and military involvements during the twentieth century.
Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
History 230. Bastille to Brexit: Introduction to Modern European History. 3(1). A survey of the
political, social, and cultural history of modern Europe since the Enlightenment. The course will
examine major themes in European history, including: clashing currents of war and peace;
dictatorship and democracy; racism/genocide and human rights; the state and the people;
regionalism and integration. Major eras include Napoleon's wars for empire, industrial
revolutions, European nationalist movements, World War I, the inter-war years, World War II, the
decline of the European empires, and the Cold War. This course concludes with a study of the
legacies of the Cold War and the advent of the European Union. Final exam and/or final project.
History 240. Steppes, Stalin, and Sputnik: Introduction to Russia and Eurasia. 3(1). Comprising
roughly 35 percent of the world's landmass and millions of people, Eurasia has long been an
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important and influential force in history. Migrations, dictatorships, civil war, displacement,
religious diversity, and the rise and fall of empires are but a few of the pieces in a transnational
history that spans Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Examining vast yet interconnected
spaces and peoples, this course will first consider social, economic, and political developments
across the region since Ivan Grozny, Russia's first Tsar, consolidated power and land. Taking into
account modern statehood, nationalism, and the rise of twentieth-century empires, it will delve
into such topics as the Silk Road, the Steppe populations, the influence of the Mongols, life under
Soviet and Chinese authoritarianism, independence movements, security issues, and the region's
unique experience as both part of and a buffer between Europe and Asia. Through varied sources
and assignments, this course will highlight new perspectives and sharpen analytical skills. Final
exam and/or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
History 250. Introduction to the History of the Middle East and North Africa. 3(1). This course
will explore the development of the modern Middle East and North Africa from the origins of
Islam to the Arab Spring. Through a combination of lecture, analysis, discussion, and debate,
cadets will develop a more in-depth understanding of this critical and dynamic region. Potential
areas of focus will include the role of Islam in the development of the early caliphates; the impacts
of the Crusades and cross-cultural contact; the establishment and expansion of major empires; the
role of different groups and religions in Islamic states. The course will consider important changes,
including: the impacts of European colonialism, the spread of ideas like nationalism,
constitutionalism, modernization, and reform; independence and nationalist movements and the
creation of modern states; the origins of the Arab-Israeli conflict; the United States' influence in
the region; and other contemporary trends, challenges, and opportunities facing the people of the
region. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
History 260. Historia Pasada y Presente: Introduction to Modern Latin American History. 3(1).
This course will examine Latin American history from the Wars of Independence in Mexico,
Argentina, and Central America to present. Through a combination of lecture, analysis,
discussion, and debate, cadets will develop an understanding of the rich, and at times turbulent,
history of the region and the individual societies in it. The course will examine the roles and
consequences of European colonization and then move on to such topics as revolution, slavery,
indigenous and African cultures, and modernization. The course will consider the diverse ethnic
makeup of this geo-political region, identity politics, the clash between democracy and dictators
such as Pinochet or Trujillo, and Latin America's role in the global economy. Cadets will examine
the idea of ‘Latin America’ over time and the region's evolving relationship within the Western
Hemisphere and the world more broadly. Through a variety of approaches and source material, it
will deepen historical understanding and critical thinking skills. Prereq: None. Final exam and/or
final project. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
History 270. Modern East Asian History. 3(1). This course is a survey of the key developments
in the history of China, Japan, and Korea from the nineteenth century to the present day. It begins
with background topics such as the traditional foundations of East Asian society, the structure of
the East Asian world order, and the impact of cultural exchange on the early history of the region.
The course then examines internal developments and the external relations of China, Japan, and
Korea since 1800, including topics such as the impact of Western imperialism, the influence of
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Western ideologies such as nationalism, the nature of technological and economic change, the
significance of political and cultural leaders, and the role China, Japan and Korea have played in
shaping the post-World War II world. In this way, the course provides a basic background on the
major political, economic, and socio-cultural developments in this vital area of the world. Final
exam and/or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
History 280. Africa South of the Sahara. 3(1). This survey of African history focuses on the eras
following Africa's integration into the global economy in the fifteenth century. It explores African
societies prior to colonialism, the brief period of European colonial domination, and the challenges
of post-colonial independence. The course will help students understand the influence of historical
forces such as geography and climate, disease, religion, warfare, economics and trade, and
domestic and international politics on African societies over time. Through such topics as the
Atlantic World, European imperialism, colonialism, modernization, Pan-Africanism, military and
political dictatorships, postcolonialism, and national self-determination, cadets will consider
Africa's changing politics, economics, and culture over time. Cadets will practice critical thinking,
writing, and oral communication skills. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs:
3 spring.
History 290. Global Contact and Local Responses in South and Southeast Asia. 3(1). This course
is a survey of key developments in the history of South and Southeast Asia from the sixteenth
century to the present. It will begin with background topics such as the development and spread
of religions, the importance of trade and economic connections, early states, empires, political
formation, and the critical role of cultural exchange. The course then examines the region since
1500, including topics such as the spread of Islam, the impact of Western imperialism, the
influence of Western ideologies such as nationalism, the nature of technological change, the
significance of political and cultural leaders such as Mohandas K. Gandhi and Sukarno, and the
role these regions played in shaping the post-1945 world, paying special attention to the
importance of decolonization and the Non-Alignment Movement. In this way, the course provides
a basic background on the major political, economic, and socio-cultural developments in these
vital areas of the world. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-
numbered years.
History 300. World History. 3(1). A comprehensive global survey of human civilization and its
significant changes over time. This course will ensure that cadets have the ability to identify,
describe, and explain the uniqueness and interconnectedness of people, cultures, and societies in
both their spatial and temporal contexts. In order to better understand the evolution and
interconnectedness of human history, the course will utilize a framework of transculturation.
Through an analysis of world history, cadets will have the ability to better understand how the
modern world came into existence. This course highlights the global impacts of political, religious,
ideological, military, economic, and social development. This course will challenge cadets to
analyze their own identities and origins, their relationships to different groups and peoples, and
human interaction in a global context. Final exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spnng.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the Human Condition,
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History 300S. Scholars World History. 3(1). This course is the Academy Scholars Program
version of History 300, Introduction to World History. Through the use of major works of world
history, cadets examine and analyze several major themes of world history focusing on the role
that the interaction of people and societies, technological advances, and environmental factors such
as disease, geography, and energy have played in shaping world history. Discussion forms the
bedrock of this course and Scholars will actively participate. Final exam. Prereq: History 100 or
100S and Scholar status. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the Human Condition,
History 320. Winged Defense: The History of Airpower. 3(1). Cadets will engage with the
history and development of airpower considering its tactical, operational, and strategic
employment as well as important airpower leaders. This course pays particular attention to the
global development of military airpower, stressing the constant interplay among personalities,
institutions, theories, technology, combat experience, and the evolution of doctrine. Final exam
and/or final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
History 321. STEM at War: History of Technology and Warfare. 3(1). Examines the relationship
of technology to warfare on land, at sea, and in the air from antiquity to the present. Investigates
the roots of weapons technology in social, political, economic, and environmental context. Special
treatment is afforded to the impact of engineering and the Industrial Revolution on the
development of technology and its subsequent impact on warfare. The interrelationship of
technology, tactics, and strategy provides the thematic framework. Several lessons are devoted to
case studies of battles and campaigns that illustrate significant developments. Final exam and/or
final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
History 322. Conquest of the New Frontier: A History of Space Power. 3(1). Examines a history
of space power focusing on the development and evolution of technology and doctrine from its
origins in the German V-programs to the Cold War and beyond. Topics include ICBMs, satellites,
the electronics revolution, and the manned space programs. Course themes include the interplay
between individuals, organizations, technology, politics, and global events with an emphasis on
USAF and Soviet military space and ICBM programs' doctrinal and technological challenges.
Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd- numbered years.
History 323. Sea Power and Modern Warfare. 3(1). This course surveys the history of war at sea
from the Age of Sail to the present. Cadets will examine the evolution of sea power theory and
practice throughout history. While this course aims to be global in context, it will focus most
closely upon developments in Britain (1588-present) and the United States (1776-present).
Specifically, cadets will explore the ascendancy of England/Britain as the world's foremost
maritime power until being supplanted by the United States during the Second World War and
Cold War. By the end of the course cadets should understand the development of sea power as an
instrument of national policy in war and peace, and the factors that have led to success and failure
in naval warfare, considering the three levels of war: strategic, operational, and tactical. Final
exam and/or final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
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History 324. The History of Unconventional Warfare. 3(1). Surveys the practice of guerrilla,
irregular, and unconventional warfare, to include discussion on terrorism, throughout human
history and across various regions and cultures. Examines counterinsurgency efforts and special
operations. Special attention is given to the twentieth century. Final exam and/or final project.
Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
History 325. Ancient and Medieval Warfare. 3(1). A broad survey providing a deeper background
for the understanding of modern war. The course begins with the rise of organized warfare in the
Near East, focusing on the Assyrian and Persian military systems, traces the development and
operations of the Greek and Roman military systems, and then moves to the evolution of feudal
warfare and its eventual metamorphosis into the earliest forms of modern war, culminating in the
Thirty Years War. Cadets will also consider Middle Eastern, Byzantine, Chinese, and Japanese
forms of warfare to complete a general survey of the roots of modern warfare. Final exam and/or
final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
History 326. The Rise of Gunpowder: The Western Way of War from 1618-1905. 3(1). Cadets
will develop a greater understanding of the Western profession of arms as it evolved through times
dominated by mercenaries, armed with pikes and early black powder weapons, to the days of mass
armies of citizen soldiers fighting with an increasing array of sophisticated weapons made possible
by industrialization. In this course, cadets will gain a greater comprehension of the modern
profession of arms through a thoughtful consideration of warfare's evolution at each of its three
levels: strategic, operational, and tactical. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: History 100.
Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
History 327. The Great War: The History of World War I. 3(1). A study of the epochal event of
the twentieth century. Students will explore the war's causes, conduct, and consequences, covering
the war from the perspective of all the major belligerents, Entente and Central Powers. Students
will also conduct detailed analysis of the role ideology, strategy, technology, colonialism, race,
gender, and other social factors played on both the battlefields and home fronts of the First World
War. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered
years.
History 328. Axis and Allies: The History of World War II. 3(1). A study of the largest conflict
in human history. Students will explore the war's causes, conduct, and consequences, covering the
war from the perspective of all the major belligerents, Axis and Allied. Students will also conduct
detailed analysis of the roles ideology, strategy, technology, colonialism, race, gender and other
social factors played on both the battlefields and home fronts of World War II. Final exam and/or
final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
History 329. Korean War and the Cold War. 3(1). This course will examine the foundations of
the Cold War and the U.S. strategy of containment that evolved during it. Within the context of
this superpower system and the beginning of a nuclear arms race, America's war in Korea
showcases a new pattern of limited warfare in the twentieth century. Studies will place special
emphasis on the role of foreign policy, domestic social and political climates, technology, and the
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long-term implications of American strategy and policymaking. Final exam and/or final project.
Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
History 330. The Vietnam War. 3(1). This course examines the origins, actions, and
consequences of the Indochina wars fought by the French, Japanese, and Americans during the
last century. The course gives particular attention to the American experience in Southeast Asia.
Within the context of the superpower system and the beginning of a nuclear arms race, the United
States tried to fight a war to achieve limited aims with limited means. Studies will place special
emphasis on the role of technology, foreign policy, domestic social, and political climates, cultural
influences, and the political and cultural legacies of American strategy and policymaking. Final
exam and/or final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 spring of even- numbered years.
History 331. The History of War and Society. 3(1). The History of War and Society expands the
study of warfare beyond its military, diplomatic, and political dimensions by examining the social
and cultural aspects of how societies go to war, experience war, and live with its consequences.
Emphasis will be placed on the influence of societal and cultural beliefs on warfare, national
military policies, the impact of war on social and cultural institutions, values, and practices, and
the interaction between the home front and the battlefield. Cadets may also explore the
relationships between war, identity, and historical memory. Final exam and/or final project.
Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
History 332. Great Commanders. 3(1). This course explores the role of history's finest military
leaders in their pursuit of victory. History 332 will address the challenges of command throughout
the history of conflict on the land, at sea, and in the air. Cadets will learn to evaluate the character
and characteristics of individuals whose presence made the difference between victory and defeat
while earning them a place in the pantheon of history's most capable military leaders. Final exam
and/or final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
History 333. History of Military Thought and Strategy. 3(1). An investigation of the ideas of
selected military thinkers and strategists from across the ages and around the globe. Emphasis is
on those writers whose impact on evolving ideas of strategy and doctrine, whether on land, sea, or
air, has been most far-reaching. The history of military thought is the study of the development of
competing ideas about the employment of armed force. In this course cadets will study influential
military thinkers and investigate several overarching questions: What is the nature of war? How
have major military theorists proposed to use military force? How influential have their thoughts
been on the practice of warfare and on subsequent military theory? What factors rival military
theory in shaping the formation and employment of military forces? This investigation should
inform your own understanding of war, especially as it applies to your future as a military
professional. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd-
numbered years.
History 340. America and the World. 3(1). This course will expose cadets to the interconnected
facets of global America, overlaying the foreign relations of the United States onto its domestic
history. It will pay specific attention to networks, identities, and processes that transcend the
nation-state, demonstrating how quintessential American events both shaped, and were shaped by,
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the global environment. Potential topics include the American Revolution, slavery and
abolitionism, labor activism, economic connectivity, the American Civil War, suffrage and
women's rights, Wilsonian internationalism and isolationism, the World Wars and interwar period,
the Civil Rights Movement, and the Cold War. Course may include a combination of lecture,
seminar, cadet presentations, and debate. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None. Sem
hrs: 3 fall.
History 341. American Regional Identities. 3(1). The United States is a rich tapestry of diverse
regional identities that have been subsumed within the national character. This course will
examine how the history, ideology, economies, demographics, and environment of one of these
various regions shaped its identity and how that identity has influenced the nation as a whole. The
major regions for study will be New England, the South, the Midwest, the West, and the West
Coast on a rotating basis. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None, but completion of
History 210 and 220 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
History 342. Early Modern Warfare in the Atlantic World. 3(1). A comprehensive examination
of the competition and conflicts that resulted from European explorations and conquests of the
fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries that erupted into serial warfare in the eighteenth
century. These conflicts exposed all sides to different modes of warfare that would shape future
combat. This course examines the causes for these wars (with an emphasis on the conflicts in
North America) and the changes in tactics and strategy that resulted. Final exam and/or final
project. Prereq: None, but completion of History 210 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 spring of
History 343. The American Revolution. 3(1). A comprehensive examination of the American
Revolution and the War for Independence that it spawned from the conclusion of the French and
Indian War in 1763 to the Treaty of Paris in 1783. This course will evaluate the political,
ideological, economic, and religious causes for the rupture with Great Britain, provide in-depth
coverage of the course of the war, as well as the enduring significance of the colonists' improbable
victory on United States' nationalism and its military establishment. Prereq: None, but completion
of History 210 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
History 344. The American Civil War. 3(1). A multidimensional examination of the causes,
conduct, and legacy of the American Civil War. An in-depth analysis of Southern sectionalism
will precede a comprehensive discussion of all aspects of the war itself: military, economic,
cultural, social, political, technological, and ideological. The course will conclude by describing
the short and long-term effects of the war. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None, but
completion of History 210 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 spring of even-numbered years.
History 345. The American Way of War. 3(1). This course surveys the history of American
warfare from the colonial period to the present and examines the history of American national
security. It focuses primarily on the character of American warfare and addresses the question of
whether there is a peculiar American way of war or approach to national security. The course
deals with such issues as the American attitude towards war, civil-military relations, force
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structure, the role of professional leadership, national security issues, and the impact of technology.
Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the National Security
of the American Republic outcome.
History 346. Great Americans. 3(1). Examines the role of individual persons in American history.
This course will use biographies of selected prominent Americans to understand the unique
personal qualities that contributed to their success and to determine the extent to which individual
actions impact the course of history. Cadets will meet political, military, business, labor, scientific,
and literary figures. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None, but completion of History
210 and 220 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
History 347. Power to the People: American Culture in the 1960s and 1970s. 3(1). This course
examines the significant cultural, economic, and social upheavals in American society during the
turbulent 1960s and 1970s. Politically, it will address the numerous Civil Rights movements of
the period as well as grassroots opposition to the Vietnam War. Culturally, it will explore topics
such as Hippies, the sexual revolution, counter-culture, suburbanization, and rock n' roll. Finally,
it will examine the economic impact of inflation, deindustrialization, and oil shortages. Final exam
and/or final project. Prereq: None, but completion of History 220 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3
fall of even-numbered years.
History 360. Topics in Regional History: Eastern/Western Europe; Russia; Latin America. 3(1).
This upper-division seminar will provide cadets the opportunity to dive into historical topics with
a regional theme, which will vary by instructor expertise, and will provide forums for close
analysis of primary and secondary sources or engaged debate of ideas. They will develop writing,
communication, and critical thinking skills. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None, but
completion of the appropriate 200-level regional survey course is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 fall
of odd-numbered years.
History 361. Topics in Regional History: Eastern, Central, or Western Asia; Africa. 3(1). This
upper-division seminar will provide cadets the opportunity to dive into historical topics with a
regional theme, focusing on Eastern, Central, or Western Asia, or on Africa. The topic will vary
by instructor expertise and will provide forums for close analysis of primary and secondary sources
or engaged debate of ideas. They will develop writing, communication, and critical thinking skills.
Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None, but completion of the appropriate 200-level
regional survey course is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
History 362. Comparative Empires in World History. 3(1). Empires rise and fall. Size. Military
power. Governance. Reach. Context matters. This course will offer cadets the opportunity to
compare and contrast empires across centuries and locations. Potential topics include the Persian,
Roman, Mongol, Aztec, Portuguese, Mughal, Ottoman, Comanche, British, Chinese, and Japanese
empires. It will challenge cadets to engage questions of difference, the complexity of the
colonizer/colonized relationship, and the evolving connections between colony, metropole, and
the wider world. Course may include a combination of lecture, seminar, cadet presentations, and
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debate. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None, but completion of History 300 is
recommended. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
History 363. Modern Colonial Empires and Decolonization. 3(1). The spread of European
maritime empires after the fifteenth century fundamentally shaped the modern world. However,
the relationship between colonizer and colonized was never stable or consistent. This course will
expose cadets to the vast array of interactions and the impacts of these contacts, both in the
metropole and the colony. The course will also highlight colonial critiques of empire, building
towards the era of rapid decolonization. It will analyze the challenges and opportunities facing
both newly independent nation-states and their former colonizers as they faced a new postcolonial
world. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None, but completion of History 300 is
recommended. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
History 364. Gender and Sexuality in History. 3(1). This course will expose cadets to the origins
and evolution of gender history and the history of sexuality. It will first explore changing
methodological approaches and perspectives that have developed since the 1960s. It will then
place these topics in their global context, recognizing the importance of cross-cultural contact on
concepts of identity and sexuality. The specific focus of the course will depend on instructor,
pursuing thematic, regional, or chronological approaches. Cadets will engage the topic through a
combination of seminar discussion, debate, group projects, and lecture. Final exam and/or final
project. Prereq: None, but completion of History 300 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 spring of
History 365. Topics in Ancient and Early Modern World History. 3(1). From Hammurabi and
Charlemagne to the Aztecs and the Ming Dynasty, the world bore witness to the growth of human
interaction and unique quests for stability and growth. At the same time, cultural and intellectual
life flowered, adding complexity and depth to interconnected world societies. Each step of the
way, diverse civilizations and cultures interacted with others near and far, affecting their
development and longevity. Through a variety of approaches and methodologies, cadets will
consider the experiences of ancient and early modern societies in a comparative context that spans
centuries and continents. Varying in topic and focus, this course will deepen cadet understanding
of the complex and intertwined nature of world history. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq:
None, but completion of History 300 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
History 366. Race, Nationalism, and Ethnicity in History. 3(1). Using primary sources, images,
film, and journals, this course will explore the foundations and manifestations of race, national
identity, and ethnicity in an international context. First considering the theoretical frameworks
and early figures influencing the constructions of racial, nationalist, and ethnic thinking, cadets
will examine their complex social and political consequences across space and time. After setting
this foundation, cadets will have the opportunity to grapple with and compare specific cases, such
as the Khmer Rouge, the Yugoslav and Rwandan crises, and eugenic movements in North
America, Eurasia, and Australia. The course will also consider the many faces of resistance to
oppression, both formal and informal. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None, but
completion of History 300 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
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History 367. Oceanic Systems. 3(1). This course will emphasize the importance of studying
oceanic histories and the connections they help develop between groups once perceived as
geographically separate. This course will challenge cadets to recognize the richness of global
history and connections, even when they are separated by expansive seas and crashing waves. It
will expose them to the rich history of cultural, diplomatic, military, economic, and political
exchange across maritime systems. Potential areas include the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic World,
the Pacific World, and the South China Sea. Course may include a combination of lecture,
seminar, cadet presentations, cultural experiences, and debate. Final exam and/or final project.
Prereq: None, but completion of History 300 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered
years.
History 368. Big Ideas: Intellectual Trends in World History. 3(1). This course will trace world
history through the evolution of ideas. It will engage how individuals have understood, reacted to,
and participated in such developments as the creation and expansion of philosophy and religion,
the evolving nature of economic theory, the role of political philosophy and the state, and the
influence of global contact on ideas like race, gender, and class. It will engage cadets on these
ideas and place them in their historic context, engaging both primary sources and secondary
literature. Course will include a combination of seminar discussion, debate, and lecture. Final
exam and/or final project. Prereq: None, but completion of History 300 is recommended. Sem
hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
History 369. Globalization: The History of People, Products, Ideas, and Systems in Motion. 3(1).
What is globalization? Who is global? Is the world really becoming more global or is it a matter
of how we examine the past and present? A word oft-used, but little understood, "globalization"
represents many, at times conflicting, images and ideas. Considering such examples as the Atlantic
World, the ubiquitous McDonalds, Coke, and Starbucks in Europe and China, and migration
patterns, cadets will grapple with the theory and consider disparate examples to understand the
meanings of globalization and its consequences, including intense local backlash. As the question
of globalization is not confined to historians, this course will consider how borrowing from other
disciplines supports and enhances historical inquiries. Cadets will delve into the sociological,
economic, political, cultural, and historical aspects of globalization and its meaning over time,
analyzing diverse sources and arguments. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None, but
completion of History 300 is recommended. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
History 380. Film in History. 3(1). Movies captivate our imagination and transport us to places
unfamiliar or unknown. Film also can act as a moral witness and reflect varying interpretations of
the past in portrayals of history. Through a combination of film, discussion, and analysis of
historical developments, this course will explore the many facets of history on the big screen.
Organized thematically or geographically and depending on instructor, this course may cover such
topics as warfare, resistance, race, memory, gender, or global diasporas. First equipped with
needed historical context and criticism techniques, cadets will analyze films that span perspectives,
genres, and eras to analyze the ways in which movies depict the past, deepen our understanding of
history, and reflect contemporary issues and narratives. They may also consider such issues as
censorship, propaganda, and manipulation of ideas. They will develop writing, communication,
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and critical thinking skills. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring of
History 400. Advanced Seminar: Historiography. 3(1). This is the first of two required seminars
for the senior thesis/project in the History program. Students will work with a faculty advisor to
immerse in literature that surrounds a particular temporal or thematic concept. With a number of
preliminary assignments, students will practice historical methodology, the ways historians gather
information and formulate hypotheses. They will also use primary and secondary sources to
wrestle with the challenges of objectivity, selectivity, and bias in historical interpretation. Final
project. Prereq: History 200 and C2C standing. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
History 401. Senior Seminar: Research/Senior Thesis or Project. 3(1). Building on their
preliminary work in History 400, students will work with a faculty advisor to research and develop
a capstone project or write a senior thesis. The senior thesis/project will be based on a well-
developed research question, demonstrate a sound understanding of the historiography of the thesis
topic, engage primary and secondary sources in the research, and present a compelling historical
argument/interpretation. Prereq: History 400 and C1C standing. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
History 402. Global Dimensions of History: Capstone for FAS History Majors. 3(1). An
examination of the dynamic forces influential in shaping the history of the regions of the world.
Explores time, space, politics, economics, and society in the context of world history. Special
attention is given to the impact of varying cultural perspectives upon individual historical
understanding. The historical dimensions of globalization and its challenges are also examined.
Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: History 200 and C1C standing. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
History 495. Special Topics. 3(1). Selected topics in history. Final exam and/or final project.
Prereq: History 300. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
History 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Reading and research in any recognized area of historical
study. Areas selected by instructor depend on student interest. Research paper or intensive reading
program with written analysis of assigned works. Prereq: Department approval and 3.0 cum GPA.
• History 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• History 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• History 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
HUMANITIES (Hum)
Offered by the Departments of the Humanities Division
Hum 200S. Introduction to the Humanities. 3(1). Interdisciplinary course. A seminar-style

introduction to the intellectual history of Western Civilization through literature, philosophy, the
fine arts, and the history of law and science. The course aims to lay the foundation for further
study in the disciplines of the humanities, to enhance integrated knowledge and critical thinking,
and to prepare students for advanced study. Final project. Prereq: Course director approval.
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(Administered by the Humanities Division Chair). Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Hum 400S. Humanities Seminar. 3(1). Interdisciplinary course. A seminar focused on the history
of Western Civilization through literature, the arts, and philosophy. Related topics include the
history of law and history of science, and their impact on trends in the humanities. This approach
is invaluable for enhancing integrated knowledge and critical thinking, and is excellent preparation
for cadets wishing to pursue graduate studies in the humanities. Cadets enrolled in the Academy
Scholars Program (ASP) who completed Hum 200S may elect to take Hum 400S with approval of
the course director. Final project. Prereq: 3.0 cum GPA and course director approval.
(Administered by the Humanities Division Chair). Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Hum 401. Humanities Divisional Core Substitute. 3(0). This course can only be awarded for
coursework accomplished during a semester of study abroad (CSSAP), international exchange
Chair approval, this course can fulfill the core requirement for Philos 310 or for English 411 as the
Advanced Sociocultural Option. (Administered by the Department of Foreign Languages). Sem
Hum 402. Scholarship Studies. 2(1). Scholarship Studies is an interdisciplinary course designed
to prepare cadets for the rigors of Rhodes, Marshall, Gates, and Churchill scholarship application
processes. The course helps cadets to focus on refining their leadership skills, increase awareness
of application and interview subjects, and develop the intellectual methods required to articulate
the complexities of modern problems. The course further prepares scholarship applicants for
advanced academic studies. Enrollment consists primarily of first-class cadets. Pass/fail. Prereq:
GSC approval. (Administered by the Graduate Studies Office of Student Academic Affairs). Sem
hrs: 2 fall.
Hum 430. The Holocaust. 3(1). The subject of the Holocaust, the destruction of the Jews of
Europe and others at the hands of the Nazis and their collaborators, is of great significance in the
history of human civilization. The extensive documentation of this systematic genocide lends
itself to a pedagogical examination of critical lessons in the study of human history and behavior,
as well as ethical issues. Through this investigation, cadets can also understand what it means to
be a responsible citizen and soldier. Final exam. Prereq: History 300 or divisional approval.
(Administered by the Department of History). Sem hrs: 3 spring of even-numbered years.
Hum 461. Russian Literature. 3(1). A study of representative Russian authors and their works
(e.g., Pushkin, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Babel, Pasternak, and Solzhenytsyn) in their
historical and cultural settings and their impact on the shaping of the national character of the
Russian people. Final project, research paper, and/or final exam. (Administered by the
Department of Foreign Languages). Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
Hum 463. Far Eastern Literature. 3(1). An historical survey and analysis of major literary works
of the Far East with emphasis on China and Japan. Final exam. (Administered by the Department
of Foreign Languages). Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
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Hum 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected topics in humanities. Final exam or final report.
Prereq: Department approval. Semester hours and offering time determined by department (not
LAW
----
Offered by the Department of Law (DFLA)
Law 220. Law for Air Force Officers. 3(1). A core course utilizing case law and texts to cultivate
habits of critical thinking within cadets. The course also develops in cadets the legal knowledge
and selected skills necessary to be an educated Air Force officer and citizen. This is accomplished
by examining the nature of law, the military justice system, constitutional law, criminal law, and
the law of armed conflict. Critical thinking is developed within multiple contexts, potentially
including: in-class debate, Socratic discussions, oral exercises, and written assignments. Final
exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
outcome.
Law 220S. Law for Air Force Officers. 3(1). A core substitute for cadets in the Academy Scholars
Program, introducing them to the discipline of Law through readings from original classic works
and appellate court opinions exploring principles they will apply as Air Force officers and educated
citizens. Examining the nature of law and its role in American society and the military, the course
emphasizes enrichment in critical thinking and verbal and written expression by addressing
foundational principles of constitutional, criminal, military, and international law. Classroom
discussion and debate are the primary pedagogies and written works are the significant
assessments. Final paper, project, report, or exam. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
outcome.
Law 221. Legal Research and Writing. 3(1). This gateway course is designed to introduce Legal
Studies majors to the research and communication skills they will need to be successful in this
major. Following an introduction to the fundamentals of legal reasoning and legal research,
students will conduct research related to one or more legal problems based on fact scenarios that
present ill-defined issues of law and learn to write legal memoranda in which they predict the
outcome on a current legal problem. Related to the legal memoranda, students will participate in
exercises that will assist them with organization, content, critical-thinking, citation, and proper
usage and style. Final paper. Coreq: Law 220. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Law 321. Legal Advocacy. 3(1). Building on the fundamental skills learned in Law 221, this
course reinforces and develops the additional skills needed to effectively advocate a position orally
and in writing. Students will enhance their ability to organize a legal argument, analyze facts
critically, identify the important issues, cite to legal authorities, and sharpen their oral and written
advocacy skills. Advocacy will take place in the context of appellate proceedings. In preparation
for appellate arguments, students will study complex cases involving important issues of
constitutional law, write analytical case briefs and two appellate briefs, and participate in graded
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oral arguments on both sides of the issue. Final paper, project, report or exam. Prereq/Coreq:
Law 221. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Law 331. Criminal Law and Procedure. 3(1). This course examines selected crimes and defenses
and focuses on how and why selected constitutional rights constrain the government and protect
individual liberties in the context of criminal law and procedure. Skills emphasized include critical
thinking, legal problem-solving, and oral and written communication. Final paper, project, report,
or exam. Prereq: Law 220 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Law 340. Business Law. 3(1). An in depth study of law governing commerce and business
organizations in the United States. Emphasis will be placed on contracts, formation of business
organizations, agency, intellectual property, product liability, Internet law and laws which regulate
the workplace environment. Final paper, project, report, or exam. Prereq: Law 220 or department
Law 351. U.S. Constitutional Law. 3(1). This course is an in-depth analysis of selected provisions
of the U.S. Constitution and Supreme Court decisions interpreting them. Topics include powers
of the branches of the federal government, federal-state relations, and individual rights as
limitations on governmental power. Skills emphasized include critical thinking, legal problem-
solving, and oral and written communication. Final paper, project, report, or exam. Prereq: Law
220 and C1C or C2C standing. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Law 360. Law and Literature. 3(1). This interdisciplinary seminar entails the in-depth study of
selected literary works that provide insights and raise questions concerning important legal issues
and the nature and purposes of law. Emphasis will be placed on developing critical reading,
speaking, and writing skills. Final paper, project, report, or exam. Prereq: English 211 and Law
220. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
Law 363. International Law. 3(1). A course studying the legal principles which govern relations
among nations. Students will study the historical development of international law and important
principles which govern relations among nations today. Topics may include sources of
International Law, statehood, sovereign immunity, diplomatic relations, the United Nations and
other international organizations, treaties, extraterritorial jurisdiction, international courts, law of
the sea, the UN Charter, and peacekeeping operations. Final paper, project, report, or exam.
Prereq: Law 220 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Law 419. Space Law. 3(1). This course examines the role of international law, U.S. domestic
laws, and U.S. policy in the regulation of outer space activities. As the U.S. and its military
becomes more and more dependent on outer space, the need for leaders with an understanding of
the laws that apply to the space domain is rapidly growing. This course seeks to provide this
necessary understanding by taking a practical approach to the material, framing it in the context of
U.S. civil, national security, and commercial space activities. In doing so, the course provides an
overview of current international law contained in U.N. resolutions, treaties, and customary
international law, as well as domestic law and policy, identifying legal theory and principles
affecting space activities. The course also covers principles of air law, the law of the sea and the
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laws of war that intersect with space law. It is an essential course for future U.S. space operators,
commanders, and policy makers. Final paper, project, report or exam. Prereq: Law 220. Sem
hrs: 3 spring.
Law 421. Law for Commanders. 3(1). This course is more than just a continuation and expansion
of Law 220, Law for Air Force Officers. The focus is on using real-world scenarios to help
students think like a commander who has respect for the rule of law, knows how to evaluate basic
legal advice about a problem, and appropriately uses it to make good decisions for the Air Force.
Cadets will examine command authority over AF personnel, the extent of that authority to
accomplish the mission and instill good order and discipline, the effective use of disciplinary tools,
and common command/legal concerns facing leaders. This is a hands-on, application class that
allows students to practice problem-solving skills and to communicate solutions and rationale in
an appropriate manner. Cadets cannot earn credit for both Law 421 and Law 422. Final paper,
project, report, or exam. Prereq: Law 220 and Legal Studies major with C1C standing or
departmental approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Law 422. Commander’s Use of Military Law. 3(1). This course is designed for students who
have not had an in-depth study of law beyond Law 220. This course is more than just a
continuation and expansion of Law 220, Law for Air Force Officers. The focus is on using real-
world scenarios to help students think like a commander who has respect for the rule of law, knows
how to evaluate basic legal advice about a problem, and appropriately uses it to make good
decisions for the Air Force. Cadets will examine command authority over AF personnel, the extent
of that authority to accomplish the mission and instill good order and discipline, the effective use
of disciplinary tools, and common command/legal concerns facing leaders. This is a hands-on
application class that allows students to practice problem-solving skills and to communicate
solutions and rationale in an appropriate manner. Cadets cannot earn credit for both Law 421 and
Law 422. Final paper, project, report, or exam. Prereq: Law 220 and C1C standing or
departmental approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Law 440. Cyber Law. 3(1). Cyber Law examines the effect of the Internet and technology on the
law, and of the effects of law on the Internet and technology. The subject of Cyber Law offers a
rich opportunity to examine the evolution of criminal law in cyberspace, specifically the problems
associated with jurisdiction, the right of privacy, search and seizure, and evidence. The course
will also examine how cyberspace impacts the law of war, including what constitutes the use of
force in cyberspace, and how this all influences traditional notions of sovereignty. Although some
basic technical information will be discussed during the semester, this course is designed for the
non-technical student. The emerging legal issues discussed will also stimulate the interest of the
technical student. As future commanders, cadets must be prepared to handle computer related
legal issues, whether criminal, intellectual property, or use of force. Final paper, project, report,
or exam. Prereq: Law 220. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Law 456. National Security Law. 3(1). This course explores the nature and origins of the federal
government’s national security powers, U.S. law implementing international law, and the U.S. law
of national security and counterterrorism. The field includes law of the use of the armed forces at
home and abroad, intelligence operations abroad, counterterrorism, electronic surveillance and
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privacy, homeland security, crisis management and continuity of government, immigration,
nonproliferation, treatment of detainees, congressional investigations and oversight, and using
classified information in litigation. Final paper, project, report, or exam. Prereq: Law 220 or
department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Law 463. Law of War. 3(1). This course provides a detailed introduction to the international
laws governing armed conflicts often called international humanitarian law (IHL) or law of armed
conflict (LOAC). Topics covered include the resort to force, rules on the conduct of hostilities,
treatment and status of individuals, targeting, the application of law to varied domains (air, sea,
land, space and cyber), war crimes, command responsibility and accountability. Students will
study treaties such as the Geneva and Hague Conventions and will examine decisions of
international courts, the U.S Supreme Court, and courts-martial to determine how the law of armed
conflict is explained, interpreted, and applied to important historical and current conflicts. Final
paper, project, report, or exam. Prereq: Law 220 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Law 466. Advanced Law of War Topics. 3(2x). This course goes beyond fundamental principles
and primary sources of the Law of War explored in Law 463, focusing on unsettled questions and
the foremost contemporary challenges. Topics may include the modern use of force, definitions
of combatants, the interplay of the Law of War and human rights law, international criminal
tribunals, rule of law efforts, and other current issues. Students will explore primary and secondary
sources in a seminar setting, often utilizing simulation-based learning as a way of enhancing
critical thinking and sharpening oral communication skills. This course is designed for those
cadets selected to represent USAFA at various IHL and Law of War competitions. This course
meets for the first 20 lessons of the semester. Final paper, project, report, or exam. Prereq: Law
463 and department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Law 480. Topics in Constitutional Law and Appellate Advocacy. 3(1). This course focuses on
detailed analysis of two related constitutional law questions that are presented in a hypothetical
case problem. The selected constitutional law questions will reflect important public policy issues
that are currently being litigated in the lower courts, but have not yet reached the Supreme Court.
Students will research the relevant authorities cited in the case problem and write analytical case
briefs, legal memoranda, and a persuasive appellate brief. Students will also argue both sides of
one question in the case before a moot Supreme Court. This course is designed for those cadets
selected to represent USAFA on the Moot Court Team. Final paper, project, report, or exam.
Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Law 485. Legal Studies Capstone. 3(2). This course uses multiple law-related scenarios and real-
world projects based upon contemporary military, national, and international issues. It affords
students the opportunity to integrate knowledge and expertise acquired in other law and core
courses and further hone their critical thinking and communication skills as they work
collaboratively to identify and resolve complex legal issues. Final paper, project, report, or exam.
Prereq: Law 421 and Legal Studies major with C1C standing or department approval. Sem hrs:
3 spring.
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Law 495. Special Topics. 3(1). Selected topics or topics in law. Final paper, project, report, or
exam. Prereq: Law 220 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Law 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Study and research in a legal topic or topics of choice for
students who have demonstrated their ability for advanced study in regularly offered enrichment
courses. Topics and meetings arranged with the instructor. Final paper, project, or report. Prereq:
Department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Law 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Law 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Law 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
LEADERSHIP (Leadership)
Offered by the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership (DFBL) and the Department of
Management (DFMA)
Leadership 100. Foundations for Personal Leadership. .75(2xx). This course explores leadership
development through both academic study and applied exercises. The academic study of
leadership development will be combined with experiential exercises, case studies, and student
projects designed to help students develop in their own leadership capacity. Specifically, the
course examines individual leader development principles that will set students on a lifelong path
of becoming a leader of character who treats others with respect and dignity. Final project/paper.
Prereq: Basic Cadet Training. Sem hrs: .75 fall or spring.
This course, integrated with CE 100 and C&L 100, is a contributor to the development
and assessment of the Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational Management outcome.
Leadership 200. Foundations for Interpersonal Leadership. .75(2xx). This course explores
leadership development through both academic study and applied exercises. The academic study
of leadership development will be combined with experiential exercises, case studies, and student
projects designed to help students develop their capacity to lead one or more other people.
Specifically, the course examines interpersonal leader development principles that will set students
on a lifelong path of becoming an officer of character who leads others with respect and dignity.
Final project/paper. Prereq: Officership 100. Sem hrs: .75 fall or spring.
Leadership 300. Foundations for Team Leadership. .75(2xx). This course explores leadership
development through both academic study and applied exercises. The academic study of
leadership development will be combined with experiential exercises, case studies, and student
projects designed to help students develop their capacity to lead an interdependent group toward
accomplishment of a common goal. Specifically, the course examines team leadership
development principles that will set students on a lifelong path of becoming an officer of character
who leads teams with respect and dignity. Final project/paper. Prereq: Officership 200. Sem hrs:
.75 fall or spring.
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Leadership 400. Organizational Dynamics. .75(0). This course explores organizational dynamics
through both academic study and applied exercises. The academic study of organizational
dynamics will be combined with experiential exercises, case studies, and student projects designed
to help students develop their capacity to guide an organization to success while understanding
that it is embedded within a larger institution and environment. Specifically, the course examines
organizational leader development principles that will set students on a lifelong path of becoming
an officer of character who leads organizations with respect and dignity. Final project/paper.
Prereq: Officership 300. Sem hrs: 0 fall and .75 spring.
LEARNING STRATEGIES (Learn Strat)

Learn Strat 101. Learning Strategies for Academic and Career Success. 0(1). This course teaches
learning strategies such as time-task management and prioritization, note-taking and reading skills,
test preparation and test-taking skills, as well as the six most effective learning strategies. Cadets
will elevate their pre-existing study skills and incorporate more sophisticated techniques that better
match the demands and rigor of the Academy. Discussion about Mindset and Grit are included to
incorporate affective/motivational techniques which will complement the cognitive/metacognitive
strategies taught in the course. This is a semester-long course. Pass/fail. Prereq: None. Sem hrs:
0 fall.
Learn Strat 102. Learning Strategies for Academic and Career Success (Abridged). 0(lx). This
course is an abbreviated version of Learn Strat 101. It is offered at mid-term in the fall for those
who are struggling academically during their first semester at the Academy. This course is also
offered during the first-half and second-half of each spring semester. Cadets are most often placed
into Learn Strat 102 due to low grades, but cadets can also self-select into this course because they
realize they need additional support academically if they are not achieving their full potential. This
course also teaches learning strategies such as time-task management and prioritization, note-
taking and reading skills, test preparation and test-taking skills, and the six most effective learning
strategies, but at an accelerated pace. Cadets will elevate the skills they have previously used and
replace them with more sophisticated techniques. Discussion about Mindset and Grit are included
to incorporate affective/motivational techniques which will complement the
cognitive/metacognitive strategies taught in the course. This is a half-semester course. Pass/fail.
MANAGEMENT (Mgt)
Offered by the Department of Management (DFMA)
Mgt 303. Management Perspectives. 3(2). Managers are responsible for systems architecture and
maintenance. These roles demand the development of life-long learners who can creatively solve
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organizational problems through the adaptive use of information. This course will help cadets
understand their role as a systems architect, while informing their need to work diligently
throughout their time in the major. Managerial competence is dependent on the acquisition of
requisite variety, which can only be obtained by mastering each management area. Credit will not
be given for both Mgt 400 and Mgt 303. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Mgt major or
Department Head approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Mgt 337. Managerial Finance. 3(1). A study of financial decisions and their effects on
organizations. Emphasis is on developing the concept of risk/return tradeoff as well as inter-
temporal monetary tradeoffs. Topics include time value of money (including stock and bond
valuation), project capital budgeting and analysis, cost of capital, and capital structure (including
dividend policy). A key construct is the impact of decisions on the value of the firm. Case studies
and problems expose the student to current financial problems and their solutions. Final exam or
final project. Prereq: Mgt 341 or AIC approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mgt 341. Financial Accounting. 3(1). Analysis of business transactions and recording of business
data taught from the perspective of understanding the theoretical and practical issues in
measurement of income, assets, liabilities and owner's equity. Annual reports used to perform
financial statement analysis. Alternative accounting methodologies permitted under GAAP are
explored. Final exam or final project. Coreq: Mgt 303 or AIC approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Mgt 342. Managerial Accounting. 3(1). Focuses on the uses of accounting information by
managers. Discusses full cost accounting and responsibility accounting, from the perspective of
data collection and analysis, for short and long range decisions. Topics include cost behavior,
activity-based costing, contribution margin analysis, measurement of cost of goods manufactured,
capital budgeting, and management control systems. Final exam. Prereq: Mgt 341 or AIC
Mgt 345. Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management. 3(2). An introduction to
individual and group theories of behavior and their integration into the organization as-a-whole.
Foundational management and organizational behavior theories are applied to the understanding
of how to make decisions based on accurate diagnoses of situations that involve people in
organizational systems. Behavioral theories will be applied to human capital issues such as human
resource planning, job design/analysis, recruitment and selection, performance appraisal, pay-for-
performance, career development, ethical behavior and treatment, and legal issues in the work
place. Topics will apply to both the public and private sectors. Students learn through a variety of
experiential exercises and case studies. Final exam or final project. Coreq: Mgt 303 or AIC
Mgt 361. Organization Development and Change. 3(1). This course builds on concepts presented
in Mgt 303 and Mgt 345, primarily examining the nexus of the individual and the organization
while investigating the complexity of contemporary management challenges through the lens of
change theory and practice. Management theories such as Action Research, Process Consultation,
and Appreciative Approaches to Change, are explored and applied through case studies and
experiential exercises, building learners’ understanding of, and confidence in, facilitating change
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in groups and organizations. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Mgt 3030 and Mgt 345. Sem
hrs: 3 spring.
Mgt 372. Introduction to Investments. 3(1). This course introduces financial markets, investment
vehicles (stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and derivatives), and retirement planning. Specific topics
include time value of money, risk and return, valuation, portfolio mathematics, behavioral finance,
and the basics of mutual funds. Additionally, officer-relevant personal finance discussions enrich
the core material. Unlike Mgt 382, this course is introductory in nature and assumes no knowledge
of accounting or financial markets, to include non-Management majors. A term project provides
experience in comprehensive portfolio management—developing and analyzing investment
opportunities for a young officer’s portfolio. A cadet cannot receive credit for both Mgt 372 and
Mgt 382. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Mgt 375. Marketing Analysis. 3(1). This course emphasizes how marketing concepts can be used
to analyze different markets to both determine customer needs, and to deliver customer value.
Both product and service markets are analyzed with special emphasis on government and public
sector concerns. This course covers market research, segmentation, distribution, supply chain,
cost, and pricing considerations. In addition, this course is designed to provide cadets certain
market analysis tools they will find useful in Mgt 419, Technological Innovation Management.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mgt 382. Investments. 3(1). This course introduces financial markets, investment vehicles
(stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and derivatives), and retirement planning. Specific topics include
time value of money, risk and return, valuation, portfolio mathematics, behavioral finance, and the
basics of mutual funds. Additionally, officer-relevant personal finance discussions enrich the core
material. This course assumes a prior knowledge of the principles developed in Financial
Accounting and Managerial Finance. A term project provides experience in comprehensive
portfolio management—developing and analyzing investment opportunities for a young officer’s
portfolio. Final exam and/or final project. A cadet cannot receive credit for both Mgt 372 and
Mgt 382. Prereq: C or better in Mgt 337 or Sys Engr 336, or AIC approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Mgt 391. Business Data Analytics. 3(1). This course examines how organizations use data and
analytics to support decision making. Topics include data management, data mining, and data
visualization. Through this course students will learn the principles and application of data
modeling and data normalization, construct databases to support business applications, learn about
tools and approaches used in business analytics to support decision-making, and employ data
visualization principles to develop interactive dashboards. Final exam or final project. Prereq:
None. Sem hours: 3 fall.
Mgt 392. Organizational Networks in Cyberspace. 3(1). This course examines how organizations
use information technology to develop and manage relationships with external institutions. Topics
covered include electronic commerce, supply chain management, customer relationship
management, e-government, and electronic networking in cyberspace. Emphasis is placed on
legal, cultural, and international issues. Case studies offer a real-world emphasis. Organizational
strategies are analyzed, using examples of both successful and unsuccessful online
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implementations. Students get hands-on web site development experience. Final exam or final
project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Mgt 400. Management and Command. 3(1). This course exposes students to the complex and
dynamic nature of the world in which Air Force officers operate. The focus of this interactive
course is on the organizational level of the PITO model and equips students with successful
techniques that allow officers to understand and influence their environment. Students will learn
how to effectively apply management principles in order to have a positive impact on their
organizations. They will learn how to promote an effective work environment and earn the respect
of their superiors, peers, and subordinates. The tools are applied to both military and non-military
scenarios, with an emphasis on the transition from the cadet role to that of an officer. Final exam
or final project. Prereq: Philos 310, Officership 300, non-Mgt majors. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
This course is a contributor to the development and assessment of the Leadership,
Mgt 401. Project Management. 3(1). This course teaches how to properly plan, implement, and
control organizational activities, personnel, and resources. Topics include project selection, roles
and responsibilities of the project manager, project initiation (planning, budgeting, scheduling,
allocating resources, risk assessment), delivery and control (monitoring, evaluating, risk
management, change control), and closure and handoff to customer. Additional topics address
managing and allocating human resources and identifying possible structures for processes. Case
studies and course assignments illustrate problems that engage the students in critical thinking.
The class project will provide students with the opportunity to integrate project management
techniques, project management software, and other tools in order to successfully plan and control
a realistic project. Final project. Prereq: Mgt 303, Mgt 345, and C1C standing or AIC approval.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mgt 411. Business Ethics. 3(1). This course is a study of the moral dimensions of business
practice and business leadership. Topics will include: work as vocation, the effects of corporate
organizations on moral character, virtuous organizational leadership, corporate responsibility,
stakeholder theory, government regulation, business and the environment, fairness in hiring and
treatment of employees, the ethics of advertising, the ethics of international business, and moral
challenges posed by the developing information age. Graded assignments include case studies and
short papers incorporating both group and individual work. Final exam or final project. Prereq:
None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Mgt 419. Technological Innovation Management. 3(1). This course examines how to recognize,
analyze, and exploit opportunities in the competitive environments faced by business, nonprofit,
and government organizations. Students will explore the resources, processes, and structures
necessary to transfer technological innovations to appropriate markets. Application of innovation
management theories is stressed through the use of case studies, analysis papers, field trips, and
projects. By the end of the course, students will have completed a feasibility study of a new concept
which can be further developed in capstone projects. For a limited number of cadets with majors
in the Basic Sciences Division, this course serves as a core substitute for Mgt 400. This
substitution occurs on a cadet-by-cadet basis and requires joint approval by the Department Head
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for each cadet’s major and the DFMA Department Head. Final project. Prereq: C1C Standing.
Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Mgt 420. Management Capstone Practicum. 3(2”). Cadets complete an original, applied systems
research and/or development project that demonstrates their capacity to solve complex problems
in an organizational setting. Each cadet chooses a project from among four options: 1)
Management Field Studies: Teams or individuals complete advanced case studies or organizational
consulting projects for clients developed through DFMA or arranged by the team independently
with DFMA approval--cadets will work closely with clients and faculty to define and analyze
difficult managerial and competitive problems and make recommendations for future action by the
client or subject organization; 2) Venturing Projects: Teams or individuals will develop or select
innovative projects and create new venture plans or feasibility studies; or 3) Research projects:
Teams or individuals will propose and investigate significant managerial or technological issues
in a research context. These projects require extensive interaction with faculty to develop research
findings that can be presented and/or published. 4) Competitive Business Simulation and
Integrative Case Studies: Cadets gain practical experience in addressing organizational and
managerial issues in the context of a competitive simulation, integrative case studies, and advanced
management readings. Final project. Prereq: C1C Standing; Mgt or Soc Sci major. Sem hrs: 3
fall or spring.
Mgt 440. Management Lessons in Literature. 3(1). Through a collection of classic and
contemporary stories, novels, and plays, this course provides a unique perspective of
organizational life. The course looks at what authors like Arthur Miller and Mark Twain can tell
you about being a more effective manager. Great literature reflects familiar patterns of behavior
in a variety of circumstances. But, unlike self-help, inspirational, and how-to manuals, they
dispense no advice; they preach no morals; they prescribe no rules. In a world of turbulent change,
the works of literature offer us vivid testimony as to what stays constant in human behavior. Final
exam or term project. Prereq: Mgt 303 or AIC approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mgt 448. Power and Influence in Organizations. 3(1). Focus is on understanding how managers
can effectively mobilize resources to be effective in their job. This course examines how power
is acquired, retained, and used in organizations. In addition, it explores what effect power has on
employees and the overall performance of the organization. Students learn through a variety of
experiential exercises and case studies. Credit will not be given for both Mgt 400 and Mgt 448.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: Econ 201; C1C standing; Mgt majors or DFMA Deputy for
Academics approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mgt 472. Strategic Management Capstone. 3(2"). This course emphasizes the integration of
organizational strategy formulation and implementation to include such topics as the strategic
management process, environmental forecasting and analysis, strategic planning, top-level
decision-making, the strategic use of technology, the management of innovation, and strategic
control. Application of contemporary theory to critical issues in the public and private sectors is
stressed through the use of seminars, case studies, field trips, and distinguished guest speakers.
Final integrated case study. Prereq: Mgt 303 or AIC approval; C1C standing; Mgt or Gen Stu -
Soc Sci major. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
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Mgt 476. Logistics and Transportation Management. 3(1). This course explores logistics as the
art and science of delivering the right capability to the right place at the right time. Students will
gain an understanding of logistics planning and assessment, transportation modes, and distribution
systems, as well as the critical trade-offs that drive logistics decision-making in dynamic operating
environments. Students will complete a logistics support plan to meet a set of objectives. Final
project or paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Mgt 477. Operations & Project Management. 3(1). This course provides an introduction to a
broad range of issues in managing production and service in business and military organizations.
Students learn to apply a selection of analytical approaches that are used to efficiently manage
projects and provide quality products and services on time and at minimal cost. Throughout the
course, students apply critical thinking and operations management techniques in case studies and
course assignments. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Mgt 478. Supply Chain Management. 3(1). Focus is on understanding how managers can
effectively create, modify, and manage supply chain strategies to be effective in business or a
military operation. This course examines purchasing, logistics, and limited operations
management concepts and how to apply these to upstream and downstream supply chain strategies
that can be employed to complement organizational strategy. The course will examine trust, power,
culture, globalization, and other interorganizational issues. Students learn through a variety of
experiential activities and case studies. Designed for all future Air Force officers, especially those
interested in the career fields of acquisitions, contracting, logistics readiness, engineering, and
aircraft/munitions maintenance. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mgt 495. Special Topics. 3(1 or 2). Selected topics in management. Final exam or final project.
than 3 sem hrs).
Mgt 498. International Management. 3(1). As a result of the increase in communications and
flow of information, there is a growing need to possess a greater understanding about global, cross-
cultural management issues. This course examines management on an international level looking
at cultural, legal, financial, and trade considerations for managing in the Global Century, while
integrating the functional areas of management. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem
hrs: 3 fall.
Mgt 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Tutorial investigation of a specific area of management. Final
exam or final project. Prereq: Requires departmental approval of USAFA Form 0-498 prior to
enrollment. Sem hrs: fall or spring.
• Mgt 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Mgt 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Mgt 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
MATHEMATICS (Math)
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Offered by the Department of Mathematical Sciences (DFMS)
Math 130. Basic Math – Algebra and Trigonometry. 3(1). This course is designed to help
reinforce algebraic and trigonometric skills necessary for success in the technical core. Basic
graphing, algebraic manipulation, and trigonometric calculations are covered. Elementary
functions, function manipulation, and some function applications are also discussed. This course
may be used as an Academy option to fulfill graduation requirements. This course does not fulfill
any major’s requirements. Final exam. Prereq: Can only be enrolled in the course by
recommendation of the Department of Mathematical Sciences. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Math 141. Calculus I. 3 (1). The study of differential calculus. Topics include functions and
their applications to physical systems; limits and continuity; a formal treatment of derivatives;
numeric estimation of derivatives at a point; basic differentiation formulas for elementary
functions; product, quotient, and chain rules; implicit differentiation; and mathematical and
physical applications of the derivative, to include extrema, concavity, and optimization.
Significant emphasis is placed on using technology to solve and investigate mathematical
problems. Final exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Math 142. Calculus II. 3(1). A study of integral calculus. Topics include the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, techniques of integration (both symbolic and numerical), infinite series and
sequences, Taylor series, and an introduction to first order differential equations. There is
considerable focus on modeling and applications to engineering and the sciences. The overarching
purpose of Math 142 is to prepare cadets for the rigors of the technical core. Final exam. Prereq:
Math 141. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Math 152. Advanced Placed Calculus II. 3(1). Integral calculus for advanced-placed fourth-class
cadets. Math 152 covers all of the content of Math 142 at a slightly accelerated pace with
additional topics designed to enhance preparation for Math 243 and a technical major. Final exam.
Prereq: C4C standing and qualifying performance on DFMS placement exam. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Math 243/253. Calculus III. 3(1). Multivariate calculus. Topics include solid analytical geometry
to include lines, planes, and surfaces in 3-space; vector functions, partial differentiation, and
directional derivatives; maxima and minima in multiple dimensions and the method of Lagrange
Multipliers; multiple integration and line integrals culminating in Green’s Theorem. Designed for
cadets who indicate an interest in a technical major. Cadets cannot take and receive credit for both
Math 243 and Math 253. During their first attempt at Math 243/253, cadets will have grade
protection as described elsewhere in this Handbook. Final exam. Prereq: C or better in Math 142
(or Math 152). Placement into Math 253 is for fourth-class cadets via the mathematics placement
exam. Waiver authority is DFMS Deputy Head for Academics. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring. (Math
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253 is offered fall only)
Math 245. Differential Equations. 3(1). Modeling with and analysis of first order and second
order linear ordinary differential equations, as well as modeling with and analysis of systems of
ordinary differential equations. Solution techniques will involve analytical, numerical, and
qualitative approaches. These approaches may include separation of variables, integrating factors,
method of undetermined coefficients, eigenvector/eigenvalue solutions, transform techniques,
Euler and Runge-Kutta methods. The course will include applications that may draw from
biological, mechanical, electrical, and other fields of study. Final exam. Prereq: Prior completion
of Math 243 (or Math 253) is strongly recommended. C or better in Math 142 (or Math 152) or
advanced-placement through DFMS exams. Waiver authority is the DFMS Deputy Head for
Academics. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Math 300. Introduction to Statistics. 3(1). An introduction in probability and statistics for
decision-makers. Topics include basic probability, statistical inference, prediction, data
visualization, and data management. This course emphasizes critical thinking among decision-
makers, preparing future officers to be critical consumers of data. Math 300 is designed primarily
for majors in the Social Sciences and Humanities. Math majors and Operations Research majors
will take Math 377. Cadets cannot earn credit for both Math 300 and Math 356, nor for both Math
300 and Math 377. Final exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
outcome.
Math 320. Foundations of Mathematics. 3(1). This course emphasizes exploration, conjecture,
precise mathematical language, and methods of proof. Students will develop the ability to read
and communicate (both orally and written) in mathematical terms. Includes an introduction to the
theory of sets, number theory, and functions. Topics from algebra, analysis, or discrete
mathematics may be introduced. A cadet cannot receive credit for both Math 320 and Math 340.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: Math 142 or Math 152 with a ‘C’ or better. Waiver authority
is the Deputy Head for Academics. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Math 340. Discrete Mathematics. 3(1). Useful for cadets interested in applications of
mathematics to computer science and electrical engineering. Propositions and logic; sets and
operations on sets; functions, recursion, and induction; basic proof techniques; introduction to
graph theory, counting methods and combinatorics. A cadet cannot receive credit for both Math
320 and Math 340. Final exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 110 and C3C standing or department approval.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Math 342. Numerical Analysis. 3(2). An introduction to numerical algorithms, algorithm

analysis, and error analysis. Course topics include: root finding, fixed point iteration, polynomial
interpolation, numerical differentiation, numerical integration; additional topics vary and may
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include: linear algebra, curve fitting, numerical solutions to ODEs, and Monte Carlo methods.
Topical coverage is balanced between theoretical, computational, and applied perspectives. Final
exam or final project. Prereq: Math 245 and one of Comp Sci 206, 210, 211, or 212. Coreq: one
of Math 360 or Math 344. Waiver authority is the Deputy Head for Academics. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Math 344. Applied Linear Algebra. 3(1). An introduction to linear algebra focusing on Euclidean
vector spaces and their bases. Using matrices to represent linear transformations, and to solve
systems of equations, is a central theme. Emphasizes computational aspects and applications
(theoretical foundations are covered in Math 360). Applications may include curve fitting, Markov
chains, ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and systems of ODEs. A cadet cannot receive credit
for both Math 344 and Math 360. Final exam. Prereq: Math 142 or department approval. Sem
hrs: 3 spring.
Math 346. Engineering Math. 3(1). Provides advanced mathematical concepts and skills
necessary for technical disciplines. Topics include differential and integral vector calculus
(surface integrals, flux, Divergence Theorem, Stokes' Theorem); systems of ordinary differential
equations and their applications; Fourier series; orthogonal functions; partial differential equations
(e.g., separation of variables, transform methods, and numerical techniques). Final exam. Prereq:
C or better in both Math 243 (or Math 253) and Math 245. Waiver authority: Deputy Head for
Academics. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Math 356. Probability and Statistics for Scientists and Engineers. 3(1). An introduction to
probability and statistics for decision-makers. Topics include basic probability, statistical
inference, prediction, data visualization and data management. This course emphasizes critical
thinking among decision-makers, preparing future officers to be critical consumers of data. Math
356 is primarily designed for cadets in engineering, science, or other technical disciplines. Math
majors and Operations Research majors will take Math 377. Cadets cannot earn credit for both
Math 300 and Math 356, nor for both Math 300 and Math 377. Final exam. Prereq: Math 142/152.
outcome.
Math 359. Design and Analysis of Experiments. 3(1). An introduction to the philosophy of
experimentation and the study of statistical designs. Topics include design and analysis of single-
factor and multi-factor studies. A valuable course for all science and engineering majors. Final
project. Prereq: Math 356 or Math 377. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Math 360. Linear Algebra. 3(1). A first course in linear algebra focusing on Euclidean vector
spaces and their bases. Using matrices to represent linear transformations, and to solve systems
of equations, is a central theme. There is a significant emphasis on theoretical foundations. A
cadet cannot receive credit for both Math 344 and Math 360. Final exam or final project.
Prereq/Coreq: Math 320. Waiver authority is the Deputy Head for Academics. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Math 366. Real Analysis I. 3(1). A theoretical study of functions of one variable focused on
proving results related to concepts first introduced in differential and integral calculus. This course
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is an essential prerequisite for graduate work in mathematical analysis, differential equations,
optimization, and numerical analysis. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Math 320 or department
Math 377. Advanced Probability and Statistics. 3(1). This course introduces calculus-based
probability for both continuous and discrete random variables, as well as univariate and
multivariate distributions. It also introduces inferential statistics with confidence intervals,
hypothesis testing, and the corresponding sampling distribution. Modern software appropriate for
data analysis will be used. This course is a core substitute for Math 300. Credit will not be given
for Math 377 and either Math 300 or Math 356. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: Math
142/152. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
outcome.
Math 378. Applied Statistical Modeling. 3(1). This course introduces traditional and modern
modeling methods that are relevant for data analysts. These regression and classification methods
include topics such as K nearest neighbors, generalized linear models, discriminant analysis, neural
networks, support vector machines, tree methods, and ensemble methods. The course will also
introduce more recent advances such as free form text analysis, social network analysis, and web-
based data collection. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Math 377. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Math 420. Mathematics Capstone I. 1(1). The first semester of the mathematics capstone
experience. Students will decide on a topic of independent research in, or related to, the
mathematical sciences and begin work with a faculty advisor. Significant progress toward a thesis
will be made during the semester. Final project. Prereq: C1C standing in the Mathematics major.
Sem hrs: 1 fall.
Math 421. Mathematics Capstone II. 2(1). The second semester of the mathematics capstone
experience. Students will complete work on their independent research project and produce a
thesis to present their findings. Final project. Prereq: C1C standing in the Mathematics major.
Sem hrs: 2 spring.
Math 443. Numerical Analysis of Differential Equations. 3(1). An intermediate numerical

analysis course with an emphasis on solving differential equations. Specific topics include solving
linear and nonlinear systems; solutions of initial value problems via Runge-Kutta, Taylor, and
multistep methods; convergence and stability; and solutions of boundary value problems. Other
topics include approximating eigenvalues and eigenvectors and numerically solving partial
differential equations. The approach is a balance between the theoretical and applied perspectives
with some computer programming required. Final exam or final report. Prereq: Math 346 or
Math 469, and one of Math 342 or Physics 356, or department permission. Sem hrs: 3 spring of
even numbered years.
Math 451. Complex Variables. 3(1). A valuable course for cadets intending to pursue graduate
work in mathematics or its applications, particularly in areas involving partial differential
equations. Analytic functions; integration; the Cauchy Integral Theorem and applications; power
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and Laurent series, residues and poles; conformal mapping with applications to potential theory
and fluid flows. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Math 243/253 and Math 245 or department
Math 465. Modern Algebra. 3(1). A valuable course for cadets intending to pursue graduate work
in mathematics or its applications. Focuses on the study of algebraic structures and functions
between these structures. Topics include: cyclic groups, permutation groups, normal subgroups
and quotient groups; rings, ideals, polynomial rings and fields. Depending on instructor and
student preferences, applications to coding theory, crystallography, or combinatorics are explored.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: Math 320 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Math 467. Real Analysis II. 3(1). A theoretical study of functions of several variables to include
topology of cartesian spaces, compact and connected sets, convergence of sequences of functions,
continuous functions, fixed point theorems, contractions, Stone-Weierstrass approximation
theorems, differentiation, partial differentiation, mapping theorems, and Implicit Function
Theorem. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Math 366 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3
spring of even-numbered years.
Math 468. Dynamical Systems. 3(1). The study and application of linear and nonlinear
differential equations to physical systems from both computational and analytical points of view.
Topics vary. Typical choices include systems of differential equations, stability analysis,
bifurcations, maps, and chaos. Final exam or final report. Prereq: Math 243/253 and Math 245
or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
Math 469. Partial Differential Equations. 3(1). Solutions of boundary value problems with
applications to heat flow, wave motion, and potential theory. Methods of solution include
separation of variables and Eigen function expansion, including Fourier series. Topics typically
include the method of characteristics, generalizations to higher dimensions, and the use of non-
Cartesian coordinate systems. Additional topics may include numerical methods, nonlinear
equations, and transform methods. Final exam or final report. Prereq: 243/253 and Math 245 or
department head approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Math 470. Mathematical Physics. 3(1). An introduction to various mathematical topics needed
in graduate-level physics and applied mathematics courses, including special functions (Legendre
polynomials, Bessel functions, etc.), calculus of variations, and series solutions of ordinary
differential equations. Additional topics may include integral transform concepts (Fourier and
Laplace transforms, Green’s functions), linear algebra (function spaces, tensors), and complex
functions (Laurent series, contour integration, and the Residue Theorem). Final exam or final
report. Prereq: Math 346 or Math 469 or department head approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-
numbered years.
Math 472. Introduction to Number Theory. 3(1). Properties of integers, the Euclidean algorithm,
prime numbers, modular arithmetic, number theoretic functions, primitive roots, and quadratic
reciprocity. Special topics such as public key cryptography, the Riemann Zeta function, and
connections to abstract algebra will be covered at the instructor’s discretion. Final exam or final
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project. Prereq: Math 320. Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
Math 473. Introduction to Point-Set Topology. 3(1). Review of set theory; topology on the real
line and on the real plane; metric spaces; abstract topological spaces with emphasis on bases;
connectedness and compactness. Other topics such as quotient spaces and the separation axioms
may be included. A valuable course for all math majors in the graduate school option. Final exam
or final project. Prereq: Math 320. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
Math 474. Combinatorics and Graph Theory. 3(1). Permutations, combinations, recurrence
relations, inclusion-exclusion, connectedness in graphs, colorings, and planarity. Theory and
proofs, as well as applications to areas such as logistics, transportation, scheduling,
communication, biology, circuit design, and theoretical computer science. Final exam or final
project. Prereq: One of Math 320 or Math 340; and one of Math 245 or Math 344; or department
Math 491. Teaching Practicum. 3(1). This course gives senior technical majors an opportunity
to understand and experience the role of a mathematics instructor under the direction of an
experienced faculty mentor. Participants will observe experienced instructors, research teaching
pedagogy, maintain a reflection journal, write papers, assist students during class, assist students
through E.I., prepare lesson plans, facilitate lessons, and engage in assessment activities. Course
outcomes include effective communication, leadership in an academic environment, and
developing strength of character through self-assessment. Final report. Prereq: C1C in good
standing and department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Math 495. Special Topics. 3(1). Selected advanced topics in mathematics. Final exam or final
report. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Math 499. Independent Study and Research. 3(0). Individual study and/or research under the
direction of a faculty member. Oral midterm and final; final paper. Prereq: Department approval.
• Math 499A. Independent Study and Research. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Math 499B. Independent Study and Research. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Math 499C. Independent Study and Research. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Mech Engr)

Offered by the Department of Mechanical Engineering (DFME)
Mech Engr 220. Fundamentals of Mechanics. 3(1). An introduction to the fundamental principles
of statics and mechanics of materials applied to aerospace systems. Topics include: force and
moment equilibrium using free body diagrams and vector algebra; stress, strain, and deformation
response of deformable bodies to axial, torsional, flexural, and combined loadings; material
properties and selection criteria; and failure modes of materials and structures. Laboratory
exercises. Final exam. Prereq: Math 141. Coreq: Physics 110. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
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Mech Engr 305. Engineering Tools Seminar. 1(1). A junior-level seminar course designed to
help Mech Engr majors transition into the degree-granting program. Content includes industrial
design and fabrication and essential skills required for success in the Mech Engr program.
Emphasis is on hands-on engineering tools with in-class practice using related hardware, software,
and program-specific techniques and safe operation of critical lab equipment. No homework or
outside preparation required. Prereq: None. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 1 fall.
Mech Engr 312. Thermodynamics. 3(1). Fundamental principles of classical equilibrium

thermodynamics. Modeling of gas and fluid properties. Thermodynamic processes. Development
and application of the first and second laws of thermodynamics to closed and open systems.
Applications to power and refrigeration cycles. Final exam. Prereq: Mech Engr 220 and Math
Mech Engr 320. Dynamics. 3(1). Kinematic and kinetic analysis of particles and rigid bodies, as
well as an introduction to mechanical vibrations of simple systems. Topics include kinematics in
2- and 3-dimensions using Cartesian, path, and polar coordinates; kinetics using force-mass-
acceleration, work-energy, and impulse-momentum methods; introduction to single degree of
freedom vibration. Methods emphasize vector solutions. Laboratory exercises. Final exam.
Prereq: Mech Engr 220. Coreq: Math 245. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Mech Engr 325. Engineering System Dynamics. 3(1). Modeling, analysis, and design of multi-
domain engineering systems including mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, thermal, and control
elements. Models are developed based on tracking power interactions between system
components. Mathematical models are developed in state space form and are investigated both
analytically and numerically. System response to initial conditions and forcing functions is
examined. Tools are introduced to predict system stability, behavior, and response to parameter
variation. Non-linear models and elementary control systems are introduced. Final exam or final
project. Prereq: Mech Engr 320, ECE 315, and Math 245. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mech Engr 330. Mechanics of Deformable Bodies. 3(1). Axial loading. Statically indeterminate
structures. Beam theory: shear and moment diagrams, stress, and deflection. Transformation of
stress and strain. Mohr’s circle. Introduction to failure theories. Introduction to material selection
criteria. Euler buckling. Stress concentrations. Introduction to energy methods and Castigliano’s
theorems. Laboratory exercises. Final exam. Prereq: Mech Engr 220. Coreq: Math 245. Sem
Mech Engr 332. Aerospace Structures. 3(1). Analysis and design of lightweight, thin-walled and
semi-monocoque structures. Margin of safety. Material selection including strength, stiffness,
and weight. Lab. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Mech Engr 330. Coreq: Aero Engr 315
and Mech Engr 320. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Mech Engr 340. Materials Science for Engineers. 3(l). Survey of engineering applications of
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non-ferrous and ferrous alloys, polymers, ceramics and composites. Basic crystallographic
notation and molecular structure of common engineering materials. Principles of metallurgical
thermodynamics and kinetics applied to phase transformations and strengthening mechanisms.
Field trip. Final exam. Prereq: Mech Engr 220. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mech Engr 341. Fluid Mechanics. 3(1). Description of fluid matter. Derivation of the governing
equations. Application to hydrostatics, boundary layers, pipe flow, introductory computational
fluid dynamics, compressible flow, introduction to turbomachinery (with emphasis on pumps).
Normal shocks and isentropic flow. Final exam. Prereq: Math 245 and Mech Engr 312 or
department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mech Engr 350. Mechanical Behavior of Materials. 3(l). Behavior of materials under simple
axial, biaxial, and triaxial states of stress. Micromechanisms of elastic and inelastic deformation
and strengthening mechanisms. Introduction to linear elastic fracture mechanics. Fatigue failure
theories and fatigue crack growth analysis. Applications to design of aerospace vehicles and
structures. Final exam. Prereq: Mech Engr 330. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Mech Engr 370. Introduction to Machine Design. 3(1). Analysis and design of machine
components including shafts, hydrodynamic and rolling element bearings, spur gears, clutches,
brakes, and springs. Design of joints using screws, bolts, and welds. Emphasis on stress analysis
and design trade-offs. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Mech Engr 320, Mech Engr 330, and
Mech Engr 350. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mech Engr 396. Mechatronics. 3(1). Cadets will learn the integration of mechanical and electrical
design, applying the design process to develop an integrated electromechanical system
autonomously controlled by a microprocessor. Electrical system development topics include
digital logic, actuator control, sensor integration, and signal conditioning. Group design projects
throughout the semester leading to the integrated final project. Open only to Engineering majors
with Department of Mechanical Engineering approval. Final exam or final project. Coreq: ECE
Mech Engr 405. Mechanical Engineering Design Seminar I. 0(1). The course is designed to give
Mechanical Engineering majors or those cadets considering majoring in Mechanical Engineering
an opportunity to participate on one of the various capstone teams offered within the Mechanical
Engineering department. This involvement will increase their knowledge of topics within the
major as well as increase continuity in the capstone design teams. In addition, it will allow cadets
to work on a real-world engineering design problem. Cadets will participate with a capstone team
through the duration of the course. This course will meet concurrently with Mech Engr 491.
Pass/withdraw. Prereq: C3C or C2C in good standing. Sem hrs: 0 fall.
Mech Engr 406. Mechanical Engineering Design Seminar II. 0(1). The course is designed to give
Mechanical Engineering majors or those cadets considering majoring in Mechanical Engineering
an opportunity to participate on one of the various capstone teams offered within the Mechanical
Engineering department. This involvement will increase their knowledge of topics within the
major as well as increase continuity in the capstone design teams. In addition, it will allow cadets
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to work on a real-world engineering design problem. Cadets will participate with a capstone team
through the duration of the course. This course will meet concurrently with Mech Engr 492.
Pass/withdraw. Prereq: C4C, C3C, or C2C in good standing. Sem hrs: 0 spring.
Mech Engr 421. Vibrations. 3(l). Free and forced vibrations of discrete systems. Effect of viscous
and other types of damping considered. Matrix methods used to analyze multi-degree-of-freedom
systems. Dynamic analysis of continuous systems. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Mech
Engr 320 or Physics 355; completed or enrolled in Math 346 or Engr 346. Sem hrs: 3 spring of
Mech Engr 431. Introduction to Finite Element Analysis. 3(l). Analysis and design of truss,
frame, shell, and solid structures using the direct stiffness and energy formulation methods. Topics
include: theoretical development of elementary finite elements and models, thermal and dynamic
structural analysis, and computer-aided design and analysis projects using commercial,
professional software. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Mech Engr 330 and Math 342, Math
344, Math 346, or Engr 346. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Mech Engr 440. Physical Metallurgy. 3(2). Physical metallurgy related to properties of
engineering metals. Study of crystal structure and imperfections, diffusion, thermodynamics,
phases and phase transformations, and material processing and how each alters material properties.
Discussion of specific metals/alloy systems and design philosophies for new alloys.
Thermomechanical strengthening design project and semester-long knife design and construction
project. Final project. Prereq: Mech Engr 340. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Mech Engr 441. Heat Transfer. 3(1). Study of thermal radiation, steady and transient conduction,
convection (laminar and turbulent, internal and external flow, boundary layers, and empirical
correlations). Analytical and numerical solution techniques applied to selected problems.
Applications address fins, heat exchangers, and interactive computing. Final exam. Prereq: Mech
Engr 312. Coreq: Mech Engr 341 and Math 342, Math 346, or Engr 346. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mech Engr 445. Failure Analysis and Prevention. 3(l). Failure analysis and prevention is a
technical discipline that integrates mechanical engineering, materials engineering, and structural
analysis into component analysis and design. Laboratory techniques including scanning electron
microscopy, metallography, non-destructive inspection, and mechanical testing will be used to
determine the causes of failures of mechanical components. Re-designs may include changes in
geometry, materials selection, or operation to preclude failure. Final exam or final project. Prereq:
Mech Engr 350 and Mech Engr 340 (recommended). Sem hrs: 3 spring of even-numbered years.
Mech Engr 450. Aerospace Composite Materials. 3(l). Introduction to select advanced aerospace
materials. Topics covered include: mechanical behavior, design and analysis, processing, testing,
inspection and repair of resin-matrix composite materials, and processing and application of metal-
matrix and ceramic-matrix composites. Topics emphasized through hands-on project in design,
fabrication, and testing of a composite structure. Final exam or final project. Field trip. Prereq:
Mech Engr 330 and Math 245. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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Mech Engr 460. Experimental Mechanics. 3(2). Introduction to experimental measurements and
their role in the mechanical design process. Includes theory and application of static and dynamic
instrumentation to include: strain, vibration, temperature, and pressure transducers. Hands-on
laboratory experience constitutes one-half of the course. Laboratory sessions involve analysis,
design, test plans, calibration, and testing. Final exam or final report. Lab. Prereq: ECE 315,
Mech Engr 320, Mech Engr 330, Math 300 or Math 356. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Mech Engr 468. Sustainable Energy. 3(1). Current and potential future energy systems are
covered including resources, extraction, conversion, and application with sustainability as a major
consideration. Different renewable technologies will be considered as possible replacements for
more conventional energy technologies. Final project or final exam. Prereq: Mech Engr 312.
Coreq: Mech Engr 341, or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
Mech Engr 490. Automotive Systems Analysis for the Engineer. 3(1). An analysis of the modern
automobile as an engineering system. Engineering concepts applied to the design, maintenance,
and integration of automotive subsystems. Analysis of power plants, clutches, transmissions, drive
trains, suspension systems, steering and braking dynamics, and overall vehicle performance
including economy. Final report or final exam. Field trip. Coreq: Mech Engr 320 or department
approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
Mech Engr 491. Capstone Design Project I. 3(2). Capstone engineering design experience for
the Mechanical Engineering Major. Emphasis placed on the design process, complete analysis,
and technical communication in the creative development of a mechanical system. The system is
designed, fabricated, and tested against performance specifications determined by faculty
members. Final report. Prereq (required for all): C1C standing and team advisor approval. Prereq
(required for Mech Engr Majors): Mech Engr 320, Mech Engr 330, Mech Engr 312, and Mech
Engr 341. Coreq (required for Mech Engr majors): Mech Engr 460. Non-Mech Engr majors are
welcome on a case-by-case basis. Waiver authority is the DFME Deputy for Curriculum. Sys
Engr majors do not require waivers but must have capstone design team advisor approval. Sem
hrs: 3 fall.
Mech Engr 492. Capstone Design Project II. 3(2). Capstone engineering design experience for
the Mechanical Engineering Major. Emphasis placed on the design process, complete analysis,
and technical communication in the creative development of a mechanical system. The system is
designed, fabricated, and tested against performance specifications determined by faculty
members. Final report. Prereq (required for all): C1C standing and team advisor approval. Prereq
(required for Mech Engr Majors): Mech Engr 320, Mech Engr 330, Mech Engr 312, Mech Engr
341, and Mech Engr 460. Non-Mech Engr majors are welcome on a case-by-case basis. Waiver
authority is the DFME Deputy for Curriculum. Sys Engr majors do not require waivers but must
have capstone design team advisor approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Mech Engr 495. Special Topics. 3(1). Selected topics related to mechanical engineering. Prereq:
department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring
Mech Engr 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study, research, or design on a topic
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established with the approval of the Department Head. If the cadet performs exceptionally well
(as determined by the Research Mentor and Department Head), Mech Engr 499 credit can be
awarded for a successful Cadet Summer Research Program also meeting the Mech Engr Option II
requirement of the Mechanical Engineering program. Prereq: Departmental approval of USAFA
Form 0-498 prior to enrollment. Final report. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Mech Engr 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Mech Engr 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Mech Engr 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
METEOROLOGY (Meteor)
Offered by the Department of Physics and Meteorology (DFPM)
Meteor 320. Introduction to Meteorology and Aviation Weather. 3(1). A survey course in the
fundamentals of meteorology. Emphasis will be placed on flight weather and its impact on
aviation. Topics include atmospheric structure, clouds, air masses and weather systems, surface
and upper-air weather observations, weather forecasting, severe weather, hazards to aviation, and
an introduction to weather satellites and radar. Final project. Prereq: Physics 110. Sem hrs: 3
fall or spring.
Meteor 330: Physical Meteorology I. 3(1). Radiative transfer and dry thermodynamic processes
applied to the atmosphere and remote sensing. Radiative transfer topics include global energy
balance, latitudinal and seasonal effects on climate, properties of radiation in different regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum, reflection and refraction, atmospheric transmission, emission and
absorption, scattering and absorption by particles, atmospheric optical phenomena, and broadband
fluxes and heating rates. Thermodynamic topics include atmospheric composition and structure,
thermodynamic systems and variables, physical properties of air, atmospheric pressure, the first
law of thermodynamics, air parcels, and dry adiabatic processes. Final exam. Prereq: Math 243
(or Math 253) and Meteor 320. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Meteor 331. Physical Meteorology II. 3(1). Moist thermodynamic processes and cloud
microphysics. Moist thermodynamic topics include the second law of thermodynamics, moisture
variables, phase changes of water, moist adiabatic processes, thermodynamic diagrams,
atmospheric stability, and stability parameters. Cloud microphysics topics include cloud
condensation nuclei, water vapor condensation, growth of cloud droplets in warm clouds,
collision-coalescence theory, microphysics of cold clouds, ice multiplication processes, could and
precipitation types, thunderstorm electrification, and cloud and precipitation chemistry. Final
exam. Prereq: Meteor 330. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Meteor 351. Weather Data, Analysis, and Structure of Mid-latitude Weather Systems. 3(1). An
introduction to conventional weather data, subjective and objective analysis techniques, and the
three-dimensional structure of mid-latitude weather systems. Topics include a review of vector
operations, especially the gradient operator, the kinematics of fluid flow, surface and upper air
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measurements of atmospheric variables, data reporting formats, synoptic analysis and
interpretation, isentropic charts and cross sections, the vertical structure of upper level troughs and
ridges, the structure and evolution of extratropical cyclones including fronts, and polar and
subtropical jet streams. Final exam. Prereq: Math 243 (or Math 253) and Meteor 320. Coreq:
Meteor 330. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Meteor 352. Climatology. 3(1). An introduction to climatology, including components of the

Earth system, climate and weather, climate data, cycling of material, features of global circulation,
regional and local climates, classifying and describing climates, local climate, climate modeling,
and key products and services. The course also analyzes climate effects and their nexus with
military operations. Final project. Prereq: Meteor 320. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Meteor 370. Meteorological Applications of Remote Sensing. 3(1). An in-depth examination of

how meteorologists exploit passive and active remote sensing platforms to measure the physical
characteristics of a broad range of meteorological phenomena. Topics include the physical basis
of the remote sensing products and their application to meteorology with an emphasis on
interpreting information derived from satellite measurements in the visible, infrared, and
microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and from single- and dual-polarization radar
measurements. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Meteor 330. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Meteor 430. Atmospheric Dynamics I. 3(1). An introduction to atmospheric dynamics. Topics

include continuity, thermodynamic energy, scale analysis, the equations of motion, hydrostatic
balance, generalized vertical coordinate systems, balanced and unbalanced flows, divergence,
circulation, vorticity, and potential vorticity. Final exam. Prereq: Meteor 330. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Meteor 431. Atmospheric Dynamics II. 3(1). Advanced applications of atmospheric dynamics.
Topics include advanced quasi-geostrophic theory and applications, ageostrophy, baroclinic and
barotropic instability, cyclogenesis, atmospheric wave theory and behavior, and numerical weather
prediction (NWP). Special emphasis is placed on numerical weather modeling to include finite
differencing, data assimilation, ensemble techniques, pre- and post-processing, downscaling and
parameterizations, and operational use of NWP models. Final exam. Prereq: Meteor 430. Sem
hrs: 3 fall.
Meteor 432. Boundary Layer Structure and Processes. 1.5(1X). An advanced course in planetary
boundary layer meteorology. Topics include boundary layer structure and evolution, turbulence
and turbulence kinetic energy, flux gradient theory, energy and momentum exchange, boundary
layer measurements, and contaminants. Meteor 432 meets for the second half (lessons 21 – 40) of
the semester. Final exam. Prereq: Meteor 430. Sem hrs: 1.5 fall.
Meteor 450. Tropical Meteorology. 1.5(1X). An examination of the unique nature of atmospheric
flows and disturbances in the tropics. Topics include tropical contributions to the general
circulation, circulations such as the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the monsoons,
tropical waves, the importance of atmosphere-ocean as evidenced by El Nino and the Southern
Oscillation (ENSO), and the development, intensification, impact and forecasting of tropical
cyclones. Meteor 450 meets for the first half (lessons 1 – 20) of the semester. Final exam or final
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project. Prereq: Meteor 430. Sem hrs: l.5 fall.
Meteor 451. Development and Evolution of Extratropical Weather Systems. 3(1). Study of mid-
latitude and polar weather systems, including synoptic-scale vertical motion, ageostrophic flow,
and variables influencing the evolution of heights, temperatures, vorticity, and pressure.
Conceptual models and three-dimensional analysis and oral communication of these analyses is
emphasized. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Meteor 430. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Meteor 452. Mesoscale Meteorology. 3(1). Study of the structure, development, and evolution
of mesoscale weather systems. Topics include orographic mesoscale phenomena, the structure
and types of convective weather from single-cell thunderstorms to mesoscale convective systems,
conditions conducive to the development and subsequent evolution of organized convection, and
the nature, climatology, and prediction of severe local storms. Final exam. Prereq: Meteor 451.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Meteor 490. Weather Forecasting and Impacts on Society. 3(2). Capstone course in meteorology.
Using real-world scenarios, this course assesses the cadet’s ability to use critical thinking skills to
integrate and synthesize a wide range of meteorological information to produce forecasts and
assess societal impacts. Types and methods of forecasting and communication of meteorological
benefits and limitations will be emphasized. Final project. Prereq: Meteor 431. Sem hrs: 3
spring.
Meteor 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual research under direction of a faculty member.
Research paper or final project. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Meteor 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Meteor 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Meteor 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
MILITARY & STRATEGIC STUDIES (MSS)

Offered by the Department of Military & Strategic Studies (DFMI))
MSS 251. Airpower and Joint Operations Strategy. 4.5(2). MSS 251 prepares cadets to plan for
and solve complex problems in pursuit of national security interests through the integration and
application of multi-domain joint warfighting concepts with a particular focus on air, space, and
cyber power across the range of military operations. This course serves as the educational
cornerstone for cadet exposure to the context, theory, and application of military strategy and
operational art. Cadets will engage in strategic and operational decision wargaming to better
understand and apply the military instrument of power to promote and advance U.S. national
interests and objectives. Final project and/or final paper. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 4.5 fall
or spring.
outcomes: 1) National Security of the American Republic, and 2) Warrior Ethos as
Airmen and Citizens.
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MSS 251S. Airpower and Joint Operations Strategy. 4.5(2). This course provides cadets the
professional military education cornerstone for development as Airmen. Students will study "great
works" and cutting edge scholarship in the realm of military strategy with the goal of synthesizing
the enduring qualities of military strategy. Students will use strategic thinking and operational
planning concepts to evaluate and apply air, space, cyber, and joint capabilities to contemporary
strategic problems and operational simulations. Final project. Prereq: History 100. Sem hrs: 4.5
fall or spring.
outcomes: 1) National Security of the American Republic, and 2) Warrior Ethos as
Airmen and Citizens.
MSS 298. Research Methods. 3(1). This course focuses on both quantitative and qualitative
research methods at the undergraduate level. Focused around policy analysis such as cost benefit
and cost effectiveness, cadets will learn the principles of comparative analysis, experimental
design, case study analysis, and problem framing. Research Methods gives the cadet a solid
understanding of the methodology necessary to conduct scholarly research, and will help cadets
succeed in both STEM and non-STEM courses. Final exam and/or project. Prereq: None. Sem
MSS 302. Future Conflict and Disruptive Technologies. 3(1). This course examines the role of
emerging and disruptive technologies in the planning and waging of future conflict. The specific
types of disruptive technologies discussed in the course will change over time, but current
examples include hypersonic weapons, bio-technological weapons, autonomous weapon systems,
Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) systems, drones/Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA),
quantum computing, and Artificial Intelligence, among others. This course emphasizes how such
technologies are developed, integrated, and utilized (ideally without proliferation), to ensure the
continuing effectiveness of the United States military. Students will engage with forward-thinking
scholarship on emerging and disruptive technologies and, as appropriate, use the Multi-Domain
Laboratory to work through concepts and simulations as they prepare themselves to understand
the impacts of technological challenges that threaten to change the character of war. Final project.
Prereq: MSS 251. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
MSS 343. Foundations of Joint Air, Space, and Cyber Strategy. 3(1). Seminar course that
provides the foundation for strategic thought by analyzing the context, theory, and doctrine
associated with air, space, and cyber power. The course examines classic strategic concepts; war,
politics, and the state; and technology, doctrine, and strategy. Lessons address irregular war and
the evolution of air, space, and cyber as both revolutionary war-fighting domains and emerging
strategic realms. The course focuses on the US Air Force as a pioneering organization and seeks
to build Air Force identity through comprehending the evolving ideas of air, space, and cyber
strategy. The course also surveys strategic doctrinal challenges for the US Space Force. Final
exam and/or project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
MSS 353. Innovation and Future Conflict. 3(1). This seminar introduces and provides context
for understanding the strategic application and military integration of the concept of innovation.
To prepare cadets to understand and prepare for emergent threats, the course will examine
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innovation frameworks, models, and processes, along with concepts of networks and collaboration
to leverage systems and concepts. Cadets will be able to analyze and more effectively manage
innovation development and develop alternatives for the successful integration of innovation
concepts to solve complex problems. Cadet will examine future problem sets in all domains and
seek solutions from a broad range of perspectives. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
MSS 363. Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Analysis. 3(1). This course introduces
and applies types of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) analysis across the
spectrum of conflict and around the globe. Analytic methods include kinetic and non-kinetic;
individual and group; as well as technological and social approaches to understanding the
contemporary threat environment. Students analyze complex operational environments to shape
decisions. Final project or final exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
MSS 369. Spectrum of Conflict. 3(1). Addresses the application of military power across the
spectrum of conflict and in international context. Cadets study subjects such as hybrid warfare,
counterinsurgency, peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, foreign internal defense, information
operations, and other uses of the military below the level of conventional war. Cadets will be able
to tailor their research to both specific types of military intervention along the spectrum of conflict
and to specific locations according to their academic interests and USAFA degree path. Final
project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
MSS 371. Joint Targeting and Strategy. 3(1). This course provides a foundation in
methodologies, theories, and operational challenges of military targeting to fulfill national security
objectives. Strategies address kinetic and non-kinetic methods including direct and indirect
targeting using airpower. Analytic approaches link national-level strategy to decisions about
weaponeering, desired effects, and assessments. Cadets evaluate academic and doctrinal concepts
relevant to mission and campaign-level operations, and adaptively apply them in scenarios. Our
learning focus is to practice intellectual initiative, flexible planning, and strategic thinking. Final
project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
MSS 372. Wargaming Air, Space, and Cyber Power. 3(1). This course integrates academic
concepts and doctrine related to game theory, modeling and simulation, course-of-action
development, and formal wargaming to provide a foundation for evaluating strategy and
technology. The thought processes developed during this course are generalizable to the strategic,
operational, and tactical level of war. Cadets will learn to evaluate strategy and technology in
exercises designed to develop basic wargaming skills. Our learning focus is to practice intellectual
initiative, flexible planning, and strategic thinking. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
MSS 377. Airpower for Combined Effects. 3(1). Cadets relate air campaign planning and
airpower strategy and operational concepts in robust scenarios. Content includes weapons
platforms, sensors and munitions, as well as roles, missions, and types of manned and unmanned
aerial warfare in contemporary operating environments. Cadets adaptively plan and adjust air
operations to combine effects in multiple simulations. Final paper. Prereq: MSS 251 and
department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
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MSS 381. Air Warfare Operations and Planning. 3(1). Develops air-minded warrior ethos.
Teaches the creation, conduct, and evaluation of contemporary air war at the tactical level.
Teaches how airmen contribute to the military mission through robust airpower mission roles in a
dynamic joint air warfare environment. Hones airpower leadership skills, mental stamina, and
self-discipline/self-control through planning, briefing, executing, and debriefing comprehensive
and highly demanding tactical airpower employment combat mission scenarios. Final project.
Prereq: MSS 251. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
MSS 421. International Power Projection. 3(1). This seminar introduces cadets to how the U.S.
government achieves international power projection and influence. Cadets analyze the complexity
of the international security environment and how the United States pursues national security
objectives through the application and projection of power in various forms. Cadets examine the
context and theories of power projection, types of power, and the strategies informing the
application of military power projection toward national security aims. Cadets will also analyze
the logistics enterprise that enables and sustains military power projection and discuss the ways in
which the US operationalizes the National Security and National Defense Strategies through its
military posture. Final project or paper. Prereq: MSS 251. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
MSS 422. Strategy of Special Operations. This seminar introduces the strategy of special
operations forces (SOF) doctrine, concepts, capabilities, and limitations. Students will analyze the
effectiveness of special operations in achieving strategic effects through case studies and cultural
context that emphasize SOF-unique missions including direct action, counter-terrorism, and
unconventional warfare. Cadets leverage the lessons of this class to develop a strategy using SOF
capabilities to address a specific contemporary or potential regional conflict according to the
academic and degree requirements of the individual cadet. Examples might include Foreign
Internal Defense operations in North Africa or counter-terrorism operations in Europe. Prereq:
MSS 251. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
MSS 423. Strategy of Weapons, Warfare, and Mass Disruption. 3(1). Seminar examines how the
military element of national power integrates all domains to counter and/or deploy weapons of
mass effect through deterrent, offensive, and defensive operations to achieve desired objectives.
This seminar studies the strategies and weapons of WMD, as well as the combined effects of other
weapons including cyber. Cadets leverage the lessons of this course to develop a WMD strategy
to counter a contemporary or potential regional threat according to the academy and degree
requirements of the individual cadet. Examples might include warfare in Southeast Asia or
combatting mass casualty attacks in sub-Saharan Africa. Final project or exam. Prereq: MSS
MSS 444. Space and Cyber Strategy for National Security. This course provides cadets the
necessary knowledge and frameworks to understand the context, theory, and application of space
and cyber capabilities as elements of national power. Cadets will explore national policy, doctrine,
and strategy for the space and cyber domains for the US, foreign actors, commercial and civil
actors, establishing a foundation to evaluate and apply space and cyber capabilities to
contemporary strategic problems and operational simulations. Students will be able to form
creative solutions to complex problems with emphasis on operational and strategic planning and
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teamwork. Final exam and/or final project. Prereq: MSS 251. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
MSS 490. Strategy in Asia and the Pacific. 3(1). This is a synthesis-level class designed to be
taken the spring semester of a cadet’s first-class year. Cadets will be required to employ the
knowledge and skills that they have developed in their USAFA major and core courses in order to
examine regional security issues and develop an interdisciplinary theater campaign strategy for
contemporary or potential conflict in the region. Cadets will gain regional understanding and
practice solving current strategic challenges. Final project or exam. Prereq: MSS 251. Sem hrs:
3 spring.
MSS 491. Strategy in the Americas. 3(1). This is a synthesis-level class designed to be taken the
spring semester of a cadet’s first-class year. Cadets will be required to employ the knowledge and
skills that they have developed in their USAFA major and core courses in order to examine
regional security issues and develop an interdisciplinary theater campaign strategy for
3 spring.
MSS 493. Strategy in Eurasia. 3(1). This is a synthesis-level class designed to be taken the spring
semester of a cadet’s first-class year. Cadets will be required to employ the knowledge and skills
that they have developed in their USAFA major and core courses in order to examine regional
security issues and develop an interdisciplinary theater campaign strategy for contemporary or
potential conflict in the region. Cadets will gain regional understanding and practice solving
current strategic challenges. Final project or exam. Prereq: MSS 251. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
MSS 494. Strategy in the Middle East and Africa. 3(1). This is a synthesis-level class designed
to be taken the spring semester of a cadet’s first-class year. Cadets will be required to employ the
knowledge and skills that they have developed in their USAFA major and core courses in order to
examine regional security issues and develop an interdisciplinary theater campaign strategy for
3 spring.
MSS 495. Special Topics. 3(1). Selected topics related to military doctrine, operations and
strategy. Prereq: department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring
MSS 498. Capstone Thesis in Military & Strategic Studies. 3(1). This course culminates the
Military & Strategic Studies curriculum, integrating previous coursework to contribute knowledge
to the context, theory, and application of military & strategic power. Cadets can accomplish the
capstone in a seminar version or independently. Those in the seminar version will collectively
develop research topics while cadets in the independent version will select their own topic and be
individually paired with a subject matter expert. Cadets in both versions create a final project,
presenting the results to applicable audiences. The independent capstone requires approval based
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upon the cadet’s research topic and faculty advisor recommendation. Final project. Prereq: MSS
298. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
MSS 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study and/or research under the direction of a
DFMI instructor. No final. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• MSS 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• MSS 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• MSS 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
MILITARY TRAINING (Mil Tng)

Offered by the Training Support Division (USAFA/CWT)
Mil Tng 100. Basic Cadet Training (BCT). 0(0). Student Course. BCT is a 5 1/2-week transition
period from civilian to military life. Indoctrination of the overall Academy program: UCMJ,
Introduction to Living Honorably in the Profession of Arms (ILHPA), manual of arms, drill,
customs and courtesies, introduction to basic Air Force weapons, a field encampment, and other
general military subjects. This course is a graduation requirement. Pass/fail. No final. Coreq:
Phy Ed 100. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
This program is a contributor to the development and assessment of the Warrior Ethos as
Mil Tng 101. Operation Air Force-Preflight (3°). 0(0). TDY program conducted at Air Force
installations worldwide. Cadets will experience the roles, responsibilities, and expectations of
second lieutenants. Each cadet will receive exposure to officer and enlisted AFSCs, the associated
duties accomplished, the various AF wing organizations, and experience the officer perspective in
both support and operational squadrons. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 201. Operation Air Force Program (OpsAF). 0(0). Student Course. This three week
program is conducted at Air Force installations worldwide. Cadets will learn the roles,
responsibilities, and expectations of second lieutenants. Each cadet will understand the Air Force
organization and gain a broad officer perspective in both support and operational squadrons. This
course, is a graduation requirement. AETC Ops and Civil Engineering-Field Engineering
Research Lab (CE-FERL) are substitute courses that fulfill the graduation requirement. Pass/fail.
Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 205. Wing Summer Support. 0(0). Student Course. Cadets assigned to prepare facilities
and resources for summer programs. Pass/fail. No final. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 230. Combat Survival Training (CST) (Student Course). [Approved as a beta test for
Summer 2022]. Third-class cadets will learn Tactics, Techniques and Principles of Water Survival
Training, Emergency Parachute Decent, Survival, and Urban/Rural Evasion through classroom
and outdoor settings. Classroom content will include elements of the Code of Conduct, Water and
Food procurement, Signaling, Survival Medicine, Communication, Recovery, Evasion and
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Navigation. Cadets will then spend 7 days under field conditions practicing lessons learned.
Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 233/234/235. Admin Squadron. 0(0). Student Course. Cadets in a temporary hold for
either the Physical Education Review Committee (Mil Tng 234), the Academic Review Committee
(Mil Tng 235), or for some other purpose (Mil Tng 233). Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 240. Special Warfare Orientation Course (SWOC) (Student Course). [Approved as a
beta test for Summer 2022]. The two-week SWOC is designed to offer cadets to first garner
interest and second to prepare for selection. Specific topics within these two main areas include:
A. Garner interest: History of AFSPECW AR, patrolling, react to contact, Global Access
(establish & control airfields}, Precision Strike (directing airstrikes), and Personnel Recovery
(saving lives and managing incident sites), helicopter sortie, visiting local AFPECW AR units,
Tactical Combat Casualty Care, Troop Leading procedures, Mission Planning, and a culminating
day-long Full Mission profile where cadets combine all their learned skills.
B. Prepare for selection: Physical entry tests, Human Performance (fitness and nutrition plan),
surface and subsurface water skills clinics, physical fitness, Outdoor Leadership Course
leadership reaction events, interviews, peer and permanent party feedback, mission briefings, risk
management, and numerous leadership opportunities experienced through both these events and
those listed above. They will also comprehend the importance of grit when experiencing
mental/physical hardships. The culminating mission will require cadets to form small teams,
plan a land route, negotiate mental/physical challenges, and attempt to reach a designated goal
in an outdoor setting.
Cadets will leverage course content to better understand how they can improve their interpersonal
leadership performance in a small team setting. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 270. Student Course. Expeditionary Skills Training. 0(0). Cadets are trained and
demonstrate M16 and M9 proficiency, dismounted patrol, military operations in urban terrain,
chemical-biological-radiation-nuclear preparedness and response, mission planning, land
navigation, Tactical Combat Casualty Care, basic survival, and evasion. These standalone training
lessons will also include field hygiene, communications, combat rules of engagement, and combat
first-aid. The program curriculum utilizes academic and laboratory learning culminating in
application-based forward operating base and isolated personnel exercises to reinforce newly
acquired skills. This course is a USAFA graduation requirement. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 300. Operation Air Force Program (International Students). 0(0). Student Course. This
three week program is conducted by the international student’s home country. Pass/fail. Sem hrs:
0 summer.
Mil Tng 302. Navy Programs. 0(0). Student Course. First-class cadets volunteer for SEAL
Selection or SOAS training courses. This program is a prerequisite to cross commissioning into
the Navy SEALS. Programs are three weeks in length. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 304. Army Programs. 0(0). Student Course. First- and second-class cadets volunteer
for Army training courses. Training is conducted at an army location and only if sponsored and
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initiated by USAFA and funds are available. Programs are two to three weeks in length. Pass/fail.
Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 305. Marine Leatherneck. 0(0). Student Course. First- and second-class cadets volunteer
for Marine training. This program is a prerequisite to cross commissioning to the Marine Corps.
Mil Tng 309. Prep School BMT Cadre. 0(0). Military Leadership. First- and second-class cadets
serve as cadre for USAFA Prep School basic training. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 315. Cadet Wing Operations Center (CWOC). 0(0). Military Leadership. Staff is
responsible for manning the center 24 hours a day. Duties include maintaining wing locator
information, emergency procedures notification, and information dissemination. Pass/fail. Sem
hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 330. Combat Survival Training (CST) (Cadre). [Approved as a beta test for Summer
2022]. Leadership positions as instructors, officers, or NCOs in the cadet chain of command for
the Mil Trng 230 Combat Survival Training (CST) students. This course provides cadets the
opportunity to learn and practice team leadership, coaching and instructing as they serve as cadre
in the CST program. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 332. Summer Seminar. 0(0). Career Broadening. Summer Seminar’s purpose is to
attract and inspire diverse, highly-qualified candidates to pursue Academy appointments by
actively engaging them in substantive and representative USAFA experiences. Cadets serve as
leaders and counselors for 1125 high school students from all 50 states and around the world.
During the three, 5-day camp sessions students are housed in Vandenberg Hall and fed at Mitchell
Hall. Students experience cadet life through military briefings and demonstrations, academic
workshops, character workshops, physical training sessions, intramurals, and a “Doolie for a Day”
exercise. This program is first period only. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 340. Special Warfare Orientation Course (SWOC) (Cadre). [Approved as a beta test for
Summer 2022]. Leadership positions as instructors, officers, or NCOs in the cadet chain of
command for the Mil Tng 240 SWOC students. This course provides cadets the opportunity to
learn and practice team leadership, coaching and facilitation as they serve as cadre in the SWOC
program. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 341. Cadet Summer Language Immersion Program (CSLIP) In Lieu of Break. 0(0).
Student Course. DF Coordinated Program. This is an intensive foreign language and cultural
study program at an accredited foreign university or language institute. Those selected for this
program will spend the entire time in a foreign country where the target language is spoken. The
program takes place during first summer period. Participation in CSLIP provides cadets with
significant across-the-board improvement in language skills and cultural understanding, as well as
the ability to function with confidence in international/foreign environments. Pass/fail. Sem hrs:
0 summer.
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Mil Tng 351. Civil Engineering Field Engineering and Readiness Lab (FERL) Leadership. 0(0).
Military Leadership. C1C Civ Engr cadets selected by the Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering serve as Squadron Commander, Chief of Operations, Flight Commanders, and
Logistics Officers for Civ Engr 351. Cadets lead second-class students through hands-on
engineering/construction activities, a variety of team building activities, and field trips. Flight
Commanders deploy with students to active duty AF installations on Operation Civil Engineering
Air Force (OpsCEAF). Logistics Officers and leadership cadre prepare site and activities at the
Field Engineering and Readiness Laboratory (FERL) for Civ Engr 351. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0
summer.
Mil Tng 352. SAME/USAFA Engineering and Construction Camp Cadre (CE-SAME). 0(0).
Career Broadening. C1C Civ Engr cadets selected by the Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering serve as Flight Commanders for high school students during the second summer
period at the Field Engineering and Readiness Laboratory (FERL) complex in Jack’s Valley.
Cadets lead the students through a variety of team building activities/competitions, hands-on
engineering/construction activities, and field trips. Cadets prepare site and activities prior to camp
while leading and mentoring their students during the camp. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 369. Cadet Outdoor Leadership Experience (COLE). 0(0). Student Course. Leadership
positions as Ranger staff members with Philmont Scout Ranch in Cimarron, N M. Cadets lead
groups of 8 - 12 youth and adults in demanding high adventure backcountry treks, instructing and
developing outdoor and behavioral leadership skills. Each academic year, up to 30 rising 2-
degrees are competitively selected to attend COLE during one of three summer training periods.
Three of these cadets will be competitively selected to serve in COLE leadership positions the
following year, with the remaining purposefully developed to serve in EST leadership/training
positions their rising 1-degree summer. Prereq: None. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 370. Expeditionary Skills Training: (Cadre). 0(0). Military Leadership. First- and
second-class cadets will perform leadership positions as instructors, officers or NCOs in the cadet
chain of command for the Mil Tng 270 EST students. The course provides cadets the opportunity to
exercise leadership and management skills in dynamic settings that include simulated deployed
operations and geographically forward operating base exercise locations. Cadets manage Mil Tng 270,
Expeditionary Skills Training. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 400/402. Basic Cadet Training Cadre. 0(0). Military Leadership. Leadership positions
as instructors, officers or NCOs in the cadet chain of command during Basic Cadet Training. Some
areas include: Combat Arms Training, Obstacle Course, Assault Course, Confidence Course, Self-
Aid/Buddy Care, and Leadership Reaction Course. Mil Tng 400 refers to 1st BCT during 2nd
summer period. Mil Tng 402 refers to 2nd BCT during 3rd summer period.
Mil Tng 403. Basic Cadet Training Group Staff. 0(0). Military Leadership. Cadet officer and
NCO group leadership positions maintaining command, control, and accountability for Basic
Cadet Training. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
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Mil Tng 407. Operations Group Staff. 0(0). Military Leadership. Cadet Officer and NCO
leadership positions maintaining command, control, accountability, and providing billeting for all
programs and cadets not assigned BCT or EST. Pass/fail. Pass/Fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 408. Sports Camp. 0(0). Career Broadening. Cadets accepted by the Athletic
Department program manager to work sports camps during the first summer period. Pass/fail. No
final. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 411. AETC Leadership Ops. 0(0). Military Leadership. Leadership positions with a
Basic Military Training Squadron at Lackland AFB, TX, as assistants to Military Training
Instructors and as basic airmen training instructors and counselors. AETC Leadership Ops meets
the requirements for Operation Air Force. Cadets cannot be scheduled for Operation Air Force
after completing AETC Leadership Ops. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 412. Falconry. 0(0). Career Broadening. Train recently hatched falcons for upcoming
football season performances, train falcons on hand, public relations work, and assist in
renovations/repairs of mews and equipment. Only cadet falconers are eligible. Pass/fail. Sem
hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 413. Operations Group Cadre. 0(0). Military Leadership. Cadets who are assigned as
Cadre to assist the Operations Group Staff maintaining command, control, and accountability.
Assists with providing billeting for all programs and cadets not assigned BCT or EST during
summer. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 434. Summer RECONDO Cadre. 0(0). Military Leadership. First- and second-class
cadets serve as cadre for USAFA/AD Summer RECONDO under the oversight of the USAFA
PERC. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 435. Cadet Wing Leadership. 0(0). Military Leadership. Selected cadets will perform
in Cadet Wing Command functions managing all aspects of the Cadet Wing to include: Wing
Commander, Deputy Commander, Superintendent, Director of Operations, and Leadership Staff.
Mil Tng 441. Cadet Summer Language Immersion Program (CSLIP). 0(0). Student Course. DF
Coordinated Program. This is an intensive foreign language and cultural study program at an
accredited foreign university or language institute. Those selected for this program will spend the
entire time in a foreign country where the target language is spoken. The program takes place
during first summer period. Participation in CSLIP provides cadets with significant across-the-
board improvement in language skills and cultural understanding, as well as the ability to function
with confidence in international/foreign environments. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 442. Cultural Immersion Program (CIP). 0(0). Student Course. Provides unique cultural
and language learning opportunities for USAFA faculty, staff, and cadets. DFIP solicits proposals
from faculty and staff to study specific international issues, cultures, and histories in a variety of
foreign countries around the world. DFIP will determine which proposals are approved for
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funding. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 444. Summer Break. 0(0). Summer break. Cadets who require more than three weeks
of summer break during the summer will need to request a turnback through the Superintendent.
No Military Training credit. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 445. Critical Language Scholarship Program (CLS). 0(0). Student Course. DF
Coordinated Program. The State Department’s CLS seeks to enhance critical/strategic language
capability in the United States government. Undergraduate students are selected to participate in
fully-funded summer language opportunities, including instruction in languages taught at USAFA
as well as those not offered in the USAFA curriculum. CLS participants receive academic credit
through Bryn Mawr College or other US nationally accredited colleges that partner with the State
Department. For languages taught at USAFA, DFFL may recommend participating cadets receive
equivalent USAFA credit after assessing the curriculum. For languages not taught at USAFA,
DFFL may recommend applicable foreign language validation credit. CLS details are available at
http://clscholarship.org. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 446. Special Break. 0(0). First-, second-, and third-class cadets requiring summer break
at a certain time during the summer. Examples include: third-class football players and cadets
requiring summer break for weddings or other special occasions. All requests for special summer
break will be submitted to CWTS by the third week of January for consideration. Cadets who
require more than three weeks of summer break during the summer will need to request a turnback
through the Superintendent. No Military Training credit. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 447. Medical Summer Break. 0(0). First-, second-, and third-class cadets requiring
summer break at a certain time for scheduled medical operations or when sent home on
recuperative summer break. Cadets who require more than three weeks of summer break during
the summer will need to request a turnback through the Superintendent. No Military Training
credit. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 451. Honor Cadre. 0(0). Career Broadening. First-class cadets who teach honor lessons
to basic cadets and process honor cases during the summer. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 452. Media Cadre. 0(0). Career Broadening. First- and second-class cadets selected for
cadet-in-charge (CIC) duty for media. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 459. Leading Outside to Strengthen Teamwork (LOST). 0(0). This program engages
cadets in practicing leader of character competencies in an outdoor/experiential learning
classroom. This course focuses on developing personal and interpersonal/team competencies by
assessing, challenging, and supporting cadets via multiple activities such as mountain biking, rock
climbing, whitewater rafting/kayaking, and multi-day hiking expeditions. Through instruction,
feedback, and reflection, cadets develop the ability to lead themselves and others in real word
situations involving risk/consequences. This course will fulfill a one period leadership
requirement. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
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Mil Tng 460. National Character and Leadership Symposium (NCLS) Summer Cadre. 0(0). This
program will allow up to six first-class cadets who have been selected for NCLS Wing Staff
positions to practice leadership competencies, team-building, and organizational management by
recruiting other cadet volunteers, creating cross-functional teams that include USAFA/CM, PA,
A6, and CCLD professionals, and planning/executing NCLS-related events that occur throughout
the academic year, in accordance with USAFA PLAN 10-46. Participating cadets will serve as
NCLS Summer Cadre for a single summer period, and participation in the NCLS Summer Cadre
program does not preclude the cadet from participating in another summer cadre opportunity as
applicable. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 48X. Cadet Summer Research Program (CSRP). 0(0). Student Course. This course is a
DF coordinated summer research program for firsties. This course consists of 33-36 days
conducting a research project usually in the cadet’s major area of study. Operation Air Force credit
may be provided if the cadet spends at least 2 weeks at a location engaged in activities typical of
varied DoD operations and functions to include interaction with Air Force officers. Cadets are
selected by their academic advisor and applicable academic department and may receive
independent study credit with department approval. Summer Research programs are coordinated
with CWT to ensure appropriate scheduling, training credit, and support. 3 course options are
listed below. Pass/fail. Sem Hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 481. Cadet Summer Research Program (CSRP) with Partial Summer Break. 0(0).
Student Course. This option begins the day after graduation (1st summer period) and ends partway
into the second period of summer. This option is in lieu of a full second period summer break.
NOTE: This option can begin second period and end partway through the third period with
appropriate CW and DF coordination. Mil Tng 481 can be scheduled for 21 days and support a
full summer break period with academic departmental approval. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 486. Summer Research Leadership with Summer Break. 0(0). Student Course. Under
special circumstances USAFA/CC may authorize cadets to participate in national level research
projects for 41-43 days at a research location. This option occurs during two summer periods.
Mil Tng 488. Summer Research In Lieu Of Summer Break and Over Graduation Activities. 0(0).
Student Course. This option begins after finals and runs first summer period only. Pass/fail. Sem
hrs: 0 summer.
Mil Tng 492. Military & Strategic Studies Application Laboratories. 0(0). Student Course. DF
Coordinated Program. Cadet Air and Space Instructors use a number of educational laboratories
such as available aircraft, Air Warfare Laboratory simulators, aviation flight training devices, and
the Space Education Laboratory. Cadets interact with visiting dignitaries such as congressional
delegations, high school and university counselors, and General Officers. In addition, cadets host
the air and space application portions of Summer Seminar, conduct integrated field studies, teen
aviation camp, space camp, and ROTC summer visitations. Prereq: Department of Military
Instruction approval. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
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Mil Tng 499. Internship. 0(0). Student Course. DF Coordinated Program. 1° and 2° cadets work
special research/internships at various TDY locations or on USAFA. These are individual
programs structured for each cadet enrolled. The program may be scheduled for any one of the
three summer periods. Internships may be longer than three weeks. Examples of such programs
are the Georgetown and Washington Internship programs, which are directly tied to the allocated
CSRP numbers. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
SmrAcad 700. Summer Academic Placeholder. 0(0). Student Course. DF Coordinated Program.
SmrAcad 700 is the generic placeholder to reserve a specific summer period for future enrollment
in a specific summer academic course. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
OPERATIONS RESEARCH (Ops Rsch)

Offered by the Department of Computer and Cyber Sciences (DFCS), Department of Economics
and Geosciences (DFEG), Department of Management (DFMA), and Department of
Mathematical Sciences (DFMS)
Ops Rsch 310. Systems Analysis. 3(1)*. This course exposes students to quantitative modeling
methods that have broad application. The course focuses on computer implementation of models
and the application of these models to practical decision-making scenarios. The course
demonstrates the application of modeling techniques to problems in a wide range of disciplines.
The course covers OR tools such as optimization, queuing, simulation, and decision analysis.
Administered by the Department of Management. Instruction provided by inter-departmental
Operations Research faculty. Final exam. Prereq: Comp Sci 110, Math 142/152. Sem hrs: 3 fall
or spring.
Ops Rsch 311. Deterministic Models. 3(1). Topics include linear programming (with sensitivity
analysis and applications) and non-linear programming. Both the theory and the computer
implementation of these techniques are addressed. Administered by the Department of
Mathematical Sciences. Final exam. Prereq: Math 344 or Math 360, and either Ops Rsch 310 or
department approval. Coreq: Math 243/253. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Ops Rsch 312. Probabilistic Models. 3(1). Selected probabilistic models (such as random walks,
Markov Chains, queues, and reliability models) are analyzed as stochastic processes.
Administered by the Department of Mathematical Sciences. Final exam. Prereq: Math 356, Math
377, or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Ops Rsch 331. Optimization Theory with Microeconomic Principles. 3(1). Calculus-based study
of optimization theory for constrained and unconstrained problems focusing on first and second
order conditions, comparative statics, envelope theorem, and duality. Optimization tools will be
used to develop traditional microeconomic theory: consumer behavior, product and factor pricing,
allocation and employment of resources, and the implications of various market structures. The
course also includes an introduction to game theory. Cadets cannot receive credit for Ops Rsch
331 in addition to Econ 333 or Econ 423. Administered by the Department of Economics and
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Geosciences. Final exam. Prereq: Econ 201, Math 243/253, and Ops Rsch 310. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Ops Rsch 405. Operations Research Seminar I. 0(1). A course for Operations Research majors
on career and graduate school opportunities for scientific analysts in the Air Force; goal setting
exercises; and applications of Operations Research. The class meets once each week. Open only
to 1° Operations Research majors or other students enrolled in Ops Rsch 421. Administered by
the Department of Mathematical Sciences. Pass/fail. Prereq: C1C standing. Sem hrs: 0 fall.
Ops Rsch 406. Operations Research Seminar II. 0(1). A course for Operations Research majors
on career and graduate school opportunities for scientific analysts in the Air Force; goal setting
exercises; and applications of Operations Research. The class meets once each week. Open only
to 1° Operations Research majors or other students enrolled in Ops Rsch 422. Administered by
the Department of Management. Pass/fail. Prereq: C1C standing. Sem hrs: 0 spring.
Ops Rsch 417. Quick-Turn Analysis. 3(1). The pace of decisions in modern warfare requires
analytic results within very limited time constraints and using only commonly available tool sets.
This course focuses on rapid data analysis by writing software to integrate standard office
productivity software and geographical information systems to provide visibility and illumination
to decision making. Specific skills and abilities taught in this course include data manipulation
and analysis, database design and usage, visualization techniques, and high impact – short duration
presentation skills. Administered by the Department of Computer and Cyber Sciences. Final
Project. Prereq: Comp Sci 210, Comp Sci 211, or Comp Sci 212. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Ops Rsch 421. Capstone in Operations Research I. 3(2). The study of methodologies associated
with business and operations management. A project-based course intended to provide the proper
foundation necessary to conduct effective analyses supporting a variety of scenarios. Students will
evaluate various project scenarios, develop plans for and conduct analyses, and create effective
written and oral presentations. Develop capstone project proposal and milestones supporting Ops
Rsch 422. Administered by the Department of Management. Final project. Prereq: Ops Rsch
310; C1C standing in the Ops Rsch or Sys Engr majors, or course director approval. Sem hrs: 3
fall.
Ops Rsch 422. Capstone in Operations Research II. 3(2). Project development and
implementation for real-world clients using advanced operations research techniques with
emphasis on problem recognition, model formulation, and Air Force applications. Administered
by the Department of Management. Final project. Prereq: Ops Rsch 421, C1C standing in the
Ops Rsch or Sys Engr majors, or course director approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Ops Rsch 476. Sports Analytics. 3(1). The use of analytic tools and techniques in sports has been
steadily increasing over time. Both amateur and professional teams and individuals, in almost
every sport imaginable, use analytics to try to gain a competitive edge. Sports analytics gives
students the opportunity to apply descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytics tools and
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techniques to tackle a variety of sports-related problems. This application-based course will afford
students the opportunity to interpret situations, determine the best modeling approach to address a
situation, conduct in-depth analysis to find solutions, and present findings to senior-level decision
makers. Final project. Prereq: Math 377 (or Math 356 with a B or higher) and Ops Rsch 310, or
Course Director approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Ops Rsch 495. Special Topics. 1-3(1). Selected advanced topics in Operations Research. Final
exam or final report. Offered by DFCS, DFEG, DFMA or DFMS. Prereq: Department approval.
Sem hrs and offering time determined by department.
Ops Rsch 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study and/or research in Operations Research,
under the supervision of a faculty member. Final exam or final report. Offered by DFCS, DFEG,
DFMA, or DFMS. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Ops Rsch 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Ops Rsch 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Ops Rsch 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
PHILOSOPHY (Philos)
Offered by the Department of Philosophy (DFPY)
Philos 200. Introduction to Philosophy. 3(1). An introduction to basic deductive and inductive
logic through a study of important philosophical texts from antiquity to the modern era. Cadets
will gain a sense of philosophy’s history and scope while learning what makes a good argument.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Philos 310. Ethics. 3(1)*. A critical study of several major moral theories and their application
to contemporary moral problems with special emphasis on the moral problems of the profession
of arms. Highlighted are the officer’s responsibilities to reason and act ethically; develop critical
thinking skills; know civic, cultural, and international contexts in which the U.S. military operates;
and learn influential normative theories about ethics and the foundations of character. Final exam.
Philos 310S. Scholars Ethics. 3(1). This course is the Academy Scholars Program version of
Philos 310, Ethics. A critical study of several major moral theories and their application to
contemporary moral problems with special emphasis on the moral problems of the profession of
arms. Highlighted are the officer’s responsibilities to reason and act ethically; develop critical
thinking skills; know civic, cultural, and international contexts in which the U.S. military operates;
and learn influential normative theories about ethics and the foundations of character. Final exam.
Prereq: Scholar status. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
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Philos 311. War, Morality, and the Military Profession. 3(1). An in-depth examination of the
moral issues raised by the profession of arms. Presumes an understanding of moral theory, as a
minimum: relativism, egoism, utilitarianism and deontology. May be taken as a sequel to Philos
310, or substitutes for Philos 310 (with department approval) if the student has independently
studied ethical theory. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Philos 310. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Philos 320. Ethics and Technology. 3(1). A study of ethical theories and their application to
issues in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), e.g.: safety and liability in
engineering, professional responsibility to clients and employers, professional code of ethics,
ethics of research including collection and uses of data, ethical implications of human
enhancements, cyber ethics, ethical uses of space, issues in environmental ethics, and the ethics of
pedagogy in STEM disciplines. Although the course will focus on ethics, cadets may elect to
explore related issues in other sub-disciplines of philosophy, e.g., the epistemology of artificial
intelligence and aided perception, and the metaphysics of functions. Cadets may choose project
and paper topics related to their majors. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Philos 310, Philos
200, or instructor approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Philos 330. Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. 3(1). An analysis of the basic assumptions
and principles of the sciences. Types of topics considered include the scientific method, scientific
laws, theory construction, scientific explanation, probability, the relationship between the social
sciences and the physical sciences, and the relationship between the sciences and the humanities,
especially in the formation of values. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Completed or enrolled
in Philos 310 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Philos 345. Philosophy of Love and Sex. 3(1). This course examines the meaning of love and
the nature of different kinds of love, such as affection, friendship, erotic love, and charity. This
course also explores proposed connections between love and sex and the relevance of such
connections to questions of' sexual ethics. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs:
3 spring.
Philos 350. Philosophy and Christian Thought. 3(1). A philosophical investigation of various,
important doctrines and topics in Christian thought, such as God, creation and providence, human
nature and sin, Trinity, incarnation, atonement, ethics, and eschatology (study of "last things").
Major thinkers from the history of Christianity who may be studied in the course include Origen,
Athanasius, Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, Luther, Calvin, Edwards, Newman, Kierkegaard,
Tillich, Barth, Rahner, and others. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Philos 355. Theories of Justice. 3(1). What is justice? The aim of this course is to consider the
most prominent and persistent answers that philosophers have given to this question. Readings
will be drawn from a mix of historical and contemporary authors. Authors might include:
Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, John Rawls, Robert Nozick, Michael
Sandel, Alasdair MacIntyre, Carol Gilligan, Charles Mills, Carole Pateman, and Thomas Sowell.
Cadets should expect a seminar focused on primary sources, together with a variety of formal and
informal writing assignments. Final paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall, odd-numbered years.
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Philos 365. C.S. Lewis and Philosophy. 3(1). C.S. Lewis was not a professor of philosophy, but
he was arguably one of the most influential public philosophers of the 20th century. As a writer
for the Los Angeles Times observed, "Lewis, perhaps more than any other twentieth-century
writer, forced those who listened to him and read his works to come to terms with their own
philosophical presuppositions." In this course we will evaluate and discuss the philosophical
arguments and themes in some of Lewis's most influential books and essays. Along the way we
will consider how he engaged with the views of leading philosophers of his day, such as Elizabeth
Anscombe, as well as great philosophers from the history of philosophy including Plato, Aristotle,
Kant, and Hume. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Completed or enrolled in Philos 310, or
with instructor approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall, odd-numbered years.
Philos 370. Introduction to Symbolic Logic. 3(1). An advanced course in logic that examines
propositional and predicate languages, model theory, quantifiers, proofs, identity theory and
properties of logical systems. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Completed or enrolled in Comp
Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Philos 382. American Philosophy. 3(1). An examination of the philosophic background of

Puritanism, the Revolutionary period, transcendentalism and pragmatism with special reference to
the thought of major American philosophers such as Pierce, James, Royce, Santayana, Dewey.
Final exam or final project. Prereq: Completed or enrolled in Philos 310. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Philos 391. Ancient Western Philosophy. 3(1). A survey of selected philosophers and schools of
thought from the 6th century BCE to the 3rd century CE. Major philosophers of this era include the
Pre-Socratics, Plato, Antisthenes, Aristotle, Epicuris, Epictetus, Plotinus, and others. Major
schools of thought include the Academics, Cynics, Peripatetics, Epicureans, and Stoics. Final
exam or final project. Prereq: Completed or enrolled in Philos 310, or with instructor prior
approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall, even-numbered years.
Philos 392. Western Medieval Philosophy. 3(1). A survey of selected philosophers and schools
of thought from the 4th through the 16th centuries. Major philosophers of the era include Augustine,
Boethius, Al Farabi, Avicenna, Anselm, Averroës, Maimonides, Aquinas, Duns, Scotus, William
of Ockham, and others. The period is characterized by attempts to reconcile classical philosophy
with the revealed religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Final exam or final project. Prereq:
Completed or enrolled in Philos 310, or with instructor prior approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring, odd-
numbered years.
Philos 393. Modern Western Philosophy. 3(1). A survey of selected philosophers and schools of
thought from the 17th through the 19th centuries. Major philosophers of this era include Descartes,
Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, Leibniz, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Mill, Kierkegaard, Marx, Nietzsche, and
others. Major schools of thought include Rationalism, Empiricism, Skepticism, and German
Idealism. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Completed or enrolled in Philos 310, or with
instructor prior approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall, odd-numbered years.
Philos 394. Contemporary Topics in Philosophy. 3(1). An in-depth study of central themes and
issues in philosophy examined through the work of contemporary philosophers (defined as those
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working from the 20th century through today.) Topics may require a historical survey to provide
context for examining contemporary developments. Final exam or final project. Prereq:
Completed or enrolled in Philos 310, or with instructor prior approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring, even-
numbered years.
Philos 395. Philosophy of Law. 3(1). This course will serve as an introduction to legal philosophy
and its relations to moral reasoning. Emphasis on the nature of law, its authority, its relations to
morals, the controversies over judicial decision-making, the justification of states interfering with
the liberty of its individual citizens, the various different or competing senses of "justice," the
question of responsibility and the justification of legal punishment. Final exam or final project.
Prereq: Philos 310. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Philos 401. Comparative Religion. 3(1). A philosophical survey of selected world religions,
possibly including “extinct” religions now known only through texts and other artifacts. Faith
traditions to be surveyed in every offering of this course include Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam,
Judaism, and Christianity. See course syllabus for additional traditions to be examined in a given
semester. Final exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Philos 402. Philosophy of Religion. 3(1). Topics to be considered include concepts of the divine,
grounds for belief in a deity, theories of salvation, the problem of evil, the roles of revelation and
reason in religion, problems of religious language, and the role of religion in moral theory. Final
exam or final project. Prereq: None (but students may find Philos 401 a helpful foundation). Sem
hrs: 3 spring.
Philos 410. Medical Ethics. 3(1). Ethics applied to biomedical issues using a seminar approach.
Ethical problems considered will include informed consent, refusal of treatment, suicide, killing
and letting die, paternalism, allocation of health care, patient confidentiality, codes of medical
ethics and specific case analyses. Final exam or final project. Prereq: Completed or enrolled in
Philos 310. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Philos 420. Religion Studies Capstone. 3(1). The culminating, integrative and interactive learning
experience for the Religion Studies minor. Will involve cross-traditional study of major themes
in religion. Topics may include theories in the study of religion, religion and politics, comparative
religious ethics, religion in art and literature, religion in war and peace, and advanced studies in
philosophy of religion. All cadets earning the Religion Studies minor should take this course in
their final spring semester. Final paper or final project. Coreq: C1C status and earning the
Religion Studies minor, or instructor approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Philos 423. Knowledge and Reality. 3(1). This course serves as an advanced survey of central
questions in metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of language. Questions covered may
include: What is knowledge? What, if anything, can we know? Do we have free will? What is
causation? What is a mind, a self, a person? And how are these things related to material things
like bodies and brains? What is the nature of time and space? Is time-travel possible? What is
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truth? What is meaning? Final exam or final project. Prereq: Completed or enrolled in Philos
310, or with instructor approval (assuming the instructor exists). Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Philos 430. Aesthetics. 3(1). Aesthetic philosophy investigates the nature of beauty, asking
questions such as: How do we determine what qualifies as art in any form? Based on what
principles or criteria do we deem something beautiful or ugly? Is beauty a natural property or a
conventional projection? What defines the difference between music and non-musical sound? Is
good taste in matters of art innate or something one can develop? Thinkers including Plato,
Aristotle, Horace, Shaftesbury, Hume, Burke, Kant, Schopenhauer, Heidegger, Benjamin,
Foucault, Collingwood, Danto, and many others have written influentially on these and other
questions. Philosophy majors may earn 6 semester hours toward the major by combining this
course with any Creative Art course. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Philos 495. Seminar in Philosophy. 3(1). Selected topics in philosophy. Final exam or final
project. Prereq: C1C or C2C standing. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Philos 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Philosophical research guided by an instructor. Topics and
meetings arranged with the instructor. No final. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall
or spring.
• Philos 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Philos 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Philos 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION (Phy Ed)

Offered by the Department of Physical Education under the Director of Athletics (AD).
Phy Ed 100. Basic Physical Training. 0(0). Preparation for strenuous physical education and
athletics by development of physical strength, endurance, agility, and coordination through
conditioning exercises, sports competition, and taking the Physical Fitness and Aerobics Test.
Special training in conditioning as needed. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Phy Ed 110. Boxing. Boxing is taught to all cadets in order to develop an understanding of the
physiological and psychological aspects of personal confrontation and provide the foundation for
future combatives training and proficiency. Boxing is a proven developer of personal self-efficacy
and physical conditioning, and also develops and intensifies the military leadership attributes of
quick reaction, coordination, accurate timing, judgment, aggressiveness, and determination.
Boxing quickly acclimates the mind and body to adapt to stress and overcome fear which are
abilities essential for military leadership. It further teaches the ability to keep calm and poised
under pressure, thus developing emotional control. Cadets will also be taught specific mental skills
that can be used in their military career and personal lives. These skills will include visualization,
positive self-talk, and proper body language. The course includes 8 lessons of boxing skills, with
safety, rules, and scoring emphasized prior to the graded review lessons. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or
spring.
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Phy Ed 111. Swimming. Introduces cadets to a variety of aquatic skills necessary for safety,
fitness, and recreation. This course will provide sufficient instruction so every cadet is able to
maintain and improve his or her physical fitness in an aquatic environment. Students are graded
on stroke skills, a timed 250 yard or meter swim, underwater swim, egress scenario, treading water,
drown proofing, and a mile swim. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 112. Physical Development. Introduces cadets to foundational principles of strength and
conditioning, including applied knowledge of needs-analysis, exercise selection, teaching
progressions, recovery, and restoration modalities. Cadets will participate in proven strength and
conditioning programs to enhance their Mission Essential Fitness. Each cadet will learn, practice,
and be assessed on their technical proficiency of the PFT exercises (Push-up, Pull-Up, Sit-up, Long
Jump), and four structural lifts (Back Squat, Deadlift, Shoulder Press and Dumbbell Row). Prereq:
None. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 113. Fundamentals of Physical Development. A 16 lesson (20 contact hours) individual
developmental physical education course in which cadets will learn and apply the skills necessary
to establish and maintain proficient levels of fitness as a cadet and officer. Participants will engage
in a rigorous physical conditioning program comprised of alternating sessions of muscular
resistance training, aerobic and anaerobic conditioning, functional fitness, core strengthening and
stabilization, and flexibility training. In addition, cadets will be exposed to proper diet and
nutrition concepts and resources, as well as tools and methods for mental strengthening to foster
resiliency. Cadets with a diagnostic PFT following BCT of 226 or lower for A-B Go or diagnostic
or primary PFT of 250 for later Goes will be automatically enrolled. Prereq: Selection by Athletic
Department. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) summer, fall, or spring.
Phy Ed 114. Introduction to Combatives. Introduction to Combatives is taught to cadets at the

United States Air Force Academy in order to develop an understanding of the physiological and
psychological aspects of combat. In addition to the physical aspects of self-defense, cadets are
taught how to be aware of their environmental surroundings, avoid dangerous situations, and to be
assertive if necessary in dealing with unwanted confrontation. The value of self-defense and
combative skills is not only in the physical skills that are acquired, but the acclimation of the body
and mind in adapting and overcoming a fearful and stressful situation. This course teaches the
cadet to think and react under pressure and develops self-confidence, courage, stamina and agility,
all necessary characteristics of a strong military presence. Cadets are tested in a competitive
environment and are expected to be able to convey key points of techniques taught. Final exam.
Prereq: Phy Ed 110 or as directed by the Physical Education Review Committee (PERC). Sem
hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
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Phy Ed 119. Basic Swimming. This course is designed for cadets with little aquatics experience
or those needing additional time to develop swimming endurance. Because these cadets typically
need more time to acclimate to the aquatic environment, the course is 16 lessons. Entry into the
course is determined by an aquatic ability assessment consisting of a 250-yard timed swim and
input from aquatics instructors. The first 8 lessons focus on technique, while the final 8 lessons
focus on swimming endurance. Cadets are instructed on proper swimming technique and
development of the skills necessary for basic water safety and personal fitness. Cadets are
introduced to water survival skills in preparation for the 200-level water survival course. Replaces
Phy Ed 111. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 152. Intercollegiate Sports. .05(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 211. Basic Water Survival. This course continues the development of the basic swimmer
and teaches cadets basic aquatic survival skills that last a lifetime. These survival methods serve
officers well throughout their careers. The class provides sufficient aerobic and anaerobic
activities that challenge the cadets to maintain an above average level of fitness while having fun
through aquatics. Cadets learn to save their own lives and assist others in a water emergency,
survive in the water for long periods of time, and build confidence to swim long distances.
Moreover, cadets experience situations that develop self-confidence, emotional control,
persistence and courage. A variety of skills challenge cadets to move beyond their current skill
and comfort levels. Cadets are evaluated in each one of the skills taught throughout the course.
Replaces Phy Ed 222. Final exam. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 215. Combatives I. This course introduces students to unarmed fighting. Students are
taught a series of techniques in order to respond to a violent confrontation. Students are taught to
defend themselves from a standing position incorporating strikes, dominant body position, and
basic weapons retention. Students perform scenario-based drills in order to apply combatives
techniques in a competitive environment. Students are tested on their ability to convey key
components of what they are taught. Final exam. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 219. Fundamentals of Personal Water Safety. The course continues to develop swimming
skills for the basic swimmer. The course will teach cadets basic aquatic survival skills that last a
lifetime. These survival methods serve officers well throughout their careers and personal lives.
The course provides sufficient aerobic and anaerobic activities that challenge the cadets to
maintain an average level of fitness while having fun through aquatics. Cadets learn to save their
own life and assist others in a water emergency, survive in the water for extended periods of time,
and build confidence, emotional control, persistence and courage. A variety of skills challenge
cadets to move beyond their current aquatic skill and comfort level. Cadets are evaluated in each
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one of the skills taught throughout the course. Replaces Phy Ed 211 or Phy Ed 222. Prereq: Phy
Ed 119, Phy Ed 211 or Phy Ed 222 Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 222. Water Survival. An introduction to basic personal water survival skills and lifesaving
techniques. The primary objective of the course is to learn personal water survival skills that are
needed in a water emergency. A secondary objective is to learn basic lifesaving skills needed to
assist someone else involved in a water emergency. Work to increase cardiovascular and muscular
endurance is also part of the course. Prereq: Phy Ed 111 or 119. Final exam. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx)
fall or spring.
Phy Ed 252. Intercollegiate Sports. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 315. Combatives II. An introduction to basic unarmed offensive and defensive, grappling,
choking, and joint locking skills. Includes live contact combative grappling designed to instill
confidence, the ability to think and react quickly under pressure, and the ability to defend oneself
in a hand-to-hand combat situation. Students will be expected to demonstrate the aggressive mind
set, mental toughness and warrior spirit required to survive and prevail in an unarmed combat
situation. Final exam. Prereq: Phy Ed 215. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 340. Racquetball. Introduces cadets to the fundamentals of the sport of racquetball.
Cadets will learn skills, strategies, and rules of a fun and exciting sport often played during base
intramural competition, as well as to remain physically fit throughout their lives. Written and
practical graded reviews. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 341. Tennis. Introduces cadets to the fundamentals of the sport of tennis. Cadets will
develop necessary skills while also gaining an understanding of rules, strategies, and etiquette of
the sport. Additionally, their physical fitness will be maintained and improved through drills and
match play. Written and practical graded reviews. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 342. Golf. Introduces cadets to the sport of golf focusing on fundamental golf mechanics
taught through repetitive drill techniques. Emphasis is placed on skill improvement and
understanding a respect for the game, its traditions, rules, and etiquette. Basic golf swing technique
demonstration and practice of putting, short irons, long irons, proper setup, and grip make up the
foundation of the course. Emphasizes the need for practice, discipline, and mental concentration.
Written and practical graded reviews. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 343. Indoor Rock Climbing. Introduces cadets to the fundamentals of indoor rock
climbing. The course is designed to develop strength, agility, balance, coordination, problem
solving, fear management, and mental focus. Mandatory components, such as situational
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awareness, risk management and proper decision making, are emphasized and taught in topics
such as use and care of climbing equipment, hand and footwork efficiency, knots, top roping,
bouldering, belaying, rated climbs, judgment, and safety. Cadets will be provided all equipment
and gear necessary to complete the course. Offered to upperclassmen as an individual or open
elective. Prereq: Phy Ed 112 and physical standards as established by the course director. Written
and practical graded reviews. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 344. Warrior Enhancement Yoga. This course introduces cadets to a multi-dimensional
exercise system and lifetime skill set which cultivates the ability to function more efficiently in
high-demand and high-stress Air Force environments. Cadets will learn to enhance the mind-body
connection through stretching, balancing, and strengthening the body, while calming, centering,
and focusing the mind. Additional benefits include increased confidence, stress management, and
improved physical and mental wellness and resiliency. Cadets will be introduced to challenging
positions to use for goal setting and personal progress benchmarks, and will be required to develop
a personal wellness regimen that can be applied throughout their career, anytime and anywhere,
with no required equipment. Additionally, cadets will incorporate teamwork through partner-
based practice relying on verbal and visual cues to guide partners through self-developed yoga
sequences. Two graded reviews (written and practical). Prereq: Phy Ed 112 or Phy Ed
152/252/352/452. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 345. Advanced Physical Development. Phy Ed 345 introduces cadets to an advanced
fitness regimen to optimize their physical strength, stamina, speed, resiliency, and recovery. Based
upon the principles learned in Phy Ed 112, Physical Development students will learn basic pushing
and pulling movements using principles of biomechanics to safely increase load, speed, and thus
intensity. Advanced Physical Development course incorporates multi-planar and multi-joint
movements, which have been widely adopted by the military/Battlefield Airmen communities to
prepare warfighters for the demands of operational environments. The skills introduced can be
performed with an intensity level tailored to enhance individual fitness requirements and
development. Cadets are evaluated through Quizzes, Needs Analysis, Workout Program Design
and practical graded reviews. Prereq: Phy Ed 112 or at least one of the following: Phy Ed
152/252/352/452. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 346. Pickleball. This course is designed to provide a learning environment that enhances
physical and mental wellbeing, while promoting skill development in a popular lifetime sport.
Cadets will receive foundational tools for engaging in physical activity, understanding the sport,
and building capacity to utilize transferrable skills in other activities throughout their lives. In
Pickleball, cadets will be introduced to the rules, etiquette, and strategies of the sport and through
engagement will develop skills such as agility, balance, and hand-eye coordination. Additionally,
cadets will be encouraged to communicate and develop camaraderie through their involvement in
singles and doubles match play. Students are graded on skills, knowledge, and match play.
Written and performance exams. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
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Phy Ed 347. Self-Protection. This course exposes cadets to Combatives concepts and techniques
in everyday environments. Within a Combatives framework, topics including the psychology of
violence, physiological reactions under duress, danger recognition, and risk mitigation. The
information introduced in this course covers options for avoiding, evading and escaping various
threats. This course provides cadets an opportunity to learn and apply techniques in a scenario
based environment. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 348. Marksmanship. Exposes cadets to basic marksmanship education and training with
emphasis on techniques that they can employ any time they are around or handling firearms.
Within a competency environment, topics include firearm safety; weapon terminology;
marksmanship fundamentals; the act of firing a shot; shot plans; competition plans; managing mind
and body in stressful situations; the ability to perform under duress; and care, cleaning, and
management of weapons. The information introduced in this course covers options for continued
marksmanship training and foundations for completing the Air Force Qualification Courses. This
course provides cadets an opportunity to learn and gain confidence with a rifle and pistol, so when
deployed they are safe and can masterfully handle the weapon issues. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 0.5
(2xx) fall or spring.

Phy Ed Aca 440. Exercise Physiology. 3(2). Exercise physiology is the study of body functions
before, during, and after an exercise session. This class also looks at the short-term and long-term
changes that result from exercise training. Includes both academic classes and laboratory
experiences where the students learn about their body composition, strength, anaerobic power, and
aerobic capacity. Prereq: Course Director approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.

Phy Ed Aca 460. Philosophies and Principles of Coaching. 3(1). An integrated course – applying
organizational management, psychology, sociology, ethics, and philosophy to the art and science
of coaching. Independent research. Final paper. Prereq: C1C/C2C standing with Course Director
Phy Ed 477. Independent Exercise. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 479. Cadet Instructor. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
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Phy Ed 484. Volleyball. Introduces cadets to the fundamental skills, rules, and strategies of the
lifetime team sport of volleyball. The course emphasizes the importance of teamwork through
competitive play. Cadets will receive historical context of the sport, instruction on rules and
strategy, as well as opportunities to develop basic, intermediate, and advanced technical skills.
Students are evaluated via skills testing in underhand/overhand passing, serving, setting, and
attacking. Also, each cadet’s ability, attitude, effort, and teamwork are evaluated in match play.
Written and practical graded reviews. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 486. Basketball. Introduces cadets to the fundamentals skills, rules, and strategies of the
team sport of basketball. This course is designed to broaden each cadet's understanding,
knowledge, and appreciation for the game. Cadets will also engage in competition designed to
enhance skill development and teamwork. Areas covered include passing, ball handling, shooting,
individual offense, individual defense, rebounding, screens, team offense, team defense, and
transition. Students are graded based on an evaluation of their play, demonstration of their
understanding of the game, and their performance on skills-based drills. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or
spring.
Phy Ed 487. Soccer. Introduces cadets to the fundamental skills, rules, and strategies of the
lifetime team sport of soccer. This course provides sufficient aerobic and anaerobic activity so
that each cadet's physical fitness will be maintained or improved, while enjoying competitive
participation. Students are evaluated on rules of the game, skills including juggling, dribbling,
passing, and shooting, and their ability, attitude, and effort during competitive play. Written and
practical graded reviews. Sem hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 488. Softball. Introduces cadets to the fundamental skills, rules, and strategies of the
lifetime team sport of softball. Students will learn the mechanics for throwing, hitting, fielding,
and base-running, and will be evaluated on their progression throughout the class. In this course,
cadets also learn the relationship between individual performance and overall team success
through teambuilding and leadership opportunities. Written and practical graded reviews. Sem
hrs: 0.5(2xx) fall or spring.
Phy Ed 499. Independent Exercise Study. Independent study focused on physical exercise. Sem
hrs: 0.5(0) fall or spring.
Phy Ed Aca 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual research and study in the physical education
field under the direction of a faculty member. Emphasizes the use of laboratory facilities. No
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final. Research report. Prereq: Course Director approval and Department Head approval. Sem
• Phy Ed Aca 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Phy Ed Aca 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Phy Ed Aca 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
Phy Ed 8xx. Intercollegiate Phy Ed Time. These excusal codes help schedulers block out the
time in cadets’ schedules for participation in Phy Ed class to support NCAA competition. For
more information see COURSES WITH UNUSUAL SCHEDULES section.
Phy Ed 9xx. Intercollegiate Practice Time. These excusal codes help schedulers block out the
time in cadets’ schedules for participation in the appropriate athletic activities. For more
information see COURSES WITH UNUSUAL SCHEDULES section.
Phy Ed 816. Intercollegiate Phy Ed Time. Intercollegiate athletes are enrolled in this course to
block out time for Phy Ed class on M afternoons. Scheduling is based on deconflicting Phy Ed
class with varsity team NCAA season.
Phy Ed 826. Intercollegiate Phy Ed Time. Intercollegiate athletes are enrolled in this course to
block out time for Phy Ed class on T afternoons. Scheduling is based on deconflicting Phy Ed
class with varsity team NCAA season.
Phy Ed 916. Intercollegiate Practice Time. Intercollegiate athletes are enrolled in this course to
block out time for intercollegiate practice on M afternoons.
Phy Ed 926. Intercollegiate Practice Time. Intercollegiate athletes are enrolled in this course to
block out time for intercollegiate practice on T afternoons.
PHYSICS (Physics)
Offered by the Department of Physics and Meteorology (DFPM)
Physics 110. General Physics I with Laboratory. 4(2)*. Introductory calculus-based physics
course with emphasis on contemporary applications (Part I). Topics include kinematics,
Newtonian mechanics (statics and dynamics), work, conservation of energy, conservation of
momentum, rotational motion, Universal Law of Gravitation, orbital mechanics, simple harmonic
motion, and wave motion. Possible additional topics include astronomy, thermodynamics, and
relativity. Course emphasizes the use of vectors and calculus in problem solving. Course includes
in-class laboratories and computer applications to highlight key concepts. Final exam. Coreq:
Math 142. Sem hrs: 4 fall or spring.
Physics 215. General Physics II with Laboratory. 4(2)*. Introductory calculus-based physics
course with emphasis on contemporary applications (Part II). Topics include electrostatics, simple
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DC circuits, magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, electromagnetic waves, and physical
optics. Possible additional topics include simple AC circuits and applications, geometric optics,
and selected topics in modern physics. Course emphasizes the use of vectors and calculus in
problem solving. Course includes in-class laboratories and computer applications to highlight key
concepts. Highly desirable for course to be taken in the semester immediately following the
successful completion of Physics 110. Final exam. Prereq: Physics 110 and Math 142. Sem hrs:
4 fall or spring.
Physics 264. Modern Physics. 3(1). Introduction to the special theory of relativity and quantum
theory, with application to problems involving simple forms of potential energy, scattering, and
tunneling. Possible application topics include atomic and molecular physics, solid-state physics,
nuclear reactions and decay, and elementary particles. Final exam. Prereq: Physics 215 or
department approval. Coreq: Math 243 (or Math 253). Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Physics 291. Introduction to Optics and Lasers. 3(1). This is a survey course in the fundamentals
and applications of optics. The topics covered include geometrical optics, physical optics, optical
instruments, contemporary topics such as imaging and holography, and an introduction to lasers.
The course may include opportunities to gain hands-on experience working with optics in a
laboratory setting. Final exam. Prereq: Physics 215. Coreq: Math 245 or department approval.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Physics 310. Principles of Nuclear Science. 3(1). This course introduces the student to the physics
principles of nuclear science needed for reactors and weapons. This includes the physics of
radioactive decay, fission, fusion, nuclear cross-sections, nuclear fuel production, isotope
separation, the protection of personnel and materiel assets from nuclear radiation, and the safe
disposal of radioactive waste. Some Secret Restricted Data (S/RD) material is included. U.S.
citizens only. SECRET (RESTRICTED DATA) clearance required. Final exam. Prereq: C or
better in Physics 215 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Physics 341. Laboratory Techniques. 4(2). An introductory laboratory course developing skills
in experimental techniques and data analysis. Course includes instruction in the use of various
types of electronic instrumentation and devices to analyze and design electrical circuits.
Experiments will investigate the laws and principles of modern physics taught in Physics 264.
Coreq: Physics 264 or department approval. Sem hrs: 4 fall or spring.
Physics 354. Nuclear Weapons Engineering. 3(1). This course focuses on the operation of fission
and fusion weapons and the science behind nuclear proliferation. The elements and technology
involved in building a nuclear weapons capability, including acquiring the appropriate material,
assembling a weapon, fusing and firing, testing, storage, operations, maintenance, surety, and
delivery are examined. Some Secret Restricted Data (S//RD) material is included. U.S. citizens
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only. SECRET (RESTRICTED DATA) clearance required. Final exam. Prereq: C or better in
Physics 310. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Physics 355. Classical Mechanics. 3(1). An examination of the underlying classical laws
governing the general motion of bodies. Topics covered include vector calculus, Newtonian
dynamics, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics, the law of gravity and central-force motion,
two-particle collisions, and scattering. Possible topics include linear and coupled oscillations, non-
inertial reference frames, chaos, transformation properties of orthogonal coordinate systems and
rigid-body motion. Extensive application of calculus, ordinary differential equations, and linear
algebra will be made in the solution of problems. Final exam. Prereq: Physics 215; completed or
enrolled in Math 346 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Physics 356. Computational Physics. 3(1). An introduction to solving complex physical problems
using numerical techniques. Methods include regression analysis, numerical differentiation,
solutions to ordinary and partial differential equations, Fourier analysis, and machine learning.
Applications may include kinematics, damped/driven oscillators, nonlinear dynamics, chaos,
coupled oscillators, waves, thermal diffusion, and electromagnetic potentials. Final exam or final
project. Prereq: Physics 355. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Physics 361. Electromagnetic Theory I. 3(1). Develops Maxwell's equations and basic principles
of electromagnetism. Includes electrostatic fields in both vacuum and in dielectrics, the Laplace
and Poisson equations, magnetostatic fields, and magnetic materials. Final exam. Prereq: Physics
215. Coreq: Math 346 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Physics 362. Electromagnetic Theory II. 3(1). Further development of Maxwell's equations to
include induced electric and magnetic fields. Applications include electromagnetic waves,
reflection, refraction, guided waves, electric and magnetic dipoles and quadrupoles, and antennas.
Basics of relativistic electrodynamics are introduced. Final exam. Prereq: Physics 361. Sem hrs:
3 spring.
Physics 370. Upper Atmospheric and Geo-Space Physics. 3(1). A survey course on the
composition and physics of the upper atmosphere and the near-earth environment. Topics include
solar-terrestrial interactions; observations, phenomena and military operations in the near-earth
environment; structure, dynamics and transport in the upper atmosphere; and energy transfer,
remote-sensing, and military operations in the upper atmosphere. Final exam. Prereq: Physics
215 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
Physics 371. Astronomy. 3(1). A calculus-based study of the fundamental concepts of astronomy.
Emphasis is placed on understanding the basic physical concepts that explain stellar structure,
stellar evolution, galactic structure, the solar system and the origin of the universe. Includes up to
three night classes at the Academy Observatory. Final exam. Prereq: Physics 215 or department
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Physics 375. Physics of Space Domain Awareness. 3(1). A survey course in the application of
physics principles and their constraints to space domain awareness (SDA). SDA of space objects
can be thought of in terms of where it is and how did it get there, what it is and has it changed, and
do we need to worry about it? The answers to these questions are crucial in deriving actionable
knowledge for national defense. Topics include space surveillance using radar and electro-optical
sensors; orbit determination and prediction; high-resolution imagery; non-resolvable space object
identification; and military operations in space and mission impacts. Final exam or final project.
Prereq: Physics 215 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall of even-numbered years.
Physics 405. Physics Seminar. 0(1). A professional development course emphasizing skills useful
for physics research. This course gives cadets enrolled in Physics 490 an opportunity to present
results of their research, receive training in specific research skills, and have discussions with
experienced faculty researchers regarding such topics as professional ethics and contemporary
issues. Pass/fail. Prereq: C1C standing, Physics major or department approval. Coreq: Physics
Physics 421. Thermal and Statistical Physics. 3(1). Classical thermodynamics with an emphasis
on thermodynamic laws and applications to cycles. Kinetic theory, statistical thermodynamics,
and quantum statistics. Applications of statistics to quantum systems. Final exam. Prereq: Math
300, Math 356, or Math 377. Coreq: Physics 465, Chem 336, or department approval. Sem hrs:
3 fall.
Physics 450. Nuclear Weapon Effects. 3(1). This course emphasizes the unique effects of nuclear
weapon detonations: blast, thermal, EMP, radiation, biological, and fallout effects. Each effect is
treated by examining its generation, transmission, and mechanisms of interaction with the
environment and infrastructure. Survivability/vulnerability issues which apply to various weapon
systems will be emphasized. Some Secret Restricted Data (S//RD) material is included. U.S.
citizens only. SECRET (RESTRICTED DATA) clearance required. Final Exam. Prereq: C or
better in Physics 354. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Physics 451. Plasma Physics. 3(1). A comprehensive introduction to the plasma state of matter.
Topics include single particle motion, adiabatic invariants, fluid description of a plasma, waves in
plasmas, kinetic theory, diffusion and resistivity, and stability. Emphasis will be placed on
applying plasma physics principles to solar-planetary interactions and space vehicle operations.
Final exam. Prereq: Physics 370 recommended but not required. Coreq: Physics 362 and Math
346 or department approval. Not offered every year; check with DFPM before scheduling. Sem
hrs: 3 spring.
Physics 465. Quantum Mechanics. 3(1). Basic principles of quantum mechanics, including
Schrodinger's equation and interpretation of the wave function; the uncertainty principle;
postulates and general formalism; operators, Eigen functions, and eigenvalues; and Dirac notation.
Applications include potential barriers and wells; the harmonic oscillator; orbital and spin angular
momentum and addition of angular momenta; and the hydrogen atom. Final exam. Prereq:
Physics 264 and Math 346, or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
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Physics 468. Atomic and Nuclear Physics. 3(1). Treatment of the fundamental physical concepts
governing all of microscopic physics which includes elementary particle, nuclear, atomic and
molecular physics. The topics covered include the standard model of elementary particles and
interactions symmetries and conservation laws, gauge theories, properties of the nucleus, nuclear
models, nuclear interactions and decays, scattering theory, atomic systems, atomic and molecular
spectroscopy techniques. Final exam. Prereq: Physics 465 or department approval. Sem hrs: 3
spring.
Physics 473. Solid State Physics. 3(1). Introduction to the physics of the solid state nature of
matter. Crystal structure, crystal binding, lattice vibration, free electron theory, and band theory.
Basic introduction to quantum theory and quantum statistics of solids. Theories are used to explain
metals, semi-conductors and insulators. Survey topics include magnetism, superconductivity,
optical phenomena in solids, crystal imperfections, and the physics of solid state devices. Final
exam. Prereq: Physics 215. Coreq: Physics 465 and Math 245 or department approval. Not
offered every year; check with DFPM before scheduling. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Physics 482. Laser Physics and Modern Optics. 3(1). A detailed study of the operation of the
laser: types of lasers, lasing media, pumping mechanisms, resonators and cavities, laser modes
and Gaussian properties. Covers modern optics: introductory electro-optics, nonlinear optics,
statistical optics, and quantum mechanical analogs of optical systems. Final exam. Coreq: Physics
362, ECE 444, or department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
Physics 486. Astrophysics. 3(1). Application of physics to astrophysical problems and topics of
current interest in astrophysics. Typical topics include stellar structure and evolution, supernovae,
white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, galactic structure, active galaxies, quasars, cosmology
and general relativity. Specific topics depend on instructor and student preferences. Final exam.
Prereq: Physics 264 and Physics 371, or department approval. Coreq: Physics 362 or department
approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring of even-numbered years.
Physics 490. Capstone Physics Research. 4(2). A research experience course in which cadets
work in small teams to conduct original research in one area of physics, which may include
lasers/optics, space physics, astronomy, nuclear physics, or other physics subdiscipline. During
the semester, each team will work on a single project and experience the full range of the research
process, including planning and implementing a research project, analyzing data, and reporting
results in technical written reports and oral presentations. Some cadets will publish their work in
professional journals. Prereq: C1C standing and department approval. Coreq: Physics 405. Sem
Physics 495. Special Topics. 3(1). Selected topics in physics. Final exam or final report. Prereq:
Department approval. Sem hrs: 3. Offering time determined by department.
Physics 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual research under the direction of a faculty
member. Final report. Prereq: Department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Physics 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
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• Physics 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Physics 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
POLITICAL SCIENCE (Pol Sci)

Offered by the Department of Political Science (DFPS)
Pol Sci 211. Politics, American Government, and National Security. 3(1). This course introduces
students to the study of politics and government and examines the basic theoretical, structural, and
procedural choices faced by any political system. The course will emphasize the following areas
of study: foundations and traditions of American democracy; the structure, decision-making
processes, and policy outcomes of the American political system; the specific development of
national security strategy and policy; and civil-military relations in the American Republic. Final
exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
of the American Republic in a Complex Global Environment outcome.
Pol Sci 211S. Politics, American Government, and National Security. 3(1). This course is the
Academy Scholars Program version of Pol Sci 211. This course introduces students to the study
of politics and government and examines the basic theoretical, structural, and procedural choices
faced by any political system. The course will emphasize the following areas of study:
foundations and traditions of American democracy; the structure, decision-making processes, and
policy outcomes of the American political system; the specific development of national security
strategy and policy; and civil-military relations in the American Republic. Critical thinking on
these matters is encouraged through use of primary texts and seminar-style class discussion. Final
exam or final paper. Prereq: Academy Scholar status. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 300. Quantitative Methods and Research Design. 3(1). The course introduces students to
the quantitative methods used in political science, placing emphasis on research design, causal
inference, and analysis of social science data using statistical methods. The research approaches
presented in this class are essential to the political science discipline and the systematic
examination of research questions in social sciences. Final exam, research paper, or final project.
Prereq: Math 300, Math 356, or Math 377. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 301. Political Theory. 3(1). Provides an overview of political thought from the ancient
Greeks to the present. Philosophers studied include Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Aquinas,
Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Marx, and Nietzsche. The course’s
examination of the debates about human nature, the best regime, justice, equality, freedom,
community, natural rights, and between religion and comparative and national security politics
provide an essential foundation for the political science major and are invaluable for any airman-
scholar. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Pol Sci 302. American Foreign and National Security Policy. 3(1). Explores the evolution of
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American foreign and national security policy within a rapidly changing global environment; sets
American national security policy in a broader context of American foreign policy interests and
instruments of state power. Prepares for advanced electives in international relations through an
examination of how the U.S. pursues its objectives when the structure of the international
environment and the nature of state power are in flux. Prepares for advanced electives in
comparative politics by examining how the U.S. attempts to shape the political and economic
institutions of other states using a broad array of foreign policy tools. Prepares for advanced
electives in American politics by examining the domestic political, institutional, and constitutional
sources of U.S. foreign and national security policy. Complements professionally oriented courses
on contemporary global and security issues by providing the context for how the U.S. defines and
pursues grand strategy in the modern world. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: Pol Sci 211
or Soc Sci 212. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 390. International Relations Theory. 3(1). Introduces the basic concepts of international
relations. Major theoretical approaches to the analysis of international politics (realism, liberalism,
and globalism) will be used to explore the nature of the international system and various aspects
of state behavior in their historical and contemporary settings. Among the subjects examined
within this framework: the formulation of foreign policy, mechanisms of conflict and cooperation,
the origins of war, issues of international interdependence, international political economy and
questions of international ethics. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: Soc Sci 212 or Soc Sci
311. None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 392. American Political System and Theory. 3(1). Explores the origin and development
of American political ideas and institutions. This course examines the notion of American
exceptionalism and the design and operation of the American system. Topics include: American
constitutional design and its consequences; the expression of preferences; the analysis of
institutional behavior; and the policy process. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: Soc Sci 212
or Soc Sci 311. None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 394. Comparative Politics. 3(1). Provides an introduction to the discipline of political
science and qualitative methods of research design through the lens of comparative politics.
Substantively, the course considers the intra-state dynamics of citizens, identities, economies,
policies, and, especially, political regimes. With respect to political regimes, the course covers
democratic and authoritarian institutions, political regime transitions, and contemporary
challenges to global democracy. Cadets engage with and produce original qualitative research on
these substantive topics in the course. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3
fall.
Pol Sci 421. International Security: Political Violence and Terrorism. 3(1). Applies theories of
international security to the roots and forms of political violence in a globalized era. Examines
the sub-national and transnational sources of conflict as well as the impact of globalization on the
character of collective violence. Investigates the emergence, motivations and strategies of violent
non-state actors with emphasis on ethno-political groups, militant religious movements,
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transnational criminal organizations, warlords and insurgencies. Focuses on the use of terrorism
to achieve political objectives. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 423. Genocide and Mass Atrocity. 3(1). The course will trace the causes, spread, and
consequences of genocides and mass atrocities. The course examines: (i) why people acting on
behalf of states and other groups commit genocides and mass atrocities; (ii) the role of national
and societal support; (iii) the international community's reaction, including the relationship
between war and atrocity; and (iv) the subsequent search for justice. Final exam or final paper.
Pol Sci 425. Diversity and Security. 3(1). The purpose of this course is to help students gain a
better understanding of the complex interplay of gender, race, ethnicity, religion, economic status,
and other elements of diversity with issues of international security. It seeks to expand and
problematize the standard canon (which receives the bulk of focus in the core international security
course) and leverage other perspectives to explain the complexity of security, analyze causes of
and solutions to conflict and insecurity, and offer policy leverage for enduring change. Final exam,
research paper, or project. Prereq: Soc Sci 212 or Soc Sci 311. Sem hrs: 3 spring of odd years.
Pol Sci 445. Global Governance and International Institutions. 3(1). Examines the role and
relationship of international institutions, to include transnational organizations, regimes, and
networks, by which states and non-state actors address a broad spectrum of challenges for global
governance. Pertinent global issues related to security, trade, and international justice include
conflict resolution; peacekeeping and peacemaking; nuclear non-proliferation; international
finance; world trade; development aid; refugee problems; climate change; and human rights. Final
exam or final paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Pol Sci 451. American Political Thought. 3(1). A survey of basic themes in American political
thought beginning with the 17th century European origins of American political thought and
extending to modern attempts to strike a balance between individual rights and social needs. The
focus is on the difficulties of translating principles into practice. Final exam or research paper.
Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
Pol Sci 460. Civil-Military Relations. 3(1). Studies civil-military relations theory in comparative
perspective. Examines relationship among civilian authorities, the military establishment, and
society, with implications for governance and security policy. Conducts in-depth study of
American civil-military relations as a foundation for comparison with states from multiple regions
and at different levels of political development. Hones individual skill in applying civil-military
relations theory to future conflict and international peace. Final exam or research paper. Prereq:
None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Pol Sci 462. Politics and Intelligence. 3(1). Explores the character of secrecy in the American
democratic system. This course investigates the role of intelligence in the development and
implementation of US national security policy. Focuses on the key players in the intelligence
community, the capabilities of intelligence systems, the tradecraft of spying, and the core
intelligence functions of collection, analysis, covert action and counterintelligence. Includes
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examination of the roles and contributions of military intelligence and current issues in the
intelligence field. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Pol Sci 463. Comparative Political Theory. 3(1). This course compares selected texts in Western
and Eastern political thought with a focus on the ultimate foundation(s) for basic political
principles such as justice and order. A special focus will be the relationship between reason,
religious faith, and custom as sources of authority in political thinking and action. Major Eastern
traditions and texts will include Islam, Hinduism, and Confucianism. Western texts on religion,
philosophy, and sources of political authority will be interspersed with readings from classic
Eastern texts, 20th century political works by Eastern thinkers, and contemporary scholarship.
Possible texts include, from Islam, Al Farabi, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Sinna, Qutb, and Khomeini; from
Hinduism, the Vedas and Gandhi; from the Chinese tradition, Confucius and neo-Confucian
scholarship; from the Western tradition, Plato, Aquinas, and Locke. This is a seminar course,
emphasizing discussion and written essays. Final paper. Prereq: Philos 310 or Pol Sci 301. Sem
hrs: 3 spring of odd-numbered years.
Pol Sci 464. Regime Change: Coups, Revolutions and Democratization. 3(1). Regime change
is the high drama of comparative politics: from the “shot heard round the world” in 1776, to Boris
Yeltsin standing atop a Soviet tank in 1991, to the Arab Spring of 2011. This course examines
how countries transition from one type of regime to another, to include military coups and social
revolutions. It will pay particular attention to the global phenomenon of democratization—the
movement from authoritarianism to democracy—which has been the major political event of our
generation. Final paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Pol Sci 465. US National Space Policy. 3(1). Examines the evolution, major influences on, and
consequences of US national space policy. Focuses on the relationships among politics, policy-
making processes, law, and technology as related to civil, military, commercial, and intelligence
space sectors. Addresses rights and responsibilities of states in the use of outer space. Topics
include NASA space strategies; military space missions; commercial space trends; intelligence
function; international agreements; sovereignty over air, space, and celestial bodies; and
government liability. Final exam, final paper, or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Pol Sci 466. Cyber Security Policy and Politics. 3(1). Examines the policies, politics, and ethics
of cyber security. Covers the national security implications of cyber—including how low cost of
entry, limited chance of attribution, and the ubiquity of the domain create unique defense
challenges. Discusses the domestic politics of cyber security—including how American values,
culture, organizations, and laws will determine roles and responsibilities for government and the
private sector. Concludes with a section on the international politics of cyber security—the
applicability of deterrence, sovereignty, collective security, institutions, and treaties in cyberspace.
Final paper or project. Prereq: Pol Sci 211 and Comp Sci 110. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 469. Politics of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia. 3(1). Examines historic, cultural,
economic, social, and geographic traits that distinguish Russia and its neighbors and shape their
domestic political processes and interstate relations. Critically compares the politics,
governments, and orientations of post-Soviet states. Surveys contemporary regional issues such
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as ethnic conflict, nationalism, and political-economic reforms, with a particular emphasis on
security concerns. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 471. Politics of Europe. 3(1). Examines historic, cultural, economic, social and geographic
traits that distinguish this region and shape its domestic political processes and interstate relations.
Critically compares the politics, governments and orientations of European states and important
regional powers. Surveys contemporary issues such as democratization, globalization and regional
integration, with a particular emphasis on security concerns. Final exam or research paper. Prereq:
None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 473. Politics of Asia. 3(1). Examines historic, cultural, economic, social and geographic
traits that distinguish this region and shape its domestic political processes and interstate relations.
Surveys the governments of selected countries. Examines in particular the influence of Japan and
China on regional and global affairs. Includes a survey of contemporary multilateral issues salient
in the region, with particular focus on regional security concerns. Final exam or research paper.
Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 475. Politics of Latin America. 3(1). Examines historic, cultural, economic, social, and
geographic traits that distinguish this region and shape its domestic political processes and
interstate relations. Selected Latin American political systems are explored in detail. Issues such
as political stability, civil-military relations and democratization are treated as well, along with
politico-economic concerns such as developmental strategies, debt relief and trade relations.
Special treatment is given to U.S.-Latin American relations. Includes a survey of contemporary
multilateral issues salient in the region, with particular focus on regional security concerns. Final
exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 477. Politics of the Middle East. 3(1). Examines historic, cultural, economic, social,
religious, and geographic traits that distinguish the region extending from North Africa through
Central Asia and shape its domestic political processes and interstate relations. Surveys the
governments of selected countries, considering factors such as legitimacy and political
development. Includes a survey of contemporary multilateral issues with particular focus on
regional security concerns. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 479. Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa. 3(1). Examines historic, cultural, economic, social,
religious, and geographic traits that distinguish the states of sub-Saharan Africa and their domestic
political processes and interstate relations. Critically compares the politics, governments, and
orientations of selected African states. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3
spring of odd years.
Pol Sci 481. American Elections and Political Parties. 3(1). Examines the nature of the electoral
process and the roles that candidates, political parties, public opinion, and interest groups play in
the process. Focuses on the role of candidates’ election organizations, political parties,
professional campaign managers, public opinion pollsters, professional fund raisers, and media
consultants in congressional and presidential campaigns. Special attention is given to the current
presidential or congressional elections. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3
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fall of even-numbered years.
Pol Sci 482. The U.S. Supreme Court. 3(1). The Supreme Court is extremely influential in
American politics, sometimes even acting as a policy-making body, deciding the fate of such
contentious matters as abortion, capital punishment, public expressions of religious belief, and
even a presidential election. We will study the Court’s rulings in these areas and many others,
focusing on the Court’s written opinions, the thoughts of those who designed our government, and
competing views about the Court’s proper role in our system of separated powers. Final exam or
research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 483. The US Congress. 3(1). Studies Congress as a political institution, with an emphasis
on the unique natures of the House and Senate, congressional norms and procedures, and the roles
of committees and political parties. Topics include elections, member-constituent relations,
national policy roles, leadership, the committee system, legislative procedures, legislative
oversight of the executive branch, and the effects of public opinion and interest groups on law
making. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall of odd-numbered years.
Pol Sci 484. The American Presidency. 3(1). Provides an in-depth study of the Presidency with
emphasis on the post-World War II period. Examines the presidential selection process and the
office and powers of the President as well as presidential administrative structures, styles, roles
and personalities. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 491. Capstone Seminar in Political Science: National Security and Political Analysis. 3(2).
This course is the culmination of the political science curriculum. Readings and discussions will
encourage a critical and synthetic application of the discipline’s subfields (American Politics,
Comparative Politics, and International Relations) in thinking strategically about a rapidly
changing world and America’s role in it. Cadets will undertake an elected research project with a
faculty mentor. This blend of experiences seeks to produce officer-scholars with the intellectual
foundations to develop as adaptive and strategic thinkers and national security leaders able to
navigate the political-military dimensions of their profession. Final paper. Prereq: C1C Standing.
Sem hrs: 3 fall.
Pol Sci 495. Special Topics in Political Science. 3(1). Selected topics in political science, taught
in seminar format. One field trip per semester when appropriate local destinations are available.
Final exam or final report. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Pol Sci 496. Causes of War and Conflict Resolution. 3(1). This course examines the causes,
conduct, and consequences of international conflict, interventions, crises, and wars. It also
examines the theory and practice of conflict resolution. It uses wars from around the world, drawn
from different historical periods, focusing on both theoretical and normative issues. Special
attention will be paid to wars involving the United States, including ongoing interventions. Final
exam, final paper, or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 498. Political Science Thesis. 3(1). Cadets enrolled in this course will prepare a 50-75
page senior thesis under the guidance of the course director and other faculty members with
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particular expertise on the topic of research. This course combines the tutorial aspect of an
independent study (Pol Sci 499) with seminar on applied research methods. Cadets will meet
individually or in seminar in accordance with a schedule determined by the course director.
Formulation of thesis and research normally will begin in Pol Sci 300 and other political science
courses. When the thesis has been completed, a formal defense will be given to a faculty
committee in April or May. In preparation for the formal defense, each thesis will be presented to
fellow cadets in the seminar for critique and evaluation. Research paper. Prereq: C1C standing
and department approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Pol Sci 499. Independent Study in Political Science. 3(0). Individual study or research of a
carefully selected topic conducted on a tutorial basis. Research paper or a directed reading. Prereq:
Soc Sci 212 and department approval. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
• Pol Sci 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Pol Sci 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Pol Sci 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
READING STRATEGIES (Read Strat)

Read Strat 103. Reading Enhancement for First-Year Cadets. 0(1x). Course is designed to
enhance reading efficiency for a wide variety of reading tasks, to include reading for academic
courses, professional development, critical thinking, and reading for pleasure. Special emphasis
is placed on use of core academic course texts for first-year cadets. Overall course goals include
increasing reading rate, comprehension, and recall abilities. Course will meet twenty lessons.
When registering for this course, please specify preference for taking course during first-half (e.g.,
Reading Strategies 103) or second-half of semester (e.g., Reading Strategies 103X). Although
enrollees do not receive credit towards graduation, the course is intended to facilitate progress
towards graduation. Pass/fail. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 0 fall or spring.
Read Strat 104. Reading Enhancement for International Cadets. 0(lx). Course is designed to
enhance reading efficiency for international cadets for a wide variety of reading tasks, to include
reading for academic courses, professional development, critical thinking, and reading for
pleasure. Overall course goals include increasing reading rate, comprehension, and recall abilities.
Special emphasis is placed on use of core academic course texts. Vocabulary development will
include Greek and Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes, words in context, collocations, and idiomatic
expressions. Cross-cultural skills as they relate to reading will also be addressed. Course will
meet twenty lessons. When registering for this course, please specify preference for taking course
during first-half (e.g., Reading Strategies 104) or second-half of semester (e.g., Reading Strategies
104X). Although enrollees do not receive credit towards graduation, the course is intended to
facilitate progress towards graduation. Pass/fail. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 0 fall or spring.
Read Strat 201. Reading Enhancement. 0(1x). Course is designed to enhance reading efficiency
for a wide variety of reading tasks, to include reading for academic courses, professional
development, critical thinking, and reading for pleasure. Overall course goals include increasing
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reading rate, comprehension, and recall abilities. Course will meet twenty lessons. When
registering for this course, please specify preference for taking course during first-half (e.g.,
Reading Strategies 201) or second-half of semester (e.g., Reading Strategies 201X). Although
enrollees do not receive credit towards graduation, the course is intended to facilitate progress
towards graduation. If you received credit for Reading Strategies 103/103X, Reading
Enhancement for First-Year Cadets, you may not enroll in Reading Strategies 201/201X. Pass/fail.
SOCIAL SCIENCE (Soc Sci)

Offered by various departments within the Social Sciences Division
Soc Sci 212. International Security. 3(1). Introduces major theoretical approaches to the study
of international relations. Applies these approaches to the topics of security, political economy,
and justice as they relate to various state and nonstate actors. This course is for Pol Sci and
ForArStu majors. It should be taken as early as possible in the major and is a core substitute for
Soc Sci 311. Final exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Soc Sci 311. International Security Studies. 3(1). This course addresses the causes of war and
the sources of lasting peace in international politics focusing on the application of the instruments
of power to accomplish national objectives. This multidisciplinary course challenges students to
confront the essential "Clausewitzian" problem; to best integrate politics and war to make force a
rational instrument of policy. The course analyzes the dynamics of great power challenges,
assesses US defense priorities, and uses informed strategic analysis integrating political, legal,
economic, and military judgment to best exercise military power. This course is organized
thematically by illustrative examples drawn from conflicts throughout the world and from
contemporary US foreign and national security policy. Final exam. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3
fall or spring.
Soc Sci 311S. International Security Studies. 3(1). This course is the Academy Scholars Program
version of Soc Sci 311. It addresses the causes of war and sources of lasting peace in international
politics focusing on the application of the instruments of power to accomplish national objectives.
This multidisciplinary course challenges students to confront the essential "Clausewitzian"
problem; to best integrate politics and war to make force a rational instrument of policy. Final
exam or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Soc Sci 400. Social Sciences Seminar. 3(2). Interdisciplinary course. An interactive seminar
focused on relevant social sciences topics. Final paper, report or exam. Administered by the
Social Science Division Chair. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
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Soc Sci 401. Social Sciences Divisional Core Substitute. 3(0). This course can only be awarded
for coursework accomplished during a semester of study abroad (CSSAP), international exchange
Chair approval, this course can fulfill the core requirement for Mgt 400 or Soc Sci 311. Sem hrs:
3 fall or spring.
Soc Sci 420. Law and Economics. 3(1). An interdisciplinary course which provides an economic
analysis of the theory and practice of the development of a legal system. The course employs basic
economic principles in an effort to understand the nature of legal rules, their effect on society, and
to examine how these rules might be reformed. This framework is applied to tort, criminal,
contract, and property law. Students will gain an understanding of the modern economic analysis
of law, an ability to read and understand case law, and an ability to understand and analyze the
development of laws and legal outcomes using economic theory. Final exam, paper. Project, or
report. Prereq: Econ 201; Law 220 recommended. Administered by DFLA and DFEG. Sem hrs:
3 spring.
Soc Sci 444. International Political Economy. 3(1). This course will explore the theory and
practice of how economic motives affect political decisions and how most political decisions have
economic repercussions, both domestically and internationally. Specific topics will include the
development of the international monetary system, international trade policy, the effects of
multinational corporations, foreign direct investment, development of the Global South, and
contemporary issues. The course is team taught by faculty in Political Science and Economics and
may be used to fill requirements in either major. Final exam or research paper. Prereq: None.
Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Soc Sci 467. Nuclear Weapons Policy and Strategy. 3(1). This course examines the evolution of
US nuclear policy and strategy and its implementation as an instrument of deterrence and potential
in warfighting. First, the course focuses on the role of nuclear weapons as a deterrent against
attacks on the US, our allies, and our global interests and the inherent policy and strategic dilemmas
associated with those ends. Second, the course discusses issues related to U.S. implementation of
nuclear policy and strategy through force structure, weapons stockpile surety, and force
employment concepts. This course is team taught by members of the Department of Political
Science (DFPS) and the Department of Military and Strategic Studies (DFMI), and will include
expert guest speakers on nuclear history, policy, strategy, or other related specialties. Final Project.
Prereq: Physics 310, Pol Sci 211 and MSS 251 or DFPS or DFMI department head approval. Sem
hrs: 3 spring.
Soc Sci 483. Principles of Negotiation. 3(1). Effective leaders negotiate intentionally to optimize
benefits to themselves and their organizations. This course will provide a framework to help
students intentionally negotiate in a variety of contexts. Specifically, the course will teach students
how to prepare for and strategically communicate during negotiations. It will also teach students
how to build and maintain positive relationships while focusing on crafting creative solutions to
problems or conflict. Finally students will learn how to methodically analyze past performance
for future improvement. The course will measure and assess performance through using practical
simulation exercises, analytical review of performance, in-class discussions, and other
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assessments. Final paper, project, report, or exam. Prereq: None. Offered by the Department of
Law. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Soc Sci 495S. Statesmanship. 3(1). Capstone seminar course for the Academy Scholars Program
focused on statesmanship. Final report or final paper. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
SPACE (Space Power Application, Capabilities, and Employment)

Offered by the Department of Astronautics (DFAS)
Space 251. Basic Space Operations 1. 0(2). Space operations training which supports USAFA
Outcomes and helps motivate cadets towards a career in the United States Air Force. Offered one
week during a summer period and both semesters during the academic day (periods 1-2 or 3-4) by
block (fall: A and C; spring: E and G). Completion of course will allow cadets to enroll in Space
252, which will certify cadets as space operators for the FalconSAT program and will award basic
space operations wings. AFT/PFT take precedence. Pass/Fail. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 0
summer, fall, or spring.
Space 252. Basic Space Operations 2. 0(2). This course builds on operations concepts from Space
251, focusing more specifically on satellite payloads and subsystems. Offered both semesters
during the academic day (periods 1-2 or 3-4) by block (fall: B and D; spring: F and H).
Completion of course will certify cadets as space operators for the FalconSAT program and will
award basic space operations wings. AFT/PFT take precedence. Pass/Fail. Prereq: None. Sem
Space 306. USSF summer evaluation course called AZIMUTH. [Approved as a beta test for
Summer 2022]. 0(4). Elective. AZIMUTH is a 3-week summer program designed to motivate,
inform, and evaluate 2nd class cadets considering a career in the United States Space Force. The
framework for this summer program is modeled after the Marines’ LEATHERNECK program
executed at the USNA and NASA’s 2-yr Astronaut Candidate Training program. Course is offered
primarily to 2nd class cadets who have expressed a desire or interest to join the USSF. Enrollment
is orchestrated by the DFVR and CWT summer scheduling – and is based primarily on interest
indicated by each cadet via a 4 degree fall semester Operational Career Interest survey, 3 degree
summer planning requests, and/or inputs provided by cadets to their cadet leadership, to their
senior leadership, in coordination with the USAFA SpDET. Pass/Fail. Prereq: None; however,
Space 251/252 is highly desired. Sem hrs: 0 summer.
Space 350. Advanced Space Operations Upgrade. 3(2). This course prepares cadets to become
space operations instructors and future leaders of the satellite operations program. Cadets are
trained on advanced space operations techniques to include nominal and off nominal space
operations planning, test operations, ground simulation, and data analysis. Cadets who complete
the program will be instructors for Space 251, Space 252, and future upgrade classes. The course
is offered in the fall and spring semesters of the third-class year (periods 6-7) and is a prerequisite
to Space 472 and Space 473. Final project is a certification satellite operations pass. Completion
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of course will certify cadets as space trainers and will award senior space operations wings.
Pass/Fail. Prereq: Space 252. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Space 472. Basic Space Operations Instructor. 0(2). Select cadets serve as instructors in Space
251 and Space 252 (periods 1-2 and 3-4) by block (fall: A, B, C, D; spring: E, F, G, H). Cadets
will also serve as instructors to the summer space training program. AFT/PFT take precedence.
Pass/Fail. Prereq: Space 350. Sem hrs: 0 summer, fall, or spring.
Space 473. Advanced Space Operations Instructor. 0(2). Select cadets serve as instructors in
Space 350 (periods 6-7). Prereq: Space 350. Sem hrs: 0 fall or spring.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (Sys Engr)
Sys Engr 301. Project Engineering. 3(1). This course teaches how to properly plan, implement
and control organizational activities, personnel and resources. Topics include project selection,
roles and responsibilities of the project manager, planning, budgeting, scheduling, allocating
resources, monitoring/controlling, evaluating/terminating, and risk assessment/management of the
project. Additional topics address how to structure the organization and allocate human resources.
Case studies illustrate problems and how to solve them. Course assignments are designed to help
students learn and apply project management techniques taught in the course. The class project
will provide students with the opportunity to integrate project management software, Microsoft
Project, into the preparation of a project plan for an engineering project. Students will also use
Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate product uncertainty. Administered by the Department of
Management. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Sys Engr 310. Introduction to Systems Engineering. 3(2). This course presents an introduction
to the systems engineering process and the development lifecycle as a foundation for solving
complex problems to fulfill end user needs. The course focuses on the systems engineering
lifecycle process that includes design, concurrent engineering, software engineering, and the
concepts of reliability, maintainability, and availability. Skills and tools are presented that are
foundational in the development of interdisciplinary systems engineers. In parallel with the course
material, a semester-long system development project facilitates application of systems
engineering principles. Final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Sys Engr 311. Intermediate Systems Engineering Methods. 3(1). This course examines
established systems engineering methods and techniques employed within systems engineering
development and lifecycle processes. Topics may include: analytic techniques supporting
Analysis of Alternatives (AoA), decision models, risk analysis, trade-off analysis methods, model-
based systems engineering (MBSE), system architectures, verification and validation processes,
test and evaluation methods, software engineering, and other related topics. The course links
various methods and techniques to a general systems engineering lifecycle model, exploring the
utility of each method to applicable lifecycle phases and development activities. Final exam or
final project. Prereq: Ops Rsch 310. Coreq: Sys Engr 310 and either Math 300, Math 356, or
Math 377. Sem hrs: 3 fall.
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Sys Engr 320. Optimization Theory with Design Applications. 3(1). This course provides an
introduction to quantitative modeling methods that have application to optimal design. The course
focuses on computer implementation of models and the application of these models to practical
decision-making scenarios. The course is divided into four parts: Math Foundations, Optimization
Fundamentals, Numerical Methods for Optimization & Decision Making, and a Final Project.
Administered by the Systems Engineering Program. Final report. Prereq: Math 142/152 (C or
better), and Comp Sci 211. The Course Director may waive Comp Sci 211 with evidence of prior
MatLab skills. Sem hrs: 3 fall or spring.
Sys Engr 336. Engineering Economics and Financial Management. 3(1). A study of financial
decisions and their effects on organizations. This course prepares students to consider the
economic dimension in the evaluation of engineering alternatives--a consideration vital to the
Systems Engineering Lifecycle, engineering management, systems acquisition and many other
application areas. Emphasis is on developing the concept of risk/return tradeoff as well as inter-
cost temporal monetary tradeoffs. After an introduction to accounting concepts, topics will include
cost analysis, breakeven analysis, time value of money, project analysis/capital budgeting
(including annual equivalence), interest rates, economic service life, and the weighted average cost
of capital. Case studies and problems expose the student to current financial problems and their
solutions. This course presumes no prior knowledge of accounting. Credit will not be given for
both Sys Engr 336 and Mgt 337. Administered by the Department of Management. Final exam
or final project. Prereq: None. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Sys Engr 356. UAS Flight Test Techniques. 3(2x). In this capstone course, cadets in the Remotely
Piloted Aircraft (RPA) track will learn AFMC-approved methods in Group 1, small UAS (sUAS)
flight test. The course will expose cadets to test plan development, execution and data collection,
dissimilar aircraft control, test report writing, and evaluation. Lessons and projects emphasize
fundamentals of flight testing, critical thinking, multiple sUAS autopilot and interface systems,
risk management, innovation, and joint operational concepts as cadets design, execute and report
findings within a complex environment. Graduates who achieve Flight Test Operator status IAW
AFI 11-502 standards are expected to serve as sUAS test pilots to support DF research at least 1
semester each year. Administered by the Department of Management. Final project. Prereq: UAS
300, sUAS-I qualification and sUAS OIC approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring (E & F blocks).
Sys Engr 402. Professional Systems Engineering Development. 0.5(1). Review of Systems
Engineering principles; acquisition life cycle stages; technical, project, agreement, organizational,
and tailoring processes; and specialty engineering activities in preparation for the internationally-
recognized Certified/Associate Systems Engineering Professional (CSEP) certification exam
administered at the end of the course by the International Council on Systems Engineering
(INCOSE). This course meets in conjunction with Sys Engr 406. Targeted towards Systems
Engineers and who will support or work in a Department of Defense acquisition environment. An
annual INCOSE membership fee must be paid by the student to take the exam and maintain or
improve the certification; therefore, taking the exam is not required. Note: When available, full or
partial reimbursement of exam fees is provided. Prereq: C1C standing. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0.5
spring.
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Sys Engr 405. Systems Engineering Colloquium I. 0(1). The course is designed to give Systems
Engineering majors an exposure to the wide applicability of their common knowledge and to share
knowledge across the various capstone design projects. The course is also designed to help
transition Systems Engineering majors to duties as an AF officer and systems engineering
professional. Students will make one graded presentation about their specific capstone experience.
Invited speakers will discuss current issues in large complex systems and typical engineering and
management problems which cadets may encounter during their capstone design and after
graduation. Prereq: C1C Standing. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 fall.
Sys Engr 406. Systems Engineering Colloquium II. 0(1). The course is designed to give Systems
Engineering majors an exposure to the wide applicability of their common knowledge and to share
knowledge across the various capstone design projects. The course is also designed to help
transition Systems Engineering majors to duties as an AF officer and systems engineering
professional. Students will make one graded presentation about their specific capstone experience.
Invited speakers will discuss current issues in large complex systems and typical engineering and
management problems which cadets may encounter during their capstone design and after
graduation. Prereq: C1C Standing. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 spring.
Sys Engr 460. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Remotely Piloted Aircraft (UAV-RPA) Systems. 3(2).
An introduction to unmanned aerial vehicle-remotely piloted aircraft (UAV-RPA) systems and the
systems engineering processes used to build them. Topics include air vehicles and capabilities,
ground control stations, payloads, personnel training, and support systems. Students will work on
an interdisciplinary team to build, fly, and test one or more UAV-RPA systems. Final project.
Prereq: Course Director approval. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Sys Engr 470. Human Systems Integration. 3(1). This course examines how Human Systems
Integration (HSI) plays a critical role in the design, production, and implementation of military
systems. Although certain systems are designed for uses that may be unique to a particular armed
forces organization, the principles and applications discussed are (as far as possible) generic, and
can therefore be applied to almost any weapons system design program. The course examines HSI
as a Systems Engineering (SE) discipline and why HSI must be a core component of Systems
Engineering. Students review the major HSI-related areas of concern (domains) that should be
assessed when designing, producing, and implementing a system. Administered by the
Department of Behavioral Sciences & Leadership. Final project or final exam. Prereq: Sys Engr
310, Beh Sci 373, or department permission. Sem hrs: 3 spring.
Sys Engr 491. Systems Engineering Capstone Design I. 3-4(1-2). The capstone design experience
for Systems Engineering majors. The emphasis placed on execution of the systems engineering
process over the entire development lifecycle of a complex system. Students will be placed in
systems engineering roles on existing capstone design projects in various departments. Students
will apply the systems engineering tools acquired in their previous systems engineering
coursework. Final project. Prereq: C1C in good standing in Sys Engr major, Sys Engr 301, and
Sys Engr 310. Sem hrs: 3-4 fall.
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Sys Engr 492. Systems Engineering Capstone Design II. 3-4(1-2). Continuation of Sys Engr 491.
Final project. Prereq: Sys Engr 491. Sem hrs: 3-4 spring.
Sys Engr 495. Special Topics in Systems Engineering. 3(1). Selected topics in systems
engineering. Final exam or final report. Prereq: Sys Engr Program Director approval. Sem hrs:
3 fall or spring.
Sys Engr 499. Independent Study. 3(0). Individual study, research, or design supervised by a
faculty member. Topic established with the permission of the Department Head. Prereq:
Department approval of USAFA Form O-498 prior to enrollment. Final report. Sem hrs: 3 fall
or spring.
• Sys Engr 499A. Independent Study. 2(0). Sem hrs: 2 fall or spring.
• Sys Engr 499B. Independent Study. 1.5(0). Sem hrs: 1.5 fall or spring.
• Sys Engr 499C. Independent Study. 1(0). Sem hrs: 1 fall or spring.
UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS (UAS)
UAS 200. Basic UAS-RPA Piloting. 0(2). Basic employment of UAS-RPA for Intelligence,
Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Operations. Ground school and RPA flight training using actual
small RPAs. Motivates cadets toward a career in the United States Air Force. Course includes
general airmanship concepts, basic RPA piloting skills training, and an introduction to real-world
RPA tactics, techniques, and procedures. The flying portion of this course includes approximately
7 sorties comprising 7 flight hours where cadets control UASs and UAS sensors using RPA
strategies and procedures. Completion during summer before third-class year fills one military
training requirement. Physiological training must be accomplished prior to first day of class.
Prereq: Cadets must be medically cleared prior to enrollment and not on any probations. AFT/PFT
take precedence. Pass/fail. Sem hrs: 0 summer or spring (G or H blocks).
UAS 300. RPA Employment. 0(2). Study and application of employment of RPAs for
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, and Close Air Support operations in live, virtual
and constructed environments. Discover modern RPA topics such as aircraft and ISR technology
and RPA ethics, employment, and command and control. Curriculum delivery in ground school
and RPA flight certification using actual military grade DOD RPAs and virtual battlefield
simulations. Course includes USAF officer competency development such as planning and
execution, communication, teamwork, employment of military capabilities and decision-making.
Additionally, cadets are developed as airpower advocates through advanced airmanship concepts,
Command and Control (C2), RPA piloting, simulated kinetic and non-kinetic weapons
employment, real-world tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs), and leadership development
through live and realistic simulations of the RPA distributed architecture. Motivates cadets toward
a rated or operational career in the United States Air Force with an emphasis on ISR and attack
platforms within the experiential learning environment of a cadet-led RPA flying squadron.
Curriculum delivered over 40 lessons through academic lectures, research, book review, practical
applications, nine sUAS flights, and eight RPA leadership laboratory scenarios. Graduates of UAS
300 are encouraged to attend the summer RQ-20 certification course at Hurlburt Field, Florida,
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followed by instructor certification at USAFA to serve in instructor and advanced leadership roles
via UAS 400 in the USAFA RPA program. Flight certification requires this class be conducted as
a double-period with an SCA-authorized lunch period. Research paper and final project. Prereq:
UAS Center Operations Director approval. Sem hrs: 0 fall or spring.
UAS 400. RPA Instructor. 0(2). Selected cadets serve as small Unmanned Aerial Systems
(sUAS) instructors and/or flight test operators for UAS 300, Sys Engr 356 or other academic
courses involving sUAS. Cadet sUAS instructors are not eligible to train as instructors in other
Academy aviation or airmanship programs. Completion during summer fulfills a military training
leadership requirement. Pass/fail. Prereq: UAS 300 (and Sys Engr 356 for Flight Test) and sUAS
OIC approval. Sem hrs: 0 summer, fall, or spring.
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SECTION 2-11
USAFA INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOME WHITE PAPERS
CRITICAL THINKING
Outcome Team Lead: Professor Jill Harris (DFEG)
Upon graduation, our graduates will be required to identify and solve complex problems and
effectively respond to situations they have not previously confronted. Acting responsibly in an
ever-changing world of ill-defined problems requires critical thinking. At USAFA, critical
thinking is defined as: The process of self-aware, informed, and reflective reasoning for problem-
solving and decision-making even in the absence of ideal conditions. Cadets’ critical thinking is
developed in an intentional manner across the USAFA experience, promoting the use of
appropriate critical thinking processes within a discipline or context.
USAFA GRADUATES WILL BE ABLE TO1:
Self-aware Reasoning
Proficiency 1: Describe their own assumptions and contexts.
Proficiency 2: Explain how their own assumptions and contexts influence approaches to
problem solving and decision making.
Informed Reasoning
Proficiency 3: Identify relevant information that is needed to solve a problem or make an

effective decision.
Reflective Reasoning
Proficiency 4: Identify the assumptions and contexts that underlie an argument.
Proficiency 5: Evaluate the strength of an argument in support of an idea or interpretation.
Proficiency 6: Propose alternative interpretations of information or observations.
Problem-solving and Decision Making
Proficiency 7: Identify issue(s) in need of solving.
Proficiency 8: Intentionally apply an appropriate process to develop solutions to an issue.
Proficiency 9: Assess the merit of multiple options in order to identify the best solution.
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Proficiency 10: Explain how changes to assumptions or contexts alter the recommended
solution.
____________________________
1
These proficiencies were modelled after the American Association of Colleges and Universities Essential Learning
Outcomes www.aacu.org/leap/essential-learning-outcomes, the Foundation for Critical Thinking:
http://www.criticalthinking.org//, and Facione, PA (2015). Critical Thinking: What it is and why it counts. San Jose,
CA: California Academic Press, http://www.insightassessment.com/Resources/Critical-Thinking-What-It-Is-and-
Why-It-Counts
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CLEAR COMMUNICATION
Outcome Team Lead: Dr. Karin Becker (DFVR)
Clear communication is a complex, nuanced and teachable practice essential for successful officers
and leaders of character. Effective use of oral, visual, written, and aural modes of communication
signifies the professional competence and knowledge expected in a leader while engendering the
trust of those being led. Officers must routinely assess context, understand purpose, develop
processes, know audiences, and employ the materials necessary to plainly convey intentions in
documents that range from staff work and simple orders to strategic plans and systematic designs:
in short, tell the Air Force story. At its height, an officer of character's clear communication will
serve a persuasive role, promoting change in an audience's attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors.
To that end, cadets will inevitably develop and use communication skills across all mission
elements.
USAFA GRADUATES WILL BE ABLE TO1:
Analyze the Communication Situation

(Includes the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.6.4: Strategic Communication)
Proficiency 1: Demonstrate a thorough understanding of the rhetorical situation (context,

audience, purpose, and genre) for a communication task.
Proficiency 2: For a given rhetorical situation, develop an appropriate scope of inquiry

(research question, hypothesis, or textual interpretation).
Proficiency 3: Define the genre specific argumentation conventions (expectations for

stance/claims, evidence use, organizational patterns) required to effectively complete a
communication task.
Build Content/Tell Compelling Stories

(Includes the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.6.4: Strategic Communication)
Proficiency 4: Articulate a compelling, authoritative, and precisely stated central message that
is responsive to the communication situation and focuses all elements of the text. (A2.6.4.1.1)
Proficiency 5: Exhibit skillful, analytic use of high quality, credible, relevant sources to
develop ideas that are appropriate for the discipline and communication mode. (A2.6.4.1.2)
Employ Professional Conventions for Language, Syntax, and Mechanics

(Includes the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.2.1: Speaking and Writing)
Proficiency 6: Apply contextually appropriate stylistic conventions (such as MLA, APA,

Chicago, Tongue & Quill, etc.) for the selection, integration and presentation of supporting
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materials, such as explanations, examples, illustrations, statistics, analogies, and quotations
from relevant authorities.
Proficiency 7: Exploit graceful language - imaginative, notable, and forceful - that artfully
communicates meaning to an audience.
Proficiency 8: Incorporate effective delivery techniques (posture, gesture, eye contact, vocal
expressiveness, etc.) to make a presentation compelling.
Engage in Revision and Clarification Processes

(Includes the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.2.2: Active Listening)
Proficiency 9: Participate in feedback processes (give and receive) in ways that lead to
substantive revision.
____________________________
These proficiencies were modelled after the American Association of Colleges and Universities Essential Learning
1
Outcomes. http://www.aacu.org/leap/essential-leaming-outcomes
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APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING PROBLEM-SOLVING METHODS
Outcome Team Lead: Dr. Martiqua Post (DFAN)
Graduating cadets will recognize the engineering and technical challenges of the Air Force mission
and the physical capabilities and limits within their assigned career fields and weapon systems.
These officers need to not only be "operators," but to become problem solvers that use engineering
principles to devise enhanced capabilities essential to achieving and maintaining Air Force
dominance in air, space, and cyberspace. Proficiencies are organized into two broad categories:
• Fundamental Domain Knowledge (i.e., knowledge of basic engineering principles across
a variety of physical domains relevant to Air Force missions in air, space, and
cyberspace, and the infrastructure within which they operate).
• Problem Solving Process (i.e., using a top-down, systematic problem solving method,
shown via italicized steps, to address the kind of ill-defined problems they will encounter
across domains in their USAF careers).
USAFA GRADUATES WILL BE ABLE TO:
Fundamental Domain Knowledge
Proficiency 1: Describe and apply the principles governing the performance and capabilities
of aerospace vehicles and cyber systems, and their possible effects.
Proficiency 2: Describe and apply principles governing the performance, capabilities, and
defense of USAF's and USSF’s critical communication, sensing, control, and physical
infrastructure.
Problem Solving Process
Proficiency 3: Formulate a problem definition from an incongruous set of requirements and

constraints.
Proficiency 4: Create a viable design using robust and accepted engineering principles that
considers the entire product life cycle including CONOPS, operations, sustainment, and
disposal.
Proficiency 5: Apply decision-making skills in time-critical situations to help lead to problem

resolution and objectively determine a design solution from a set of design solutions which
best meets a given set of requirements. (Includes Air Force CELO A2.7.2.1.1 listed under
sub-competency A2.7.2: Decision Making).
Proficiency 6: Develop physical and/or virtual prototypes using engineering tools which are
tested to evaluate candidate designs, then apply the results back into the design process to
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develop improved design solutions, inform the decision making process, and improve the
final product.
Proficiency 7: Evaluate test results and determine if a solution meets given requirements and
draw conclusions.
Proficiency 8: After solving a problem, cadets will reflect to comprehend systematic

problem solving processes and the relationship to continuous process improvement.
(Includes Air Force CELO A2.7.2.1.2 listed under sub-competency A2.7.2: Decision
Making).
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SCIENTIFIC REASONING AND THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE
Outcome Team Lead: Lt Col David Meier (DFPM)
Science, at its essence, is a process of discovery relying on testable ideas to produce explanations
of the natural world. This process, grounded in the Nature of Science and Scientific Reasoning,
has resulted in fundamental Scientific Principles allowing us to explain natural phenomena and
make informed decisions. Scientific explanations, in turn, often rely on mathematics as the
language that describes the natural world.
The Air Force needs science-proficient officers who can make decisions in a world increasingly
influenced by scientific and quantitative data. Therefore, the goal of this outcome is to develop
science-proficient officers, officers who exercise scientific habits of mind1. This means cadets will
be capable in the concepts, practices, and evaluation of the natural and mathematical sciences. Or,
put simply, know, do, and apply.
The three proficiencies listed below provide the basis for teaching and assessing the goal. The
bullets provide a description of the kinds of performance expected to display that proficiency. The
descriptions, framed as actions, are intended to convey the idea that the scientifically literate person
both understands and is capable of undertaking a basic set of practices2.
These proficiencies are not discipline specific but are instead integral themes that apply across
the natural and mathematical sciences. Repeated exposure is necessary to develop science-
proficient and quantitatively literate officers. Therefore, cadets must encounter these
proficiencies across multiple disciplines, such as biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics.
Proficiency 1: Demonstrate understanding of the basic principles, concepts, and language in the
natural and mathematical sciences.
Foundational knowledge and skill in the scientific disciplines is crucial in developing a

scientifically literate individual. Summarized generally, a scientifically literate individual
understands the basic concepts and mathematical tools of the scientific disciplines. Built upon
this foundation is the ability to approach and solve problems from a scientific mindset and the
ability to assess scientific information pertinent to decision making.
Cadets can demonstrate this proficiency by the following

• Recall and apply appropriate scientific knowledge
• Identify and use explanatory models
• Make and justify appropriate predictions
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Proficiency 2: Apply the methods and practices of the natural and mathematical sciences.
No matter what career path is chosen, the study of science will enrich critical thinking skills and
expand appreciation of the natural world. Summarized generally, a scientifically literate
individual understand how science works. More specifically, a scientifically literate individual
knows how to ask scientific questions, how to collect and evaluate empirical data, how to
identify patterns in those data, how to access and read relevant primary research, and how to
determine the strengths and limitations of different methodologies.

• Plan and carry out discovery-based investigations
• Identify assumptions and propose methods to explore a question scientifically
• Record observations and collect data
• Analyze and interpret data
• Generate tables and graphics to convey data
• Construct explanations of findings based on principles and evidence
Proficiency 3: Apply scientific habits of mind to access and evaluate scientific information that
is pertinent to decision-making.
Leadership requires continuous decision-making. It is essential that Air Force officers recognize
questions for which scientific information is relevant and that they have the skills to access and
evaluate scientific information. Leaders should recognize that science is an ongoing process that
results in reliable knowledge that is nonetheless subject to change.

• Describe science as an ongoing intellectual pursuit of knowledge that is subject to change
• Identify the types of questions that science can address
• Acquire scientific information from published literature that is relevant to a subject or a
question
• Distinguish between sound scientific work and flawed science or pseudoscience
____________________________
1
http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/think_science
2
http://www.oecd.org/pisa/test/PISA2015-Released-FT-Cognitive-Items.pdf
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ETHICS AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY
Outcome Team Lead: Dr. Paul Macdonald (DFPY)
When deciding how to act, Air Force leaders of character comprehend moral knowledge and
ethical alternatives, respect the dignity of all affected persons, use ethical judgment in moral
decision making as leaders to select the best alternative, and act consistently with that judgment
so as to develop habits of moral excellence.
Moral Knowledge
Proficiency 1: Explain the main theoretical approaches to normative ethics.
Proficiency 2: Explain how social science facts and theories relate to the cultivation of
ethical and legal norms.
Proficiency 3: Describe how one's own backgrounds, habits, values, assumptions,

commitments, and hubris may affect one's perceptions of ethical standards and behaviors.
Proficiency 4: Defend the existence of moral knowledge against challenges.
Proficiency 5: Uphold the existence of the ethical and legal foundations of the USAF
mission.
Respect the Dignity of Others
Proficiency 6: Demonstrate professional behaviors and attitudes with others, including fair
and equitable treatment of others and consideration of another person's basic human rights.
Proficiency 7: Understand the perspectives of others.
Proficiency 8: Act in response to violations of human dignity, especially degrading and

humiliating treatment.
Proficiency 9: Leverage the value of differences in perspectives, approaches, preferences,

race, gender, background, religion, experience, generation, thought, and other factors for
mission accomplishment and foster an environment of inclusion. (Includes the Air Force
CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.3.3: Fostering Diversity).
Moral Decision Making in Leadership
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Proficiency 10: Act in accord with procedures that integrate ethical theory, psychological
and sociological facts, and principles of the profession of arms as part of a transparent
process for deliberation and decision-making.
Proficiency 11: Analyze the consequences of actions in a context that includes social and
political systems that both enable and challenge one's ability to lead effectively.
Habits of Moral Excellence
Proficiency 12: Promote Air Force Core Values through goals, actions, and referent
behaviors. (Includes the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.1.1: Ethical
Leadership).
Proficiency 13: Develop trust and commitment through words and actions. (Includes the Air
Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.1.1: Ethical Leadership).
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THE HUMAN CONDITION, CULTURES, AND SOCIETIES
Outcome Team Lead: Professor Peter Swanson (DFFL)
Following their four-year course of study at the Air Force Academy, our graduates will be required
to interact successfully with a wide range of individuals, to include those representing cultures and
societies different from their own. To foster their success in these interactions, the Academy has
created a three phased approach to help cadets better understand the human condition, cultures,
and societies. The first phase has to do with knowing oneself, where cadets are required to examine
their own identity as human beings, citizens in a republic, and officer-statesmen in the United
States Air Force. The second phase has to do with knowing others, where cadets begin to examine
the identity of others, to include those from cultures and societies different from their own. Each
of these first two phases is necessary to accomplish the third phase, which involves constructive
engagement with others. Being able to prudently interact with individuals from different milieus
resides at the heart of intercultural or cross-cultural competence and includes both domestic and
international environments.
USAFA GRADUATES WILL BE ABLE T01:
Know Oneself
Proficiency 1: Describe key elements of their own identity as human beings, citizens of a
republic, and officer-statesmen in the United States Air Force.
Proficiency 2: Explain historical, cultural, societal, and political developments that have
shaped their own identity.
Proficiency 3: Distinguish between objective (universally true) and subjective (biased)

elements of their own identity.
Proficiency 4: Defend or critique both objective and subjective elements of their own
identity.
Know Others
Proficiency 5: Describe key elements of an identity different from one's own.
Proficiency 6: Explain historical, cultural, social, and political developments that have
shaped another's identity.
Proficiency 7: Distinguish between objective (universally true) and subjective (biased)

elements of another's identity.
Proficiency 8: Defend or critique both objective and subjective elements of another's

identity.
445
Constructive Engagement
Proficiency 9: Explain the uniqueness and interconnections of various peoples, cultures, and
societies in their appropriate spatial and temporal contexts.
Proficiency 10: Respond prudently to various cultural and social scenarios, settings, and
situations, whether in the classroom or in the field.
____________________________
1
These proficiencies incorporated elements of the American Association of Colleges and Universities Essential
Learning Outcomes (http://www.aacu.org/leap/essential-learning-outcomes).
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NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC IN A COMPLEX
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
Outcome Team Lead: Col Kris Bauman (DFPS)
National Security refers to protecting and advancing the fundamental interests of a society. It is
critical that cadets--regardless of academic major--graduate with an understanding of the multi-
faceted and complex dimensions of national security, and the inherent conflicts embedded in the
development and implementation of national security strategy.
Constitutional Foundations of National Security in the American Republic
Proficiency 1: Describe the values, interests, and constitutional principles that United States
national security policy protects and the inherent conflicts between them.
Proficiency 2: Identify the constitutional foundations of civilian control of the military in the
United States. (Includes the Air Force Commissioning Education Learning Outcomes
(CELOs) listed under sub-competency A2.6.2: Government Organization and Processes)
Proficiency 3: Identify the institutions and actors within the United States' national security
structure and apply the instruments of power from their perspectives. (Includes the Air Force
CELOs listed under sub-competencies A2.6.2: Government Organization and Processes and
A2.6.3: Global, Regional, and Cultural Awareness)
Complex Nature of the Global Environment
Proficiency 4: Explain the interaction between key global issues and U.S. values, interests,
and policies. (Includes the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.6.3: Global,
Regional, and Cultural Awareness)
Proficiency 5: Identify the factors that shape the national security environment and the
United States' relationships with allies, partners, competitors, and adversaries. (Includes the
Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.6.3: Global, Regional, and Cultural
Awareness)
Development of U.S. National Security
Proficiency 6: Describe the evolution of U.S. foreign policy and national security strategy.
(Includes the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.6.3: Global, Regional, and
Cultural Awareness)
447
Proficiency 7: Describe the evolution of strategic theory and technology regarding air, space,
and cyberspace, and its influence on potential areas of conflict and cooperation. (Includes
the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A.2.5.4: Leveraging Technology).
Employment of U.S. National Security Strategy
Proficiency 8: Apply operational and strategic art across the range of military operations;
analyze alternative approaches to operations and recognize the associated national security
implications. (Includes the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competencies A2.5.1:
Operational and Strategic Art and A2.5.3: Non-Adversarial Crisis Response)
Proficiency 9: Describe the concepts and application of military theory, principles of war,
Air Force and joint doctrine, and US strategy. (Includes the Air Force CELOs listed under
sub-competency A2.5.1: Operational and Strategic Art)
Proficiency 10: Describe the application of Air Force capabilities and how they relate to and
complement other Service capabilities in the joint operating environment. Analyze
organizational relationships within the national defense enterprise. (Includes the Air Force
CELOs listed under sub-competencies A2.5.2: Understanding Unit, Air Force, Joint, and
Coalition Capabilities and A2.6.1: Enterprise Structure and Relationships)
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WARRIOR ETHOS AS AIRMEN AND CITIZENS
Outcome Team Lead: Maj Carly Omizo (ADPV)
Warrior ethos is the embodiment of the warrior spirit: tough mindedness, tireless motivation, an
unceasing vigilance, a willingness to sacrifice one's life for the country, if necessary, and a
commitment to be the world's premier air, space and cyberspace force1. Warrior ethos is also one
of the four attributes of officership as defined by the USAFA Officer Development System
(ODS)2. The warrior ethos proficiencies that follow comprise a structure that is based on the
intellectual development inherent to the Profession of Arms, and the values development
prescribed by the Air Force Core Values.
Analyze and Value the Profession of Arms.
Proficiency 1: Analyze the military profession of arms by a critical examination of the

nature of war through multiple perspectives (including elements of the Air Force CELOs
listed under sub-competency A2.1.3 Warrior Ethos).
Demonstrate Integrity as Related to Moral Courage
Proficiency 2: Exhibit moral courage: the ability to act and do the right thing even in the
face of adversity (including elements of the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency
A2.1.3 Warrior Ethos).
Demonstrate Service before Self as Related to Physical Courage
Proficiency 3: Demonstrate physical courage: the ability to put the mission and others
before one's self, even at an increased personal risk or risk of failure (including elements of
the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.1.3 Warrior Ethos).
Demonstrate Excellence in All We Do as Related to Discipline
Proficiency 4: Exhibit discipline: orderly or prescribed conduct that conforms to

professional AF standards (including elements of the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-
competency A2.1.3 Warrior Ethos).
Proficiency 5: Exhibit grit and resilience: demonstrate a hardiness of spirit and resistance to
accept failure despite physical and mental hardships, and the ability to adapt and grow,
applying lessons learned to increase physical, mental, and professional performance
(including elements of the Air Force CELOs listed under sub-competency A2.1.3 Warrior
Ethos).
____________________________
449
1
Air Force Instruction 36-2014, Commissioning Education Program (2012), Attachment I Glossary
2
USAFA Pamphlet 36-3527: The Officer Development System
450
LEADERSHIP, TEAMWORK, AND ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT
Outcome Team Lead: Lt Col Rob Reimer (CCLD)
The vision of the United States Air Force Academy is to be the Air Force's premier institution for
developing leaders of character1. The Academy develops leaders through implementation of the
Officer Development System, particularly the PITO model2, which organizes leadership
capabilities into four broad categories of:
• Personal Leadership (i.e., leading oneself in ways that enhance mission accomplishment);
• Interpersonal Leadership (i.e., leading one or more other people);
• Team Leadership (i.e., leading an interdependent group toward accomplishment of a
common goal); and
• Organizational Leadership (i.e., guiding an organization to success while understanding
that it is embedded within a larger institution and environment).
In order to build cadets' capabilities in each of these areas, the Academy provides an integrated set
of developmental experiences that include all mission elements and encompasses all aspects of
cadets' lives.
Personal Leadership
Proficiency 1: Show self-awareness by describing one's own background, values, skills, and
interests, as well as how these characteristics impact one's interactions with others.
Proficiency 2: Apply foundational principles of personal leadership to evaluate the strengths

and weaknesses of self and others.
Proficiency 3: Exhibit effective personal leadership. (Includes the Air Force CELOs listed
under sub-competencies A2.1.2: Followership and A2.1.4: Develops Self.).
Interpersonal Leadership
Proficiency 4: Apply foundational principles of interpersonal leadership to evaluate the

strengths and weaknesses of self and others.
Proficiency 5: Exhibit effective interpersonal leadership (Includes the Air Force CELOs
listed under sub-competencies A2.3.1: Developing and Inspiring Others and A2.3.2: Taking
Care of People).
Team Leadership
Proficiency 6: Apply foundational principles of team leadership to evaluate the strengths and
weaknesses of oneself and of teams.
451
Proficiency 7: Exhibit effective team leadership. (Includes the Air Force CELOs listed under
sub-competency A2.4.1: Builds Teams and Coalitions).
Organizational Leadership
Proficiency 8: Apply foundational principles of organizational leadership to evaluate the

strengths and weaknesses of oneself and of organizations.
Proficiency 9: Exhibit effective organizational leadership (Includes the Air Force CELOS
listed under sub-competencies A2.7.1: Vision, A2.8.1: Resource Stewardship, A2.8.2:
Change Management, A2.4.2: Negotiating, and A2.8.3: Continuous Improvement).
____________________________
1
USAFA Strategic Plan (2015)
2
USAFA Pamphlet 36-3527: The Officer Development System. The four categories of the PITO model mirror the
organization of AFI 36-2014: Commissioning Education Program, which groups the institutional competencies into
broad categories of lndividual Skills, Leading People and Teams, and Organizational Leadership.
452
CHAPTER 3
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ACADEMIC COURSE: A graded course yielding college credit, usually under the supervision
of the Dean of the Faculty; however, the Commandant of Cadets (CW) and the Athletic
Department (AD) also supervise a few academic courses. The 306 Flying Training Group
administers Airmanship courses. The Director of Athletics oversees Phy Ed academic courses.
ACADEMIC DAY: There are 80 academic days in a semester, divided equally as "M" or "T"
days. Each day consists of seven 53-minute class periods. Academic Call to Quarters (ACQ), as
listed in the current Cadet Wing Schedule of Calls, is also considered part of the academic day.
ACADEMIC DIVISION OPTION: Any graded course taught for credit under the supervision of
the Dean of the Faculty or the Director of Athletics. Courses must carry at least three semester
hours of credit and be graded. Qualifying courses generally include offerings from the Basic
Sciences, Engineering, Social Sciences, and Humanities divisions.
ACADEMY OPTION: Any course taught for credit under the supervision of the Dean of the
Faculty, Commandant of Cadets, the Director of Athletics, or the 306 FTG. Courses must carry at
least three semester hours of credit. Academy Options may include EAP 109, Armnshp 461,
Armnshp 491, or any non-core course worth at least 3.0 semester hours.
ADVANCED COURSE: An academic course of similar content to another course, but covers
material in significantly greater depth (e.g., Math 356 is an advanced substitute for Math 300).
ALTERNATE COURSE: Any course taken in place of another course to fill the core or major's
requirements for that course (see Section 2-6 for details).
CELO: Air Force Commissioning Education Learning Outcome (CELO), as identified in AFI 36-
2014 (Commissioning Education Program).
CONCURRENT: See Co-requisite.
CONDITIONAL TURNBACK: A cadet who has experienced severe academic difficulties and
will probably require a ninth semester in residence to meet graduation requirements. The Academy
Board makes the designation on an individual basis. A cadet in conditional turn back status must
graduate in the Bachelor of Science Program, unless otherwise waived by USAFA leadership, and
be minimally loaded each semester. A cadet in conditional turn back status who earns at least a
2.40 cumulative or semester grade point average may take a sixth course as an overload during the
next semester. Cadets will remain in conditional turn back status until they graduate, unless they
fail to meet graduation requirements by the end of the calendar year in which their original class
graduated. At that time, the Academy Board will transfer them to the next succeeding class, and
they will be designated as turn backs. Cadets may petition to be removed from conditional turn
back status by submitting a formal letter of request to the appropriate Academic Review
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Committee Chair.
CORE COURSE: A course all cadets must take for graduation. Advanced courses, honors
courses, or validation/transfer credit may fill core requirements (see Section 2-6 for details).
CORE PREPARATION COURSE: Cadets may be directed into one or more core preparation
courses. These courses meet graduation requirements and can count towards USAFA residency
requirements.
a. EAP 109. EAP 109 is a three-semester hour course, scheduled for international cadets.
Whenever possible, ESL cadets will take EAP 109 their first semester, English 111 their
second semester, and English 211 their third semester.
b. Math 130. Math 130 is a three-semester hour pre-calculus math course. Cadets may be
placed into Math 130 based on results of math placement testing. These cadets will take Math
130 their first semester, Math 141 their second semester, and Math 142 their third semester.
CORE SUBSTITUTE: If an academic department requires cadets in its major to take a tailored
version of a core course, or a core course earlier than one year removed from its designation (e.g.,
400-level core courses expected to be taken in the 1° year), that version of the course will be
identified as a core substitute and be given a different (appropriate) number. Example: Soc Sci
311 is a core course for all 2° cadets. Pol Sci and For Ar Stu majors will normally take that course
as 3° cadets enrolled in the core substitute course labeled Soc Sci 212. These different versions of
a core course require different course descriptions in the Curriculum Handbook because the two
versions have different known prior learning experiences and prerequisites and therefore different
developmental expectations and approaches to the course. A major requiring cadets to take a core
course no more than one year away from its core year has the option to create a new core substitute
for their majors. Additionally, specialized versions of core courses are required for some majors
(e.g., core substitute Math 356 for core Math 300) or available with department approval for
interested cadets (e.g., core substitute English 241 for core English 211).
CO-REQUISITE: Course may be taken earlier or at the same time with, but no later than, another.
COURSE: A body of instruction in the USAFA curriculum. Courses may be academic or non-
academic, graded or non-graded, core or major, advanced, audited, repeat, continuing, substitute
or overload.
DELAYED COURSE: A core course taken in a later semester than found in the normal sequence
for the particular class. Authorization to delay a core course must be approved by the appropriate
department head. Delayed courses must be taken in the semester approved by the department head
(see Section 2-6, Core Sequences).
DISCIPLINARY MAJOR: A major with a specific area of concentration which requires 36-45
semester hours beyond the core. Refer to Section 2-9 for requirements of offered majors.
ELECTIVE COURSE: Any course a cadet elects to take beyond the mandatory core curriculum.
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FINAL EXAMINATION: An evaluation covering an entire course. It requires two or more hours
to complete and counts for at least 25% of the course grade. See the course description portion of
this handbook to find out which courses require a final examination. Unless waived by the Vice
Dean, courses listing a final examination must have an in-class examination during the final
examination periods. NOTE: Cadets who resign at the end of semester will receive course credit
only if all finals/final projects are completed.
FINAL PROJECT: A project covering an entire course and counting for a significant percentage
of the course grade. See the course description portion of this handbook to find out which courses
require a final project. Unless waived by the Vice Dean, final projects must be turned in no later
than the last day of regularly scheduled classes. Final projects will not be scheduled for turn-in
during the final examination period. NOTE: Cadets who resign at the end of semester will receive
course credit only if all finals/final projects are completed.
GRADED COURSE: A course for which a grade of A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C, C- or D is awarded
upon successful completion. Grades of F (failing), W (withdrawn), WP (withdrawn passing), WF
(withdrawn failing), and I (incomplete) may also be awarded at the end of a graded course. An N
grade may be awarded to reflect no grade available for a continuing graded course. For more
information, see Chapter 2.
GRADED REVIEW (GR): An evaluation covering material taught during several periods of
instruction. It carries weight equal to two or more quizzes. The extent of the material and the
approximate weight assigned to each GR are announced before the examination. If cadets are
scheduled for more than two GRs on the same day, they may complete the additional GR(s) during
free periods on the opposite day of the same lesson number with appropriate department head
approval. See USAFAI 36-3524, Cadet Graded Reviews and Course Evaluations.
GRADUATION (ON TIME): Graduating in eight (8) semesters with the cadet's incoming class.
This graduation ceremony occurs in May/June of each year. Cadets must graduate on time, even
if it means dropping their major from disciplinary to a divisional major or the Bachelor of Science
Program. Only the Academy Board may make a cadet a late graduate (see Late Graduation for
further explanation).
LATE GRADUATION: Graduating after the May/June ceremony held for the cadet's incoming
class. Late graduation occurs at the end of the summer term and in December. Only the USAF
Academy Board may make a cadet a late graduate.
MAJOR'S COURSE: A course taken to satisfy the requirements for an academic major.
NON-GRADED COURSE: A course for which a grade of P (passing) is awarded upon successful
completion. Grades of F (failing), W (withdrawn), WP (withdrawn passing), WF (withdrawn
failing), and I (incomplete) may also be awarded at the termination of a non-graded course. An N
grade may be given in continuing courses. N grades may also be given in Mil Tng 100 (BCT) and
Mil Tng 270 (EST) when cadets are physically unable to complete one or more phases of the
program. A non-graded course may also be designated a pass-fail course.
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NORMAL COURSE LOAD: The number of semester hours of academic courses and/or non-
academic courses which a cadet may take without regard to grade point average. For further
information see Chapter 2.
OVERLOAD: Overloads are courses taken in excess of the normal course load. Cadets fulfilling
overload requirements may take an overload after their first year at USAFA. For specific course
load information, see Chapter 2.
PASS-FAIL COURSE: See Non-Graded Course.
PREREQUISITE: A course which serves as a foundation for another course and is therefore
required to be taken in an earlier semester.
QUALITY POINTS: Quality points are numerical values, based on a 4.0 grading scale, that
directly correspond to the letter grade a cadet receives for a course (excluding special grades) and
that standardize performance values for courses of varying semester hour credits, all of which are
used in the calculation of a cadet’s Grade Performance Average (GPA). Course Quality Points are
quality points multiplied by the semester hour value of the course.
QUIZ: An evaluation which covers material taught in a small unit of instruction. Normally, it
requires less than half of one class period to complete. Quizzes may be one of two types: (1)
departmental quizzes, designed by a committee or the course director and administered to all cadets
meeting the course on the same day, or (2) instructor quizzes, designed by the individual instructor
and administered at the instructor's discretion during any class meeting not scheduled for a
departmental quiz or graded review.
REPEATABLE COURSE: Some courses, either by design or in execution, change in such a

significant way from offering to offering that repeatable credit is justifiable. Such a course is
designated "Repeatable." Departments may request the “Repeatable” designation for a course thru
a Course of Instruction (COI) Change Proposal. The “Repeatable” designation does not apply to
those courses which are already repeatable by design, such as 499s (Independent Study courses)
or 495s (Special Topics courses).
SPECIAL TOPICS COURSE: Each academic discipline may offer an academic course with the
content varying semester to semester, based on cadet or department desires and needs. Such a
course is designated "--------495. Special Topics." In late spring, the editor of the Curriculum
Handbook Supplement publishes a complete listing and description of all special topics courses
for the upcoming fall semester. Spring offerings are published in late fall.
SUMMER ACADEMIC COURSES: Cadets may volunteer or be directed by an Academic

Review Committee to take an academic course in lieu of summer break. Registration for summer
academics is in February and March of each year.
TRANSFER CREDIT: Credit given for college-level courses equivalent to Academy courses but
456
taken at another accredited college, university, or secondary school. A cadet must request this
credit and submit a transcript. Transfer credit standards are the following:
a. A grade of "B" or higher is generally required for transfer credit for any course in the
curriculum.
b. A grade of "C" or higher is acceptable for transfer credit for any terminal course which is
not a prerequisite for other courses in the curriculum.
c. Departments giving mandatory placement examinations to the incoming fourth-class may
give transfer credit for core courses when the combination of scores on entrance or placement
examination and prior course work is justified even though the course grade is below "B". A
department head may ask the Dean of the Faculty to request the Office of Student Academic
Affairs withdraw transfer credit. All transfer/validation credits may be applied toward
graduation requirements; however, at least 125 semester hours (starting with the Class of 2021)
must be taken at USAFA (or USAFA-sponsored exchange programs) to meet minimum
residency requirements. Transfer/validation credit is coordinated with academic departments
by DFVRR.
TURNBACK: A cadet who has been transferred from one class to the next succeeding class (e.g.,
medical, administrative). If a cadet in deferred turn back status fails to meet graduation
requirements by the end of the calendar year in which the cadet's original class graduates, the
Academy Board will transfer the cadet to the next succeeding class and the cadet will be designated
as a turn back.
UNDERLOAD: A course load less than minimum requirements reflected in Chapter 2.
VALIDATION CREDIT: Credit given for passing a validation examination or as a result of

completing an accelerated or advanced course. A cadet who has passed college-level courses for
which transfer credit is not awarded or who has extensive knowledge of a subject acquired without
a formal course may be able to pass a validation examination. Validation examinations for fourth-
class core courses are usually scheduled in the summer. For other courses, a cadet petitions the
appropriate department and may be given an examination if the cadet can furnish evidence to
indicate that he/she has a reasonable chance of passing. Occasionally, an academic department
may invite a cadet to take the examination. A cadet who passes a validation examination or who
makes an acceptable score on a College Board Advanced Placement examination may also earn
validation credit. Departments certify this credit to the Office of Student Academic Affairs,
Customer Service and Academic Scheduling (DFVRR). The various academic departments may
award validation credit in any academic course (excluding Special Topics and Independent Studies
courses). Except for core courses, validation credit may not be awarded later than a cadet's sixth
semester. No cadet may be given validation credit for a course after attending any class meetings
for the same course without expressed approval of the Dean of the Faculty. All transfer and
validation credits may be applied toward graduation requirements; however, at least 125 semester
hours must be taken at USAFA (or USAFA-sponsored exchange programs) to meet minimum
residency requirements. The specific residency requirement can be found in Chapter 1.
WACQ: A WACQ (Weekend Academic Call to Quarters) is a 60-minute period of supervised

457
study beyond normal Academic Call to Quarters and required study consultations outlined on the
USAFA Form 68. Most often WACQs are accomplished on the weekend and validated weekly by
Cadet Academic Officers (CADOs). WACQs are assigned to every cadet on academic probation
every grading cycle. CADOs are responsible for assigning the correct number of WACQs to be
accomplished each week based upon the probationary cadet’s performance using the formula
provided on the USAFA Form 68. For every F grade earned the previous grading cycle, a
probationary cadet will be assigned 3 WACQs per week. For every D grade earned, 2 WACQs
will be assigned per week. For every C- grade earned, 1 WACQ will be assigned per week. For
cadets with deficient (below 2.0) core or major’s GPAs but no deficient grades (C-, D, or F), 1
WACQ will be assigned per week. The cadet can always study more on a given weekend, but that
would not relieve the cadet from having supervised study for the minimum WACQs each weekend
until the next grading cycle. CADOs are expected to provide guidelines for supervised study that
help the probationary cadets achieve academic excellence. A probationary cadet may receive
credit for 1 WACQ by spending 1 hour in EI with an instructor beyond what is prescribed on the
Form 68, at the cadet writing center, at the QRC, or with a squadron assigned tutor during the
week. However, all WACQs must be validated as supervised study by the CADO each week. All
WACQs must be accomplished and validated by the CADO before probationary cadets are allowed
to utilize passes.
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INDEX
2022-2023 Curriculum Handbook
AAOCA, 18 Adding a Course, 28

Academic Advising, 18 Admin Squadron, 396
Academic Course, 453 Advanced Course, 453
Academic Day, 453 Advisor Responsibilities, 30
Academic Div Option, 453 Advisor-in-Charge (AIC) Responsibilities, 18
Academic Graduation Requirements, 13 Aeronautical Engineering Major, 122
Academic Minors course descriptions, 273
Governance, 119 AETC Leadership Ops, 399
Minimum Requirements, 116 Airmanship, 13, 80
Academic Records, 19 course descriptions, 277
Academic Requirements. See Graduation Requirements Disenrollment/Withdrawal, 45
Academic Review Committee, 50 Airmindedness, 13
AD Representative Responsibilities, 58 Airpower Studies Minor, 126
Advisor Responsibilities, 56 Alternate Course, 453
AOC Responsibilities, 56 American Studies Minor, 128
Cadet Academic Deficiency Evaluation and Probation Appelate Procedures, 43
Action Plan, 57 APS (Academic Program Summary), 21
Cadet Responsibilities, 57 ARC. See Academic Review Committee
Class Attendance, 60 Army Air Assault, 396
Coordinator Responsibilities, 56 Astronautical Engineering Major, 130
Directives, 55 course descriptions, 282
Disenrollment, 59 At-Risk Program, 68
End of Semester, 55 Criteria, 69
Instructor Responsibilities, 57 Procedures, 69
Medical Staff Responsibilities, 58 Audit, 35
Mid-Semester, 55 Audit Request Letter, 35
Procedures, 58 Bachelor of Science Program, 270
Readmission, 60 How to Declare, 119
Recommendations, 55 Basic Meteorology Program, 86
Title 10 Re-exam, 60 Basic Sciences Major, 134
USAFAI 36-3523, 56 BCT Group Staff, 398
Waive Rights to Appeal, 59 Behavioral Sciences Major
Academic Success Center, 67, 339 course descriptions, 287
Learning Strategies, 372 Biochemistry, 149
Reading Strategies, 426 Biology Major, 143
Academic Waivers, 30 course descriptions, 293
Approval Authority, 31 Cadet Academic Deficiency Evaluation and Probation
Academy Option, 453 Action Plan, 57
Academy Scholars Program. See Scholars USAFA Form 68, 57
Accreditation, 119 Cadet Wing Leadership, 399
ACPRO, 22, 50 CAMIS, 30
3 Sequential Deficient Sem, 51 CAMIS II, 21
Going on ACPRO, 51 Changes to Current Semester, 27
Low GPA, 51 Chemistry Major, 148
Multi Pro, 51 course descriptions, 299
Multiple Deficient Sem, 51 CIP, 399
Multiple F, 50 Civil Engineering Field Engineering and Readiness Lab,
Removal from ACPRO, 54 398
Repeat F, 51 Civil Engineering Major
Two Sequential Deficient Sem, 51 course descriptions, 305
Underload, 51 COLE/Cadet Outdoor Leadership Experience, 398
USAFA Form 68 (Cadet Academic Deficiency Commandant of Cadets
Evaluation and Probation Action Plan), 56 course descriptions, 298
Activity Codes, 22 Commissioning Education, 14
459
Computer Engineering Major Course Loading, 20
course descriptions, 326 Course Loads, 28
Computer Science Major, 157 Course offerings, 19
course descriptions, 312 Critical Language Scholarship Program, 400
Concussion Protocol, 69 CSLIP, 397, 399
Conditional Turnback, 453 Cultural Immersion, 399
Contact Hour and Scheduling Pattern Codes, 272 Cumulative GPA, 47
Contact Hours, 19 Curriculum
Core, 454 Academic Major's Offered. See Majors/Minors
Co-requisite, 454 Academic Programs. See Selecting a Major
Course, 454 Core Preparatory Courses. See ESL, At Risk
Course Descriptions, 272 Curriculum Change Control, 10
Aeronautical Engineering, 273 Cyber, 80
Airmanship, 277 Cyber Science Major, 161
Astronautical Engineering, 282 course descriptions, 312, 319
Basic Sciences, 287 Data Science Major, 164
Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, 287 course descriptions, 320
Biology, 293 Deadlines
Chemistry, 299 Declaring, 17, 116
Civil Engineering, 305 Dropping Overloads, 18
Commandant of Cadets, 298 Form 68, 53, 57
Commissioning Education, 311 Registration, 25, 26
Computer Science, 312 Registration after deadline, 17
Creative Art, 316 Dean's List, 48
Cyber, 318 Delayed Course, 454
Cyber Science, 319 Disciplinary Major, 454
Data Science, 320 Disenrollment, 59
EAP, 339 Notification, 59
Economics, 321 Title 10 Re-exam, 60
Electrical and Computer Engineering, 326 Diversity and Inclusion Studies Minor, 168
Engineering, 332 Double Major. See Majors/Minors
English, 333 Double-Period, 41
Foreign Area Studies, 340 Dropping a Course, 28
Foreign Languages, 343 EAP. See ESL
Geospatial Science, 349 Economics Major, 170
History, 354 course descriptions, 321
Humanities, 365 Elective Course, 454
Law, 367 Electrical and Computer Engineering Major, 175
Leadership, 371 Electrical Engineering Major
Learning Strategies, 372 course descriptions, 326
Management, 372 Engineering Chemistry, 150
Math, 378 English as a Second Language (ESL). See ESL
Mechanical Engineering, 383 English Major, 180
Meteorology, 388 course descriptions, 333
Military & Strategic Studies, 390 ESL, 68
Military Training, 395 English for Academic Purposes course descriptions, 339
Operations Research, 402 Final Exams, 37
Parachuting, 281 Excusal Codes, 41
Philosophy, 404 Experimental Courses, 40
Physical Education, 408 Extra Instruction, 69
Physics, 415 Faculty Operating Instruction 36-164, 16
Political Science, 420 Falconry, 399
Reading Strategies, 426 Final Exam, 37, 455
Soaring, 278 ESL, 37
Social Science, 427 Offerings, 37
Space, 429 Religious Accommodation, 37
Systems Engineering, 430 Final Project, 455
Unmanned Aerial Systems, 433 Foreign Area Studies Major, 184
460
course descriptions, 340 Aeronautical Engineering, 122
Foreign Language American Studies Minor, 128
course descriptions, 343 Astronautical Engineering, 130
Minor, 190 Basic Sciences, 134
Placement, 343 Biology, 143
Form 68, 52 Changing a Major, 117
Funded Legal Education Program/Excess Leave Program Chemistry, 146
(FLEP/ELP), 84 Civil Engineering, 153
General Engineering Major, 192 Computer Science, 157
Geospatial Intelligence Certificate, 198 Cyber Science, 161
Geospatial Science Major, 194 Data Science, 164
course descriptions, 349 Declaring, 116
Get Well Plan, 59 Declaring a Minor, 117
Global Logistics Management Minor, 199 Disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Majors and Minors, 121
GR, 455 Diversity and Inclusion Studies Minor, 168
Grad Check Double Major, 119
Course Substitutes. See Graduation Requirements Economics, 170
Graded Course, 455 Electrical and Computer Engineering, 175
Graded Review, 455 English, 180
Grading, 42 Foreign Area Studies, 184
Appelate Procedures, 43 Foreign Languages, 190
Final Grades, 42 General Engineering, 192
Grade Changes, 42 Geospatial Science, 194
Repeat Courses, 46 History, 203
Special Grades, 44 Humanities, 206
Spring/Summer Recompute, 47 Legal Studies, 208
USAFA Instruction 36-3542, 43 Majors' Night, 117
Graduate School Opportunities, 83 Management, 212
Graduate School Program, 83 Mathematics, 215
Graduation, 455 Mechanical Engineering, 220
Graduation Check, 23 Meteorology, 225
Graduation Recognition, 48 Military & Strategic Studies, 228
Graduation Requirements, 13 Nuclear Weapons and Strategy, 231
History Major Operations Research, 233
course descriptions, 354 Philosophy, 237, 241
Honor Cadre, 400 Political Science, 248
Honor Lists and Probation, 48 Religion Studies Minor, 251
Humanities Major, 206 Social Sciences, 255
Independent Study, 33 Space Warfighting, 258
In-Residence Graduation Requirements, 14 Systems Engineering, 263
International Cadets Management Major, 212
ESL (English as a Second Language), 16 course descriptions, 372
Internship, 402 Marine Bulldog, 397
Language Immersion, 397, 399 Master Course File, 24, 30
Late Grad, 455 Mathematics Major, 215
Law. See Legal Studies Major course descriptions, 378
Leadership, 371 Mechanical Engineering Major, 220
Learning Strategies, 40, 372 course descriptions, 383
Legal Studies Major, 208, 209 Med School, 83
course descriptions, 367 Media Cadre, 400
Legal Training, 84 Medical Summer Break, 400
FLEP/ELP, 84 Meteorology Major, 225
U-ELP, 84 course descriptions, 388
Low GPA Review, 51 Military & Strategic Studies Application Laboratories, 401
Major's Course, 455 Military & Strategic Studies Major, 228
Major's GPA, 47 course descriptions, 390
Majors' Night, 117 Military Graduation Requirements, 25
Majors/Minors, 121 Military Training, 76
461
course descriptions, 395 Residency, 13
Minimum Enrollment, 41 Robotics Minor, 253
Minors, 117 RPA. See Unmanned Aerial Systems
Mission Support Group, 399 SAME/USAFA Engineering and Construction Camp, 398
MSS, 228 Scheduling, 37
Multiple Deficient Semesters, 51 Pattern Codes, 272
Multiple Failures, 50 Unusual Schedules. See PCOI, See PCOI
Multiple Probations, 51 Scholars, 74
Navy Programs, 396 Scholarship Preparation, 85
Non-Graded Course, 455 Selecting a Major, 116, 117
Normal Course Load, 456 Semester Hour Computation, 19
Nuclear Weapons and Strategy Minor, 231 Social Sciences Major, 255
Official Transcripts, 19 Space, 80
Operations Group Staff, 399 Space Warfighting Minor, 258
Operations Research Major, 233 Special Break, 400
course descriptions, 402 Special Programs, 63
Ops Research, 233 Airmanship, 80
OpsAF-International Students, 396 Cyber, 80
Overload, 456 Extra Instruction, 69
PCSM – Pilot Candidate Selection Method, 83 Graduate School Program, 83
Philosophy Health Professions, 83
course descriptions, 404 Hospital Instruction, 69
Major, 237 Legal Training, 84
Minor, 241 National Competitive Scholarship Program, 83
Physical Education, 39 Return to Learn Concussion Protocol, 69
course descriptions, 408 Service Academy Exchange Program, 66
Physical Education Average, 14 Space, 80
Physical Education Graduation Requirements, 14, 25 Special Topics, 456
Physics Major Special Topics Courses, 35
course descriptions, 415 Sports Camp, 399
Political Science Major, 248 Spring/Summer Recompute, 47
course descriptions, 420 Summer Ac, 456
Prep School BCT Cadre, 397 Summer Academics, 42
Prerequisite, 456 Summer Break, 400
PRK – Photorefractive Keratectomy, 82 Summer Programs, 76, 395
Program planning, 19 Summer Seminar, 397
Q2, 21 Systems Engineering Major, 263
Q2i On-Line, 26 course descriptions, 430
Quality Points, 42, 456 T Symbol. See Transfer Credit
Quiz, 456 Title 10 Re-Exam. See ARC
Rated Assignment Requirements, 82 Training Wing Operations Center (TWOC), 397
Reading Strategies, 426 Transfer, 456
Readmission Program, 60 Transfer Credit, 45
Registration Transfer/Validation Credit, 14
After Registration Deadline, 25 Turnback, 457
Audit Course, 35 Two sequential semesters, 51
Directed Changes. See ARC UAS. See Unmanned Aerial Systems
Fall/Spring, 26 Underload, 457
Four Types, 25 Underloaded third-classmen, 51
Future Semesters. See On-Line Registration Unmanned Aerial Systems
Lesson 1 Changes, 28 course descriptions, 433
Manual Changes - APS. See APS Unusual Schedules, 38, 39
Summer, 26 USAFA Excess Leave Program (U-ELP), 84
Registration Periods, 17 USAFA Form 69, 30, See APS
Religion Studies Minor, 251 USAFA Form O-498, 17
Repeat "F", 47 USAFA Instruction 36-3523, 60
Repeating a Course, 46 V Symbol. See Validation Credit
Replace an "F", 47 Validation, 457
462
Validation Credit, 45 WACQ, 457
Very Low GPA, 50 Wing Summer Support, 395
463

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CHAPTER 1, OVERVIEW ..........................................................................................................10

CHAPTER 2, ACADEMICS ........................................................................................................17

SECTION 2-2, SCHEDULING ...................................................................................................37

SECTION 2-3, GRADING ...........................................................................................................42

SECTION 2-4, ACADEMIC DEFICIENCY AND PROBATION .............................................50

SECTION 2-5, SPECIAL PROGRAMS......................................................................................63

SECTION 2-6, THE CORE .........................................................................................................88

SECTION 2-7, ACADEMIC PROGRAMS ...............................................................................114

SECTION 2-8, DISCIPLINARY AND INTERDISCIPLINARY MAJORS AND MINORS..121

SECTION 2-9, THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE PROGRAM...............................................270

SECTION 2-10, COURSE DESCRIPTIONS ...........................................................................272

SECTION 2-11, USAFA INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOME WHITE PAPERS .........................435

CHAPTER 3, DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................................................................453

Table 1. AP/IB Credit ................................................................................................................... 16

Figure 1. Academic Program Summary ........................................................................................22

1-1.1. PURPOSE OF THE COURSE OF INSTRUCTION HANDBOOK. The Office of Student

1-1.3. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION CHANGE PROPOSALS. The Academy has established

1-1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE ACADEMY CURRICULUM.

a. USAFA Institutional Outcomes

(a) Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational Management – to apply character-

(e) Application of Engineering Problem-Solving Methods – to understand the

(f) Clear Communication – to express ideas in writing or in a prepared, purposeful

b. Officer Development System

(2) Offers elective courses to meet cadets' needs and desires.

e. Physical Education and Athletics.

(1) Further develops desirable traits of character essential to leadership, including

(2) Teaches skills needed to perform physical tasks.

(3) Encourages a positive attitude toward physical fitness.

(b) Inspire cadets and provide motivational, character-building experiences that

1-1.5. GRADUATION AND RESIDENCY REQUIREMENTS. To graduate from the USAF

c. A cadet's commissioning education includes a course of study in professional military

e. Transfer/validation credit. Cadets who attended another college or university or who

(5) Validation credit based on AP (College Board) and IB (International Baccalaureate)

2-1.1. RESPONSIBILITY FOR REGISTRATION.

a. Cadet Responsibilities. The primary responsibility for completion of graduation

b. Advisor-in-Charge (AIC), Academic Advisor, and AAOCA responsibilities.

(2) Be available for cadet appointments concerning registration changes, academic

(5) Be responsible for accomplishing counseling, registration changes, or academic

(9) Assist and counsel advisees preparing for ARC interviews.

a. Course Offerings. Course offerings are published semi-annually in the Curriculum

c. Semester Hour Computation. Only courses, programs, or experiences which fulfill

(5) The NCAA requires intercollegiate student athletes to be enrolled in a minimum

e. Normal Course Load Progression for Graduation:

Table 2. Semester Hour Requirements

CLASS SEMESTER SEMESTER HOURS

2-1.4. CADET ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (CAMIS).

Check APS/Grad Check As Of: July 22 , 2021 07:29

PhyEd 000 MSS 25 1 4 50 A- B• PhyEd PhyEd 0.00

GPA MPA PEA PhyEd 000 Hon ors : Superintendent's Li st

GPA MPA PEA

Personal Data• Privacy Act of 1974

Figure 1. Academic Program Summary

APS/Grad Ch eck APS/Grad Check As Of: July 22 , 2021 07:29

Major: 1st (OpsRsch) Other Courses Taken

Personal Data - Privacy Act of 1974

Figure 2. Academic Grad Check

(2) Verification of Military Graduation Requirements: Each fall semester, Commandant

Table 4. Semester Titles

Semester/Term APS Title Grad Check Title

2-1.5. REGISTRATION PERIODS. Four types of registration periods occur:

a. Special Semester Registration: Changes authorized anytime. Coordination by all affected

(1) Drop courses per course drop timetable (Table 6)

(3) Department-approved changes to lower/higher-level courses