s1ca

ucation
Dr DS Yadav

Includes newly added topics:

Functions of sports events
management.
Yoga Asanas: Katichakrasana,
Dhanurasana, Ushtrasana, .
•
,,,
Makarasana, etc.
c
SAi Khelo India fitness test.
~: '
,:J
.

Computing Basal Metabolic

Rate {BMR).
Equilibrium and projectile '
in sports.
Psychological attributes
in sports.
Talent identification and
talent development.
:> Sports Training cycle.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.1 Functions of Sports Events Management (Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing & Controlling)
1.2 Various Committees & their Responsibilities (Pre, During and Post)
t.3 Fixtures and its Procedures-Knockout (Bye & Seeding) and League (Staircase & Cyclic)

The key to success in any field is proper planning. One determined and effective physical education and sports-
cannot achieve success in any venture without a plan. related programmes in schools across India.
In today's competitive world, moving ahead without
proper planning would be similar to finding a way in ACTIVITY 1.1
a dark tunnel. One of the major factors for our failure Suppose you are going to organise a sport event in your school.
or digression in the field of physical education and El"!l!i~.,!l:J.ain_poin~ to sho~ . Y'?.':'" p..',~riing for t~e event.----·
sports is the lack of proper planning. Due to the lack
of long-term planning, we are unable to achieve the Functions of Sports Events ;
desired goals. Therefore, it is essential to implement Management (Planning, Organising,
effective physical education programmes in schools
Staffing, Directing & Controlling) -I
across the nation. ' .
Due to lack of appropriate planning of national and We use and manage every item and service according
international sporting events, the participation of to our needs in our daily life. Similarly, there is need to
Jlayers is limited and so winning medals only remains manage any event in sports whether it is on a large scale
1 dream. Therefore, it is important to set effective long-
or a small scale. The growth and professionalization
;erm plans in the field of physical education and sports. of sport has driven changes in the management of
rhe National Curriculum Framework, 2005 also lays sporting events and organizations at all levels of sport.
A proper management system plays a very important
Lmple stress on co-curricular activities, a~d phys~cal
role in achieving its set goals. Sports management is
ducation has been considered an essential subJect
a combination of sports competition and marketing.
:>r learning. Thus, it is imperative to implement pre-
1.1.1 Meaning of Sports Management
Sports Management means to anticipate, plan,
organize, appoint, direct and control any sporting event.
The term Sports Management can be defined as the
efficient use of available resources of a sporting event
to achieve its goals".
Therefore, sports management is a systematic
process of doing work on your own and getting the work
done by others, which helps in conducting the sporting
event in a better way.
Sport event managers deal with a plethora of issues
related to planning, organizing, leading and delivering
sport events. Their areas of responsibility can be very
broad or very specific depending on factors like the size
of the sport event.
Figure 1.1 Planning in Sports

11
 Management in sport organizations provide sports event venues, planning the food, selecting speakers,
development, general planning activities in the field arranging for equipment and facilities, coordinating
of sports, organizes all relevant resources, processes transportation, contingency planning and so on.
and functions, exercises a policy of human resources
development, organises sports and business functions, Event Control
provides communication and coordination, decides the Event control compares event progress to the actual plan,
implementation of most appropriate solutions, controls measures resources with scheduled work and adjusts
and eliminates destructive conflict. what needs to be done to avoid delays and to ensure that
event is delivered on time and within budget.
Joint Committee of the Association for physical
education and sports management in North America Event Culmination
for the evaluation/certification program of education of The activities in event culmination include event team
sports managers in the universities of North America, management, supplier/vendor coordination, crowd
has established the standard facilities to study sports control, security, frontline management, backend
management. Management and Leadership in Sport; management and communication.
Ethics in Sport management; Marketing in Sport;
Communication in Sport; Budget and Finance in Event Closeout
Sport; Legal Aspects of Sport; Economics of Sports; These include review and evaluation, reporting, quality
Management of sports facilities and events; Governing improvement, reward and recognition to team members,
bodies and structures in sport; Practical experience and formal termination of contractors where applicable.
in sports management are some of the functions
discharged by the sports management of a sports event. 1.1.2 Functions of Sports Management
At today's high level of sports achievements in The process of planning an event from start to finish
the world, and the application of sports science and may be divided into 5 basic phases, which we have called
simulation technology, more attention is paid to the 5 Cs. These are Concept, Coordination, Control,
human resource management in sport and business Culmination and Closeout.
positions in sports organizations. In this regard, it is 1. Planning: Planning in sports means that
generally known that the high level of sports science, organizing a game or event is a program designed
training and management technology, are implemented for the future to achieve predetermined goals by
and practiced by the human resources in sports anticipating it, which includes our past experience.
organizations. Similarly, without adequate qualified, Planning is the process of deciding what, when,
and creative human resources development policy, where, how, and who is to be done.
science and technology in any control system in society According to A.K. Fern, "Planning is a process
cannot be implemented.
which is adopted to solve problems and make work
In this connection it is well known, that every easier during the fulfillment of an objective.
human activity follows some technology work, or more
2. Organizing: Organizing sports is the second
specifically speaking, it is impossible in any human
function of sports management after sports
enterprise, to achieve a highly valuable product, without
planning. Organizing the event in accordance
the implementation of highly developed technology. In
with the plan helps to accomplish the organization
the field of sports management, any highly accomplished
goals smoothly. An effective organization is one in
sports event can be made successful by application of
high technology work. which all the officers and employees do their work
smoothly so that there is no obstacle in doing any
The process of planning an event from start to finish work. It identifies the activities required to achieve
may be divided into 5 basic phases, which we have the objectives and implement the plan.
called the 5 Cs. These are concept, coordination, control,
culmination & closeout. 3. Staffing: Skilled and capable persons who have
full knowledge of sports program 'and activities
Event Concept need to be recruited. Their appointment is the
In conceptualizing an event, it is important to determine main function of the management. This ensures
the WHY, WHO, WHEN, WHERE and WHAT of the that people with appropriate skills, techniques,
event. knowledge, and experience can be available on
time at the appropriate place.
Event Coordination For this its main task is to conduct selection,
This is the planning phase of every event i.e. theme, appointr~ent training refresher courses of officer~
budgeting, establishing timelines, selecting and reserving and employees., Therefore,
' sport s m anagemen
 appoints various sports ~fficers, coaches, sports
managers, sports supervisors, etc. based on th Various Committees & their
plan of a sports organization. e Responsibilities (Pre, During and
4_ Directing: The potential.d. talents of children can Post)
db
be_develope Y pr~':- mg th~m with a proper,
suitable and good trauung by usmg the right fitness To ensure that activities related to competitions
components and techniques. Talent development and physical education are well organised and well
program als~ will pro~uce the greatest potential executed, committees are set up for various tasks.
athletes consistently without any failure for eve Different responsibilities are allocated to different
type in sports activities. Talent Development : committees.
sports had been used with varying degrees of success. The first step is creation of the management
5. Controlling: It is the art of acting on individuals or committee. This committee will have two representatives
themselves. This is called the heart of management. from the school/class. Management committee further
It is a technique by which instructions are issued. In sets up sub-committees as per the requirement of the
this, the sports mangement achieves the goals of the event. The work is then divided among the various sub-
committees to be completed in the stipulated time. The
pr~~am or organ~zation of the games by ordering,
guiding and leading the subordinate employees, management committee has an Administrative Director
supervising them, and motivating them. who guides the executive committee and the organising
committee to fulfil their responsibilities.

Various Sub-Committees for Organising Competition

Administrative Director
...
Executive Committee
...
Organising Committee
...

11,
,., 1r
,~ , I,, 11, 1r

Finance Decoration Welcome Registration Boarding Playground

Programme
Committee and Committee and and and
Committee
Cleanliness Transport Lodging Equipment
Committee Committee Committee Committee

11, •I, 1r
11,
11,

First-Aid Prize and Discipline Committee for

Announcement, Technical
Committee Award Committee Seating
Publicity and Committee
Committee Arrangement
Record
Committee
Keeping in view, the budget of the event, this
For the successful organisation of competitions,
committee keeps a control over the expenditure
the responsibility lies with the sub-committees. The and a record of all costs incurred. Allocation of
responsibilities of these committees are listed below: funds to other committees is the responsibility of
1. Programme Commit t e e : This committee the finance committee.
prepares the complete framework of the 3. Decoration and Cleanliness Committee: This
competitions, sends information and program~e committee looks after the up-keep and decoration
details to the various institutions receives entnes of the venue of the competition. They also take care
and also prepares the fixtures for the competiti?n. of the cleanliness of the venue before, during and
They also prepare a detailed handbook. which after the event.
covers all aspects of the competition, and is then
sent to all involved in the competition.
·,;i•l~••33;t3iM~•
fPrepare a Folk Art Rangoli to welcome the Chief Guest 1
2· Finance Committee: This committee takes care of the annual sports day of your school.
of all the expenditures related to the competition.
Management of Sporting Events
 spectators cause disruptions during the events 0
4. Welcome Committee: This committee is try to distract the players. Su~h _is~ues are take~
responsible for the welcome of all the spectators, care ofby the members of the discipline committee.
guests and the teams. They also have to organise
the opening and closing ceremony of the event. 13. Committee for Seating Arrangement: The
5. Registration and Transport Committee: This task of this committee is to a~ange the seating
committee receives the confirmation of participation of the officials and spectators m such a manner
of the teams and arranges the transport for that no obstruction is caused to the players
commuting to and from the venue. They also co- during the competition. Their ~esponsibility
ordinate with the programme committee regarding includes providing enclosures for different teams
the arrival and departure of the teams. additional officials, special seating arrangement~
6. Boarding and Lodging Committee: The stay
for distinguished guests, etc. Added to these
of the teams and the officials is taken care by duties, it is also their responsibility to provide the
this committee. They also take care of the food necessary furniture for the table officials.
arrangements and provision of refreshments ACTIVITY 1.2
during and after the event.
' The students of the class will be divided into different groups.
7. Playground and Equipment Committee: This Each group will play the role according to the responsibility
committee is in charge of the marking, maintenance of the Organisi~g -~~ b-c~ mittees. .. _,
and upkeep of the playground before and during
the events. They are also responsible for the
Fixtures and its Procedures-
availability of the necessary equipments for the
competition. Knockout (Bye & Seeding) and
8. Announcement, Public ity and Record
Committee: This committee is responsible for the
League .....
(Staircase
... _.... _...
. ~-~-
_& ~yclic)
There are different procedures and objectives for
broadcast of all necessary announcements before
drawing fixtures for different kinds of tournaments.
during and on completion of the event such as-'
Let us try to understand the process of drawing fixtures
the time of the events, venue, rules to be followed,
in detail.
deta~s of organisers, etc. Other than this, they
proVIde the running commentary of the event. The The following points must be taken into consideration
other important responsibility of this committee is while preparing fixtures:
to keep a record of all the results ofthe competitions. 1. The total number of teams participating in the
~- ;1'echnical Committee: The task of this committee tournament.
1s to take decision regarding technical issues 2. The total number of byes.
ac~editatio~ activities and makes arrangements fo;
van~us o~c1als such as-referees, umpires, track 3. The number of teams in each half or quarter.
~prres, time keeper, lap scorer, etc. Only people 4. The number of byes to be given in each half or
with technical knowledge about the competition can quarter.
be a part of this committee.
5. The total number of rounds.
1:irst-Aid <:ommittee: Providing quick and
time!y first ~1d to the players is the responsibilit 6. The total number of matches.
oft~1s comm1~tee. The members of this committe~
ne: to be tramed and adept for providing first-aid.
1·3· 1 Meth0 d of Preparing Fixture in
Pnze
. and. Award comm1•t tee: This . committee Knockout Tournament
is responsible for procurement and d. t "b . Let us understand the stepwise procedure for preparing
of gift for the honourable guests at t~: r1 ut~on fixtures in Knockout Tournaments.
and closing ceremony and . fi openmg
of the competitions. The:~~:~ i°r the winners Step 1: Firstly, the number of participating teams is
arrangement and distrib t. ook after the determined and then they are divided into two parts -
ind certificates. u ion of medals, trophies Upper Half and Lower Half. In case the number of
te ams Is · even then both halves have equal number of
Discipline Committee: Th . ..
naintaining decorum and di .el ~espons1b1hty of teams. Otherwise in case of an odd number of teams,
~nd after the competitions lie:c:t~:!efore, d1:111ng th e upper half always has one team more than the
here are often instances whe ths co~ttee. lower half. The following calculation is used to divide
re e audience/
the teams into two parts:
hysica[ Educ:ntinn_V II
 / _

If the number of teams is even _ N

2 Number of teams= 14
(N = Number of teams) The next power of 2 after 14 is 16.
If the number of teams is odd _ So, 16-14 = 2
N+l Thus, 2 byes will be given.
(For Upper Half) (For Lower Half) If the byes are even in number, which teams will
2 get the byes and if the byes are odd in number, which
Example 1: If there are 12 teams part· . . . teams will get the byes?
1c1pating In a
tournament, how many teams will be there in the u
half and lower half? pper The formula for calculating byes in case of an even
number = NB (NB is the 'number of byes')
Note: There is an even number of teams. 2
As per the above example of 2 byes = -NB = -2 = 1
N = 12 =6 2 2
2 2 Upper Half= 1 bye
Upper Half= 6 teams, Lower Half= 6 teams Lower Half= 1 bye
Example 2: If there are 17 teams participating in a Both the halves get 1 bye each.
tournament, how many teams will be there in the Upper If the number of byes is odd in number, the
Half and Lower Half? calculation will be as follows:
Note: There is an odd number of teams. For Upper Half= NB - 1
2
N + 1 17 + 1 18 For Lower Half= NB + 1
ForUpperHalf= - - = - - = - = 9
2 2 2 2
N -1 17-1 16 In a tournament, 14 teams are participating. We
ForLowerHalf= - - = - - = - = 8 will write the names of all of them in a serial order.
2 2 2
We will then divide the teams into two halves. (As per
Upper Half= 9 teams, Lower Half= 8 teams Example 1). Let us now give byes.
Step 2: Before preparing the fixture, if the number of Number of teams participating= 14
teams is equivalent to the power of two-for example, The power of 2 after 14 is 16, so 16 - 14 = 2
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, .............. then the fixture is prepared. Therefore, 2 byes will be given.
If the number is not equivalent to a power of two, then
the process of 'byes' is used to prepare the fixture. Method of Fixing Byes I
Step 3: This step of drawing a fixture involves r The main features of the rule to give byes are as
calculating the 'byes' which we will discuss in detail. follows :
We reduce the number of teams with the next power First bye is given to lowest team in the Lower
of 2. Half.
For example, number of teams is 14 so the next Second bye is given to the uppermost team in
power of 2 is 16. the Upper Half.
Therefore, 16 - 14 = 2 byes Third bye is given to the uppermost team of the
Lower Half.
1.3.2 Method of Calculating Byes
Fourth bye is given to the lowest team in the
As already discussed, if the number of teams is not
Upper Half.
equivalent to the power of 2, we give a bye.
The rest of the byes are given as per the above
Example 3: If there are 14 teams in a tournament, how procedure.
many byes will be given?
As you have learnt earlier that the number of the teams NB 2
As per Example 3, - = - =1
is subtracted from the next number with a power of 2 · 2 2

Management of Sporting Events 1

 Team Round-I For example, if 19 teams are participatin .
Round-Il
1 tournament, what will be the number of mat hg 1n the
- Second Bye - - - - c es?
Formula, N - 1 (here, N = Number oft ·
2
19 - 1 = 18 earns)
3
Number of matches will be= 18
4
5 I Step 5: Calculation of Number of Round .
following method is used to calculate the num~ The
6 rounds while drawing fixture: er of
2
The number of power of two (2 ) or the upcom·
------------- -----
7
higher number of power of two to take out the ro Ing
8 . • t· .
in case 8 teams are part 1c1pa 1ng m the tourna
unds
'
9 rounds will be 2 x 2 x 2 = 3 rounds. ment,
10
(2 x 2 = 4 x 2 = 8) i.e., multiply 2 upto the number
11 of teams.
12 If 18 teams are participating then rounds will be 2
13 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 5 rounds = (2 x 2 = 4 x 2 = 8 x 2 == 16
x 2 = 32). H~re the number of teams is not in power of
14 - First Bye - - - - - - ' two, so multiply 2 upto the number of upcoming higher
number of power of two to find out rounds i.e., 32.
le 4: In a tournament, 11 teams are participating, If 21 teams are participating then rounds will be 2 x 2
Lext power of 2 is 16. x 2 x 2 x 2 = 5 rounds = (2 x 2 = 4 x 2 = 8 x 2 =16 x 2 ==
efore, 16 - 11 = 5 byes will be given 32). Here, also the number of teams is not in power of
two, so multiply 2 upto the number of upcoming higher
number of byes is odd) number of power of two, to find out rounds i.e., 32.
Upper half= _NB_-_1 = _5_-_1 = 4 = 2 Step 6: Calculation of Number of Teams in
2 2 2 Quarter: If the number of teams in the tournaments
~swill be given in the Upper Half. is excessive, then the teams are divided into 4 quarters.
The teams are divided into 4 quarter to decided by 4.
NB+l 5+1 6 If the remainder is divided by 4, then an additional
Lowerhalf= - - - = - - = - = 3
2 2 2 team is placed in the first quarter. If the remainder
er Half will be given 3 byes. comes to 2, then one additional team is placed in the
first and third quarters. If the remainder comes to 3,
Team Round-I Round-Il then one additional team is placed in the first, second
1 - Second Bye and third quarters. Let's try to understand the above
method through the following table:
2
S. ,. No. of,, ·· No. of No. of . , No. of No.of
Upper 3
Half No. Teams Te'ams Teams Teams . Teains
4 in First in . in: Third in
Fourth
Quarter Second Quarter
.
"
5
Quarter ,, Qua~
6 - Fourth Bye
--------------------
7 -Third Bye
1. 33 8+1 8 8
8+1
_l-
2. 34 8+1 8
8 3. 35 8+1 8+1 8+1
Lower
9 4. 36 9 9 9 ____J_-
Half
-Fifth Bye 5. 37 9+1 9 9
10
9 9+1
11 - First Bve 6. 38 9+1 . 9 ______,
 r~s
divided by 4, the remainder is 2. Hence addi .
placed in the first and third quart AtionaJ teams
N +1 11+1 12
a~ditional teams each is placed in
third quarters.
fir:: ·
are divided by 4, the remainde;~- 3t S.No. 3, 35
Therefore,
' second and
= - - = --=
2 2 2
=6 teams

Number of teams in the Lower Half

N-1 11-1 10
= - - = --= =5 teams
3 J Fixture on the Basis of Kno c k out
1· · 2 2 2
_ExamPle 5: Prepare a Knockout Fixture fior 6 t The next higher number as per power of 2 = 16.
Total number of teams = 6. earns.
Therefore, 16 - 11 = 5 byes
Number of teams in the Upper Half and Lower Half
Number of byes in the Upper Half
N 6
= 2=2= 3 NB-1 5-1 4
= 2 =-2-=2= 2
Number of byes-the next power of 2 aft er 6 = 8
Number of byes in the Lower Half
So, 8 - 6 = 2 byes
NB+l 5+1 6
NB 2 = 2 =-2-=2= 3
Therefore, - - - =1
2 2
Number of matches= N -1 = 11-1 = 10 matches
1 bye each will be given in the Uppe H If
Lower Half. r a and the Team Round Round Round Round
I II III IV
Team Round-I Round-II Round-III 1 -Secondl_.__
- Second 2 Bye _J7" 1
J2
I
1
1 I
, Bye Upper• 3
Upper, 2 - - ~ 1 --
Half I1 4
Half : ---~2 I
. - - - - ,_ -3- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 Winner
I 4 --~ -------
Lowe r 1 l . .1. . 4 = r I
__ , Bye 4 Winner
Half: 5
6 - First Bye
4
-~-------------------
' 7 -Third ---------
' Bye l_.__ 8
ACTIVITY 1.3 Lower:
Half: 9
8
Js _J7" }
8
Your school is organising an inter-school cricket tournament
, 10 - Fifth Bye
between six schools. Prepare a fixture (knockout tournament , ' 7____..,__10
for the six teams. 11 - First Bye ___j"""

Points to be Noted During

."7 Example 7: Prepare a fixture for 27 teams on the basii:
of knockout.
Preparation of Fixture Number of teams= 27
The number of matches is always one less than Number of matches= N -1, 27 -1 = 26 matches
the number of teams. Number of teams in the Upper Half
In case of odd number of teams participating in N + 1 27 + 1 28
=
a tournament, the Upper Half will have more = - -=
2 2 2 = 14teams.
number of teams than the Lower Half. Number of teams in the Lower Half
The Lower Half always gets more byes. N -1 27 -1 26
!fthe number of byes is odd, there are more byes = - -=
2 2
=
2
= 13 teams.

in the Lower Half. The next higher number of team -(27) as power o
nd
In fixture, the line between the Upper Half a 2 = 32
Lower Half is drawn only to divide in the final Therefore, 32 - 27 = 5 byes
~ nd. Number of byes in the Upper Half
~~pie 6: Prepare a fixture for 11 teams on the basis NB-1 = 5-1 = 4 = 2 byes.
~\Jlockout.
=
2 2 2
t Number of teams in the Upper Half
 Number of byes in the Lower Half Note: If the teams are excessive, then divide in four quarter
as per Step 6 1·n procedure to draw fixture.
- NB + 1 = 5 + 1 = = 3 byes.
- 2 2 2 Fixture of 27 teams on the basis of team dividing in
Number of Rounds= 2 x_2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 5 Rounds quarters:

Team Round-I Round-II Round-III Round-IV Round-V

1
2
3
4
5

J
6
7 5 - ---,

i 10
11
:
~10~
9 9
9
- -~
:::1 12 -----i_ .... 12 - ~
a rn ----.J""'" 14 ___ _

16
5 Winner
-----
~: ==~= =====_-~=--~=~~
Ii ~::~,9J
~6- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

20 ~21~
21 26--~
22
23 ~22~
24
24
25 ~24 1______.__26 - ___J
26 - Bye
- Bye _ _ _ ___.
/-+ 26
27

1.3.4 Consolation Tournament Example 8: Prepare a fixture for 8 teams. -

The meaning of consolation is to provide comfort
or reassurance. To provide reassurance to the Looser
Team Tearn Round-I Round-II Round-III
losing teams, they are given another opportunity
to compete and get the consolation prize. This
maintains the interest of the players and motivates
them to perform better. Therefore, this tournament is
appreciated.
There are two types of Consolation Tournament.
First Type of Consolation Tournament
In this type of Consolation Tournament, the teams that
Note: The circled ..teams are the ones that lost.
have lost in their first match compete with each other.
The team that have got byes may lose in the second
round, but this is their first match. Therefore, the teams Team Round-I Round-II
that lose in their first match compete with each other 2
and the winner is declared. 2
4
It is also kept in consideration that in the consolation 6
I_,.__ 2 Consolation
·ound, only those teams get a bye which did not get a ~ 6 __f7" Winner
8
>ye in the earlier round.

IS Physical Education-XII
 1,0 oser Team Round-I Round-II Round-III Round-IV
Team
2 ..-c : 1 ---i 3

4..-c:~3__J} Team Round-I Round-Il Round-Ill

~2J2
5 3
6..-c 6 ~5---i 5
8~;9-----------------------
~7__J
2
4
3 Winner
------- 6
10-Crn ~6

~lOJ
9 8 2 Consolatior
10 Winner
12~:~ ~ 1 1 }
13 -~ 9 12
13.---C:14 ~ 1 4 ~ 14 10
13
15 Bye - - - - - - ' · ~13
15

Second Type of Consolation Tournament - - - - -- - - - -- -

4
In this type of tournament not only the teams losing in
their first match, but the teams having lost in all the 6
5
rounds compete with each other. All the losing teams
get an opportunity to compete in the round in which 8
7
they had lost. For instance, if a team has lost in the
fourth round, then that team will play in the fourth
9
round and not in the previous rounds.
A Fixture for 9 Teams Fixture: The number as per power of two after 5 i
Team Round-I Round-II Round-ID Round-IV 8. So, 8 - 5 = 3 byes will be given.
Team Round-I Round-II Round-ID Round-IV Round-V

;:y
.-.cl - B y e ~ l
2 3
2 -Bye__J,.... } 2
3 1 4 2

4.- 4 .c~~ 3 5 3
7 -Bye
--------------------------
5 +--- 5 - Bye
.-_)6 -Bye---i___._
1 Winner
9 -Bye
7 } 3 Consolation
Winner
7 8 6
~ 7 -Bye ___J ,....
.-_)8 -Bye---i___._ Note: In above fixture, circled teams are 2nd & 3rd round
9
.... L-- 9 - Bye ___J- ,.... looser teams.

Note: In the first round, only teams 3 and 4 played a match. 1.3.5 Seeding Method
All other teams got a bye. All the other teams played their The teams that get seeding will go straight to play iI
first match in the second round. Therefore the teams that loS t the quarter final. This is called Seeding Method.
in the first and second round are kept together. Why are we Seeding?
Sometimes, during Knockout Tournaments, two gooc
Teams that Teams that Teams Lost teams compete with each other in the first or th«
Lost in Lost in second round and, as a result, a good team is out of the
First and Third Round tournament at an early stage. To avoid this situation, th«
Second teams are seeded as per their performance in the previorn
Rounds matches and this is given careful consideration whil«
preparing fixtures. Let us suppose there are four ve1.,
2 3 good teams in a tournament. We will seed them in suci
- -- - - - a manner so that the byes can be given as per the rules

Management of Sporting Events 19

 Example 10: Prepare a fixture for 10 teams where 4 . U PP er Half and Lower R alf
ber of t eams m
N
teams have to be seeded. um N 10
- -=-=5
Number of teams= 10 - 2 2
Number of byes= 6 . U p per Half and Lower Half
Number of byes m
Team Round-I Round-II Round-ID Round-IV NB = ~= 3
1 -Bye(S~ = 2 2
2 -Bye lf Number of matches= N - 1 = 10 - 1 = 9 matches
3 ==i----.3 1
4 7 3 1 3 6 Special Seeding
In· this
• . tournamen t ' the seeded teams
I I areI sent
If hstraight
--- - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5 - Bye (Seeding)__J- 1 ~i~~r-
to the quar t er fi1nal or semi-fina eve . · t ere are
;~~J-.• 20 teams ma
seeding.
. tournament ' 4 teams are given special

i~ ~::,~s~9f •
Team Round-I Round-II Round-III Round-IV Round-V

r
1 - Bye (Seeding)
2
3
4
==i----. 2
==i----. 4
=:J-. 2
1

=:J-.
----r
1
; ==i----. 7 7

--------r
: ==i----. 8 10 - ~
. _10 _ _ - Bye (Seeding) ___________________________ _
1 Winner
--------
11
12
13
14
~12=::=J-
- Bye (Seeding)

12
l1 - - - ,

15 ~15
16 11--~

~'"J
___r•o-
17
18 18
19 ~18
20 - Bye (Seeding)

1.3. 7 Fixture on League Basis

On the basis of League, three methods are used to League tournaments as each team plays with all oth~r
prepare the fixture: participating teams. The result is declared on the basis
of points.
1. Cyclic Method
2. Staircase Method The formula to calculate the number of matches 1·s··
3. Tabular Method (Not in Syllabus) N(N -1) ft aDlS
2 Here ' N = Number o e
1. Cyclic Method Let us suppose that the number of teams is 6, then
As the name suggests, this method moves like the N(N - 1) 6(6 - 1) 6(5) 30
wheel of a cycle. Number of matches is more in 2 = 2 = 2=2
= 15 matches
20 Physical Education-XII

- ----
' t , .,
 fi~ture:

,..
Round-I
. Round-II
I I T'
Round-III
I
I
6 ' 1 I I
5,
I T' Round-IV Round-V
I ''
I :
1 I I
4,
I +•- - - - ----l-1-HTt--- - - - -~
I
I
I I
I
', I
I
:
I ' ,
I 1 : : 3, 1 : : 2, 1 ':
: 5 I
4 ' I I : ', I : ', I
I I
"'6 I
3 ' I I

"'s :
I I I
I I I
I I I I 2 '"' 4 I I 6

'• - - - - - - - - - -•
I I I I
I I
: 4 3 I I I I I I :
I 3 2 I I I
I
'•-------- t : 2 6 I
I I

- t '• t : 6 5 I
: 5 4 I

'• '• The othertteams move

In this fixture, team number 1_ remams in the same position throughout all rounds.
in a clockwise direct10n. This continues ti~ the lowest number (except-I) comes in front of 1 in the left column.

Important Points
If the number of teams is even, then the number of rounds is always one less than the total number of
teams.

If the number of teams is odd, then the number of rounds is same as the number of teams.
When the number of teams is odd, each team gets a bye.
While preparing the fixture, all the teams move clockwise.
If the number of teams is odd, then:
Let us suppose 5 teams are participating in the tournament:
Round-I
,.•
I
,,,. - , I •
I
Round-II Round-III . Round-IV
,. Round-V
,Bye I
I I
I
I 5' 1 I 4, I 3,
I
I 2,
I
I 1,
I '' I I
I
'
' I
I
'
'
I
I
'
'
I '
I I I
I '

: 4 '~ 1 ' I
I I

I
:
I
3 :
I
2 "'4 : :I 1 : 5
I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I I I

---------'
: 3 2 I 1 I : 1 5 : 5 4 : 4 3
t : 2
1.._
I
1.._ t t ,....
I

'+- - --------'
I

'•
. Pace
If the number of teams is odd, m 1 Of 1 we wnte bye. The rest o f the numbers continue moving in clockwise
order.
N(N-1) 5(5-1) 5(4) - 20 = 10
Number of matches = = 2 =2 - 2
2

2. Staircase Method . a Ie ague · I n thi s m ethod ' it does not matter whether
. the number of teams
This method is the simplest method m
is even or odd.
Let us suppose there are 7 teams:
1-2
1-3 2-3
1-4 2-4 3-4
1-5 2-5 3-5 4-5
1-6 2-6 3-6 4-6 5-6
1-7 2-7 3-7 4-7 5-7 6-7
. . . . · SUMMARY .. . ·. . ., . . •. . '•-r..
Sports management is the efficient use of available resources of a sporting event to achieve its goals.
The five basic functions of management include planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling.
Planning is a process to successfully complete a programme.
Organising is a process of establishing authority relationship among selected people, work and workplaces so that the
group can work together efficiently.
Staffing can be defined as filling and keeping filled positions in the organisation structure.
Directing is to encourage subordinated to work effectively and efficiently in both the short and long-run.
Establishing standards for work performance, measuring performance and comparing it to the set standards and taking
corrective actions is part of controlling.
Works like preparation and maintenance of the ground are done by ground and equipment committee.
The management committee appoints the administrative director and conducts a competition by delegating the responsibility
of organising tasks to various sub-committees.
The best team is declared as the winner by organising the match between the teams based on the prescribed
method.

In fixture, the line between the upper Half and Lower half is drawn only to divide in the final round.
Bye is the advantage given to a team usually by drawing a lot, exempting the team from playing a match in the 1st round.

A. Objective Type Questions

6. The committee responsible for liaison with Print media
I. Multiple Choice Questions is:
Tick ( the correct option: (a) Technical (b) Logistics
1. What is the most important prerequisite for a successful 'W,-Marketing (d) Finance [CBSE, 2021]
competitive event to happen? 7. In planning, defining procedure means :
(a) Publicising the event Appropriate Planning (a) setting goals
(c) Coordinating the event (d) None of the above (b) making a policy
2. Planning in sports leads to : (c) formation of rules and regulation
(a) Increase in expenditure ~ efining course of action [CBSE, 2021]
'\J>t Better coordination 8. In a knockout tournament, if byes are in odd numbers
(c) Increase in mistakes then number of byes in lower half is calculated by :

(d) Increase in last minute pressures '-"'+"""NB+l NB-1 NB

(b) (c) (d) NB-1
3. Seeding is decided on the basis of : 2
[CBSE, 2021)
(a) Previous performance (b) Future performance 9
, In a knockout tournament, if 9 teams are participating
(c) Current performance (d) Bad performance th en number of byes in upper half will be :
4. Logistics committee deals with : (b) 4
(a) Accommodation ~ransportation (c) 5 [CBS£, 2021]
(d) 2
(c) Medical Staff (d) All of the above. lO. In a knockout tournament 4th Bye will be given to:
(a) Last team of Lower half
[CBSE, 2021]
5. What is the main work of Finance committee in the \Jb,)-" Last team of Upper half
tournament? (c) First team of upper half
(a) Registration of participants (d) First team of Lower half
11
(b) Publicity of the tournament · Chose odd one from the check list of organizing a sports
event:
~repare budget of the tournament
(a) Accommodation
(cf) Make transport arrangements ~Place of event
(c) Art integration
, (d) Sponsorship
22
Physical Education-XII [CBSE, 2021]
 f you want to be on the top position i II. Match the following
12· 1 orts you have to adhere to proper sports n 1ga~es and 1. Match list-I with list-II and select the correct answer from
sp ' f d . P anning. The
ttainment o goo performance
. in the field 0 f games the codes given below:
a sports epen d s on effect1ve planning.
and d List-II
· List-I
Following are the objectives of planning, except : (Calculation for)
(Formula) ·
(a) Goal orientation Number of byes for Lower
1.
(b) Making strategies Half and Upper Half in
Facilitate recreation (i) N(N; 1) case of an odd number
(d) Formation of rule and regulation of byes
, Formula to calculate the Bye is: 2. Number of matches in a
13 NB+l NB-1
$ Number of teams subtracted from the next number
(ii) --or-
League fixture for even
with a power of two 2 2 number of teams
(b) Number of teams added to the next number with a
N+l 3. Number of matches in
power of two N-1
--or-- Knockout
(iii) 2
(c) As per number of teams 2

(d) None of these (iv) N-1 4. Number of teams in Lower

Half and in Upper Half
L4, Formula to calculate number of matches in League
matches is: · Codes:
N-1 (b) N + 1 (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a)- (i)
2
2 2 3 4
(a) 1
,., N(N-1) (d) None of these 3
1 4
2 (b) 2
1 2
lS. What is the formula to determine the number of matches (c) 4 3
in a League fixture for even number of teams? 4 2 1
(d) 3
(a) N;l (b) N;l Ans. (b)
2. Match list-I with list-II and select the correct answer from
. lrvN(N-1) N(N+l) the codes given below:
2 (~ 2
[CBS£ Sample Paper 2019-20)
(i) Marketing 1. Head of organizing Committee.
6. The total number of matches in a knockout tournament
Committee
of 34 teams are:
(b) 32 (ii) Chairperson 2. Responsible for liaison with
(a) 31
[CBS£ 2020] Print Media
(d) 35
~3
7. What is Bye? (iii) Tournament 3. Series of contest between a
number of competitors
(a) It's a method of drawing fixture.
(b) Point system for team games. 4. A sports match that has been
(iv) Fixture
\LP("Advantage given to a team to not to play in initial arranged for a particular time

round. and date

(d) Placing of teams according to previous performance.
[CBS£ sample Paper 2020-21] Codes:
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
t Which of these Cs is not a part of the process of planning
1 3 4
a sports event? (a) 2
(a) Coordination
(b) control
1 4 3
(b) 2
(d) Culmination
~larify 2 3 4
(c) 1
4 3
- - - - - • Answers - -5.-(c)- -
6. -
(c)- (d) 1 2
L. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c)
,. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b) Ans. (a)
17. (c) 18. (c)
I. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (c)
Management of Sporting Events 23
 tn the context of above two st,a terffe~, which one of the Define fixture. Why is fixture necessary for
following is correct? 1. of games? organis at1on
.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct 2
_ Being sports captain of the school, Prepare five imp
explanation of (A). _
committees with their responsibilities to conduct an~rtant
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct school basketball tournament. nter.
I
explanation of (A). 3
_ There are 11 teams participating in a Knock
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false. Tournament. Explain the procedure to calculate ·0ut
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true. [CBSE, 2021] of 'Byes' and also with the help of diagram allot~BlJtnber
Ans. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct [
CBSE Sample Paper Yes' ,
explanation of (A). 4. Draw a fixture of a volleyball teams on leagu, 201~,'. 1
1
following the staircase method. is
IV. Picture Based (Identification) Question 5
• What is the difference between planning and control/in
1. Which method is following in the given fixture? the event? g

Team Round-I Round-II Round-ID D. Long Answer Type Questions

- Second

= ].2-------J I
: l Bye 1. Define Management. Explain in detail the functions of
1fr~;ri : sports events management.

·----~-------------------
4 -------
1 Winner
2. Write about the various committees and their
responsibilities.
=
1

Lower: 3. Draw a fixture of nine (9) teams on the basis of league

Half 1 . 5 4 ---
6 - First Bye tournament using cyclic method. Explain British method
to declare the Winner. [Al 2019]
Ans. Knockout 4. Draw a knockout fixture for 23 teams.

[ CBSE Sample Paper 2019-20]

V. Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. Failure of any one step disorganises the entire sports
1. Define sports management. event. Explain with the help of suitable examples.
2. List the functions of sports event management. 6. Draw a knock out fixture for 25 teams with all steps
3. Name the list of various committees for organising involved. [C85E2020]
competition.
E. Case Study Based Questions
4. Fixtures are the schedule, fixed for the matches. What is
a Bye? [Delhi 2017] Read the following case studies and answer the
5. What do you mean by 'seeding'? questions given after each case study.
6. Write formule for giving 'Bye'. 1. Samarth goes to the Principal with a proposal of
7. Define Fixture. organising
· · a sports compet1t1on
· · ·in h's
1 school · The
.
Principal likes Samarth's proposal and asks the physic_a 1
B. Short Answer Type Questions-I education teacher to plan a sports comp etition inn
the school. Physical Education teacher con stitutes .a
1. Draw a fixture of 6 teams on a league basis following the
executive committee and various sub-comm ittees wiorts11
cyclic method. [Delhi 2016] h
• · g the sp red
t e consent of the Principal for organism
2. Prepare a fixture for 21 teams on the basis of knockout
tournament. [Al 2015] kcompetition. A sports competition program is p_r e~~e in
. . . d time ava1 1a utive
3. Draw a fixture of 11 Football teams participating in a heeping in mind the resources an
I e school. After getting approval f rom the d for th•
. exec
Tournament on the basis of knock out. [Al 2016] committee the competition is then organise
4. What do you mean by organising? students. e and
. . . mmitte
(,) Discuss the formation of executive co ibilitie •
5
24 Physical Education-XII sub-committees and their role and respons
 .. Who will be a better option to chair_ the executive
(11) mittee of the event - The principal or th (iii) What is the purpose of organising sports competition?
com. al education teacher? Why? e
physic . (a) Create interest
hich of the sub-committees can students be
(···) 1n w . (b) Physical fitness
111 appo •inted as representatives
. working under th e
guidance of the ~ub-comm1~tee members? (c) Value development
. nsh is a physical education teacher. There is an (d) All of these
Hri daya f ·1·t· · h'
2. acutes hortage of sports ac1d1 Ies in . Is school. In order F. Art Integrated Activity
te interest among stu ents in sports, he wants to
to crea t·t· h' h . • Your school is organising an inter-school football
organ .is e sports compe 1 10n w Ic . requires. minimum
resourC es and can be comp 1
eted in less time. tournament. As a member of announcement, publicity
. Which type of tournaments can be organised in case and record committee prepare an attractive poster to
Wfacilities are 1·ImI·ted?. invite participants from different schools.
(a) Knockout (b) League Suggested Links
(c) (a) and (b) both (d) None of these
• https://youtu.be/kYlHcSjkFsA
(ii) What type of activity he sho~ld organise?
• https ://www.learncbse.in/class-12-physical-education-
(a) Major game (b) Minor game
notes-chapter-1/
(c) Athletics meet (d) All of these
• https://youtu.be/TV9rQgdg7w0

000

Management of Sporting Events 25