Siargao National Science High School

Dapa, Surigao del Norte

School Year 2020-2021

Making of Paper Bag out of Banana Pseudo-stem

with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

(Dapa, Surigao del Norte)

KISSY MAE GARRIDO

Researcher

MRS. JEAN CLAIRE E. SENTONES

Research Adviser
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I Pages

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Objectives of the Study 3

Significance of the Study 3

Scope and Delimitation 4

Definition of Terms 4

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature 5

CHAPTER III

Research Methodology 20

Research Design 20

Data Gathering Method 20

Research Locale 20

Research Tools and Instruments 21

Procedures of the Study 21

Testing and Comparing 22

Data Analysis and Interpretation 22

Literature Cited
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Pages

1 The Results of Making of Paper Bag out of Banana

Pseudo-stem with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

2 The Rate and Percentage of the Results of Making of

Paper Bag out of Banana Pseudo-stem with

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Pages

A Letter

B Map of the Study

C Gantt Chart
 1

CHAPTER I
Introduction

Background of the Study

At present, environmental problems and the effects of climate change are evident

(Polo 2015) and environmentalism has quickly emerged among consumers and has begun to

demand environmentally friendly products, particularly in developed countries. In response to

the growing demand of healthy and environmentally-conscious customers, business firms

turned green and started implementing the green marketing strategies (Jain & Kaur 2004).

The highly negative environmental effects of plastics, the demand for environmentally

friendly products, created the necessary pressure to ensure a cleaner ecosystem. Consumers

have therefore shown great interest in green products as their performance has been

significantly affected by environmental beliefs (Radesh, Ndia & Maheshwari 2014).

Although studies have been conducted on green marketing in the Philippines, the published

findings on environmental and green marketing issues in developing cities and towns in

relation to the use of Eco-Friendly Bags appear to be unavailable. In view of the above, the

researcher was encouraged to conduct a study on this issue in order to understand the

perception of local consumers and to consider this gap in order to assess consumer

preferences for the use of eco-friendly shopping bags.

Banana stems have historically been used as a source of fiber, with early evidence

around the 13th century. But its demand started to fade after those convenient fibers,

including such cotton and silk, was already provided. Textile production processes are now

shaping the concept of environmentally friendly and sustainable development. These ideas

are not very new to the textile industry. Progress has been made in improving a range of

natural and environmentally friendly textile processes. Numerous efforts have been made in
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science and technology to develop environmentally friendly processes to maintain a

relationship with the ecosystem. Alternative materials should be considered, however.

Natural fibers have significant benefits, like low density, effectiveness and physical

characteristics, and greater disposability. Banana pseudo-stem is a waste material after

harvesting. Banana fiber is a natural fiber. It can be produced very cheaply from waste

materials left out of the field after harvesting. As a source of wealth from the waste concept,

banana fiber is a major alternative to the pulp industry. Raw materials are freely available.

The banana fiber project creates many opportunities for employment in the rural and urban

sectors. Banana fiber is environmentally friendly and biodegradable compared to all other

synthetic fibers. Mechanical extraction should be used to compare the extraction of fiber.

Banana fiber is currently a waste product of banana cultivation and is either not properly used

or partially used. The extraction of fiber from the pseudo-stem is not a common practice and

a large part of the stem is not used for the production of fibers.
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Statement of the Problem

As part of the community, the researcher has come up with a solution that uses banana

pseudo-stem to make a paper bag. This often involves the protection of the environment, in

particular the town of Dapa.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

• What would be the quality of the paper bag out of banana pseudo-stem in terms of

durability compared to a commercial paper bag?

Objectives of the Study

This research will be conducted to make a paper bag out of banana pseudo-stem in the

Municipality of Dapa.

• Determine how to make a paper bag

• Determine the factors affecting the environment condition using plastic instead of

banana pseudo-stem

• To see the effectiveness of the paper bag

• Find the difference between commercial paper bag and paper bag

Significance of the Study

This study will be significant to the future researcher. As for this study will become a

reference guide that they can use for their future studies. This will also benefit the students

and residences of Dapa by acquiring the understanding that they gain from this study. The

importance of this study also intends the society to work hard, hand in hand, to safeguard the

natural resources and ecosystem of the earth by replacing plastic shopping bags with paper

bags.
 4

Scope and Delimitation

The study will focuses on making paper bag out of banana pseudo-stem with Sodium

Hydroxide (NaOH). It also focuses on contrasting paper bags made of banana pseudo-stem

and commercial paper bags, which include the advantages and disadvantages of both bags, as

well as their effect in this culture.

Definition of Terms

The advantage of paper bags is that it decomposes much more quickly and it is more

widely recyclable.

• Paper bag - a bag made of banana fiber for holding customer's purchases.

• Sodium Hydroxide - also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound

with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium

cations Na⁺ and hydroxide anions OH⁻.

• Pseudo-stem - A false stem made of the rolled bases of leaves.

• Banana fiber - also known as musa fiber is one of the world's strongest natural fibers.

Biodegradable, the natural fiber is made from the stem of the banana tree and is

incredibly durable.
 5

CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature

With the expanding ecological alertness and development of green textures, banana

fiber has been known for its great characteristics, this make it significant substitute for

synthetic fiber. Banana plant belong to Musacace family. Banana plant is a large, perennial

herb with leaf sheaths that form pseudo stem. The plant height may around 10-40 feet,

surrounding with 8-12 large leaves. Its fruit is around 4-12 inches. In India banana rank

amongst first in production and third in area among fruit crops. It represents 13 percent of the

total area under cultivation and 33 percent of fruit production. In India, the highest production

of banana is in Maharashtra which is 3924.1 thousand tones. It is cultivated in tropical parts

of the world. It is available all over Southeast Asian, Thailand, India, Malaysia, Indonesia,

Hawaii and republic of Philippines. Different section of banana timber meet various need,

including fruit as meal sources, leaves as food covering, and stems for fiber and paper mash.

Banana farming produces enormous amounts of biomass as a waste. It is produced at several

stages including harvesting, processing and packing. In addition to rejected fruits, stem,

pseudostem, leaves and peduncle (fruit stalk) also get accumulated and create pollution

problems. So, to avoid these pollution problem pseudomonas can be used easily in production

of fiber. It also provides the rural people livelihood through job development in the fibre

manufacturing and processing industry. Most of the fibres manufactured today are used for

cordage & ropes. Reasonable cost, simple availability, low density, basic properties, ease of

sepration, enchanced energy recovery, biodegradability and recyclability are the key benefit

of natural fiber-based material. This helps to substitute environmentally hazardous synthetic

fibres in textile industry.

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Banana fiber is obtained from the pseudo-stem of banana plant. It is the best fiber

with perfect mechanical properties. It has the lower density than glass fiber. It has the high

strength, light weight, fire resistance and biodegradable. It is used for making handmade bags

and covers. It is used to make products like filter paper, paper bags, greeting cards, lamp

stands, pen stands, decorative papers, rope, mats and composite material etc. Waste of the

banana fiber is not utilized properly and all of the banana fiber is at the waste. Germany

currency are used in banana fiber and now in India it’s also be used. There are many demands

in banana fiber. In future, it is cheaper, lighter and environmental compared to other fibers. It

is one of the rhizomatous plant and its growth in 129 countries in the world. The fiber is

extracted from pseudo-steam and is used for making many products. It is also used for

building and construction materials and also in textile materials. Banana fiber is an

environmentally friendly like a fiber and is demand in many countries like Japan, Germany,

Australia and many. Banana is a fourth most important global food crop.

The potentiality of jute & banana fiber composites shows both mechanical and

physical properties and their chemical composition. The application of the cheaper goods in

very high performance appliance is possible with the help of the composite technology

(Ramakrishna, Kumar, et al., 2014). The findings from this presented 25-30% yield from the

mechanical process. For a comparison of fiber extraction, the Mechanical extraction should

be employed. The improvement of the fabric hand feel and yarn quality must be developed

(Pitimaneeyakul, et al., 2010). In addition, bio-fibers can also be used to produce fuel,

chemicals, enzymes and food. Byproducts produced from the cultivation of corn, wheat, rice,

sorghum, barley, sugarcane, pineapple, banana and coconut are the major sources of agro-

based bio-fibers. Likewise banana fiber based production processes, structure, properties and
 7

suitability of these bio fibers are to be identified for various industrial (Pavithra, Gayathri,

Mythili, et al., 2015). Banana fibers have high variability along the length and fibers, which is

a characteristic of natural fibers. The standard deviation has been found to that decrease with

increasing diameter of the fibers. The tensity of banana fibers was a function of a testing

speed. At low strain rate, an increase in strain facilitates the amorphous to crystalline sharing

of the loads. Banana fibers have been successfully extracted from banana waste using various

applications of sodium hydroxide as rent media. A fiber yield of 0.25% to 0.55% was

acquired (K., E., B., Olusunle, et al., 2013). On average, specimens reinforced with 50mm

fibers were performed better, in both flexural and the compressive strength, compared to the

unreinforced specimens and specimens reinforced with the different variations of 25mm

fibers. The highest flexural and the compressive strength values were recorded at the

reinforcement with 50mm fibers and the 0.35% fiber content by weight (Mostafa, Uddin, et

al., 2015). There is an improvement in the tensile properties of the randomly oriented banana

fiber – epoxy resin composites. At 35% of the fiber volume fraction, the tensile strength is

increased. Banana fiber having high specific strength and the flexural strength makes a

lightweight composite material and can be used to make light weight automobile interior

parts (Reddy D, Thyagaraj N, Manjunatha, et al., 2017). The present review explores the

potentiality of banana fiber composites, emphasizes both mechanical and physical properties

and their chemical composition. Properties of banana fibers are superior as compare to other

natural fibers (Bhatnagar, Gupta, Yadav, et al., 2015). The new banana fiber extraction

machine can be designed with higher efficiency. This machine will reduce manual work and

is suitable for mass production. The factors affecting quality of fiber are roller speed; feed

angle and clearance also affect the production quantity of fiber. By choosing these factors,

correctly quality and production of fiber can be increased (Sheikh, Awate, et al., 2016). The
 8

natural fiber reinforced hybrid composites are successfully fabricated using handmade

technique. The banana hybrid composite with weight fraction of 25/15 shows maximum

flexural strength and maximum flexural modulus. The banana hybrid composite with weight

fraction of 25/15 shows maximum inter laminar shear strength (Madhukiran.J,

Dr.S.SrinivasaRao, Madhusudan.S., et al., 2013).

The effect of varying cross-sectional area on the failure strength of banana fibers at

the gauge lengths of 10mm, 20mm, 25mm, and 40mm. It is that the fiber strength decreases

as the gauge length increases; this is about due to the number of flaws increasing along with

the varying cross-sectional area. The predicted strength by within fiber conical frustum

volume variation shows the best result in the fiber strength prediction. The tensile strength on

the pseudo-stem banana woven fabric composite is increased by 90% compared to the virgin

epoxy. The flexural strength increased when banana woven fabric was used in epoxy

material. The results of the impact strength tested shows that the pseudo-stem banana fiber is

improved that impact strength properties of the virgin epoxy material by approximately 40%.

Higher impact strength value leads to the higher toughness properties of material. The banana

fiber composite a ductile appearance with minimum number of plastic deformation.

Immersion treatment effect of alcohol on the surface of the banana fiber on physical

properties and the mechanical properties of banana fiber is not suitable, because it is the

power of banana fiber itself becomes fragile. The influence of the tensile load of fiber when

mixed with the epoxy resin with a volume fraction of 50: 50 in the form of the pull sufficient

effect on the tensile strength of the composite, as it makes the tensile strength composite itself

to be increased or stronger (Sahari, Buku, et al., 2015). The future of the natural fiber

composites appears to be bright because they are cheap, light and environmentally superior to
 9

glass fiber composites. Future research should hence focus on achieving the equivalent or

superior technical performance and the component life. Mechanical tests of the natural

fibers were not trivial. Each fiber has a characteristic morphology. Therefore, the irregular

cross-section of the fibers could be considered in the analysis of tensile tests. Sisal, coir and

piassava presented a non-linear region starting at the stress levels of 100MPa or below which

can be related to the degradation mechanism due to the collapse of the weak primary cell

walls (Fidelis, Pereira, et al., 2013). At high temperatures, DMA results show a slight

increase in the rubbery plate for composites with both PALF and coir fibers aligned in the

relation to a neat epoxy resin. These composites display a reinforcing effect that improved in

the thermal mechanical stability above 100°C. It has been verified that the variable strength

data available from the literature may not represent in the real strength of the single hemp

fibers. This data is not being suitable for predicting the performance of the hemp fiber

composite materials. The comparison of the tensile strength reveals that 20% of the banana

fiber and 80% of the epoxy on 900 orientation fiber composite has a 56.5MPa exhibit higher

tensile strength than 15% of the banana unidirectional fiber 47.4MPa (Mehamud, Raj, Zeleke,

Gebre, et al., 2016). Using natural fibers as reinforcement for polymeric composites introduce

a positive effect on the mechanical behavior of the polymers. Natural fiber reinforced

polymer composites have a beneficial properties such as lower density, less expensive, and

reduced solidity when compared to the synthetic composite products. Banana fibers have

shown high variability along the length and the fibers, which is a characteristic of the natural

fibers. The standard deviation has been found to be decrease with increase in the diameter of

fibers. The diameter variability had a normal distribution. The tenacity of the banana fibers

was a function of testing speed.

 10

The use of the natural fibers in polyester composite has a point of the interest since

1980s. Several plant fibers including hemp, jute, banana, sisal, coir, bamboo, rice and oil

palm have been used to reinforce polyester matrix. These fibers are highly susceptible to the

water absorption in humid environment (Haghdan, Smith, et al., 2015). The mechanical

properties will be change in the composition of fibers. On combination of sisal and banana

where banana is in excess amount than sisal tensile strength value is very high but bending

values are very low. The maximum tensile strength is 73.23MPa and 30.86MPa which is

done by the 15 wt% banana fiber and 3 wt% coconut fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites

respectively. The water absorption tested and it is founded that L2 absorbs more amount of

water and L1 absorbs minimum amount of water. It is found that as the glass layer in

laminate increases its mechanical properties. These composites shall be used for medium load

applications. The mechanical properties of the composites are influenced mainly by the

adhesion between matrix and the fibers and which increases with hard adhesion between

them. The banana sisal glass hybrid composites have more tensile strength than other

composites materials that can withstand the tensile strength of 21.06MPa followed by the

sisal banana glass reinforced composites which have the value of 10.42MPa. The banana and

carbon fibers reinforced hybrid composites were fabricated by the handmade process and the

mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength and

water intake behavior of these composites are evaluated. 28) The right treatments to improve

fiber and the cement matrix compatibility are still to be found. The same could be said about

the variation on fiber properties thus controlling quality methods are needed in order to know

minimal variations on the properties of the natural fibers. The maximum impact strength

which has the 60% glass fiber and 40% epoxy resin composites is 11.22 Joules followed by

50% banana fiber and the 50% epoxy resin composites can have the impact load of
 11

9.48Joules. Tensile properties of bamboo fiber, grass fiber and coconut fiber reinforced PLA

composites were prepared by the extrusion and injection molding process. Tensile strength of

untreated grass fiber and coconut fiber composites were low than neat PLA and decrease with

increase of fiber content (Sujaritjun, Uawongsuwan, Pivsa-Art, Hamada, et al., 2013).

The chemical modification of the banana fibers resulted for further improvement in

the properties of the composite. The angle of the fiber orientation to the loading direction was

found to be the effect on the tensile strength, failure strength at break of the composites (Dr.

Patil, Kalagi, et al., 2015). The flexural strength of the banana fiber composites is 40.16MPa,

which is 14.78% higher than the strength of banana fiber. Thus, the higher compressive

strength of 122.11MPa of the banana fiber composite is attained after fiber pretreatment and

is 38.35% higher than observed strength without the treatment (Jiyas N, DrBinduKumar K,

Mathew John, et al., 2016). The most effective enzyme for banana fiber treatment is the

poligalacturonase, showing a higher specific activity and being specific for substrates is not

damaged the cellulosic structure of fibers. Banana fiber can be spun to the produce yarns,

mixed or not mixed with the other fibers, while the most suitable for industrial scale-up

without major equipment changes the blend of banana fiber and wool. Banana fibers had

been characterized for their physical, chemical, and the tensile properties. Banana fibers have

good length, strength, fineness and excellent moisture absorption. The mechanical properties

of Banana bark fibers are: tensile strength 381MPa, strain at the break 2.1% (Jiyas N,

DrBinduKumar K, Mathew John, et al., 2016).

Banana (Musa paradisiaca) grows almost everywhere in Bangladesh round the year.

Banana crop produces large quantities of post-harvest biomass wastes. Currently 37,40,096

tons of waste are dumped annually as waste from which banana fibre can be extracted. Some
 12

of them are a potential resource of raw materials such as natural fibers, which can be used as

reinforcement for composite materials. A good number of methods have so far been studied

for the extraction of banana fiber. Anaerobic digestion of soft tissues of banana wastes

separated fibers (Wobiwo et al., 2017). Yilmaz et al., (2017) extracted fibres from fruit and

bunch stems of banana plant by water retting and showed that bunch stem fibres were

superior in terms of fineness, initial modulus and breaking strength, extracted banana fibre

from stem and bunch of banana waste by alkalization and silanization followed by

mechanical treatment. The extracted banana fibre has been studied for reinforcing material

for lignocellulosic composite materials (Alavudeen et al., 2015) pulp (Rahman et al., 2014),

cellulose microfibrils (Elanthikkal et al., 2010). Spin ability of banana fibre, fineness and

tensile strength make it usable in a number of different textiles with different weights and

thicknesses, based on what part of the banana stem the fibre was extracted from. Enzymatic

treatment of extracted banana fibers spinning showed suitability of yarns production (Ortega

et al., 2016). The Banana fiber extraction machine has been developed by local innovator as

shown in Fig. 1. The extraction can be done mainly in three ways: manual, chemical and

mechanical. In this machine, fibre extraction is done by mechanical extraction process, which

is eco-friendly way to get fiber of both good quality and quantity. In this process the fiber is

extracted by inserting the pseudo stem sheaths one by one into a machine. Water and non-

fibrous elements are removed from the bottom of the machine. Extracted banana fibers are

being exported to overseas market. During the extraction process, substantial amount of

wastes are generated, which are mainly non-fibrous element.

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Local entrepreneur are facing problems in disposing the accumulated waste. There is an

urgent need to handle this waste by appropriate processing method considering

environmental problem. In this regard, it may be worth noting that Bangladesh government

has banned polyethylene bag to protect the environment. Therefore, 40,000 workers in about

400 polyethylene bag factories have lost their jobs. Therefore, interest is growing up to build

biodegradable bag industry. Many cottage industries are growing for manufacturing paper

bag based on recycling paper. These bags could not meet the demand of user because of

lower strength. The physical, morphological and chemicals characteristics of different Musa

species were studied by Omotoso and Ogunsile (2010) and found that Musa species were rich

in cellulose and low in lignin content compared to hardwood. The fibre lengths were varied

from medium to longer range from species to species. Many studies have been reported on

the pulping of banana fibre (Rahman et al., 2014). Pulping of retted and unretted banana plant

fibre were carried out and it was observed that pulping of retted samples produced pulps with

improved chemical and physical properties than that from of unretted samples. In this work,

wastes from banana fibre extraction plant were characterized in terms of chemical and

morphological properties and compared with extracted banana fiber (EBF) from the same

banana fibre extraction plant. Pulping of waste banana fibre (WBF) and EBF was also carried

out by varying alkali charge, and cooking time at the boiling temperature. Finally, we aimed

at producing handmade paper from WBF.

Banana Fiber Paper-plastic alternatives

The Banana Paper manufacturing process is simple and uses negligible chemicals

compared to traditional papermaking by trees and other things.

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Also, the industrial method of papermaking is highly polluting, which uses gallons of water

and chemicals to form pulp to produces paper. So we find out an alternative to plastic and

traditional paper that is Banana Paper.

Now day Global warming is a major problem. We have to stop global warming and

also, reverse the effect, so we need to stop the use of non-renewable, non-degradable

materials. But this is not the final solution; the use of renewable, bio-degradable, and natural

material is the best way such as Banana Fiber Paper.

The water level is decreases day by day, excess use of water is only one reason behind

that. But the main reason is the layer of plastic which prevents the percolation of water. The

tons of plastic are dump daily which is non-degradable and forms the layer.

Banana Fiber as an alternative paper

In the whole world tons of banana, the stem is thrown away as an agricultural west

every year. The banana stem fiber is the best alternative to replace plastic and paper. The

yearly banana stem waste will be increased as a result of banana growth plantation. There is a

need to convert this waste into wealth by extracting the fibers from the banana stem. The

banana stem fiber extraction process is done by manual as well as mechanical. The manual

process produces a very low quantity whereas the mechanical process is a fast process done

with a banana fiber extraction machine.

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Banana fiber extraction machine cost.

A simple fiber extraction machine is available in the market which costs INR 60000

to 180000, but if you are some mechanical engineering knowledge then you will make it to a

workshop at a very low cost that is less than INR 40000.

The unskilled worker can also operate this fiber extraction machine. The banana stem

contains 90 to 95 % of water which is after removal known as sap water. This sap water is

full of nutrition and used as liquid fertilizer.

Banana fiber pulp

The natural fibers are the chemical composition of cellulose and lignin. Lignin binds

the fibers to cellulose Alkaline treatment which is followed by the pulp and paper industries

used for the release of fibers.

In this process, lignin can be dissolved in NaOH solution and the cellulosic fibers can

be extracted.

The amount of banana paper produce is different for extracted banana fiber and waste

banana fiber.

After extraction of fiber from the banana stem the remaining west is used

for vermicompost. The fiber produced will be used for papermaking.

Banana Paper Industry-Handmade Unit

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The banana paper industry has become more popular because of its eco-friendly

nature and has a significant impact on the growing forest and preserving the greenery. Water

and air pollution are also negligible.

The export of handmade banana paper is increased in multiples with the growing

awareness in developed and developing countries. In recent years a handful number of

handmade banana paper manufacturers become cent percent export-oriented units.

These units are exporting handmade banana paper & its products to several countries. The

demand for banana handmade paper is increasing day by day in the domestic as well as in the

international market.

Various varieties of Banana are cultivated in India. The banana tree is cut down as

soon as fruits are harvested for the extraction of fiber. Banana fiber has great potentialities for

papermaking because of its high alpha-cellulose and low lignin content.

 It is a market not yet exploited to its full potential.

 The market is demanding green products.

 There is an ever-growing need for environmental awareness.

 There is more demand in developed countries.

 Less competition from similar products

Banana fiber uses (properties)

 Banana fibers have great potentialities for papermaking because of their high alpha-cellulose

and lignin content.

 These fibers have excellent tensile strength, they are strong fibers.
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 They have low elongation and lightweight.

 They possess strong moisture absorption quality. It absorbs as well as releases moisture very

fast.

 They are biodegradable and have no negative effect on the environment hence categorized

eco-friendly fiber.

 Banana fibers also possess fire resistance properties.

 Banana fiber has a great texture for paper making special demand for handmade paper.

 It is used for rope, mats, and other composite materials.

 Banana fiber has recognized for apparel made by joining filaments together by weavers knot.

However, spun banana yarns are still in the research phase.

 Polypropylene reinforced with banana, fiber is used by automobile companies for making

underfloor protection panels in luxurious cars like Mercedes.

 The composite material of the banana fiber used in building boards and fire resistance boards.

 Banana fiber is suitable for use as a growing medium in hydroponics. Also, cooling pads,

roofing sheets, and bricks are made with Banana fiber.

 The banana fiber extraction by-products such as sap water and pith are also used in farming.

Sap water is used as fertilizer while pith is used for vermicompost which helps to increase the

beneficial microorganisms in the soil.

 Pots and pellets are also made with pith and used as growth base material for plants.

 Most of the recycled Paper is using tree-fibers or recycled fibers. Trees are still cut to make

the most recycled paper. Banana fiber paper is the only way to stop tree cutting and most

appropriately utilizing sustainable resources.

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Banana Paper uses:-

 Banana Paper is used for disposable dishes, paper cups, disposable glass and even it is best to

carry bag making.

 Paper is also used for gents and ladies' wallets.

 It is used for making handicrafts and home decor.

 In various regions, banana paper is also used for artistic purposes also.

 The banana paper is used for currency notes in Germany and a trial run in India also.

 During the research, it was found that banana paper made out of banana bark has a shelf life

of over 100 years as it is the strongest of the long fibers ever found amidst natural fibers.

 It can be folded for as many as 3,000 times. It can use currency and value-able documents.

 Designers used banana paper for printing business cards and greeting cards, beautiful visiting

cards, wedding cards.

 The banana paper also used for making gift boxes, notebook covers, drawing paper.

 Banana paper is best for sanitary towels.

 The artesian uses Banana paper as an art paper alternative.

 Also, banana paper is used for filter paper, pen stands, photo frames, lampshades, and many

more.

 This paper is used for the purpose of writing.

 Plastic is often used as wrapping material but is environmentally harmful. The banana paper

can effectively replace plastic.

 This Banana paper can be used to store food and to serve foodstuffs.

 It can be used for various handicrafts and arts such as Origami.

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Paper bags have been used in trading and industry for decades. Cloth and jute bags

were traditionally used to pack items in greater quantities during their movement from

factory or farm to merchant, and shopkeepers then used paper bags to distribute smaller

quantity products to end users. In contrast, the structural firmness and surface feature of a

paper bag made it ideal for printing high-quality images, logos, and designs better than a

plastic bag, making paper bags a hit in the fashion, luxury, and premium gift packaging

industry. The paper bag is a new thing these days. People holding paper bags can be seen in

almost any place. People bring them to schools, offices, and retail establishments. As a result,

it is critical to pursue a creative solution as well. As a result, it can benefit both the business

and, more importantly, the environment. This trend has gained traction as people and

businesses become more conscious of their environmental responsibilities. Furthermore,

many people prefer to use paper bags because they are lightweight, easy to clean, and can

hold items for an extended period of time.

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CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This chapter organizes the details about how to make a paper bag out of a

banana pseudo-stem with caustic soda (Sodium Hydroxide). This identifies the outcome of

producing paper bags. Furthermore, this part of the study describes the various stages of the

research, which includes the research design, the data gathering method, research locale,

research tools and instruments, procedures of the study and the data analysis and

interpretation.

Research Design

This study will use an Experimental Quantitative research design to determine the

efficacy of making paper bag out of pseudo-stem with Sodium Hydroxide. In line with that,

this design ensures that the researchers will be able to gather results of the effect using

banana pseudo-stem to make an eco-friendly paper bag.

Data Gathering Method

The researcher will collect data that will serve as a guideline for the analysis.

Moreover, the researcher must be able to compare commercial bags and paper bags to make

this study more stimulating.

Research Locale

This study will be conducted only in Dapa, which is situated in the Surigao del Norte

province. Dapa is a well-known municipality on the island of Siargao, consisting of many

barangays and villages.

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Research Tools and Instruments

The researcher will be having an observation as the primary research tool and

instrument for this study, which will help gather information from his/her experimentation.

Materials and Procedures of the Study

In order for this analysis to be accurate, the researcher must have the materials and

perform the procedures for producing paper bags.

 Banana Pseudo-stem  10 L of Water (5 L for extracting Sodium

 Sodium Hydroxide Hydroxide and 5 L for straining using wooden

 Wooden Picture frame picture frame)

 Blending Machine (blender)  Big Basin

 Knife  Strainer

1. Prepare the needed materials

2. Have a wooden picture frame wrapped in nylon fabric.

3. Chop the pseudo-stem into 1-2 inch pieces and cook them in boiling water with the 25

mL Sodium Hydroxide.

4. Strain the boiled pseudo-stem and flush it with water to totally extract the Sodium

Hydroxide.

5. Mix (with blender) the washed pseudo-stem with a small volume of water to make it

more shriveled. When it's finished mixing, remove it from the blending machine and

pour it into a big basin with less water inside.

6. Strain the pseudo-stem with a wooden picture frame to get the fiber on it and dry it in

the sun.
 22

7. Then the researcher will have the results of his/her experiment, and it'll be up to

him/her to figure out how to shape it into a paper bag (he/she can use glue to stick it).

Testing and Comparing

The researcher will compare the quality in terms of durability of the paper bag made

of banana pseudo-stem and a commercial paper bag by putting from light to heavy objects

that the researcher will use. The researcher will next record and determine the paper bag that

is made of banana pseudo-stem if the durability of it is similar as the commercial paper bag.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

The researcher will be using the Experimental method to determine the effectiveness

of banana pseudo-stem to paper bags through experimentation, which is essential to

environment and even the customers who wish to utilize banana pseudo-stem as paper bag on

their routines. For this to happen, the researcher will follow the procedures upon

experimenting. After that, results will be recorded according to the observation. All the

information that will be gathered will be able to help the researcher to have a strong

foundation to go over with the study.

 Appendices

June 01, 2021

JEAN CLAIRE E. SENTONES

Siargao National Science High School

8417, Dapa Surigao del Norte, Philippines

Dear Mrs. Jean Claire,

Greetings!

The researcher is currently conducting a research entitled “MAKING OF PAPER

BAG OUT OF BANANA PSEUDO-STEM WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)”, in

fulfillment for the requirement in Practical Research 2.

In view hereof, the researcher would like to obtain your permission from your good

office to let the researcher to perform this study in the town of Dapa, Surigao del Norte. Rest

assured that the gathered data will be kept with utmost confidentiality.

Your approval will considerably assist the researcher in achieving the goals of this

research study.

Respectfully yours,

KISSY MAE GARRIDO

Researcher
 Appendices

Map of the Study

Gantt Chart
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8

Preparation of the

Materials

Wooden Frame Design

Chopping of Raw

Material

Boiling, Pouring,

Straining

Blending Process

Removing of Blended

Pseudo-stem

Heat Treatment

Final Product

Testing and Comparing

Data Analysis and

Interpretation
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