AppendixA

1. Multiple choice questions

Please select the appropriate answer from the given choices:
1. Functionality of cells grown biomaterial surface and those in suspension is
on a

a)identical 6) different similar (d) opposite

2. Shape of the material is unimportant for studying its properties
(a) Chemical (b) Mechanical c) Physical a l l of the above
3. Technique preferred for 3D microstructural study of biomaterials is
(a) Confocal (b) Fluorescent c) XRD micro-CT
4. Compatibility of a material with the blood is referred to as
(a) cytocompatibility (b) biocompatibility
)histocompatibility haemocompatibility
5. Histocompatibility is the term used to define the compatibility of a material with
human &animal tissues (b) plants
(c) bacteria (d) fungi
6. Incompatibility that can cause implant loosening
(a) Biomaterial toxicity b ) Biomechanical
()Biochemicalreactivity (d) All of the above
7. Critical size defect of bone means the defect is
(a) round (b) square
(d) 2-3 times shorter than diameter
2-3 times longer than diameter
8. Osteons show a regular arrangement of Hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals of the size
50-100 nm (b) 10-20 m (c) 1-2 cm d) 1-2 um
.Mechanical property of cortical bone in comparison to cancellous bone is

a)superior (b) inferior ()similar (d) none of the above

10. Haversian and Volkmann canals channelize the blood in the
(a) heart (b) bones () kidney (d) skin
528 Appendix A

11. Degree of mineralization is represented by BMDyhich stands for

(a) bone meta density b o n e mineral density
(c) beta material density (d) none of the above
12. Standard implant size for studying in vivo biocompatibility (osseointegration) is

&length 6 mm (b) 2 um& length 6 um

2 mm

(c) 2 em& length 6 cm (d) none of the above

13. Retrieval and microscopic evaluation of bone implant reveal information regarding
(a) osseointegration (b) host immune response
c) fibrosis a l l of the above
14. For bone mineralization the most suitable Ca and P ratio in HA is
(a) 2.56 (c) 8.67 (d) 5.00
1.67
15. Two major components of natural bone are
(a) collagen and Ti collagen and HA
() HDPE and HA (d) fibrinogen and HA
16. HA is a form of
Calcium phosphate (b) Calcium chloride
(c) Calcium carbonate d) Calcium sulphate
17. Cytoskeleton consists of
(a) collagen fibres b actin filaments
() fibronectin filaments (d) elastin filaments
18. Total number of proteins in a prokaryotic cell isin the order of
(a) 1016 (b) 1026 10 d) 1036

19. Nucleus can be visualized under microscope using

(a) Microtracer (b) Phalloidin (c) Fluorescein DAPI
20. Continuous depolymerisation-repolymerisation of cytoskeleton filaments, leading to cell
motility takes place, when cell
a) size increases undergoes division
(c)sizedecreases (d) changes shape
21. Maturation of osteoblasts to osteocytes is known as
(a) atrophy (b) hypertrophy (c)metaplasia differentiation
22. a-helix and B-sheet represent the following structural formats of Proteins.
(a) primary 6)secondary (c) tertiary (d) quaternary
23. Transmembrane proteins are attached to
(a) mitochondria (b) ribosome (c) nucleus plasma membrane
24. Focabadhesion complex is formed by interacting
c e l l receptor and surface protein b) cell membrane and surface protein
(c) nuclear protein and surface protein (d) nuclear receptor and surface protein
25. Size of bacteria falls in the range of
(a) nanometers (b) picometers (micrometers (d) millimeters
 Apendiu A 529

26. The peptidoglycan layer in Ciram negativehacteria is

(a) thin (b) smooth )thick d)wavy
27 Triple helix structure is exhibited by
(a) Collagen (b) Antigen () ATP (d) DNA
28. The doubling time for bacterial cels is typically
(a) 20-40 minutes (b) 20-40 hours (c) 20 40 days d) 20-40 wconds
29. Following is not the characteristic feature of a cell undergoing apoptosis
(a) blebbing (b) nuclear disinteyratím
() migration d) shrinking
30. LDH enzyme is released in the culture medium upon cell
(a) division (b) adherence (c) migration d) death

31. Embryonic stem cells are

(a) multipotent pluripotent (c) totipotent (d) unipotent
32. Heart muscles are formed by
(a) Chondrocytes (b) Keratinocytes (c) Adipocytes Cardionnyocytes
33. Preferred model for studying the largesegmental bone defects is
(a) mouse rabbit
(c) non-human primates (d) rat
34. The processing of ceramic materials involves,
(a) Melting and casting Sintering
() Hot rolling (d) Hot extrusion
35. Hardness is a measure of resistance against
a) fracture (b) crack growth
e permanent deformation (d) pore growth
36. Polymer processing involves
(a) forging (b) hot rolling
(d) all of the above
()injectionmolding
37. Bacteriostatic agents are the ones, which

(a) kill the bacteria (b) inhibit the bacterial growth

(c) mutate the bacteria (d) none of the above

38. The addition of Ti to HA is expected to increase

afracture toughness (b) magnetic property
(c) bactericidal property (d) all of the above

39. TKR is a clinical term for

(a) Thorough knee replacement Total knee replacement
(c) Total knot resonance (d) Titanium-potassium rate
40. Microscope that is generally not used to characterize grain structure of a material is,

(a) Confocal (b) Fluorescent c) Inverted (d) all

41. For facilitating cell interaction, the surface of implant should be

(c)glossy (d) all
(a)smooth rOugh
42 Bixompatibiity mainh involves surface interactions, whereas biomechanical compatibility
is largehy determined by the
astructure elastic modulus
chemical composition (d) all of the above
43 Qualitative assessment of material-tissue interaction is generally done by
(d) none of the above
ahematkogy histology (c)spectroscopy
44.
Hoszdone engagement in the implant is assessed by
Convergent beam computer tomography (CBCT)
)Resonance frequency analvzer (RFA)
(Intraradspectroscopy
dUV spectoscopy
45. Osteacytes is the mature form of
a ostroblast (b) osteons osteoclast (d) none
46. Bone is a.. tissue type
(a)muscular )connective (c) nervous (d) cardiovascular
47. Haversian canals in bones contain
(a)bloodvessels & nerves (b) only blood vessels
(c) only nerves d) none of the above
48. Smallest structure-function unit of bone is
(a) bone-matrix (b) osteon (c) Haversion canal (d) Volkmann's canal
49. Crack in a material represents discontinuity in
(a) structure (b) function (c)shape (d) none
50. Biomedicalgrade Ti surfaces are etched to observe microscopic features by using..
reagent
(a) Kroll's (b) Benedict's
cphenolphthalein (d) none of the above
51. For in vivo testing, the biomaterial is implanted either subcutaneously or intramuscularly so
that they can
(a) dissolve fast ) b e retrieved easily () integrate well (d) none of the above
52. The perceived advantage of HA-barium titanate composite biomaterial is
(a) piezoelectric property (6) magnetic property
()increasedstrength (d) all of the above
53. Stem cells are characterized by
(a potency (b) clonality (c)stemness (d) all of the above
54. Typical eukaryotic cell size is of the order of
(a) 100-150 um (b) 25-30 um
C)50-100 mm d) 0.1-1 cm
55. Total proteins in a eukaryotic cell is in the order of
(a) 1019 (b) 10 (c) 1029 (d) 1039
 AppendixA I 531

Calcium channels are sensitive to

56.
(a) pH change
(b) Na ions
(c) K ions
d) Voltage difference across the cell membrane
57. Hypertrophy means

(a) increase in cell size (b) decrease in cell size

(c) decrease in cell number (d) increase in cell number
58. Atrophy is the term used for reduction in tissue functionality due to
(a) degeneration (b) reduction in size (c) diminished use (d) all of the above
59. Metaplasia is a phenomenon that is
(a) reversible (b) irreversible c) permanent (d) destructive
60. Cells communicate to neighbouring cells and environment through
(a) signaling molecules (b) cel-junctions
c) cell receptors (d) all of the above
61. The example(s) of Gram positive bacteria is/are,
(a) S. aureus (6) S. epidermidis (c)E.coli (d) both (a) and (b)

62. Osteocytes are part of

(a) Cartilage (b) Bone Muscle d) Epithelia
63. Apoptosis is a cell fate process that represents
(a) differentiation (b) necrosis
k programmed cell death (d) motility
64. Necrosis is the accidental cell death and is generally accompanied by
(a) migration (b) differentiation ()adhesion inflammation
65. Prior to cell division,
(a) nucleus size increases (b) cell size decreases
(c) cell membrane disappears (d) cytoplasm dries up
66. Chondrocytes are the constituent cells of
c) Lungs (d) none of the above
(a) Bone (b) Cartilage
67. Which animal model is closer to humans for bone implantation study?
(a) mouse b rabbit (c) pig (d) dog
68. Preferred animal models for toxicity study of drugs and biomaterials are,

a mouse and rats (b) non-human primates

(c) dog (d) pig
69. Bactericidal agents are the ones which
h kill the bacteria (b) inhibit the bacteria
(d) none of the above
(c)mutate the bacteria
0. Spark plasma sintering is used to sinter HA-BaTiO, composites in order to

a) Reduce sintering time (b) Prevent sintering reactions

c) Prevent grain coarsening (d) All of the above
532 Appendix A

71. The fracture toughness of bone depends on

Bone density (b) Bone length (c) Bone thickness (d) None of the above
72. Addition of CaTiO, to HA enhances the following
property(ies)
a) Electrical conductivity (b) Strength and Toughness
() Diclectric property All of the above
73. Doping of Ag in HA-Ag composites can be evaluated qualitatively by
(a) Thermo-gravimetric analysis (b) Vibrating Sample Magnetometer
Infrared spectroscopy (d) None of the above
74. The inhibitory effect of HA-Ag composites on bacteria is due to
(a) Ca ions (b) (PO,)" ions A g ' ions (d) None of the above
75. The tooth consists of the following hard material/s
Enamel (b) Periodontal ligament
(c) Pulp (d) None of these
76. The component
responsible for machinability of glass ceramics is
(a) Amorphous matrix (b) Mica crystals
)SiO (d) None of these
77. Following is not related antibacterial study
to
(a) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
(b) zone-inhibition assay (ZIA)|
c enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA)
(d) colony forming unit (CFU)
78. Establishing biocompatibility of a material involves
(a) in vitro study (b) in vivo study c)stem cell study both a and b
79. Ethical approvals are not required prior to
(a) stem cell experiments (b) clinical trials
(c) animal experiment (d) biomaterials processing
80. Biocompatibility study involves
(a) cell viability (b)sell growth
(c) cell differentiation dall of the above
81. The term biocompatibility encompasses studies related to
a) eytocompatibility (b) pistocompatibility
c) haemocompatibility all of the above
82. THR is a clinical term for
(a) Total hip retainment (b) Total hair replacement
e Total hip joint replacement (d) Three hour joint replacement
83. The components of a biological system, that interact first with the implant are,
(a) cells (b) proteins )blood dall of the above
84. Biocompatibility of a material is
dependent on target application (b) independent of target application
(c) independent of material (d) none of the above
 Appendix A | 533

85. Which of the following can be a candidate material for hip joint application
(a) Copper (b) Aluminium Titanium alloys d) PLGA
86. Which of the following is widely used in making cardiovascular stents
(a) Stannum or Tin (Sn) (b) Nickel (Ni)
Nickel-Titanium alloy (Nitinol) (d) High density polyethylene (HDPE)
87. The biocompatibility encompasses
a) Cell type dependent response in vitro
(b) Animal strain dependent tissue response in vivo
(c)Bloodcompatibility
All of the above
88. A biocompatible material is NOT expected to encourage
(a) Cell growth (b) tissue growth
(c) bacterial growth (d) All of the above
humans if it is
89. An implant is suitable for use in
(b) sterile
(a) tested in vitro
(c) tested in vivo passed through clinicaltrials
biomaterial with host bone may lead to
90. Mismatch of elastic modulus of implant
(a) fracture (b) aseptic loosening
(d) all
(c)infection
91. In long bones, bone marrow is surrounded by numerous

(a) blood vessels (b) osteons c)nerves (d) lipids

92. Stochiometric formula ofhydroxyapatiteis

(b) Ca,(PO),
(a)Ca(OH) (d) none of the above
vO Ca40(POJ,(OH),
93. Cortical bone is
(d) thin
(a) thick (b) compact c)spongy
tolerate without permanent deformation
is
that material can
94. Ratio of stress and strain
a

defined by its
(c) ductility (d) fracture strength
a) elastic modulus (6) elastic strength
95. Cortical bone is not
(d) thick
(b) flexible (c) hard
(a) dense
blood vessels to the bone from
96. Volkmann canals transmit (d) none of above
(b) osteons (c) muscle
a) periosteum
in bone is
97. Percentage of mineralized phase (d) 30-409%
(a) 10-20%
(b) 20-30% 60-70%
about
98. Water content in bone is in the order of
(b) 50 wt.% (c) 90 wt.% a ) 10 wt.%
(a) 30 wt.9%
99. Compressive strength of a scaffold depends on
a) biomaterial composition (b) processing
scaffold porosity all ofthe above
S34 pwndx
100 Bone density depends upon
(a) bone size (b) mineral content () bone length (d) none of above

101. Ifyou are asked to ehoose light weight biomaterials, which one will you choose
a) Ti )HDPE c) Co Cr-Mo d) stainless steel
102. For steel/Ti/Co-CrMo based metallic biomaterials, mont biologically inert material in terms
of corrosion resistance in elinically relevant potential range in
(a) Stainless steel (b) Ti based alloys () Co-Cr Mo (d) all of them.
103. Number of cells per ml volume in a normal mammalian tiue in of the order of
(a) 10 (b) 10 (c)102 (d) 10
104. Actin filaments can be visualized under microscope using
(a) Microtracer (b) Phalloidin (c) Fluorescein (d) MTT

105. Mitochondria can be visualized under microscope using

(a) MitoTracker (b) Phalloidin (c) Fluorescein (d) MTT
106. The voltage difference across a cukaryotic cell membrane is
(a) 70 kV (b) 70 mV c) 70 V (d) 70 pV
107. Nuclear pore-complex allows transport of
(a) only water (b) selective molecules
(c)onlyNa' ions (d) none of the choices
108. Subcellular structures that constitute the intracellular cytoskeleton are
(a) actin (b) intermnediate filaments
(c)microtubule (d) all of the above
109. Proteins typically acquire structural formats
(a) primary (b) secondary (c) tertiary (d) all of the above
110. Primary structure of a protein is represented by
(a) amino acid sequence (b) a-Helix
()B-sheet (d) none of the above
111. Ribosome is a
(a) membrane bound organelle (b) RNA-Protein complex
()DNA-Proteincomplex (d) Lipid-Protein complex
112. Ribosomal particles are present in
(a) eukaryotes (b) prokaryotes (c) both a and b (d) none of the above
113. Luria broth is mostly used for culturing
a)fungi (b) animal cells (c) bacteria (d) plant cells
114. The antibacterial effect of a biomaterial should be tested, when the bacterial culture is in
(a) lag phase (b)logphase (c)stationaryphase (d) death phase
115. Bacterial density is commonly recorded using spectrophotometer in the
(a) UV-Visible range (b) Far-infrared range
() Infrared or IR range (d) IR-UV range
116. Adhesion and growth ofbacteria on a material surface is faster than human cells due to their
(a) size B) faster doubling time
(c) shape (d) all of the above
 Appendix A 535

cell shape require reorganization of

117. Changes in
(a) Cell surface proteins (b) Golgi apparatus
(c) Endoplasmic reticulum (d) Cytoskeleton
118. Cell differentiation study should be conducted minimum for
(a) 3-4 hours (b) 3-4 days (c) 3-4 months 3-4 weeks
rate is in the order of
119. Cell migration
(a) 1-100 nm/h (b) 1-100 m/h
c ) 1-100 um/h (d) 1-100 mm/h
120. TGF is a
g r o w t h factor
(a) hormone (b) enzyme (c) gene
distance of
121. A paracrine signal can efficiently transfer the message to the maximum
(c) 200 um (d) 200 m
(a) 200 mm (b) 200 cm

122. Internalization of signaling molecule typically takes (d) 15-30 min

(b) 15-30s (c) 15-30 hours
(a) 15-30 days
in
123. Transcription in eukaryotic cells takes place (d) ribosome
(a) cytoplasm (b) mitochondria )nucleus

124. Translation in prokaryotic cells takes place in

(a) endoplasmic reticulum (b) cytoplasm
(d) mitochondria
(c)nucleus
is called
information from nucleus to cytoplasm
125. RNA that transfers the genetic (b) messenger RNA
(a) transmembrane RNA
(d) ribosomal RNA
(c) transfer RNA
can be sufficiently visualized using
ultrastructural details of collagen fibers
126. The
(b) Optical microscope
(a) SEM
(d) All of the above
(C) TEM
RNA or tRNA is to transport
127. Function of transfer
(a) genetic information (b) protein
(d) amino acid
(c) nucleic acid

128. cell fate process

Following is not a (b) differentiation (c)osseointegration (d) migration
(a) proliferation
129. the cell in
Lamellopodia helps (c) growth (d) apoptosis
(b) division
(a) locomotion
not related to cell migration
130. Following process is (b) cytoskeletal re-organization
(a) adhesion
(d) proliferation
() lamellopodia
one cell are
to complete cycle
131. Number f stages a cell undergoes
(b) Four (c) Two (d) Five
(a)Six
132. Cell doubling time varies with the
(a) cell type
(b) cell age
(d) all of the above
)environmental conditions
536 Appendix A

133. PCR is an abbreviated form of technique

(a) polymerase catalytic reaction (b) polymerase chain reaction
(c) polycarbonate reaction (d) polymer chain rate
134. Accidental cell death does not lead to
(b) necrosis (c) inflammation d) pain
(a) apoptosis
135. Cell fate processes can be best analyzed quantitatively by
(a) densitometer
(b) nuclear magnetic resonance or NMR
c) flow cytometry
(d) infrared or IR spectroscopy
136. In MTT assay, yellow compound reduces to Formazan, the colour of which is

(a) red (b) green (c)white (d) purple

137. Colorimetric assays are preferred because they are
(a) easy to observe
(6) simple to perform
(c)simple torecord/no sophisticated instrument is required
(d) all of the above
138. Picogreen assay is used for quantifying
(a) single stranded RNA (b) double stranded RNA
(csingle stranded DNA (d) double stranded DNA
139. Alkaline phosphatase assay (ALP) is performed to evaluate cell
(a) division (b) adherence (c) differentiation (d) death

140. Osteocalcein is a
(a) lipid (b) protein () polysaccharide (d) none of above
141. RUNX2 is a
(anucleic acid (b) lipid
() transcription factor (d) none of above
142. Quantification of live and dead cells is possible through
(a) electron microscopy (b) inverted microscopy
(c) FACS analysis (d) none of above
143. Totipotent cells can differentiate into
(a) multiple cell types (b) a specific cell type
(c) all cell types (d) none of above
144. Mesenchymal and haematpoitic stem cells are
(a)unipotent (b) multipotent pluripotent (d) totipotent
145. Aborted embryos are the source of
(a) mesenchymal stem cells (b) adult stem cells
)embryonic stem cells d) none of above
146. Cells that form nails and hair are called
(a) chondrocyte (b) osteocyte ()keratinocyte (d) none of above
 Appendix A I 537

147. Insulin is produced by

(a) Islet cells (b) chondrocyte (c) osteocyte (d) keratinocyte
148. Ability of stem cells to divide while retaining its potency is called
(a) differentiation (b) self renewal (d) none of the above
(c)stemness
149. Adult stem cells can be harvested from
(a) all the tissues (b) aborted embryos (c) limited tissues (d) none of the above

150. Adult stem cells are generally

(a) unipotent (b) multipotent (pluripotent (d) impotent
151. The flip-flop mechanism of phosphotidylserine (PS) molecules isinvolved in the cell
a) growth (b) apoptosis (c) motility (d) differentiation
152. Which cytoskeletal structures make up the mitotic spindle during cell division

(a) Golgi apparatus (b) microtubules (c) ribosomes (d) centrosomes

153. In which phase does DNA replication occur during the cll cycle
(a) G1 (b) M
answers are correct
()S (d) None of these
154. Which of the following results from hypoxia to cells
(d) differentiation
(a) apoptosis (b) necrosis (c) pyroptosis
155. Duration of cell culture experiments should be based on
(a) cell type (b) cell doubling time
c e l l fate to be investigated (d) all of the above
156. Microscopic study cannot be conclusively used for evaluating
(a) cell differentiation (b) cell division
() cell growth/proliferation ) cell shape
'adhesion thrombus' and 'shed thrombus'
157. Under blood flow conditions in vitro, 'no thrombus,
are the tests for the quantification
of
(a) WBC (b) RBC platelet adhesion (d) thrombin
(
158. Following represents the standards in biocompatibility testing for implants

(a) ISO 993 (b) ISO 1993 (c)ISO100993 e y ISO 10993

159. is studied in mice and rats as they
preferably
Toxicity
(a) are small
(b) have short life cycle
materials
(c) exhibit toxicity to all synthetic
b o t h (a) and (b)
cardiovascular study are
160. Reçommended animal models for
rats c)rabbit and dog (d) none of above
sheep and
pig (b) mice and
161. are involved in Clinical Trials
Experts from following streams
(a) Biomaterials science (b) Medical science
()Biostatistics (d) all of the above
162. The first step towards cell adhesion on a biomaterial substrate involves,
(a) Protein absorption (b) Cells shape change
() DNA replication (d) Cell differentiation
538 4ppendix A

163. Which of the

following technique can be used for quantitative analysis of cell cycle
(a) SEM (b) Immunofluorescence
(c) RT-PCR (d) Flow cytometry
164. Micro-CT or Micro computed-tomography is used for assessing the structural teatures of
a material
(a) Qualitatively (b) Quantitatively
c)in destructive manner (d) none of above
165. General advantages of metallic biomaterials is their
a) reproducible properties (b) reproducible shape and size
() better clinical reliability
166. The
all ofthe above
manufacturing of rolled plates is done at or above the temperature
a)Tm/4
(b) 2Tm
T/2
(d) Tmwhere Tm is the melting temperature of the metal
167. Advanced sintering
processes include
(a) Hot isostatic pressing (b) Hot pressing
() Spark pasma sintering (d) all of the above
168. Degree of polymerization depends on
number of monomers in a
polymer (b) type of polymers
carrangement of polymers (d) none above
169. What should be the sintering
temperature of a composite A+B if the melting point of metal
A is 230 K and that ofB is 540 K.
(a) 540 K (6) 600 K (c)810K 345 K
170. Crystal morphology in ceramics depends on
a composition (b) sintering temperature
both (a) and (b) (d) none
171. The grain size increases, when (in reference to
sintering conditions to reach dense
fully
ceramics)
(a)sintering time is longer (b) sintering time is shorter
(csintering temperature is lower (d) none of the choices
172. To synthesize custom made fibrous porous scaffold, you need to use
(a) salt leaching (b) Electrospinning
(c)hightemperature sintering (d) 3D printing
173. Hydroxyapatite is sintered
above 1000°C (b) below 500°C c) above 2000°C (d) above 1500°C
174. During sintering of ceramics
(a) only pore size changes
(b) only pore shape changes
()both pore size and pore shape changes
(d) maximum neck growth occurs by vapor phase transport
 Appendix B

Key Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions

2. (d) all of the above
1. (b) different
4. (d) haemocompatibility
3. (d) micro-CT
6. (b) Biomechanical
5. (a) human & animal tissues
8. (a) 50-100 nm

7. () 2-3 times longer than diameter

10. (b) bones
9. (a) superior
12. (a) 2 mm & length 6 mm

11. (b) bone mineral density

14. (b) 1.67
13. (d) all of the above
16. (a) Calcium phosphate
15. (b) collagen and HA
18. (c) 106
17. (b) actin filaments
20. (b) undergoes division
19. (d) DAPI
22. (b) secondary
21. (d) differentiation
24. (a) cell receptor and surface protein
membrane
23. (d) plasma 26. (a) thin
25. (c) micrometers
28. (a) 20-40 minutes
27. (a) Collagen
30. (d) death
29. () migration
32. (d) Cardiomyocytes
31. (b) pluripotent
34. (b) Sintering
33. (b) rabbit
deformation
36. () injection molding
35. ) permanent
38. (a) fracture toughness
bacterial growth
37. (b) inhibit the
40. (d) al
39. (b) Total knee replacement
42. (b) elastic modulus
41. (b) rough
 Arpendix I 575

43. (b) histology

44. (a) Convergent beam computer tomography (CBCT)
45. a) osteoblast 46. (6) connective
47. (a) blood vessels & nerves 48. (b) osteon
49. (a) structure 50. (a) Kroll's

51. (b) be retrieved easily 52. (a) piezoclectric property

53. (d) all of the above 54. (b) 25-30 um

55. (b) 10
56. (d) Voltage difference across the cell membrane
increase in cell size 58. (d) all of the above
57. (a)
59. (a) reversible 60. (d) all of the above
62. (b) Bone
61. (d) both (a) and (b)
64. (d) inflammation
63. () programmed cell death
66. (b) Cartilage
65. (a) nucleus size increases
68. (a) mouse and rats
67. (b) rabbit
70. (d) All of the above
69. (a) kill the bacteria
72. (d) All of the above
71. (a) Bone density
74. (c) Ag ions
73. (c) Infrared spectroscopy
76. (b) Mica crystals
75. (a) Enamel
immunosorbant assay (ELISA)
77. () enzyme-linked

both and b
78. (d) a
80. (d) all of the above
biomaterials processing
79. (d) 82. (c) Total hip joint replacement
(d) all of the above application
81. 84. (a) dependent on target
above (Nitinol)
83. (d) all of the 86. (c)
Nickel-Titanium alloy

85. () Titanium alloys 88. (c) bacterial growth

87. (d) all of the above 90. (b) aseptic loosening
clinical trials
89. (d) passed through 92. (C) Cajo (POJ,(OH),
91. (b) osteons
94. (a) elastic modulus

93. (b) compact 96. (a) periosteum

95. (b) flexible 10 wt.%
98. (d)
97. ( ) 60-70% mineral content
100. (b)
above
99. (d) all of the 102. (b) Ti based alloys
101. (b) HDPE 104. (b) Phalloidin

103. (a) 10 106. (b) 70 mV

105. (a) MitoTracker
 576 APpendix B

107. (b) selective molecules 108. (d) all of the above

110. (a) amino acid sequence
109 (d) all of the above
111. (b) RNA-Protein complex 112. (c) both a and b

113. (c) bacteria 114. (b) log phase

116. (b) faster doubling time
115. (a) UV-Visible range
117. (d) Cytoskeleton 118. (d) 3-4 weeks

119. () 1-100 um/h 120. (d) growth factor

121. (d) 200 um 122. (d) 15-30 min

123. (c) nucleus 124. (b) cytoplasm

125. (b) messenger RNA 126. (c) TEM

127. (d) amino acid 128. () osseointegration

129. (a) locomotion 130. (d) proliferation
131. (b) Four 132. (d) all of the above

133. (b) polymerase chain reaction 134. (a) apoptosis

135. (c) flow cytometry 136. (d) purple
137. (d) all of the above 138. (d) double stranded DNA
139. () differentiation 140. (b) protein
141. (c) transcription factor 142. (c)FACS analysis
143. (c) all cell types 144. (b) multipotent
145. () embryonic stem cells 146. ) keratinocyte
147. (a) Islet cells 148. (c) stemness
149. (c) limited tissues 150. (b) multipotent
151. (6) apoptosis 152. (b) microtubules
153. () S 154. (b) necrosis
155. (d) all of the above 156. (a) cell differentiation
157. (c) platelet adhesion 158. (d) ISO 10993
159. (d) both (a) and (b) 160. (a) sheep and pig
161. (d) all of the above 162. (a) Protein absorption
163. d) Flow cytometry 164. (b) Quantitatively
165. (d) all of the above 166. () Tm/2
167. (d) all of the above 168. (a) number of monomers in a
polymer
169. (d) 345 K 170. (c) both (a) and (b)
171. (a) sintering time is longer 172. (b) Electrospinning
173. (a) above 1000°C
174. (c) both pore size and pore shape changes