Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Work and Heat - 2
Work and Heat - 2
Thermodynamics
Lesson 3.1 WORK & HEAT
pb: solugena
2 Content
Internal Energy
Work
Heat
pb: solugena
3 First Law of Thermodynamic
pb: solugena
4 INTERNAL ENERGY, ΔU
pb: solugena
5 COMPONENTS OF INTERNAL ENERGY
pb: solugena
6 Example
S(s) + O2 SO2(g)
(we do not know the internal energy content of either the reactant molecules or the product molecules, but we
can measure the change in energy content, ΔU)
ΔU = U(product) – U (reactant)
= energy content of 1 mol SO2(g) – energy content of [1 mol S(s) + 1 mol O2(g)]
The reaction gives off heat (exothermic), the energy of the product is less than that of the
reactants, ΔU is negative
The sum of the energy changes must be zero (which means the total energy of the universe
does not change):
ΔUsys + Δusurr = 0
ΔUsys = -Δusurr
pb: solugena
7
pb: solugena
8
Thus, if one system undergoes energy change ΔUsys, the rest of the universe, or
surroundings, must undergo a change in energy that is equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign (-ΔUsurr).
A more useful form of the first law:
ΔU = q + w
(“sys” dropped)
The change in the internal energy, ΔU, of a system is the sum of the heat
exchange q between the system and the surroundings and the work done w on
(or by) the system
Note: q is positive for an endothermic process and negative for an exothermic
process; w is positive for work done on the system by the surrounding and
negative for work done by the system on the surroundings.
pb: solugena
9
pb: solugena
10 WORK
pb: solugena
11
Process Sign
pb: solugena
12
pb: solugena
13 Work can be defined as force (F) multiplied by distance (d)
w=Fxd
The equation derive from the fact that pressure x volume can be expressed as
(force/area) x volume; that is
𝐹
PxV= x d3 = F x d = w
𝑑2
pressure volume
Thus, the product of pressure and volume is equal to the force times distance, or
work.
For a given increase in volume (that is, for a certain value of ΔV), the work done
depends on the magnitude of the external, opposing pressure Pext.
If P is zero (that is, if the gas is expanding against a vacuum), the work done must
also be zero.
If P is some positive, then the work done is given by –PΔV.
The units for work done by or on a gas are liter atmospheres but should be express in
more familiar unit of joules.
1 L º atm = 101.3 J
pb: solugena
14 Sample problem 1
pb: solugena
15 Solution to sample problem 1
Strategy: The work done in gas expands is equal to the product of the external, opposing
pressure and the change in volume. What is the conversion factor between L .atm and J?
A.) Because the external pressure is zero, no work is done in the expansion.
w = -PΔV
= -(0)(6.0-2.0) L
=0
B.) the external opposing pressure is 1.2 atm, so
w= -PΔV
= -(1.2 atm) (6.0-2.0)L
=-4.8 L-atm
To convert the answer to joules, we write
W = -4.8 L.atm x 101.3J/1 L.atm
=-4.9x10^2J
Check: Because this is gas expansion (work is done by the system on the surroundings), the
work done has a negative sign.
pb: solugena
16 Work is not a state function. We cannot write ΔW = wf –
wi for a change.
Work done depends not only on the initial state and final
state, but also on how the process is carried out, that is
on the path.
pb: solugena
17 HEAT
pb: solugena
18
If changing the path from initial state to the final state increases so the
value of q, then it will decrease the value of w by the same amount and
vice versa, so that ΔU remains unchanged.
SUMMARY: Heat and work are not state functions because they are not
properties of a system. They manifest themselves only during a process
(during a change). Thus, their values depend on the path of the process
and vary accordingly.
pb: solugena
19 Sample problem 2
pb: solugena
20 Solution
Strategy: Compression is work done on the gas, so what is the sign for w?
Heat is released by the gas to the surroundings. Is this an endothermic or
exothermic process? What is the sign for q?
Solution: to calculate the energy of the gas, we need equation, ΔU = q + w.
Work of compression is positive and because heat is released by the gas, q
is negative, therefore, we have
ΔU = q + w
= -128 J + 462 J
= 334 J
As a result, the energy of the gas increases by 334 J.
pb: solugena
21 WORKSHEET 4
pb: solugena
22 References
pb: solugena