Department of Education

8
National Capital Region
SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 1 –Module 1
Newton’s Laws of Motion

Mark Anthony F. Casimiro

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed to help you master the nature of Physics. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed which corresponds to the textbook you are now
using.

This module will help you understand the Newton’s first law of motion which is to
investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the
mass of the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion. S8FE-Ia-
15

After going through this module, you are specifically expected to:
1. define inertia and relate it to mass;
2. explain the law of inertia and its applications in real- life situations;
3. show the relationship between mass, force and acceleration; and
4. compute for the value of force, mass or acceleration applying the Newton’s
Second Law.

What I Know

Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Why is it easier to change the motion of a large toy car than a small toy car?
A. Because of the force.
B. Because of its inertia.
C. Because of its gravity.
D. Because it is acted upon by balanced forces.

2. Two cars are moving with the same velocity. Car A has a mass of 1000
kilograms while car B has a mass of 1300 kilograms. How much inertia does
the car B have compared to car A?
A. The inertia of the car B is twice as the inertia of car A.
B. Car B has greater inertia than car A.
C. Car B has less inertia than car A.
D. Both have the same inertia.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
3. Which of the following statements best describes the first law of motion?
A. A moving object that is not acted by an external force will decelerate.
B. A moving object that is not acted by an external force will remain at rest.
C. A moving object that is not acted by an external force will remain in
motion.
D. A moving object that is not acted by an external force will eventually
come to a stop.

4. Which of the following is true about inertia?

A. Inertia is an example of force.
B. Inertia can make the object in motion.
C. The massive the object is, the greater the inertia.
D. The smaller the object is, the greater the inertia.

5. As stated in the first law of motion, an object in motion will continue in

motion at a constant velocity. But why is that when you slide an object on
the surface, the object will eventually slow down and stop?
A. Because the object experiences a normal force that resists its motion.
B. Because the object experiences frictional force that resists its motion.
C. Because the object experiences an internal force that resists its motion.
D. Because the object experiences a gravitational force that resists its
motion.

6. Which of the following is caused by unbalanced force?

A. An object at rest will start moving.
B. An object in motion will eventually stop.
C. There is a change in direction of a moving object.
D. An object will continuously move at a constant velocity.

7. Which of the following is the natural tendency of an object to remain in a

state of rest or remain in uniform motion in a straight line?
A. Acceleration
B. Interaction
C. Velocity
D. Inertia

8. Which of the following laws of motion best explains why passengers need to
fasten their seatbelt?
A. Newton’s first law of motion
B. Newton’s second law of motion
C. Newton’s third law of motion
D. Newton’s fourth law of motion

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9. How much force is exerted in an object that is not accelerating?
A. 0N
B. 3N
C. 5N
D. It is impossible to tell because there are no given values.

10. Which of the following equations operationalizes Newton’s 2nd law?

A. F= ma2
B. F= m2a
C. F= ½ ma
D. F= ma

11. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. Force is directly proportional to acceleration if the mass is constant.
B. Second law of motion is also known as the law of interaction.
C. The unit of force is kilogram meter per second.
D. Mass does not matter in this law.

12. How much force is needed to give a 4- kg rock an acceleration of 5 m/s2?

A. 1 N
B. 1. 25 N
C. 9 N
D. 20 N

13. When do we say that the object accelerates?

A. When the object moves at a constant velocity.
B. When a moving object changes its direction.
C. When the object has no net force.
D. When the object has more mass.

14. What is the acceleration of a 3- kg ball if it is pushed at 9 N?

A. 0.33 m/s2
B. 3 m/s2
C. 6 m/s2
D. 12 m/s2

15. Which of the following statements is false about an object whose net force is
zero?
A. The object is at rest.
B. The object is moving at a constant velocity.
C. The object is either at rest or moving a constant velocity.
D. The object moving at a constant velocity changes its direction.

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Lesson Newton’s First Law of Motion:
1 Law of Inertia
Forces cause an object to undergo motion or a change in its initial motion.
An object at rest will change in motion if there is an external force applied to it.
Forces are around us. When you kick a ball, you exert a force on the ball. Thrown
objects fall because of the gravity.
Did you ever ask yourself, why some things move faster than the others?
What factors do you think affect their motion?

What’s In
If the object is at rest or moving with constant velocity, forces acting on it
are balanced. On the other hand, when an object accelerates and there is a change
in motion the state of motion, forces acting on the object are unbalanced.
Perform the activity below.
Activity: UN- BALANCED!
Determine whether the forces acting on the objects are BALANCED or UNBALANCED.

https://thelightandthesword.wordpress.com/tag/riverbanks/

1. The big shoe standing in the middle of Marikina River. _________________.

http://runningshield.blogspot.com/2012/11/iam-boycotting-city-of-marikina.html

2. A man accelerating in the “Tour de Takong” in Marikina City. ____________

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 https://federalland.ph/articles/7-reasons-why-marikina-is-a-great-place-to-live-in/

3. The carabao trail along the riverbank traces. __________________.

What’s New
Try this simple activity.

Place a glass on top of the table as shown in the figure 1a. Observe for a
minute.
a. Will the glass move by itself?
b. How can you make it move?

Figure 1a: A glass on a table

Photo taken by Mark Anthony Casimiro

Yes, we can make it move by pulling on or pushing the glass. Now, place
another glass and fill it with water. Push the two glasses one at a time using your
point finger at the bottom as shown in figure 1b (without water) and figure 1c (with
water).

Figure 1b: A glass without water Figure 1c: A glass with water

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 c. Which of the two glasses is harder to move? Why is this so?
Next, attach the rubber bands to the two glasses as shown in the picture below.
Try pulling the rubber bands. Observe the length of the rubber bands.

Figure 1d: Glasses with rubber

bands

Photo taken by Mark Anthony Casimiro

d. Which of the two glasses shows the greater elongation of rubber band before
the glass starts to move? Why do you think so?

The length of the rubber bands is related to the force needed for the glass to to
be moved. Now, try to roll a small plastic ball on the floor. Observe what will
happen to the rolling ball after 1 minute? Will it stop? What makes it stop? From
the two given examples above, what do you think resist the motion of the objects?
That explains the Newton’s First Law of Motion.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642- 1727) was a natural philosopher who

combine science and philosophy. He established the three
laws to explain how motion is caused by forces.

https://images.app.goo.gl/SqCR6xVt78akBFUdA

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 What Is It

Newton’s First Law of Motion

In our daily experiences, when there is a moving object, it tends to slow
down and stop unless there is someone or something that makes it move
continuously. To understand this, let’s recall that if a net external force acts on a
stationary object, it makes an object move and if it acts on a moving object with a
constant velocity, it slows down and stop. What force acts on an object to slow it
down? This is called the friction. Friction is a force that opposes the object’s
direction of motion (see figure 1e).

Figure 1e. Forces acting on a moving box

https://images.app.goo.gl/w614WJHNZkbfjpmu5

With no external force acting on the object, it will continue to move at a constant
velocity as stated in the first law.

An object at rest will remain at rest or in motion at a constant velocity unless

acted by a net force. (Remember that constant velocity means moving in a
straight line at a constant speed.)

“Net force” is very significant in the first law. Several forces act on an object at the
same time and the net force is the vector sum of all
of them.
To understand it more, consider the air hockey table in
any arcade game zones in Metro Manila. When the
machine is not on, and you slide the puck, it will just
move a short distance due to friction. However, when it
is turned on, the air lifts the puck making it frictionless
as it moves on the surface.

Figure 1f: Air hockey table

https://images.app.goo.gl/VpQSD94ZfSwBSiA7A

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 Mass and Inertia

Inertia is the natural tendency for the

object at rest to remain at rest, or for a moving
object to remain in motion in a straight line
with constant speed. This concept of inertia
was integrated by Isaac Newton to his first law
of motion known as the “Law of Inertia”
Some objects have greater inertia compared to
others.

Figure 1g: A man pushing a pony

https://images.app.goo.gl/yJ3L3GH7XkUpkoMW9

For example in figure 1h, it is harder for

the elephant to change in motion than a pony
in figure 1g. In fact, the inertia of an object is
measured by the mass of an object. Mass is
expressed in kilograms (kg). This is the reason
why some objects need greater net force to Figure 1h: A man pushing an elephant
https://images.app.goo.gl/yJ3L3GH7XkUpkoMW9
change its velocity.

What’s More
Activity 1.1 The Coin Drop

What you need:

½ index card, 5 pcs of 1peso
coin, a glass
Procedures:
1. Place the glass on top of the table.
2. Put the index card top of the glass.
Make sure that one edge of the card
is near the rim so you can easily
flick it.
Figure 1i: Experimental Set- Up

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 3. Place a coin on the card.
4. Flick the card with your finger slowly. Try again in a quickly flick.
Observe.
5. Add another coin. Observe what happens.
6. Repeat procedure 5.
Guide Questions:

While performing the activity, answer the following questions.

1. What happens when you flick the card slowly?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What happens when you quickly flick the card?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What happens when you add more coins?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain how is inertia related to this activity?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Fill in the Blanks.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term from the word box. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answers.

CONSTANT VELOCITY FRICTION GREATER

INERTIA MOTION REST

1. _____________ is the natural tendency for the object at rest to remain

__________, or for a moving object to remain in _____________ in a straight
line with constant speed.

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 2. _____________ is a force that opposes the object’s direction of motion.
3. All objects have inertia. The massive the object is, the ___________ the inertia.
4. An object at rest will remain at rest or in motion at a _______________ unless
acted by a net force.

What I Can Do
Answer each question below based on your experiences. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.
1. When you are riding a jeepney and the driver steps on the gas pedal, why
do you feel that you are being pushed back into your seat?

2. What is the importance of wearing a seatbelt when riding a car?

3. Why do you think some objects move faster than the others?

Additional Activities
Answer the following questions using complete sentences by applying concepts
from Newton’s First law of Motion. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answers.

1. How is inertia related to mass?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. How would you explain Newton’s first law of motion? Use an example in
your explanation.
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Watch and Learn

Forces and Motion—Basics

If you have an access to the internet, you can visit the link below.
For you to explore the application of forces to real life situations.
Click to view content (https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/forces-
and-motion-basics/latest/forces-and-motion- basics_en.html)

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Lesson
Newton’s Second Law of
2 Motion: Law of Acceleration

If the object does not experience a net external force, the object is
either at rest or in motion with constant velocity. What if the velocity has
changed? What will happen to the motion of the object?

What’s In
Activity: How to ACCELERATE!
Read the situation carefully.
A man is driving a car and moving at a constant velocity of 5 m/s 2. List some
ways on how his car will accelerate.
a. ________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________

What’s New

Take a look at the picture below and answer the following questions. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answers.

A B C D E F G

Figure 2a: Consumers with different mass of carts

https://images.app.goo.gl/hugUH2CpPcsgcMyf7
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Questions:

1. Which of the following carts do you think is the lightest? ________________.

2. Which do you think is the heaviest? __________________.
3. What are the different ways that you can do to determine which one is the
heaviest without using the weighing scale?

a. __________________________________________________________________.
b. __________________________________________________________________.
c. __________________________________________________________________.

What Is It

In the Newton’s first law of motion, if there is no net force acting on the
object, it is either at rest or in motion at a constant velocity. But what will
happen to an object if a net force acting on it? An external force will change the
velocity of an object. It may increase or decrease speed or remain constant speed
and will change its direction. If there is a change in velocity, there is acceleration.
The SI unit for acceleration is m/s2. Acceleration is caused by a net force acting
on the object. This explains the second law of motion.
What is the relationship between force and acceleration? Imagine, you
have identical red and yellow balls, you roll the red ball gently for a certain period
of time. Then you roll the yellow ball harder. in which ball did you apply more
force? Which of the balls do you think will roll faster? In the example, the yellow
ball will roll faster as you have applied greater force on it. Thus, the acceleration
of an object is directly proportional to the net force. However, the acceleration of
the object also depends on its mass. Let’s take a look at the pictures below.

Figure 2b: A boy pushing a ball Figure2c: A boy pushing a rock

https://images.app.goo.gl/45ebQESvMFAiZU2o8 https://images.app.goo.gl/Z8Syy1xn9jgBtsuc9

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If you roll the ball with the same force as you roll the rock, you will notice that
the rock will have a lesser acceleration. Thus, the more massive the object is, the
less acceleration, for the same net forces applied. With this, Newton’s second law
of motion can be stated as:

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force

acting on an object and inversely proportional to its mass.

Mathematically, Newton’s second law can be written as

Fnet= ma or F= ma
Where:
Fnet is the net force
m is for mass of the object
a is for acceleration.

Given the equation above, we can say that the force is directly proportional to
mass and acceleration. To accelerate two objects with different masses with the
same velocity, you have to exert more force on the massive object. Similarly, for
two objects with the same mass, the greater force applied will accelerate more.
The SI unit for force is Newton (N). 1N = 1kg∙m/s2.
Sample Problem

A boy pushes a 2- kg box. How much force is required to accelerate it to 5.0

m/s2?

Given:
m= 2 kg
a= 5.0 m/s2
F= ?
Formula:
Fnet= ma
Solution:
Fnet= ma
Fnet= (2kg)(5.0m/s2)
Fnet= 10.0 N

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 What’s More
Activity 1.2 Relationship of Force and Acceleration

What you need:

Glass, Rubber bands with different length, Ruler

Procedures:
1. Place the glass on top of the table
2. Attach rubber band to the glass. Make sure to attach it on the
center of the mass as shown in the figure below.

Figure 2d: A boy pushing a rock

3. Hold the glass and stretch the rubber band to its minimum length
until the glass moves shown in the figure below.

Figure 2e: Rubber band stretch to its minimum length

4. Observe the motion of the glass.

5. Repeat procedures 1 and 2.
6. Hold the glass and stretch the rubber band to its maximum length
as shown in the figure below.

Figure 2f: Rubber band stretch to its maximum length

7. Observe the motion of the glass.

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Guide Questions:

After performing the activity, answer the following questions.

1. How fast did the glass move when the rubber band was stretched to its
minimum length?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. How fast did the glass move when the rubber band was stretched to its
maximum length?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Compare the motion of the glass, when the rubber band was stretched to its
minimum and maximum length.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. What do you think does the rubber band represent?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the box that will create a valid
statement.

ACCELERATES CHANGES DIRECTION DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL SLOWS DOWN SPEEDS UP VELOCITY

1. If a net force acts on an object, it changes its______________. Change in

velocity means the object ______________.

2. An object changes its velocity when the object___________, ____________ or

with constant velocity but __________________.

3. The force is __________________ to acceleration. It means, as the force

increases, the acceleration also increases.

4. The acceleration is _____________________ to the mass of the object.

It means, as the mass increases the acceleration decreases.

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 What I Can Do
Problem Solving
Solve each problem by using the equation for Newton’s 2nd law presented below
and show your complete solution.
If Fnet = ma therefore m= F/a a= F/m

1. The girl pushed the box with 15 N and it accelerated at 3 m/s2. What is
the mass of the box?

2. How much force is needed to accelerate the 2.5 kg ball at 4.5 m/s2.

3. A boy pushed the table with 10 N. The table has a mass of 2 kg. What will
be the acceleration of the table?

Posttest
Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Why is it easier to change the motion of a large toy car than a small toy car?
A. Because of the force.
B. Because of its inertia.
C. Because of its gravity.
D. Because it is acted upon by balanced forces.

2. Two cars are moving at the same velocity. Car A has a mass of 95 kilograms
while car B has a mass of 110 kilograms. How much inertia does the car B
have compared to car A?
A. The inertia of the car B is twice as the inertia of car A.
B. Car B has greater inertia than car A.
C. Car B has less inertia than car A.
D. Both have the same inertia.

3. Which of the following statements best describes the first law of motion?
A. A moving object that is not acted by an external force will decelerate.
B. A moving object that is not acted by an external force will remain at rest.
C. A moving object that is not acted by an external force will remain in
motion.
D. A moving object that is not acted by an external force will eventually
come to a stop.

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4. Which of the following is true about inertia?
A. Inertia is an example of force.
B. Inertia can make the object in motion.
C. The massive the object is, the greater the inertia.
D. The smaller the object is, the greater the inertia.

5. As stated in the first law of motion, an object in motion will continue in

motion at a constant velocity. But why is that when you slide an object on
the surface, the object will eventually slow down and stop?
A. Because the object experiences a normal force that resists its motion.
B. Because the object experiences frictional force that resists its motion.
C. Because the object experiences an internal force that resists its motion.
D. Because the object experiences a gravitational force that resists its
motion.

6. Which of the following is NOT a cause of a net force?

A. An object at rest will start moving.
B. An object in motion will eventually stop.
C. There is a change in direction of a moving object.
D. An object will continuously move at a constant velocity.

7. What is the natural tendency of an object to remain in a state of rest or

remain in uniform motion in a straight line?
A. Acceleration
B. Inertia
C. Interaction
D. Velocity

8. Which of the following laws of motion best explains why a passenger needs
to fasten his/ her seatbelt?
A. Newton’s first law of motion
B. Newton’s second law of motion
C. Newton’s third law of motion
D. Newton’s fourth law of motion

9. What is the force of an object if it is not accelerating?

A. 0N
B. 3N
C. 5N
D. It is impossible to tell because there are no given values.

10. What is the equation for second law of motion?

A. F= ma2
B. F= m2a
C. F= ½ ma
D. F= ma

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11. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Force is directly proportional to acceleration if the mass is constant.
B. Second law of motion is also known as the law of interaction.
C. The unit of force kilogram meter per second.
D. Mass does not matter in this law.

12. What force is needed to give a 4- kg rock an acceleration of 5 m/s2?

A. 1 N
B. 1. 25 N
C. 9 N
D. 20 N

13. When do we say that the object accelerates?

A. When the object moves at a constant velocity.
B. When a moving object changes its direction.
C. When the object has no net force.
D. When the object has more mass.

14. What is the acceleration of a 3- kg ball if it is pushed at 9 N?

A. 0.33 m/s2
B. 3 m/s2
C. 6 m/s2
D. 12 m/s2

15. The object has no net force. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. The object is at rest.
B. The object is moving at a constant velocity.
C. The object is either at rest or moving a constant velocity.
D. The object moving at a constant velocity changes its direction.

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 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
City of Good Character
19
What’s More
1. It moved a little.
2. It moved a little bit faster.
3. When the rubber band was stretched to its maximum length, the glass moved a lit bit
baster compare to its minimum length.
4. The rubber band represents the force.
What can I do? let the carts move.
direction
b. Have a ramp and
1. 5 kg.
you change in
cart
2. 11.25 N
3. Constant speed but
3. A. By pushing the
3. 5 m/s2
speed.
boxes
2. To decrease its
2. The cart with lots of
1. To increase its speed
boxes
What’s In
1. The cart with few
What’s New
Lesson 2
What can I do
acted by the net force.
remain at rest or in motion at constant velocity unless 1. When at rest, the
2. Newton’s First law states that an object at rest will net force is zero, but
inertia. when the car starts,
object. It means the greater the mass, the greater the there is a net force
1. The inertial is directly proportional to the mass of the and that causes you
Additional Activities to be pushed back
into your chair.
2. The seatbelt will
What’s More What’s new make you safe when
a. No you encounter
Guide Question b. By pushing or by accidents.
1. The coin moved pulling it. 3. Other objects move
slightly on the card. c. The glass filed with faster because they
2. The coin dropped water is harder to have less massive,
into the bottle. move. Because the so they have also
3. When coins were glass has water in it, it small amount of
being added, it has a greater mass inertia.
increased its compare to the empty
inertia, meaning glass.
you must flick the d. The glass with water
card faster. will be having the
4. As coins are added, longer length of the
it increases its rubber band because of 3. Balanced
mass, so does the its mass, it will be 2. Unbalanced
inertia. harder to move so the 1. Balanced
rubber band will be What’s In (Activity 1)
stretched more. Lesson 1
Answer Key
 References

1. Cutnell, J., Johnson, K., & Fisher, K. Physics(8th ed).USA, 2008.

2. Giancoli, D. Physics with principles and Applications (6th ed). Pearson
Education, Inc.
3. Urone, Paul Peter, and Fatih Gozuacik. “Physics High School.” OpenStax, 2020,
openstax.org/details/books/physics.
4. The Light and the Sword. 2020. Riverbanks- The Light and The Sword.[online]
Available
at:<https://thelightandsword.wordpress.com/tag/riverbanks/.[Accessed 10
August 2020]
5. I., 2020. I Am Boycotting The City Of Marikina!!!!. [online]
Runningshield.blogspot.com. Available at:
<http://runningshield.blogspot.com/2012/11/iam-boycotting-city-of-
marikina.html> [Accessed 10 August 2020].
6. Federal Land, Inc. 2020. 7 Reasons Why Marikina Is A Great Place To Live In -
Federal Land, Inc. [online] Available at: <https://federalland.ph/articles/7-
reasons-why-marikina-is-a-great-place-to-live-in/> [Accessed 10 August 2020].
7. Images.app.goo.gl. 2020. Google Image Result For
Https://Cdn.Mos.Cms.Futurecdn.Net/Eozydjj75a9w5wb92auzby-320-80.Jpg.
[online] Available at: <https://images.app.goo.gl/SqCR6xVt78akBFUdA> [Accessed
10 August 2020].
8. Images.app.goo.gl. 2020. Larawan Monday: Friction and Newton's Laws | Ms Lea's
Blog. [online] Available at: <https://images.app.goo.gl/w614WJHNZkbfjpmu5>
[Accessed 10 August 2020].
9. Images.app.goo.gl. 2020. Larawan Toronto" Air Hockey Table Buy At Sport-
Thieme.Com. [online] Available at:
<https://images.app.goo.gl/VpQSD94ZfSwBSiA7A> [Accessed 10 August
2020].

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 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mark Anthony F. Casimiro

Content Editors: Mary Ann N. Taway

Imelda N. del Rosario
Jessica S. Mateo
Emily G. Santos

Language Editor: Kristine Joyce G. Montejo

Illustrator: Arriane Joy F. Isorena
Reviewers: PNU External Validators
Lay out Artist: Jemwel Dela Paz

Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
Education Program Supervisor – Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor - LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: [email protected]

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8-682-2472 / 8-682-3989

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City of Good Character
DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE