MACHINE LEARING BASED PREDICTION OF

HOUSE PRICING
A Project Report submitted in the partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Submitted By

CH.NAGA LAKSHMI
(19NE1A0531)

A.BALA SARASWATHI (19NE1A0507)

D. NAGA LAKSHMI (19NE1A0543)

B.VENKATA HEMANTH KUMAR REDDY

(19NE1A0519)

Under The Esteemed Guidance Of

M. Sampath Kumar
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

TIRUMALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA, Accredited by NAAC & NBA)
Jonnalagadda, Narasaraopet, GUNTUR (Dt.), A.P.
2019-2023
 TIRUMALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU KAKINADA, Accredited by NAAC & NBA)
Jonnalagadda, Narasaraopet-522601, Guntur (Dist) A.P

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “MACHINE LEARNING BASED PREDICTION OF
HOUSE PRICING” is the bonafied work carried out by CH.NAGA LAKSHMI(19NE1A0531),
A.BALA SARASWATHI (19NE1A0507), D.NAGA LAKSHMI(19NE1A0543), B.VENKATA
HEMANTH KUMAR REDDY(19NE1A0519), in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of “Bachelor of
Technology” degree in the Department of CSE from J.N.T.U. KAKINADA during the year 20212022
under our guidance and supervision and worth of acceptance of requirements of the university.

Project Guide Head of the Department

M.Sampath Kumar Dr.R.Lalu Naik M.Tech. P.H.D

Project Coordinator External Examiner

Mr.S. Anil Kumar M. Tech

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 We wish to express our thanks to carious personalities who are responsible for the completion
of the project. We are extremely thankful to our beloved chairman Sri. Bolla Brahma Naidu, our
secretary Sri.R.Satyanarayana, Who took keen interest in our every effort throughout this course. We
owe out gratitude to our principal sir Dr.Y.V.NarayanaM.E., Ph.D, FIETE for his kind attention and valuable
guidance throughout the course.
We express our deep felt gratitude to our H.O.D Dr.R.Lalu Naik,M.Tech,Ph.D and Mr.S.Anil
KumarM.Tech coordinator of the project for extending their encouragement. Their profound knowledge
and willingness have been a constant source of inspiration for us throughout the project work.
We wish to express our sincere deep sense of gratitude to our guide Dr.K.Satish P.H.D for
significant suggestions and help in every respect to accomplish the project work. Her persisting
encouragement, everlasting patience and keen interest in discussions have benefited us to be extent that
cannot be spanned by words to our college management for providing excellent lab facilities for
completion of project within our campus.
We extend our sincere thanks to all other teaching and non-teaching staff of department of CSE
for their cooperation and encouragement during our B. Tech course.
We have no words to acknowledge the warm affection, constant inspiration and encouragement
that we received from my parents.
We affectionately acknowledge the encouragement received from my friends and those who involved in
giving valuable suggestions had clarifying out doubts which had really helped us in successfully
completing my project.

By
CH.NAGA LAKSHMI 19NE1A0531
A.BALA SARASWATHI 19NE1A0507
D. NAGA LAKSHMI 19NE1A0543
B.VENKATA HEMANTH 19NE1A0519
KUMAR REDDY
 ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

This project provides an overview about how to predict house costs utilizing different regression
methods with the assistance of python libraries. The proposed technique considered the more refined
aspects used for the calculation of house price and provided the more accurate prediction. It also provides
a brief about various graphical and numerical techniques which will be required to predict the price of a
house. This paper contains what and how the house pricing model works with the help of machine
learning and which dataset is used in our proposed model.
 INDEX
CONTENT PAGENO

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction to project 1
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 2-11
2.1Machine Learning 2
2.2 Some Machine Learning Model 2-3
2.3 Applications of Machine Learning 3-4
2.4 Importance Of Machine Learning In Jobs 4
2.5 Classifications 4-6
2.6 Implementation Of Machine Learning Using Python 7-10
2.7 Need Of Data Pre-Processing 10
2.8 Identifying Whether Job Is Fake Or Real 11
3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 11-24
3.1 Existing System 12
3.2 Proposed System 12
3.3 Modules & Description 13
3.4 Feasibility Study 14
3.4.1 Economical Feasibility 14
3.4.2 Technical Feasibility 14
3.4.3 Social Feasibility 14
3.5 Requirements Specification 15
3.5.1 Hardware Requirements 15
3.5.2 Software Requirements 15
3.6 Unified Modeling Language 16-18
3.7 UML Diagrams 19-24
3.7.1 Class Diagram 19
3.7.2 Use case Diagram 20
3.7.3 Sequence Diagram 21-22
3.7.4 Activity Diagram 23-24

4. IMPLEMENTATION 25-70
4.1 Sample Code 26-70
5. SYSTEM TESTING 71-75
5.1 Types Of Testing 71-74
5.2 Input And Output Design 74-75
6. Output Screens 76-78
7. CONCLUSION 79
8. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 80
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 81-82
 INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Machine learning is one of the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides
computers, the ability to learn automatically and improve from experience instead of explicitly
programmed. It focuses on developing computer programs that can access data and use it to
learn from themselves. The main aim is to allow computers to learn automatically without
human intervention and also adjust actions accordingly. Fake or real job prediction is an
important task to identify whether the job is fake or real.These fraudulent job post detection
draws a good attention for obtaining an automated tool for identifying fake jobs and reporting
them to people for avoiding application for such jobs

1
LITERATURE SURVEY

2
 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Machine Learning

Machine learning is one of the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides

computers, the ability to learn automatically and improve from experience instead of explicitly

programmed. It focuses on developing computer programs that can access data and use it to learn

from themselves. The main aim is to allow computers to learn automatically without human

intervention and also adjust actions accordingly.

2.2 Some Machine Learning Models

Machine learning algorithms are often categorized as supervised and unsupervised.

➢ Supervised machine learning algorithms can apply what has been learned in the past to new

data using labeled examples to predict future events. Starting from the analysis of a known

training dataset, the learning algorithm produces an inferred function to make predictions about

the output values. The system is able to provide targets for any new input after sufficient

training. The learning algorithm can also compare its output with the correct, intended output

and find errors in order to modify t

➢ In contrast, unsupervised machine learning algorithms are used when the information

used to train is neither classified nor labeled. Unsupervised learning studies how

systems can infer a function to describe a hidden structure from unlabeled data. The

system doesn’t figure out the right output, but it explores the data and can draw

inferences from datasets to describe hidden structures from unlabeled data.

2
 ➢ Semi-supervised machine learning algorithms fall somewhere in between supervised

and unsupervised learning, since they use both labeled and unlabeled data for training –

typically a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data. The

systems that use this method are able to considerably improve learning accuracy. Usually,

semi-supervised learning is chosen when the acquired labeled data requires skilled and

relevant resources in order to train it / learn from it. Otherwise, acquiring unlabeled data

generally doesn’t require additional resources.

➢ Reinforcement machine learning algorithms is a learning method that interacts with its

environment by producing actions and discovers errors or rewards. Trial and error search

and delayed reward are the most relevant characteristics of reinforcement learning. This

method allows machines and software agents to automatically determine the ideal

behaviour within a specific context in order to maximize its performance. Simple reward

feedback is required for the agent to learn which action is best. This is known as there

enforcement signal.

2.3 Applications of machine learning

1. Virtual Personal Assistants

2. Predictions while Commuting

3. Videos Surveillance

4. Social Media Services

5. Email Spam and Malware Filtering

6. Online Customer Support

3
 7. Search Engine Result Refining

8. Product Recommendations

9. Online Fraud Detection

Fig 2.4.1: graph showing Real and fraudulent

From the above graph we can say that most of the jobs are not fake only some jobs are

consider has fake jobs.

2.4 Importance of machine learning in jobs

The importance of machine learning in jobs is increasing because of its ability to

process huge datasets efficiently beyond the range of human capability, .Now-a-days most of

jobs are increasing drastically we can not predict particular job is fake or real based on details

provided by company. So by using this machine learning project we can predict easily whether it

is fake or real and it makes easy to understand for employees and they can get better outcome.

2.5 Classification
➢ It is a process of categorizing data into given classes. Its primary goal is to identify the class of
our new data.

2.5.1 Machine learning algorithms for classification

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 Research on data mining has led to the formulation of several data mining
algorithms. These algorithms can be directly used on a dataset for creating some models
or to draw vital conclusions and inferences from that dataset. Some popular data mining
algorithms are Decision tree, Naïve Bayes, k-means, artificial neural network etc.

1.Decision Tree: Decision Tree Analysis is a general, predictive modelling tool that
has applications spanning a number of different areas. In general, decision trees are
constructed via an algorithmic approach that identifies ways to split a data set based on
different conditions. It is one of the most widely used and practical methods for
supervised learning. Decision Trees are a non-parametric supervised learning method
used for both classification and regression tasks. The goal is to create a model that
predicts the value of a target variable by learning simple decision rules inferred from
the data features.The decision rules are generally in form of if-then-else statements. The
deeper the tree, the more complex the rules and fitter the mode.

2.Naive Bayes (NB): It is a simple technique for constructing classifiers. It is a

probabilistic classifier based on Bayes' theorem. All Naive Bayes classifiers assume
that the value of any particular feature is independent of the value of anyother feature,
given the class variable. Bayes theorem is given as follows: P(C|X) = P(X|C) *
P(C)/P(X), where X is the data tuple and C is the class such that P(X) is constant for
all classes. Though it assumes an unrealistic condition that attribute values are
conditionally independent, it performs surprisingly well on large datasets where this
condition is assumed and holds.
3.Random Forest: Random Forests are an ensemble learning method (also thought
of as a form of nearest neighbour predictor) for classification and regression
techniques. It builds multiple decision trees and then merges them together inorder to
get more accurate and stable predictions. It constructs a number of Decision trees at
training time and outputs. The class that is the mode of the classes output by individual
trees. It also tries to minimize the problems of high variance and high bias by

5
 averaging to find a natural balance between the two extremes. Both R and Python have
robust packages to implement this algorithm.

4.KNN: KNN algorithm is one of the simplest classification algorithms and it is one of
the most used learning algorithms. KNN is a non-parametric, lazylearning algorithm.
Its purpose is to use a dataset in which the data points are separated into several classes
to predict the classification of a new sample point. A KNN algorithm uses a data and
classifies new data points based on a similarity measures (e.g. distance function, error
rate). Classification is done by a majority vote to its neighbours. The data is assigned
to the class which has the most nearest neighbours. As we increase the number of
nearest neighbours, the value of k, accuracy may increase.

5.Logistic Regression: Logistic regression is one of the most popular Machine Learning
algorithms, which comes under the Supervised Learning technique. It is used for
predicting the categorical dependent variable using a given set of independent variables.
Logistic regression predicts the output of a categorical dependent variable. Therefore the
outcome must be a categorical or discrete value. It can be either Yes or No, 0 or 1, true
or False, etc. but instead of giving the exact value as 0 and 1, it gives the probabilistic
values which lie between 0 and 1. Logistic Regression is much similar to the Linear
Regression except that how they are used. Linear Regression is used for solving
Regression problems, whereas Logistic regression is used for solving the classification
problems.

2.6 Implementation of machine learning using python

Python is a popular programming language. It was created in 1991 by Guido van Rossum. It is
used for:
➢ web development(server-side),

➢ software development,

➢ mathematics,

➢ system scripting.

6
The most recent major version of Python is Python 3. However, Python 2, although not
being updated with anything other than security updates, is still quite popular.

It is possible to write Python in an Integrated Development Environment, such as

Thonny, Pycharm, Netbeans or Eclipse, Anaconda which are particularly useful when
managing larger collections of Python files.Python was designed for its readability. Python
uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to other programming languages which
often use semicolons or parentheses.Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to
define scope; such as the scope of loops, functions and classes. Other programming
languages often use curly-brackets for this purpose. In the older days, people used to
perform Machine Learning tasks manually by coding all the algorithms and mathematical
and statistical formula. This made the process time consuming, tedious and inefficient.
But in the modern days, it is become very much easy and efficient compared to the olden
days by various python libraries, frameworks, and modules. Today, Python is one of the
most popular programming languages for this task and it has replaced many languages in
the industry, one of the reason is its vast collection of libraries. Python libraries that used
in Machine Learning are:
• Numpy

• Scipy

• Scikit-learn

• Theano

• TensorFlow

• Keras

• PyTorch

• Pandas

• Matplotlib

7
NumPy: is a very popular python library for large multi-dimensional array and matrix
processing, with the help of a large collection of high-level mathematical functions. It is very
useful for fundamental scientific computations in Machine Learning. It is particularly useful for
linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities. High-end libraries like
TensorFlow uses NumPy internally for manipulation of Tensors.

SciPy: is a very popular library among Machine Learning enthusiasts as it contains different
modules for optimization, linear algebra, integration and statistics. There is a difference between
the SciPy library and the SciPy stack. The SciPy is one of the core packages that make up the
SciPy stack. SciPy is also very useful for image manipulation.

Skikit-learn: is one of the most popular Machine Learning libraries for classical Machine
Learning algorithms. It is built on top of two basic Python libraries, NumPy and SciPy.Scikit-
learn supports most of the supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms. Scikit- learn can
also be used for data-mining and data-analysis, which makes it a great tool who is starting out
with Machine Learning.

Theano: is a popular python library that is used to define, evaluate and optimize mathematical
expressions involving multi-dimensional arrays in an efficient manner. It is achieved by optimizing the
utilization of CPU and GPU. It is extensively used for unittesting and self-verification to detect and
diagnose different types of errors. Theano is a very powerful library that has been used in large-scale
computationally intensive scientific projects for a long time but is simple and approachable enough to
be used by individuals for their own projects.

TensorFlow: is a very popular open-source library for high performance numerical computation
developed by the Google Brain team in Google. As the name suggests, Tensorflow is a
framework that involves defining and running computations involving tensors. It can train and
run deep neural networks that can be used to develop several AI applications. TensorFlow is
widely used in the field of deep learning research and application.

8
Keras: is a very popular Machine Learning library for Python. It is a high -level neural networks
API capable of running on top of TensorFlow, CNTK, or Theano. It can run seamlessly on both
CPU and GPU. Keras makes it really for ML beginners to build and design a Neural Network.
One of the best thing about Keras is that it allows for easy and fast prototyping.

PyTorch: is a popular open-source Machine Learning library for Python based on Torch, which
is an open-source Machine Learning library which is implemented in C with a wrapper in Lua.
It has an extensive choice of tools and libraries that supports on Computer Vision, Natural
Language Processing(NLP) and many more ML programs. It allows developers to perform
computations on Tensors with GPU acceleration and also helps in creating computational graphs.

Matpoltlib: is a very popular Python library for data visualization. Like Pandas, it is not directly
related to Machine Learning. It particularly comes in handy when a programmer wants to
visualize the patterns in the data. It is a 2D plotting library used for creating 2D graphs and plots.
A module named pyplot makes it easy for programmers for plotting as it provides features to
control line styles, font properties, formatting axes, etc. It provides various kinds of graphs and
plots for datavisualization, histogram, errorcharts, barchats, etc.

2.7 Need of Data Pre-processing

Pre-processing refers to the transformations applied to our data before feeding it to the
algorithm. Data Pre-processing is a technique that is used to convert the raw data into a clean
dataset. In other words, whenever the data is gathered from different sources it is collected in
raw format which is not feasible for the analysis.

9
 Fig 2.8.1: Need of Data Preprocessing

For achieving better results from the applied model in Machine Learning projects the
format of the data has to be in a proper manner. Some specified Machine Learning model needs
information in a specified format. For example, Random Forest algorithm does not support null
values, therefore to execute random forest algorithm null values have to be managed from the
original raw data set.
Another aspect is that data set should be formatted in such a way that more than one Machine
Learning and Deep Learning algorithms are executed in one dataset, and best out of them is
chosen.

2.8 Identifying whether job is fake or real :-

⚫ Every company will have their respective job portal and in that job portal we will have complete
information about that job.
⚫ Any company should not ask money for getting job in that company.
⚫ If a job is real job then interviews maximum does not happen through telephone it will take virtual
interviews either online or offline.
⚫ If it is a reputed company then it is mandatory to have the details about that company in a google.

10
11
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN

3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Existing System

Fake or real job prediction predicts all job details. Even though, those records are not
used in an efficient manner for prediction. To maintain the records in an efficient error free

manner, the new proposed system is introduced. Disadvantages

1. Doesn’t generate accurate and efficient results

2. Computation time is very high
3. Difficulty in maintenance of job details
4. Lacking of accuracy may result in lack of efficient further treatment

3.2 Proposed System

12
 We proposed to develop a system which will help to predict Fake or real job based on
some attributes like location,salary_range,department and so on. So, there is a need for
developing a decision system which will help to predict the job condition for employee in an
easier way, which can offer prediction about the job so that further procedure can be made
effectively. This proposed system not only accurately predicts fake jobs but also reduces time
for prediction. The machine learning algorithms like decision tree, randomforest, Naive Bayes,
K Nearest Neighbours have proven to be most accurate & reliable and hence, used in this project.

Advantages
1. Generates accurate and efficient results
2. Computation time is greatly reduced
3. Easy maintenance of e m p l o y e e d e t a i l s
4. Reduces manual work
5. Automated prediction

3.3 Modules and Description

Machine Learning: Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer science
which focuses on the use of data and algorithms to imitate the way that humans learn, gradually improving
its accuracy. Classical machine learning is often categorized by how an algorithm learns to become more
accurate in its predictions. There are four basic approaches: Supervised Learning, Semisupervised
Learning and reinforcement Learning. The type of algorithm data scientists choose to use depends on what
type of data they want to predict. In supervised learning, the training data provided to the machines work
as the supervisor that teaches the machines to predict the output correctly. With abundance of data
available on internet and increasing capability of machine intelligence this task can be solved by using
Machine Learning to predict the chances of a job being fake so that the candidate can stay alert and take
informed decisions, if required.

Pickle Module: The Pickle module implements a fundamental, but powerful algorithm for serializing
and de-serializing a Python object structure. “Pickling” is the process whereby a Python object hierarchy
is converted into a byte stream, and “unpickling” is the inverse operation, whereby a byte stream is
converted back into an object hierarchy. Pickling (and unpickling) is alternatively known as
“serialization”, “marshalling,” or “flattening”, however, to avoid confusion, the terms used here are
“pickling” and “unpickling”.

Pandas: Pandas is an open source Python package that is most widely used for data science/data
analysis and machine learning tasks. Pandas is mainly used for data analysis and associated
manipulation of tabular data in Dataframes. Pandas allows importing data from various file formats

13
such as comma-separated values, JSON,CSV-Files, Parquet, SQL database tables or queries, and
Microsoft Excel. Pandas allows various data manipulation operations such as merging, reshaping,
selecting, as well as data cleaning, and data wrangling features.

Numpy: NumPy library is an important foundational tool for studying Machine Learning. Many of its
functions are very useful for performing any mathematical or scientific calculation. As it is known that
mathematics is the foundation of machine learning, most of the mathematical tasks can be performed
using NumPy. NumPy stands for ‘Numerical Python’. It is an open-source Python library used to perform
various mathematical and scientific tasks. It contains multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with
many high-level mathematical functions that operate on these arrays and matrices.

3.4 Feasibility Study

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very
general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the
proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the
company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is
essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

• ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
• TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
• SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
3.4.1 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of the
system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the
budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the
customized products had to be purchased.

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3.4.2 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of
the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical resources.
This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands
being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or
null changes are required for implementing this system.

3.4.3 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes
the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the
system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the
methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His
level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive criticism, which is
welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

3.5 Requirement Specification

3.5.1 Hardware Requirements

System-type : Intel Core i3 or above

Cache memory : 4MB(Megabyte)

RAM : 8 gigabyte (GB)

Bus Speed : 5 GT/s DBI2

Number of cores : 2
4
Number of threads :

3.5.2 Software Requirements

Windows 10 Home, 64 bit OperatingSystem

Operating System :

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 Coding Language : Python

Python distribution : Anaconda

3.6 Unified Modeling Language (UML)

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standard language for writing software blue prints.

16
 Figure4 : Types of UML diagrams

3.6.1An Overview Of UML The

UML is a language for

• Visualizing

• Specifying

• Constructing

• Documenting

These are the artifacts of a software system-intensive system.

3.6.2 A Conceptual Model of UML The

three major elements of UML are

• The UML’s basic building blocks

• The rules that dictate how those building blocks may be put together Some
common mechanism that applies throughout the UML

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3.6.3 Basic Building Blocks of the UML
The building blocks of UML can be Defined as:

• Things

• Relationships

• Diagrams

Things are the abstractions that are first-class citizens in model. Relationships tie these things
together. Diagrams group the interesting collection of things.

3.6.4 Things in the UML

Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:

• Structural things

• Behavioural things

• Grouping things

• A notational thing

3.6.5 Relationships in the UML

Relationship is another most important building block of UML. It shows how elements are
associated with each other and this association describes the functionality of an application. There are
four kinds of relationships available.

• Dependency

• Association

• Generalization

• Realization

Dependency:

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 Dependency is a relationship between two things in which change in one element also effects the
other one.

Association:

Association is basically a set of links that connects elements of an UML model. It also describes
how many objects are taking part in that relationship.

Generalization:

Generalization can be defined as a relationship which connects a specialized element with a

generalized element. It basically describes inheritance relationship in the world of objects.

Realization:

Realization can be defined as a relationship in which two elements are connected. One element
describes some responsibility which is not implemented and the other one implements them. This
relationship exists in case of interfaces.

3.7 UML Diagrams:

3.7.1 Class Diagram

A Class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram
that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or
methods), and the relationships among objects.
The class diagram is the main building block of object-oriented modeling. It is used for general
conceptual modeling of the structure of the application, and for detailed modeling, translating the
19
models into programming code. Class diagrams can also be used for data modeling.[1] The classes in a
class diagram represent both the main elements, interactions in the application, and the classes to be
programmed.
In the diagram, classes are represented with boxes that contain three compartments:

• The top compartment contains the name of the class. It is printed in bold and centered, and the first
letter is capitalized.
• The middle compartment contains the attributes of the class. They are left-aligned and the first letter
is lowercase.
• The bottom compartment contains the operations the class can execute. They are also leftaligned and
the first letter is lowercase.

Fig: Class diagram

3.7.2 Use Case Diagram

Use case diagrams are one of the five diagrams in the UML for modeling the dynamic aspects of
systems (Activity diagrams, State chart diagrams, Sequence diagrams and Collaboration diagrams are
four other diagrams for modeling dynamic aspects of systems). A Use Case Diagram is a diagram that
shows a set of Use Cases, Actors and their Relationships.

Inhalt

20
 Use case diagrams commonly contain

Use cases

Actors

Dependency, generalization, and association relationships Like all other diagrams, use case diagrams
may contain notes and constraints. [20] Use case diagrams may also contain packages, which are used to
group elements of your model into larger chunks. Use case diagrams are important for visualizing,
specifying, and documenting the behaviour of an element.

Fig: Usecase Diagram

3.7.3 Sequence Diagram

A sequence diagram emphasizes the time ordering of messages. You form a sequence diagram by
first placing the objects or roles that participate in the interaction at the top of your diagram, across the
horizontal axis.

Typically, you place the object or role that initiates the interaction at the left, and increasingly
more sub-ordinate objects or roles to the right. Next, you arrange the messages that these objects send

21
and receive along the vertical axis in order of increasing time from top to bottom. This gives the reader a
clear visual cue to the flow of control over time.

Contents:

Objects Focus of control

Messages

Life line

Inhalt

Sequence Diagram have two interesting features

1. There is the object lifeline. An object lifeline is the vertical dashed line that represents theexistence
of an object over a period of time. Most objects that appear in the interaction diagrams will be in existence
for the duration of the interaction, so these objects are all aligned at the top of the diagram, with their
lifelines drawn from the top of the diagram to the bottom.

2. There is a focus of the control. [27] The focus of control is tall, thin rectangle that shows the period
of the during which an object is performing an action, either directly or through is subordinate procedure.
The top of the rectangle is aligning with the action; the bottom is aligned with its completion.

22
 Fig: Sequence Diagram

3.7.4 Activity Diagram

Activity diagrams are one of the five diagrams in the UML for modeling the dynamic aspects of
systems. (Use Case Diagrams, Sequence diagrams, Collaboration diagrams and Statechart diagrams are
four other diagrams for modeling dynamic aspects of systems). An activity diagram is essentially a
flowchart, showing flow of control from activity to activity.[23] We use activity diagrams to model the
dynamic aspects of a system. For the most part, this involves modeling the sequential (and possibly

23
concurrent) steps in a computational process. With an activity diagram. We can also model the flow of
an object as it moves from state to state at different points in the flow of control.

Terms and concepts:

1. An activity diagram shows the flow from activity to activity.

2. An is an ongoing nonatomic execution within a state machine.

3. Activities ultimately result in some action, which is made up of executable atomic computations that
result in a change in state of the system or the return of a value.

4. Actions encompass calling another operation, sending a signal, creating or destroying an object, or some
pure computation, such as evaluating an expression.

Contents: Activity diagrams commonly contain:

1. Action states and Activity states(Initial/Final State)

2. Transitions

3. Objects

4. Fork & Join

5. Branch

6. Swim lanes

24
Fig: Activity Diagram

25
 IMPLEMENTATION

4 Sample Code

urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url

from django.contrib import admin

from django.urls import path

from admn import views as admn from

user import views as user

urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), #url(r'^$', index,

name="index"), url(r'^index/',admn.index, name="index"),

26
url(r'^adminlogin/',admn.adminlogin, name="adminlogin"),

url(r'^adminloginaction/', admn.adminloginaction, name="adminloginaction"),

url(r'^userdetails/', admn.userdetails, name="userdetails"), path('activateuser/',

admn.activateuser, name='activateuser'), path('storecsvdata1/',

admn.storecsvdata1, name='storecsvdata1'), url(r'^lr/',admn.lr,name="lr"),

url(r'^lr1/',admn.lr1,name="lr1"),

path('userlogin/',user.userlogin,name='userlogin'),

path('userpage/',user.userpage,name='userpage'),

path('userregister/',user.userregister,name='userregister'),

path('userlogincheck/',user.userlogincheck,name='userlogincheck'),

path('houseprediction/',user.houseprediction,name='houseprediction'),

path('adddata/',user.adddata,name='adddata')

views.py:

from django.shortcuts import render from

django.http import HttpResponse from

django.contrib import messages from

pyforest import sns, plt

27
from user.forms import * from

user.models import *

def userlogin(request):

return render(request,'user/userlogin.html')

def userpage(request):

return render(request,'user/userpage.html')

def userregister(request): if

request.method=='POST':

form1=userForm(request.POST)

if form1.is_valid(): form1.save()

print("succesfully saved the data") return

render(request, "user/userlogin.html")

#return HttpResponse("registreration succesfully completed")

else:

print("form not valied") return

HttpResponse("form not valied")

else:

form=userForm() return

render(request,"user/userregister.html",{"form":form})

28
def userlogincheck(request): if

request.method == 'POST':

mail = request.POST.get('mail')

print(mail)

spasswd = request.POST.get('spasswd')

print(spasswd)

try:

check = usermodel.objects.get(email=mail, passwd=spasswd)

# print('usid',usid,'pswd',pswd)

print(check)

request.session['name'] = check.name

print("name",check.name) status =

check.status print('status',status)

if status == "Activated":

request.session['email'] = check.email

return render(request, 'user/userpage.html')

else:

messages.success(request, 'user is not activated')

return render(request, 'user/userlogin.html') except

Exception as e:

print('Exception is ',str(e))

messages.success(request,'Invalid name and password')

return render(request,'user/userlogin.html')

29
def adddata(request): if

request.method=='POST':

longitude= request.POST.get('longitude')

latitude= request.POST.get('latitude')

housing_median_age= request.POST.get('housing_median_age')

total_rooms= request.POST.get('total_rooms') total_bedrooms=

request.POST.get('total_bedrooms') population=

request.POST.get('population') households=

request.POST.get('households') median_income=

request.POST.get('median_income') median_house_value=

request.POST.get('median_house_value') ocean_proximity=

request.POST.get('ocean_proximity')

print("longitude:",longitude,"latitude",latitude,"housing_median_age

",housing_median_age)

print("total_rooms:",total_rooms,"total_bedrooms",total_bedrooms,"

population",population)

print("households:",households,"median_income",median_income,"median_house_value",median_hou
se_value,"ocean_proximity",ocean_proximity)

csvdatamodel(longitude=longitude,latitude=latitude,housing_median_age=housing_median_age,total_r
ooms=total_rooms,total_bedrooms=total_bedrooms,population=population,households=households,me
dian_income=median_income,median_house_value=median_house_value,ocean_proximity=ocean_pr
o ximity).save() return render(request,'user/adddata.html')

# return render(request, "user/adddata.html")

# #return HttpResponse("registreration succesfully completed")

else:
30
 form=csvdatamodelForm() return

render(request,"user/adddata.html",{"form":form})

def houseprediction(request):

import numpy as np

import pandas as pd import

pyforest

df =

pd.read_csv('housing.csv')

df.head() df.info()

# print(df.shape)

# print(df.isnull().sum())

sns.heatmap(df.isnull())

# plt.show() print(df.describe())

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))

sns.distplot(df['housing_median_age'], color='g')

# plt.show()

# print("house median age-min:",df['housing_median_age'].min())

# print("house median age-min:",df['housing_median_age'].max())

# corr between feartures corr_matrix = df.corr() corr_df =

corr_matrix['median_house_value'].sort_values(ascending=False)

print(corr_df)

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 7))

sns.heatmap(corr_matrix, annot=True)

31
 # plt.show() from pandas.plotting import scatter_matrix attr =

['median_house_value', 'median_income', 'total_rooms', 'housing_median_age']

scatter_matrix(df[attr], figsize=(16, 8), color='g', alpha=0.3)

# plt.show()

plt.figure(figsize=(16, 8))

sns.pairplot(df[attr])

# plt.show() df.plot(kind='scatter', x='median_income', y='median_house_value', c='g',

figsize=(10, 7)) plt.show()

# handle categorical variable

df['ocean_proximity'].value_counts()

pd.get_dummies(df['ocean_proximity']).head(3) dummy =

pd.get_dummies(df['ocean_proximity']) dummy.drop('ISLAND',

axis=1, inplace=True) dummy.head(2) df.merge(dummy,

left_index=True, right_index=True).isna().sum() df['<1H

OCEAN'] = dummy['<1H OCEAN'].values df['INLAND'] =

dummy['INLAND'].values df['NEAR BAY'] = dummy['NEAR

BAY'].values df['NEAR OCEAN'] = dummy['NEAR

OCEAN'].values

print(df.head(2))

print(df.isnull().sum())

# fill null values

# from sklearn.preprocessing import Imputer from sklearn.impute

import SimpleImputer train_ft = df.drop(['ocean_proximity',

'median_house_value'], axis=1) imputer =

32
SimpleImputer(strategy='median') imputer.fit(train_ft)

train_ft.median().values x = imputer.transform(train_ft)

train_new_set = pd.DataFrame(x,

columns=train_ft.columns) train_new_set.head()

train_new_set.isna().sum() train_new_set.head()

train_new_set.shape

train_new_set.info()

X = train_new_set.values

Y = df['median_house_value']

# split the data

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test =

train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=0.2, random_state=2020) x_train.shape y_test.shape

x_test.shape

# model linear regression

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression

lr = LinearRegression()

lr.fit(x_train, y_train) predictions

= lr.predict(x_test[:10])

print("predictions:", predictions) y_train[:10] data = {'predicted': predictions, 'Actual':

y_test[:10].values, 'Diff': (predictions - y_test[:10].values)} error_df = pd.DataFrame(data=data)

print("error diff:", error_df) return

render(request,"user/houseprediction.html",{"errordiff":error_df})

33
 # model evaluation models.py:

from django.db import models

class usermodel(models.Model): name =

models.CharField(max_length=50) email = models.EmailField()

passwd = models.CharField(max_length=40) cwpasswd =

models.CharField(max_length=40) mobileno =

models.CharField(max_length=50, default="", editable=True) status =

models.CharField(max_length=40, default="", editable=True)

def __str__(self):

return self.email

class Meta:

db_table='userregister'

class csvdatamodel(models.Model):

longitude = models.CharField(max_length=50)

latitude = models.EmailField() housing_median_age =

models.CharField(max_length=40) total_rooms =

models.CharField(max_length=40) total_bedrooms =

models.CharField(max_length=50, default="", editable=True)

34
 population = models.CharField(max_length=40, default="", editable=True)

households = models.CharField(max_length=40, default="", editable=True)

median_income = models.CharField(max_length=40, default="", editable=True)

median_house_value = models.CharField(max_length=40, default="", editable=True)

ocean_proximity = models.CharField(max_length=40, default="", editable=True)

class Meta:

db_table='csvdatamodel' forms.py:

from django.core import validators

from django import forms from

user.models import *

class userForm(forms.ModelForm):

name = forms.CharField(widget=forms.TextInput(), required=True, max_length=100,)

passwd = forms.CharField(widget=forms.PasswordInput(), required=True, max_length=100)

cwpasswd = forms.CharField(widget=forms.PasswordInput(), required=True, max_length=100)

email = forms.CharField(widget=forms.TextInput(),required=True)

mobileno= forms.CharField(widget=forms.TextInput(), required=True,

max_length=10,validators=[validators.MaxLengthValidator(10),validators.MinLengthValidator(10)])

status = forms.CharField(widget=forms.HiddenInput(), initial='waiting', max_length=100)

def __str__(self):

return self.email

class Meta:

35
 model=usermodel

fields=['name','passwd','cwpasswd','email','mobileno','status']

adminbase.html:

{% load static %}

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<title>Ecoverde - Free Bootstrap 4 Template by Colorlib</title>

<meta charset="utf-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">

<link
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nunito+Sans:200,300,400,600,700,800,900&display=s
wap" rel="stylesheet">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-

awesome/4.7.0/css/fontawesome.min.css">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/animate.css' %}">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/owl.carousel.min.css' %}">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/owl.theme.default.min.css' %}">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/magnific-popup.css' %}">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/flaticon.css' %}">

36
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/style.css' %}">

</head>

<body>

<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark ftco_navbar bg-dark ftco-navbar-light" id="ftco-

navbar">

<div class="container">

<!--<a class="navbar-brand" href="index.html">Ecoverde</a>-->

<button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#ftconav"

aria-controls="ftco-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">

<span class="oi oi-menu"></span> Menu

</button>

<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="ftco-nav">

<ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto">

<li class="nav-item"><a href="{% url 'index' %}" class="nav-link">Home</a></li>

<li class="nav-item"><a href="{% url 'storecsvdata1' %}" class="navlink">storecsv</a></li>

<li class="nav-item"><a href="{% url 'userdetails' %}" class="navlink">userdata</a></li>

<li class="nav-item"><a href="{% url 'lr' %}" class="nav-link">logistic regression</a></li>

<li class="nav-item"><a href="{% url 'lr1' %}" class="nav-link">logistic

regression1</a></li>

<li class="nav-item"><a href="{% url 'adminlogin' %}" class="navlink">logout</a></li>

<!-- <li class="nav-item"><a href="services.html" class="nav-link">Services</a></li>

<li class="nav-item"><a href="properties.html" class="nav-link">Properties</a></li>

<li class="nav-item"><a href="blog.html" class="nav-link">Blog</a></li>

<li class="nav-item"><a href="contact.html" class="nav-link">Contact</a></li>-->

</ul>
37
 </div>

</div>

</nav>

<!-- END nav -->

<section class="hero-wrap" style="background-image: url('{% static 'images/bg_1.jpg' %}');"

datastellar-background-ratio="0.5">

<div class="overlay"></div>

<div class="container">

<div class="row no-gutters slider-text align-items-center">

<div class="col-lg-7 col-md-6 ftco-animate d-flex align-items-end">

<div class="text">

<h1 class="mb-4"></h1>

<!--<p style="font-size: 18px;">Prediction of House Pricing Using

Machine Learning with Python</p>

<p><a href="#" class="btn btn-primary py-3 px-4">Prediction of House Pricing Using

Machine Learning with Python</a></p>-->

{% block contents %}

{% endblock %}

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</section>

38
 <!--<section class="ftco-section ftco-no-pb ftco-no-pt search-bg">

<div class="container">

<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">

<div class="search-wrap-1 ftco-animate p-4">

<form action="#" class="search-property-1">

<div class="row">

<div class="col-lg align-items-end">

<div class="form-group">

<label for="#">Keyword</label>

<div class="form-field">
<div class="icon"><span class="fa fa-
search"></span></div>
<input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Enter
Keyword">

</div>
</div>

</div>

<div class="col-lg align-items-end">

<div class="form-group">

<label for="#">Property Type</label>

<div class="form-field">

<div class="select-wrap">

<div class="icon"><span class="fa fa-chevron-down"></span></div>

<select name="" id="" class="form-control">

<option value="">Residence</option>

<option value="">Offices</option>

39
 <option value="">Commercial</option>

</select>

</div>

</div>

</div>
</div>

<div class="col-lg align-items-end">

<div class="form-group">

<label for="#">Location</label>

<div class="form-field">
<div class="icon"><span class="fa fa-
search"></span></div>
<input type="text" class="form-control"
placeholder="Location">

</div>
</div>

</div>

<div class="col-lg align-items-end">

<div class="form-group">

<label for="#">Price Limit</label>

<div class="form-field">

<div class="select-wrap">

<div class="icon"><span class="fa fa-chevron-down"></span></div>

<select name="" id="" class="form-control">

<option value="">$5,000</option>

<option value="">$10,000</option>

<option value="">$50,000</option>

40
 <option value="">$100,000</option>

<option value="">$200,000</option>

<option value="">$300,000</option>

<option value="">$400,000</option>

<option value="">$500,000</option>

<option value="">$600,000</option>

<option value="">$700,000</option>

<option value="">$800,000</option>

<option value="">$900,000</option>

<option value="">$1,000,000</option>

<option value="">$2,000,000</option>

</select>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-lg align-self-end">

<div class="form-group">

<div class="form-field">

<input type="submit" value="Search" class="form-control btn

btn-primary">

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</form>

41
 </div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</section>

<section class="ftco-section ftco-no-pb ftco-no-pt bg-primary">

<div class="container">

<div class="row d-flex no-gutters">

<div class="col-md-3 d-flex align-items-stretch ftco-animate">

<div class="media block-6 services services-bg d-block text-center px-4 py-5">

<div class="icon d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center"><span

class="flaticonbusiness"></span></div>

<div class="media-body py-md-4">

<h3>Trusted by Thousands</h3>

<p>A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary
regelialia.</p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-md-3 d-flex align-items-stretch ftco-animate">

<div class="media block-6 services services-bg services-darken d-block text-center px-4 py-5">

<div class="icon d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center"><span

class="flaticonhome"></span></div>

<div class="media-body py-md-4">

<h3>Wide Range of Properties</h3>

42
 <p>A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary
regelialia.</p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-md-3 d-flex align-items-stretch ftco-animate">

<div class="media block-6 services services-bg services-lighten d-block text-center px-4 py-5">

<div class="icon d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center"><span

class="flaticonstats"></span></div>

<div class="media-body py-md-4">

<h3>Financing Made Easy</h3>

<p>A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary
regelialia.</p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-md-3 d-flex align-items-stretch ftco-animate">

<div class="media block-6 services services-bg d-block text-center px-4 py-5">

<div class="icon d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center"><span

class="flaticonquarantine"></span></div>

<div class="media-body py-md-4">

<h3>Locked in Pricing</h3>

<p>A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary
regelialia.</p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>
43
 </div>

</section>

<section class="ftco-section">

<div class="container">

<div class="row justify-content-center">

<div class="col-md-12 heading-section text-center ftco-animate mb-5">

<span class="subheading">What we offer</span>

<h2 class="mb-2">Featured Properties</h2>

</div>

</div>

<div class="row ftco-animate">

<div class="col-md-12">

<div class="carousel-properties owl-carousel">

<div class="item">

<div class="property-wrap ftco-animate">

<a href="#" class="img" style="background-image: url(images/work-

1.jpg);">

<div class="rent-sale">

<span class="sale">Sale</span>
</div>
<p class="price"><span class="orig-
price">$300,000</span></p>

</a>

<div class="text">

<ul class="property_list">

<li><span class="flaticon-bed"></span>3</li>
44
 <li><span class="flaticon-bathtub"></span>2</li>
<li><span class="flaticon-floor-
plan"></span>1,878 sqft</li>

</ul>

<h3><a href="#">The Blue Sky Home</a></h3>

<span class="location">Oakland</span>
<a href="#" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-
content-center btn-custom">

<span class="fa fa-link"></span>

</a>
<div class="list-team d-flex align-items-center mt-2 pt-2
border-top">

<div class="d-flex align-items-center">

<div class="img" style="background-

image: url(images/person_1.jpg);"></div>

<h3 class="ml-2">John Dorf</h3>

</div>

<span class="text-right">2 weeks ago</span>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="item">

<div class="property-wrap ftco-animate">

<a href="#" class="img" style="background-image:
url(images/work-2.jpg);">

<div class="rent-sale">

<span class="rent">Rent</span>

45
 </div>
<p class="price"><span class="old-
price">800,000</span>
<span class="orig-price">$3,050<small> / mo</small></span></p>
</a>

<div class="text">

<ul class="property_list">

<li><span class="flaticon-bed"></span>3</li>

<li><span class="flaticon-bathtub"></span>2</li>
<li><span class="flaticon-floor-
plan"></span>1,878 sqft</li>

</ul>

<h3><a href="#">The Blue Sky Home</a></h3>

<span class="location">Oakland</span>
<a href="#" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-
content-center btn-custom">

<span class="fa fa-link"></span>

</a>
<div class="list-team d-flex align-items-center mt-2 pt-2
border-top">
<div class="d-flex align-items-center">

<div class="img" style="background-

image: url(images/person_1.jpg);"></div>

<h3 class="ml-2">John Dorf</h3>

</div>

<span class="text-right">2 weeks ago</span>

</div>

</div>

</div>
46
 </div>

<div class="item">

<div class="property-wrap ftco-animate">

<a href="#" class="img" style="background-image:
url(images/work-3.jpg);">

<div class="rent-sale">

<span class="rent">Rent</span>

</div>
<p class="price"><span class="orig-price">$300<small> /
mo</small></span></p>

</a>

<div class="text">

<ul class="property_list">

<li><span class="flaticon-bed"></span>3</li>

<li><span class="flaticon-bathtub"></span>2</li>
<li><span class="flaticon-floor-
plan"></span>1,878 sqft</li>

</ul>
<h3><a href="#">The Blue Sky Home</a></h3>
<span class="location">Oakland</span>
<a href="#" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-
content-center btn-custom">

<span class="fa fa-link"></span>

</a>
<div class="list-team d-flex align-items-center mt-2 pt-2
border-top">

<div class="d-flex align-items-center">

<div class="img" style="background-

image: url(images/person_1.jpg);"></div>

47
 <h3 class="ml-2">John Dorf</h3>

</div>

<span class="text-right">2 weeks ago</span>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="item">

<div class="property-wrap ftco-animate">

<a href="#" class="img" style="background-image:
url(images/work-4.jpg);">

<div class="rent-sale">

<span class="rent">Rent</span>

</div>
<p class="price"><span class="orig-price">$300<small> /
mo</small></span></p>

</a>
<div class="text">
<ul class="property_list">

<li><span class="flaticon-bed"></span>3</li>

<li><span class="flaticon-bathtub"></span>2</li>
<li><span class="flaticon-floor-
plan"></span>1,878 sqft</li>

</ul>

<h3><a href="#">The Blue Sky Home</a></h3>

<span class="location">Oakland</span>
<a href="#" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-
content-center btn-custom">

48
 <span class="fa fa-link"></span>

</a>
<div class="list-team d-flex align-items-center mt-2 pt-2
border-top">

<div class="d-flex align-items-center">

<div class="img" style="background-

image: url(images/person_1.jpg);"></div>

<h3 class="ml-2">John Dorf</h3>

</div>

<span class="text-right">2 weeks ago</span>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="item">

<div class="property-wrap ftco-animate">

<a href="#" class="img" style="background-image:

url(images/work-5.jpg);">

<div class="rent-sale">

<span class="rent">Rent</span>

</div>
<p class="price"><span class="orig-price">$300<small> /
mo</small></span></p>

</a>

<div class="text">

<ul class="property_list">

<li><span class="flaticon-bed"></span>3</li>

49
 <li><span class="flaticon-bathtub"></span>2</li>
<li><span class="flaticon-floor-
plan"></span>1,878 sqft</li>

</ul>

<h3><a href="#">The Blue Sky Home</a></h3>

<span class="location">Oakland</span>
<a href="#" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-
content-center btn-custom">

<span class="fa fa-link"></span>

</a>
<div class="list-team d-flex align-items-center mt-2 pt-2
border-top">

<div class="d-flex align-items-center">

<div class="img" style="background-

image: url(images/person_1.jpg);"></div>

<h3 class="ml-2">John Dorf</h3>

</div>

<span class="text-right">2 weeks ago</span>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</section>

50
 <section class="ftco-section ftco-no-pt">

<div class="container">

<div class="row justify-content-center">

<div class="col-md-12 heading-section text-center ftco-animate mb-5">

<span class="subheading">Properties</span>

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</div>

</div>

<div class="row">

<div class="col-md-4">

<a href="#" class="search-place img" style="background-image: url(images/place-1.jpg);">

<div class="desc">

<h3><span>Miami</span></h3>

<span>24 Properties</span>

</div>

</a>

</div>

<div class="col-md-4">

<a href="#" class="search-place img" style="background-image:

url(images/place-2.jpg);">

<div class="desc">

<h3><span>Chicago</span></h3>

<span>20 Properties</span>

</div>

</a>

51
 </div>

<div class="col-md-4">

<a href="#" class="search-place img" style="background-image:

url(images/place-3.jpg);">

<div class="desc">

<h3><span>Illinoi</span></h3>

<span>15 Properties</span>

</div>

</a>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</section>

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<div class="row justify-content-center">

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</div>

<div class="row">

<div class="col-md-3 d-flex align-self-stretch ftco-animate">

<div class="media block-6 services services-2">

<div class="media-body py-md-4 text-center">

52
 <div class="icon mb-1 d-flex align-items-center justify-contentcenter"><span>01</span>

<img src="images/blob.svg" alt="">

</div>

<h3>Evaluate Property</h3>

<p>A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary
regelialia.</p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-md-3 d-flex align-self-stretch ftco-animate">

<div class="media block-6 services services-2">

<div class="media-body py-md-4 text-center">

<div class="icon mb-1 d-flex align-items-center justify-contentcenter"><span>02</span>

<img src="images/blob.svg" alt=""></div>

<h3>Meet Your Agent</h3>

<p>A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary
regelialia.</p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-md-3 d-flex align-self-stretch ftco-animate">

<div class="media block-6 services services-2">

<div class="media-body py-md-4 text-center">

<div class="icon mb-1 d-flex align-items-center justify-contentcenter"><span>03</span>

<img src="images/blob.svg" alt=""></div>

<h3>Close the Deal</h3>

53
 <p>A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary
regelialia.</p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="col-md-3 d-flex align-self-stretch ftco-animate">

<div class="media block-6 services services-2">

<div class="media-body py-md-4 text-center">

<div class="icon mb-1 d-flex align-items-center justify-contentcenter"><span>04</span>

<img src="images/blob.svg" alt=""></div>

<h3>Have Your Property</h3>

<p>A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary
regelialia.</p>

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<div class="img w-100 img-2 ml-md-2"

54
style="background-image: url(images/about-2.jpg);"></div>

</div>

<div class="col-md-5 wrap-about py-md-5 ftco-animate">

<div class="heading-section pr-md-5">

<h2 class="mb-4">Ecoverde Real Estate</h2>

<p>A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary
regelialia. It is a paradisematic country, in which roasted parts of sentences fly into your mouth.</p>

<p>On her way she met a copy. The copy warned the Little Blind Text, that where it came
from it would have been rewritten a thousand times and everything that was left from its origin would be
the word "and" and the Little Blind Text should turn around and return to its own, safe country. But
nothing the copy said could convince her and so it didn’t take long until a few insidious Copy Writers
ambushed her, made her drunk with Longe and Parole and dragged her into their agency, where they
abused her for their.</p>

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<strong class="number" data-number="1000">0</strong>

<span>Area <br>Population</span>

55
 </div>

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<strong class="number" data-number="2500">0</strong>

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<strong class="number" data-number="67">0</strong>

<span>Total <br>Branches</span>

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56
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57
 <span class="position">Marketing Manager</span>

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<p class="mb-4">Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia
and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.</p>

<div class="d-flex align-items-center">

<div class="user-img" style="background-image: url(images/person_2.jpg)"></div>

<div class="pl-3">

<p class="name">Roger Scott</p>

<span class="position">Marketing Manager</span>

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</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="item">

<div class="testimony-wrap py-4">

<div class="text">

<span class="fa fa-quote-left"></span>

58
 <p class="mb-4">Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia
and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.</p>

<div class="d-flex align-items-center">

<div class="user-img" style="background-image: url(images/person_3.jpg)"></div>

<div class="pl-3">

<p class="name">Roger Scott</p>

<span class="position">Marketing Manager</span>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

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<div class="item">

<div class="testimony-wrap py-4">

<div class="text">

<span class="fa fa-quote-left"></span>

<p class="mb-4">Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia
and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.</p>

<div class="d-flex align-items-center">

<div class="user-img" style="background-image: url(images/person_1.jpg)"></div>

<div class="pl-3">

<p class="name">Roger Scott</p>

<span class="position">Marketing Manager</span>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>
59
 </div>

<div class="item">

<div class="testimony-wrap py-4">

<div class="text">

<span class="fa fa-quote-left"></span>

<p class="mb-4">Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia
and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.</p>

<div class="d-flex align-items-center">

<div class="user-img" style="background-image: url(images/person_2.jpg)"></div>

<div class="pl-3">

<p class="name">Roger Scott</p>

<span class="position">Marketing Manager</span>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

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60
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alt="Colorlib Template">

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<h3><a href="properties.html">Carlos
Henderson</a></h3>

<p class="h-info"><span
class="location">Listing</span> <span class="details">10 Properties</span></p>

</div>

</div>

</div>

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61
 <h3><a href="properties.html">Mike Bochs</a></h3>

<p class="h-info"><span
class="location">Listing</span> <span class="details">10 Properties</span></p>

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<h3><a href="properties.html">Jessica Moore</a></h3>

<p class="h-info"><span
class="location">Listing</span> <span class="details">10 Properties</span></p>

</div>

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<h3><a href="properties.html">Sarah
Geronimo</a></h3>
62
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class="position">Listing</span> <span class="details">10 Properties</span></p>

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<div><a href="#" class="meta-chat"><span class="fa fa-comment"></span> 3</a></div>

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<h3 class="heading"><a href="#">Why Lead Generation is Key for Business Growth</a></h3>

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<h3 class="heading"><a href="#">Why Lead Generation is Key for Business Growth</a></h3>

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65
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70
 SYSTEM TESTING

71

5. SYSTEM TESTING

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality
of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of
exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements
and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are various types of
test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

5.1 TYPES OF TESTS

Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All
decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual
software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before
integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is
invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business process,
application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business
process performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined
inputs and expected results.

Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to
determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned
with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the
components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the
combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed
at exposing the problems that arise from the combination of components.

Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are
available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and
user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key

functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business

71
process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered
for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and the effective
value of current tests is determined.

System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of
system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on
process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has
knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose.
It is purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds
of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or
requirements document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which
the software under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test provides
inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the software works.

Unit Testing

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase
of the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be
conducted as two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written
in detail.
Test objectives
• All field entries must work properly.
• Pages must be activated from the identified link.
• The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

72
Features to be tested
• Verify that the entries are of the correct format
• No duplicate entries should be allowed
• All links should take the user to the correct page.
Integration Testing

Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more

integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface
defects.

The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company level
– interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant
participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional
requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

5.2 INPUT AND OUTPUT DESIGN

INPUT DESIGN
The input design is the link between the information system and the user. It
comprises the developing specification and procedures for data preparation and those steps are
necessary to put transaction data in to a usable form for processing can be achieved by
inspecting the computer to read data from a written or printed document or it can occur by
having people keying the data directly into the system. The design of input focuses on
controlling the amount of input required, controlling the errors, avoiding delay, avoiding extra
steps and keeping the process simple. The input is designed in such a way so that it provides
security and ease of use with retaining the privacy. Input Design considered the following
things:

➢ What data should be given as input?

➢ How the data should be arranged or coded?
➢ The dialog to guide the operating personnel in providing input.
➢ Methods for preparing input validations and steps to follow when error occur.

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OBJECTIVES

1.Input Design is the process of converting a user-oriented description of the input

into a computer-based system. This design is important to avoid errors in the data input process
and show the correct direction to the management for getting correct information from the
computerized system.

2. It is achieved by creating user-friendly screens for the data entry to handle large
volume of data. The goal of designing input is to make data entry easier and to be free from
errors. The data entry screen is designed in such a way that all the data manipulates can be
performed. It also provides record viewing facilities.

3.When the data is entered it will check for its validity. Data can be entered with
the help of screens. Appropriate messages are provided as when needed so that the user will
not be in maize of instant. Thus the objective of input design is to create an input layout that is
easy to follow

OUTPUT DESIGN

A quality output is one, which meets the requirements of the end user and
presents the information clearly. In any system results of processing are communicated to the
users and to other system through outputs. In output design it is determined how the
information is to be displaced for immediate need and also the hard copy output. It is the most
important and direct source information to the user. Efficient and intelligent output design
improves the system’s relationship to help user decision-making.

1. Designing computer output should proceed in an organized, well thought out

manner; the right output must be developed while ensuring that each output element is designed
so that people will find the system can use easily and effectively. When analysis design
computer output, they should Identify the specific output that is needed to meet the
requirements.

2.Select methods for presenting information.

3.Create document, report, or other formats that contain information produced by

the system.

The output form of an information system should accomplish one or more of the
following objectives.

• Convey information about past activities, current status or projections of the Future.
• Signal important events, opportunities, problems, or warnings.
• Trigger an action.
• Confirm an action.
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OUTPUT SCREENS

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6. Output Screens:
Home:

User Register:

Admin Login:

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Admin home:

Store-Csvdata:

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User Data:

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CONCLUSION

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 7.CONCLUSION
The sales price for the houses are calculated using different algorithms. The sales prices
have been calculated with better accuracy and precision. This would be of great help for the
people. To achieve these results, various data mining techniques are utilized in python
language. The various factors which affect the house pricing should be considered and work
upon them. Machine learning has assisted to complete out task. Firstly, the data collection is
performed. Then data cleaning is carried out to remove all the errors from the data and make it
clean. Then the data preprocessing is done. Then with help of data visualization, different plots
are created. This has depicted the distribution of data in different forms. Further, the preparation
and testing of the model are performed. It has been found that some of the classification
algorithms were applied on our dataset while some were not. So, those algorithms which were
not being applied on our house pricing dataset are dropped and tried to improve the accuracy
and precision of those algorithms which were being applied on our house pricing dataset. To
improve the accuracy of our classification algorithms, a separate stacking algorithm is
proposed. It is extremely important to improve the accuracy and precision of the algorithms in
order to achieve better results. If the results are not accurate then they would be of no help to
the people in predicting the sales prices of houses. It also made use of data visualization to
achieve better accuracy and results. The sales price is calculated for the houses using different
algorithms. The sales prices have been calculated with better accuracy and precision. This
would be of great help for the people.

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FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

80

8.Future Enhancement
This project further can be developed as Android application to overcome the
limitation of accessing the system by only desktop and also suggest them about their stage in
Fake or real job prediction. And also suggest the required instructions to be taken while
registering to any job.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

81

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