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Grade 11 Geography Textbook in Sinhala Medium - New Syllabus
Grade 11 Geography Textbook in Sinhala Medium - New Syllabus
da, úoHdj
11 fY%a‚h
i
m<uqjk uqøKh - 2015
fojk uqøKh - 2016
;=kajk uqøKh - 2017
isõjk uqøKh - 2018
miajk uqøKh - 2019
ii
Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh
iii
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd
wdkkao iurfldaka
iv
v
fmrjok
f,dalfha wd¾Ól" iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd ;dlaI‚l ixj¾Okh;a iu`.
wOHdmk wruqKq jvd ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' ñksia w;a±lSï" ;dlaI‚l fjkiaùï"
m¾fhaIK iy kj o¾Yl weiqfrka bf.kSfï yd b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh o kùlrKh
fjñka mj;shs' tys§ YsIH wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk f,i bf.kqï w;a±lSï ixúOdkh
lrñka b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd úIh ks¾foaYfha ±lafjk
wruqKqj,g wkql+,j" úIhdkqnoaO lreKq we;=<;aj fm<fmd; iïmdokh ùu wjYH
h' fm<fmd; hkq YsIHhdg bf.kSfï WmlrKhla muKla fkdfõ' th bf.kqï
w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSug;a keK .=K j¾Okhg;a p¾hduh yd wdl,amuh j¾Okhla
iys;j by< wOHdmkhla ,eîug;a bjy,a jk wdYS¾jdohls'
vi
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh - ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
- tA'tï'wd¾'fla' wêldß
iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'
ixialdrl uKav,h
1' ví,sõ' ldka;s fmf¾rd O¾uj¾Ok - .=re fiajh" idka; mS;r u'u'ú"
ó.uqj'
vii
3' tka'tA' Ñ;%,;d - .=re WmfoaYsld"
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" ud;r'
NdId ixialrKh
Ti| .=Kr;ak - iyldr lÓldpd¾h"
fld<U úYajúoHd,h'
viii
mgqk
msgqj
5' ixj¾Okh 70
ix
f,aLl$ixialdrl uKav, igyk
x
1 mDÓúfha iajdNdúl iïm;a
iajdNdúl iïm;a w;ßka mdIdK" Lksc" mi" c,h" jd;h" ysret<sh" jDlaI,;d
yd jkÔùka hk iïm;aj,g iqúfYAIS ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' iïm;aj,g jákdlula
fokafka ñksid h' ñksia wjYH;d yd ;dlaIKh wkqj iïm;aj, jákdlu ;SrKh
fõ' iïm;aj, w.h ld,Sk j fjkia úh yels h'
mßirfha we;s iïm;a úúO jk w;r tAjd úúO whqßka j¾. l< yels h'
^1'1 rEmh&'
iajdNdúl
iïm;a
óg wu;r j iaj dNdúl iïm;a " Ôù yd wÔù iïm;a f,i o j¾. l<
yels fõ'
lsh
% dldrlï
02' mßirfha we;s iïm;a ñksid úiska jákd iïm;la njg mßj¾;kh flfrk
wdldrh ksoiqka folla u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'
wd.afkah mdIdK
mDÓú wNHka;rfha we;s ue.aud isis,a ùfuka wd.afkah mdIdK ks¾udKh
fõ' fïjd uQ,sl mdIdK f,i o ye¢kafõ' wêl ;dmh yd mSvkh hgf;a ks¾udKh
jk fuu mdIdK" iaMálrEmS mdIdK fõ' fïjdfha
ùÿreuh yd ishqï lkslduh jHqyhla we;' fuu
mdIdKj,g ksoiqka f,i .%ekhsÜ" nefida,aÜ"
.eífrda jeks mdIdK y÷kajd Èh yels h'
mDÓú wNHka;rfha § ue.aud isis,a ù >kSNjkh
ùfuka wl%dka; wd.afkah mdIdK ks¾udKh jk
w;r mDÓú wNHka;rfha WKq jQ ue.aud u;=msgg
meñK isis,a ùu fya;=fldg f.k ksIal%dka;
wd.afkah mdIdK ks¾udKh fõ'
1'2 rEmh - wd.afkah mdIdK
^.%ekhsÜ&
wd.afkah mdIdKj, m%fhdack
úmß; mdIdK
lsh
% dldrlï
01' m%Odk mdIdK j¾. kï lr tA tla tla j¾.h i|yd ksoiqka fol ne.ska
bÈßm;a lrkak'
02' úúO mdIdKj,ska ,nd .kakd m%fhdack we;=<;a fldg fmdaiagrhla
ks¾udKh lrkak'
Lksc
iajdNdúl iïm;a w;r Lksc iïm;aj,g o jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ fõ'
f,dalfha Lksc j¾. 2000la muK y÷kd f.k ;snK q o ñksid úiska
m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafka iq¿ m%udKhla mu‚' ñksia YsIg
a dpdrfha tla tla hq.j,
§ wdhqO yd WmlrK ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i|yd úúO Lksc j¾. Ndú; lr ;sfí'
hmia" ñksrka jeks b;d jeo.;a iïm;a ms<sn| j muKla fuys § wjOdkh
fhduq flf¾'
hmia - udkj YsIagdpdrfha ÈhqKqjg m%n, idOlhla jQfha hlv Ndú;h hs'
hlv ,nd .kafka hmiaj,sks' hmia msßisÿ lr WKq lsÍfuka wk;=re j hlv o"
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 5
hlv" ridhksl l%shdj,shg fhduq lsÍfuka jdfka o ksmoùu isÿ flf¾' hlv
yd jdfka" tAjdfha we;s iqúfYaIS .=Kh ksid l¾udka;" lDIsl¾udka;h" bÈlsÍï
yd m%jdyk jeks lafIa;% i|yd w;HjYH øjHhla njg m;a ù ;sfí'
lsh
% dldrlu
ñksrka
ñksrka b;d jeo.;a Lksc iïm;ls' f,dal hqoO
a iufha § ñksrka l¾udka;hg
jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ úh' Lksc j¾.SlrKfha wf,dayuh Lksc j¾. hg;g .efkk
ñksrka" fmdf<dfõ ;ekam;a ù we;s iajNdjh wkqj m%Odk j¾. ;=klg fnÈh yels h'
lsh
% dldrlï
01' ñksrka j¾. ;=k kï lrkak'
02' iïm;la f,i ñksrkaj, we;s jeo.;alu ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
mi
fMkaøSh øjH §¾> ld,hla ;siafia Èrdm;a ùfuka yd mdIdK Ô¾Kh u.ska
iemfhk Ô¾KdjfYAI ñY% ùfuka mi ks¾udKh fõ'
mi" ñks i dg m% f hda c kj;a w;HjYH iïm;ls ' Ydl yd i;a ; a j ixy;s f ha
meje;a u r|dmj;s k a f ka fuu mia ;Ügq j u; h' Ydl j¾Okhg wjYH fmda I H
mod¾: o" c,h o imhka f ka mi u.s k s ' fmdf<da ; ,h u;= m s g ;= k S ;Ügq j la
f,i mdxY= ia ; rh ms y s g d we;' fuu mdxY= ia ; r" ia : dkfhka ia : dkhg úúO
>kluls k a hq l a ; fõ'
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 7
mi ks¾udKhg n,mdk idOl uõmdIdKh - uõmdIdKh Ô¾Kh ùfuka
² uõmdIdKh fyda ksêidOkfhka tl;= jk wjidÈ;j,ska
mig Lkscuh øjH tl;= fõ' uõ mdIdKfha
² N+ úIu;dj
iajNdjh wkqj mi" mfia ixhq;sh" mia j¾. yd
² foaY.=Kh mfia j¾Kh o fjkia fõ'
² ld,h
² Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia N+ úIu;dj - N+ úIu;djg wkql, + j mi
u;=mgs isÿ jk L - dokh" ksêidokh fuka u
² udkqI l%shd
mi ;=<g c,h ldkaÿùu jeks l%h s dj,Sk"a mdxY=
ks¾udKh flf¾ n,mdhs' hï m%foaYhl we;s nEjqu" mfia iajNdjh fjkia ùug fuka
u c,jykh flfrys o n,mdk idOlhls'
Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia - mdxY= Ôùka iy Ydl wdjrKh mig fMkaøSh øjH tl;=
lrk uQ,dY% fõ' ñka Ydl wdjrKh m%Odk fõ' fMkaøSh moaO;s nyq, m%foaYj,
b;d flá ld,hla ;=< idrj;a ysHquia iys; mia uy,la ks¾udKh fõ'
ld,h - mfia iajNdjh yd mßK;Ndjh ;SrKh lsÍfï § ld,h jeo.;a fõ' §¾>
ld,hla ;=< fMkaøSh øjH ;ekam;a ùfuka mfia ire nj jeä fõ' tn÷ miaj, wvx.=
Lksc ,jK m%udKh jeä neúka me<Eá j¾Okhg o ys;lr fõ'
mdxY= me;slv
by; i|yka idOl fya;=fldg f.k l,la ;siafia ks¾udK jk mil"
olakg ,efnk ia;r iuQyh mdxY= me;slv f,i ye¢kafõ' tf,i ks¾udKh jQ
mdxY= me;slvla 1'5 rEmfhys ±lafõ'
A uy,
B uy,
C uy,
ls%hdldrlï
01' mi ks¾udKh ùug n,mdk idOl kï lr bka ;=kla fláfhka úia;r
lrkak'
02' mdxY= uy,l rEm igykla we| tla tla uyf,ys we;s ,laIK ms<sn| j
fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
03' Ydl yd i;a;aj ixy;sfha meje;au i|yd mi jeo.;a jk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
04' mdxY= ixrlaIKh i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. ;=kla bÈßm;a lrkak'
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 9
c, iïm;
c,h ñksidg fuka u wfkl=;a iajdNdúl mßir moaO;Skaf.a meje;aug
o w;HjYH iïm;ls' c,h fkdue;s j ñksidg Èk .Kklg jvd Ôj;a úh
fkdyels h' ñksidf.a Ôú;fha ish¨ lghq;= i|yd jl% j fyda iDcq j u odhl
jk iïm;la f,i c,h" y÷kajd Èh yels h'
l%shdldrlï
02' N+.; c,h" N+;, c,h yd mdxY= c,h fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
03' —Ôùkaf.a meje;au i|yd c,h w;HjYH fõ˜ fuh ikd: lsÍug lreKq
;=kla bÈßm;a lrkak'
jkdka;r
l%shdldrlï
01' my; i|yka jkdka;r m%foaY f,dal wdlD;s is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'
weu¾ika jkdka;r" fldxf.da jkdka;r" hqfrdamfha m;kYS, jkdka;r
l,dmh" W;=re wdishdfõ fla;=Or jkdka;r
02' ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r úkdY ùug n,mdk fya;= folla úia;r lrkak'
03' jkdka;r yd jk Ôùka uqyqKmdk .eg¨ folla meyeÈ,s lrkak'
mdßNdIsl jpk
² mdIdK - Rocks - £õøÓPÒ
² mi - Soil - ©s
Y%S ,xldj iajdNdúl iïm;a w;ska fmdfydi;a rgls' tu iïm;a w;r id.rh"
N+ñh" mdIdK" mi" Lksc" c,h yd jkdka;r wdÈh jeo.;a fõ'
id.rh
Y%S ,xldfõ ksYaÑ; N+ñ m%foaYhg f.dvìu muKla fkdj id.rfha fldgila
o wh;a fõ' rglg wh;a uqyqÿ iSudj ;SrKh lrk wka;¾cd;sl id.r kS;sh" 1994
fkdjeïn¾ 16 jk Èk f,dj mqrd l%shd;aul úh' ta wkqj iEu fjr<nv rdcHhlg
u fjr< iSudfõ isg kdúl ie;mqï 12la fkdblaujk fia uqyqÿ iSudjla wh;a fõ'
tu uqyqÿ iSudj —rdIaà%h uqyqÿ iSudj˜ f,i ye¢kafõ'
tu iSudfõ mj;sk .=jk" uqyoq yd tys wNHka;rfha we;s ish¨ iïm;a Y%S ,xldjg
wh;a fõ' ¥m;a" l,mq" fndl=" ;=v"q fldr,amr" uqyÿq je,s" .,amrj,ska iukaú; fuu
l,dmh" ëjr l¾udka;h yd ixpdrl l¾udka;hg o b;d m%fhdackj;a fõ'
kdúl ie;mqï 12-24 olajd jQ l,dmh" hdno l,dmh f,i ie,fla' fuu
l,dmh ;=< isÿ jk f¾.=" ëjr" ixl%uKh yd ikSmdrlaIl kS;s Í;s lv lsÍu
je<elaùu i|yd l%h
s dud¾. .ekSug rchg yels jk w;r o~qjï lsÍfï whs;h
s o we;'
kdúl ie;mqï 24-200 olajd jQ l,dmh" mru wd¾Ól l,dmh f,i ye¢kafõ'
tA ;=< mj;sk Ôù yd wÔù iajdNdúl iïm;a" uqyqÿ m;a, yd uqyqÿ m;a,g by<ska
mj;sk c, wxY= jeks fldgiaj, o iajdëk whs;sh Y%S ,xldj i;= h'
N+ñh
Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl iïm;a w;r N+ñh o b;d jeo.;a iïm;ls' 65610km2la
muK jQ N+ñ m%udKhla Y%S ,xldj i;= jk w;r Y%S ,xldj jgd we;s ¥m;a iuQyh
o thg we;=<;a fõ' N+ úIu;dj" foaY.=Kh" iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d c, iïm; jeks
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 21
idOlj, úúO;ajh wkqj N+ñh úúO whqßka mßyrKhg f.k we;' ksoiqka f,i
ckdjdi" f.j;=" uxudj;a" lDIs fNda. bvï" wNHka;r c,dY" jkdka;r" ,÷ le<E
jeks foa oelaúh yels h'
2'2 rEmh ksÍlaIKh fldg Y%S ,xld N+ñh úúOdldrfhka mßyrKhg f.k
we;s wdldrh y÷kd .kak'
Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñfhys úIu;dj lemS fmfkk m%Odk l,dm lsysmhla we;s
w;r tA tA l,dmj,g iqúfYaIS jQ ,laIK o y÷kd .; yels h' úh<s l,dmSh
N+ñfhys úYd, l=Uqre hdhka" jdßud¾. moaO;s hkdÈh o l÷lr N+ñfhys f;a j.dj"
fy,au¿ l%uh hgf;a ù j.dj hkdÈh o kd.ßl N+ñfhys úYd, ;Ügq f.dvke.s,s"
ud¾. moaO;s hkdÈh o fjr<dikak N+ñfhys ëjr l¾udka;h yd tAjdg wdfõ‚l
,laIK o ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h'
l%shdldrlï
01' Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñh úúO whqßka mßyrKhg f.k we;s wdldrh fláfhka
úia;r lrkak'
02' iïm;la f,i N+ñfha we;s jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrkak'
mdIdK
Y%S ,xld N+ñh wd.afkah" wjidÈ; yd úmß; hk mdIdKj,ska iukaú; h'
w;S;fha isg u fï mdIdK úúO lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lr we;' .%ekhsÜ úmß; ùfuka
iEfok khsia mdIdK" Y%S ,xldfõ f.dvke.s,s yd uydud¾. bÈlsÍï lghq;=j, §
nyq, j Ndú; flf¾' ñyska;,h" wkqrdOmqrh jeks úúO wd.ñl isoaOia:dkj,
we;s msh.egfm<" fodrgqmd, rEm" .,a lKq wdÈh bÈlsÍug o iudê yd wjqlk jeks
m%;sud ks¾udKh i|yd o b;d oeä khsia mdIdK fhdod f.k we;'
mi
jir oyia .Kkla ;siafia uõ mdIdK yd Ydl i;a;aj fldgia Èrdm;a
ùfuka mi ks¾udKh fõ' foaY.=Kh" uõ mdIdKh" jDlaI,;d jeiau yd nEjqï
m%foaY" mi ks¾udKh flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOl fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ mdxY= j¾Ok
l%shdj,sfha § jeo.;a u idOlh jkafka j¾Idm;k m%udKh yd tys iD;=uh jHdma;sh
hs' ksr;=re j ,efnk j¾Idm;kh yd wêl WIAK;ajh u.ska mdIdK Ô¾Kh ùu
fõ.j;a fõ' Y%S ,xldj l=vd ¥m;la jqj o úúO idOlj, n,mEu ksid úúOdldr
mia j¾. ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' tAjd w;ßka jvd;a nyq, j olakg ,efnk mdxY= l,dm
y;la ms<sn| j muKla úuid ne,Su fuys § isÿ flf¾'
² r;= ly fmdâfida,a mi
l%shdldrlï
01' Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efnk m%Odk mdIdK j¾. kï fldg tA tla tla mdIdK
j¾.j,g ksoiqka fol ne.ska ,shkak'
02' Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk mia j¾. kï fldg tA tla tla mia j¾.j, j.d l< yels
fNda. we;=<;a f,aLkhla ms<f
s h, lrkak'
03' tu mia j¾. jHdma; m%foaY Y%S ,xldfõ is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'
Lksc
iajNdjO¾ufhka ,eî we;s iïm;la f,i Lksc o y÷kajd Èh yels h'
ñksrka" ue‚la" ueá" yqKq.,a yd Lksc je,s Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc j¾. w;r m%Odk
fõ' tÈfkod Ôú;fha úúO wjia:dj, § fuu Lksc j¾. yd Lkscj,ska ksIamdÈ;
NdKav m%fhdackhg .efka' tjeks Lksc fhdod f.k lrkq ,nk ksIamdok
NdKav lsysmhla 2'4 rEmfhys oelafõ'
Y%S ,xldj wE; w;S;fha isg u Wiia j¾.fha ñksrka i|yd m%isoaêhla
Wiq,hs' Y%S ,xldfjka ,nd .kakd ñksrka m%Odk jYfhka wmkhkh lrk w;r
my; i|yka foaYSh l¾udka; i|yd o iq¿ jYfhka fhdod .efka'
² ;Ska; j¾. iE§u ² W÷ka wdf,am lsÍu
² jd;a;= wÉpq ksmoùu ² mekai,a l+re ksmoùu
² uqøK lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSu ² mqmqrk øjH ksmoùu
² úÿ,s yd bf,lafg%dksl l¾udka;h i|yd fhdod .ekSu
2'2 is;shu - Y%S ,xldfõ ñksrka iy ue‚la jHdma; j Y%S ,xldfõ ue‚la iy ñksrka
we;s m%foaY ,efnk m%foaY 2'2 is;h
s fuys oelafõ'
01' Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efnk Lksc je,s j¾. y;r kï lrkak'
02' tAjd jHdma; j we;s m%foaY Y%S ,xld is;shul ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'
03' Y%S ,xldfõ ld¾ñl wuqøjHhla f,i Lksc je,s jeo.;a jk wdldrh ksoiqka
foñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
Y% S ,xldj l= v d
Èjhs kla jq j o .x.d
ks ï k 103ls ka fmda I Kh
fõ ^2'5 is ; s h u&'
rfÜ c, wjYH;d
uQ ,s l j u imq r d,kq
,nka f ka fuu .x.dj,
c,fhks ' w;S ; fha is g
u c, wjYH;d imq r d
.ekS u i|yd fuu
.x.dOdrj, ckdjdi
ms y s g q j d .ka kd ,È'
jeõ yd c,dY
j¾Idm;kfha
wúksYaÑ; nj iy we;eï
.x.d úh<s ld,fha is£
hdu fya;=fldg f.k
w;S;fha isg u jdß c,
iïmdokh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq ù ;s f í'
c, ys Õ hg ms < s h ula
2'5 is;shu - Y%S ,xldfõ .x.d f,i Y% S ,xldfõ úh<s
m%foaYj, jeõ rdYshla bÈlr we;' j¾Id ld,fha § fuu jeõj, /ia lr .;a
c,h j¾Idj ysÕ ld,fha § m%f hdac khg .ekq ‚ ' ñka f ka ß h" ljq v q ,a ," mrdl% u
iuqø h" fhdaO jej" l,d jej" kdÉp¥j hkdÈh úh<s l,dmfha bÈlrk ,o jeõ
lsysmhls' j¾;udkfha jqj o tu m%f oa Y j, c, wjYH;d imq r d,kq ,nka f ka fuu
jeõ u.sks'
f;;a l,dmSh l÷lr m%foaYj, o uE; ld,fha § úYd, c,dY bÈlr we;'
fld;auf,a" úlafgdaßhd" rkafoks.," rkagefò hkdÈh ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'
fuu c,dYj, c,h lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd muKla fkdj úúO wjYH;d i|yd
o fhdod .efka'
l%shdldrlï
01' my; oelafjk Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk .x.d ksïk 10" Y%S ,xld is;shul ,l=Kq
fldg kï lrkak'
uyje,s .Õ hdkaTh le,‚ .Õ j,fõ .Õ
oeÿreTh l=Uqlalka Th l¿ .Õ .sx .Õ
u,aj;= Th udÿre Th
jkdka;r
Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r moaO;sh .;a úg tys Wm moaO;s rdYshla we;' tAjd kï"
² imq" lSk" ñysßh" j,afo,a" fj,x" fudr" yq,xysla jeks Ydl olakg ,efí'
lfvd,dk
2'10 rEmh - lgq m÷re yd ,÷ le<E
² Y%S ,xld fjr< jgd we;s .x.d" fudah"
l,mq" jeõ jeks c,dY%s; m%foaY wdY%s; j
jHdma; j ;sfí'
cd;sl WoHdk
Y%S ,xldfõ fujeks jfkdaoHdk 20la muK msysgqjd we;' hd," ú,am;a;=" .,aTh"
l=uk" Wvj,j" jia.uqj" ¨Kq.ïfjfyr" udÿreTh" fidaudj;sh" fyd¾gka;ekak"
nQkao," ñkafkaßh bka lsysmhls' fuu jfkdaoHdk ;=< jk Ôùkag mQ¾K wdrlaIdj
,nd fok w;r uyck;djg jkÔùka yd iajdNdúl mßir moaO;s keröug" wOHhk
lghq;= lsÍug bv lv i,id ;sfí'
wNhN+ñ
jk i;=kaf.a wdrlaIdj i|yd fjka jQ N+ñ m%foaYhls' Y%S ,xldfõ wNhN+ñ
62la muK we;' tAjd w;r ùrú," l;r.u" ljqvq,a," ñkafkaßh" Wvj;a; lef,a"
ú,am;a;=" .,aTh" ;%sl=Kdu,h" uvqmdr" rdjKd we,a," úlafgdaßhd" rkafo‚.,"
rkagefò" iS.sßh" fn,a,kaú," uÿkd., wd§ wNh N+ñ jeo.;a fõ' jk Ôùka yd
Tjqkaf.a iajdNdúl mßirh wdrlaId jk mßÈ idudkH ñksia ls%hdldrlïj,g bv
lv i,id foñka ,sys,a kS;s moaO;shla hgf;a wNhN+ñ ls%hd;aul fõ'
iajdNdúl rlaIs;
jk rlaIs;
l%shdldrlï
jk ixrlaIK l%shdud¾.
Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj jeä ùu;a Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d jeä ùu;a iu. u
jkdka;rj,g t,a, jk n,mEï jeä ù ;sfí' ckixLHd j¾Okhg idfmalaI j
we;s fjñka mj;sk jk úkdYh ksid foaY.=Khg" mßirhg yd ck Ôú;hg fuka
u jk Ôùkag o wys;lr n,mEï we;s ù ;sfí' tu ksid jk iïm;a yd jk Ôùka
wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka l%shdud¾. f.k we;'
n,Yla;sh
n,Yla;sh ksmoùu i|yd fhdod
.kakd Yla;s W;amdol lsysmhls'
² ffcj ialkaO
² fmfg%da,shï
² c,h
² .,a wÕ=re
² iq<x" iQ¾h Yla;sh
ffcj ialkaO
Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; jk ffcj ialkaO f,i oej" lDIs wmøjH" i;a;aj
wmøjH yd Ôj jdhqj jeo.;a fõ' ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk fndfyda rgj, fuka
u Y%S ,xldfõ o nyq, j Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka oej bkaOk h' f.j;=j,ska ,nd
.kakd or" fmd,a j.dj wdY%s; oej" rn¾ oej" iajdNdúl jkdka;r yd jk j.d
wdY%fhka ,nd .kakd oE" bkaOk f,i Ndú; flf¾' óg wu;r j ,S l=vq" oyhshd"
Wla frdvq" or wÕ=re" fmd,algq wÕ=re hkdÈh o bkaOk f,i fhdod .efka'
iq<x n,Yla;sh
iq<x n,h laIh fkdjk iïm;la
neúka b;d jeo.;a iïm;ls' iQ¾hYla;sh
fuka u uQ,sl j wêl msßjehla oeÍug
isÿ jQjo n,Yla;s ksIamdokfha § mßir
¥IKh wju uÜgul we;s Yla;s uQ,hls'
Y%S ,xldfõ mq;a;,u yd yïnkaf;dg hk
m%foaYj, fujeks n,d.dr ls%hd;aul fõ'
tu.ska l=vd mßudKfha jHdmD;sj,g Yla;sh
,nd foa' 2'13 rEmh - iq<x n,d.dr
fmfg%da,shï
Y%S ,xldjg wdkhkh lrk Yla;s iïm;la f,i fmfg%da,shï jeo.;a fõ'
wdkhksl fndr f;,a imq.ialkafoa f;,a msßmyÿj u.ska msßisÿ lsÍfuka miq j
,nd.kakd fmfg%da,shï fldf<dkakdfõ f;,a .nvdfjka rg mqrd fnod yeÍu isÿ
flf¾' fndr f;,a msßisÿ lsÍfï § fmfg%da,shï" ãi,a" t,a'mS .Eia" .=jka hdkd f;,a"
oeú f;,a yd N+ñf;,a fjka lr .kS' Y%S ,xldfõ fmfg%da,shï Ndú; jk wdldrh
2'2 m%ia;drfhka fmkakqï flf¾' tA wkqj m%jdyk" ld¾ñl yd jd‚c lghq;= i|yd
fmfg%da,shï jeä jYfhka Ndú; jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'
ls%hdldrlï
01' Y%S ,xldfõ jeä jYfhka Ndú; jk n,Yla;s uQ,dY% ;=kla i|yka lrkak'
02' Y%S ,xld wdlD;s is;shul my; i|yka oE ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'
² Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk c,úÿ,s n,d.dr myla
² iq<x n,d.dr folla
² .,a wÕ=re n,d.drhla
03' —n,Yla;h
s wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍfuka rfÜ ixj¾Okhg odhl úh yels h˜'
fuu m%ldYh ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
05' .=re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka mdi,a N+ñfhys wmf;a hk c,h m%fhdackhg
.ekSu i|yd l%shdldrlula ie,iqï fldg tys ksr;jkak'
06' i. Tn m%foaYfha olakg ,efnk jkdka;r" Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r Wm
moaO;sj,ska l=uk j¾.hg wh;a fõ o@
² .=Kfiak *s,sma is;shï f,dal fmd; ^2003&" iSudiys; weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy
iud.u'
² n,Yla;sh oefha Ôjkd,shhs .%ka:h ^2015&" iqks;H n,Yla;s wêldßh'
² uqo,a yd l%uiïmdok wud;HdxYh ^2013&" jd¾Isl jd¾;dj'
² Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï ix.%yh ^2007&" Y%S ,xld ñkskafodare fomd¾;fïka;=j"
fld<U'
² http://www.info.energy.gov.lk/
² ufhdaik
S yqK.
q ,a - Miocene limestone - ©÷¯õ^ß _snU PÀ
² ;U - Copper - ö\®¦
² úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r - Dry mixed ever green forests - GßÖ® £_ø©¯õÚ Áµsh
P»¨¦U PõkPÒ
² l÷lr úh<s l,dmSh jkdka;r - Montane dry zone forests - ö©õ¢uõøÚ E»º Á»¯U
PõkPÒ
oekg wjqreÿ 200lg muK fmr f,dal ckixLHdj b;d l=vd m%udKhla úh'
tfy;a j¾;udkh jk úg f,dal ckixLHdj ì,shk y; blaujd we;' idudkHfhka
oekg mj;akd j¾Ok fõ.h wkqj j¾Ihlg ñ,shk 80la muK jQ ckixLHdjla
f,dal ckixLHdjg tl;= jk nj .Kkh lr we;'
f,dalfha uydoaùm wkqj ckixLHdj jHdma; ù we;s wdldrh 3'1 rEmh u.ska
oelafõ' tA wkqj"
rg ckixLHdj m%;sY;h
Ökh 1"393"783"836 19'24
bkaÈhdj 1"267"401"849 17'50
weußld tlai;a ckmoh 322"583"006 4'45
bkaÿkSishdj 252"812"245 3'49
n%iS,h 202"033"670 2'79
mlsia:dkh 185"132"926 2'56
khsÔßhdj 178"516"904 2'46
nx.a,dfoaYh 158"512"570 2'19
reishdj 142"467"651 1'97
cmdkh 126"999"808 1'75
uQ,dY%h - http://www.worldometers.info/2015.07.20
f,dal ckixLHdfõ j¾Okh
mDÓúh u; fjfik ñksia j¾.hdg jir ñ,shkhlg jvd È.= b;sydihla
mej;-=K o ckixLHdj ms<sn| ksYaÑ; o;a; we;af;a jir 200l muK isg h'
mqrdúoHd;aul idlaIs mokï lr f.k uq,a hq.fha ckixLHdj ms<sn| ks.ukj,g
t<U we;' fuu ld, iSudj ;=< jqjo ckixLHd o;a; msßlaiSfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka
f,dal ckixLHdj wLKav j j¾Okh ù we;s nj hs'
1' §¾> ld,hla ;siafia ukao.dó j¾Okhla isÿ jQ wjêh' ^udkj ixy;sh
wdrïNfha isg l%s'j 1750 muK olajd&'
iajdNdúl j¾Ok fõ.h my< uÜgul mej;Su ksid §¾> ld,hla ;=<
f,dal ckixLHdj ukao.dó j j¾Okh úh' Bg fya;=j jQfha Wm;a wkqmd;slh
by< uÜgul mej;=K o" urK wkqmd;slh o by< uÜgul mej;Su hs ^3'2
m%ia;drh&'
2' ls%'j' 1750 muK isg flá ld,hla ;=< YS>% j¾Okhla isÿ jQ wjêh
fuu ld,mßÉfþoh ;=< urK wkqmd;slh wvq ùu;a Wm;a wkqmd;slh
by< uÜgul mej;Su;a ksid ckixLHdfõ YS>% j¾Okhla isÿ úh' fuh ckixLHd
iafMdagkh (Explosion) f,i ye¢kafõ' 3'2 j.=j iy 3'3 m%ia;drh u.ska o ckixLHdj
YS>%fhka j¾Okh jQ wdldrh oelafõ'
3'2 j.=j - ckixLHdfõ YS>% j¾Okh
ls%'j 1800 § ì,shk tlla jQ f,dal ckixLHdj" ls%'j 2011 § ì,shk y;la
olajd j¾Okh ù ;sfí' tfuka u ckixLHdjg ì,shkh ne.ska tl;= ùu i|yd .;
ù we;s ld,h l%ufhka wvq ù we;s w;r j¾;udkh jk úg ckixLHdjg ì,shkhla
tla ùu i|yd .; ù we;af;a wjqreÿ 12la ;rï flá ld,hla nj 3'3 m%ia;drfhka
meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu Y;j¾Ih wjidkh jk úg f,dal ckixLHdj ì,shk 11la jkq
we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'
f,dal ckixLHd
j¾Okfha ;j;a úfYaI
,laIKhla jkafka l%s'j
1950ka miq ld,mßÉfþoh
;=< ixj¾Okh fjñka
mj;sk rgj, ckixLHd
j¾Okh ixj¾ê; rgj,g
idfmalaI j jvd;a
fõ.j;a j isÿ ùu hs'
^3'4 m%ia;drh&
01' i' f,dal ckixLHd j¾Okfhys y÷kd .; yels m%Odk wjê fol kï lrkak'
ii' tu wjê fol ;=< ckixLHd j¾Okfha fjkialï we;s ùu flfrys
n,md we;s idOl ljf¾±hs meyeÈ,s lrkak'
02' i' zzckixLHd iafMdagkhZZ hkq l=ula±hs y÷kajkak' ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
rgj, ckixLHd iafMdagkh flfrys n,md we;s idOl meyeÈ,s lrkak'
ii' 3'4 m%i;
a drh wOHhkh fldg f,dalfha ixj¾ê; rgj,a iy ixj¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk rgj,a w;r ckixLHd j¾Okfha olakg ,efnk úIu;d
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
uQ,dY%h - http://education.randmcnally.com/images/edpub/World_Population.png2014.12.10
f,dalfha oaú;Shsl ck ixflakaøK
fuu wêl ck ixflakaøKj,g wu;r j iEu uydoaùmhl u jdf.a wêl
ck >k;ajhlska hq;a oaú;Shsl ixflakaøK rdYshla olakg ,efí'
fN!;sl idOl
úoHd;aul oekqu iy ;dlaI‚l Ys,amSh l%u ÈhqKq ùu;a iu. fuu idOlj,
n,mEu wju lr .ekSug iu;a j we;'
04' f,dalfha wêl ck ixflakaøK l,dm wdY%s; j u;= ù we;s .eg¨ we;=<;a
f,aLkhla ms<sfh, lrkak'
mejreu
² http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents
² http://singularityhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/image2.jpg
² http://www.usfunds.com/media/images/frank-talk-images/2011-frank-talk/
jul-dec-2011/WorldPop-7billion-102811.gif
² http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population
² http://www.prb.org/images12/world-trends.gif
² United Nations, World population prospects, the 1998-Revi.Population
Reference Bureau, population data sheet 2011
² http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/
² http://education.randmcnally.com/images/edpub/World_Population.png
² http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm
YS% ,xldj" wd¾Ól jYfhka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgla jqjo <ore urK"
ud;D urK" wdhq wfmalI a dj" idlaIr;dj jeks ckixLHdfõ we;eï .=Kd;aul ,laIK
wkqj ixj¾ê; rgl ,laIK fmkakï q flf¾' tA wkqj ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
rgj,a yd ii|k úg úfYaI ;;a;j a hla Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efí' wOHdmk iy fi!LH
lafIa;j
% , m%.;sh fuu ;;a;j a hg m%Odk jYfhka fya;= ù ;sfí'
Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj" ckixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh" ckixLHd j¾Okh"
ckixLHd jHdma;sh" ck ixhq;sh yd ckixLHd jHqyh ms<sn| j wOHhkh
lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'
ckixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh
2012 j¾Ifha Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj ñ,shk 20'2la muK úh' tu ix.Kk
o;a; wkqj wm rfÜ idudkH ck >k;ajh j¾. lsf,daógrhlg mqo.
a ,hka 323 fofkls'
ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha wfkla rgj,a iu. iei£fï § ckixLHdfõ
úYd,;ajh wkqj Y%S ,xldj miajk ia:dkfha miq fõ' tfuka u tu rgj,a w;ßka
jd¾Isl j¾Ok fõ.h wvq u rg o Y%S ,xldj hs' ^4'1 j.=j&
4'1 j.=j - ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj, ckixLHdj" ck >k;ajh iy idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Okh - 2013
rg ckixLHdj ck >k;ajh idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Ok
^ñ,shk& 1km2 g fõ.h
bkaÈhdj 1,252 381 1.3
mlsia:dkh 182 229 1.8
nx.a,dfoaYh 156 1087 1.1
fkamd,h 27 189 1.2
Y%S ,xldj 21 324 0.8
N+;dkh 0.75 16 1.9
ud,Èjhsk 0.34 1158 1.8
uQ,dY%h ( un Population chart, 2013, www.unpoulation.org 2015-07-03.
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 61
ckixLHd j¾Okh
ckixLHd j¾Okh
hkq hï ksYaÑ; N+ñ
m%udKhl isák ckixLHdj
jeä ùu hs' Y%S ,xldfõ
1871 ix.Kkfha isg fï
olajd mj;ajk ,o ish¨
u ix.Kk jd¾;d wkqj
fmkS hkafka ckixLHdj
fkdlvjd j¾Okh fjñka
mj;sk nj hs' 1871 m%:u 4'1 m%ia;drh - ix.Kk j¾I wkqj ixLHdfõ j¾Okh
ix.Kkfha § ñ,shk 2'4la uQ,dY%h ( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2012'
jQ Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj"
2012 § ñ,shk 20'2la njg m;aj we;' ckixLHdj wLKav j j¾Okh ù we;s
wdldrh 4'1 m%ia;drfhka jvd;a meyeÈ,s fõ' fï ld,mßÉfþoh ;=< uq¿ ckixLHdj
yd ckixLHdfõ idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh 4'2 j.=fõ oelafõ'
4'2 j.=j - 1871 - 2012 olajd YS% ,xldfõ ckixLHdj yd
idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh m%:u ix.Kkfha
ix.Kk ckixLHdj idudkH jd¾Isl isg fï olajd ckixLHdj
j¾Ih j¾Ok wkqmd;slh fkdlvjd j¾Okh jQjo
1871 2,400,380 j¾Ok YS>%;dj fjkia
1881 2,759,738 1.4 ù we;s nj 4'2 j.=j iy
1891 3,007,739 0.9 4'2 m%ia;drh wOHhkh
1901 3,565,954 1.7 lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s fõ' tkï
1911 4,106,350 1.4 ls%'j 1871 isg 1946 olajd
1921 4,498,605 0.9 ld,h ;=< ckixLHdj
1931 5,306,871 1.7 b;d fifuka j¾Okh ù
1946 6,657,339 1.5 we;s w;r 1946ka miq ld,
1953 8,097,895 2.8
mßÉfþoh ;=< ckixLHd
1963 10,582,064 2.6
j¾Okh jvd fõ.j;a j
1971 12,689,895 2.2
14,846,750 1.7 isÿ ù ;sfí' by< u jd¾Isl
1981
2001 18,797,257 1.2 j¾Ok wkqmd;slh jQ 2'8"
2012 20,277,597 0.7 1946-1953 w;r ld,fha
uQ,dY%h ( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2012' jd¾;d ù we;' miq j th
62 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
l%ufhka wvq ù 2012 j¾Ifha jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh 0'7 njg m;a ù ;sfí'
Wm;a wkqmd;slh yd urK wkqmd;slh w;r fjki u.ska isÿ jk iajdNdúl
j¾Okh my< neiSu iy Èjhsfkka msg;g isÿ jk ixl%uK o" ckixLHd j¾Ok
wkqmd;slh my< neiSug fya;= ù ;sfí'
02' l%'s j 1871 isg fï olajd Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd j¾Okh wdY%;
s ld,Sk m%jK;d
ljf¾ o@
03' Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd j¾Okfha m%dfoaYh
S úIu;d ksoiqka u.ska úia;r lrkak'
ckixLHdfõ jHdma;sh
Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd jHdma;sh wiu iajNdjhla olakg ,efí' m<d;a
wkqj ckixLHd jHdma;sh i,ld ne,Sfï § Èjhsfka uq¿ ckixLHdfjka 1$4lg
jeä m%udKhla tkï 28'8]la muK niakdysr m<d; ;=< tAlrdYS ù we;' uOHu
^12'6]&" ol=K ^12'2]& iy jhU ^11'7]& m<d;aj, o jeä ckixLHdjla jHdma; j we;'
Èjhsfka uq¿ ckixLHdfjka 5'2]la ;rï jQ wvq u ckixLHdjla jHdma; j we;af;a
W;=re m<d; ;=< hs' ^4'3 m%ia;drh&
2012 ix.Kkhg wkqj Èjhsfka idudkH ck>k;ajh 323la jqjo we;eï Èia;l
s% l
a j,
wêl ck>k;ajhla iy we;eï Èia;%slalj, b;d wvq ck>k;ajhla olakg ,efí'
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 65
l%shdldrlï
01' 4'1 is;shu ksÍlaIKh fldg Y%S ,xldfõ ck>k;ajh jeä iy wvq
Èia;%slal ;=k ne.ska kï lrkak'
02' i. Y%S ,xldfõ wdlD;s is;shul ckixLHdj jeä u yd wvq u Èia;%slal fol
fiahd lr olajkak'
ii. ckixLHdfõ wiudk jHdma;shg fya;= meyeÈ,s lrkak'
03' Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd jHdma;sfhys wiudk;d wju lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh
l< yels ls%hdud¾. ;=kla fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
ck ixhq;sh
Y%S ,xldj" nyq jd¾.sl yd
nyq wd.ñl ck;djla jdih lrk
rgls' ck j¾. wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ
ckixLHdj isxy," Y%S ,xld fou<"
bkaÈhdkq fou<" uqia,sï yd fjk;a
f,i ldKAv mylg fnfoa' uef,a"
n¾.¾ iy hqfrdamSh cd;slhka
fjk;a ck j¾. ksfhdackh flf¾'
4'4 m%ia;drh - kd.ßl" .%dóh iy j;= jYfhka wd.ï wkqj ckixLHdj fn!oaO"
ckixLHd jHdma;sh
bia,dï" yskaÿ iy l%sia;shdks f,i
uQ,dY%h ( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;j= " 2012
m%Odk wd.ï y;rlg fn§ we;' 4'5
wkqj ilia lrk ,È'
yd 4'6 m%ia;dr u.ska ck j¾. yd
wd.ï ixhq;sh oelafõ'
ckixLHd jHqyh
jhia jHqyh wkqj mqñ;sß wkqmd;slh wOHhkh lsÍu u.ska rgl ixj¾Okh
i|yd jeo.;a jk Y%u n,ldh" m%ckk jhfia miq jk ia;%Ska ixLHdj iy hefmkakka
ixLHdj" jeks ,laIK ms<sn| j f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lr .ekSfï yelshdj ,efí'
01' 2012 ix.Kk o;a; wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd jHqyfha y÷kd .; yels
úfYAI ,laIK ljf¾ o@
² http://i.imgur.com/lfSi1.jpg2015/06/22
² http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%20
2011_R1.pdf
mdßNdIsl jpk
² ck yd ixLHd f,aLk - Department of - öuõøP©v¨¦ ¦ÒΣµz
fomd¾;fïka;=j Census and Statistics vønUPÍ®
² ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a - Developing countries - A¤Â¸zv Aøh¢x Á¸® |õkPÒ
² wdhq wfmalI
a dj - Life expectancy - ¤µ\Á ©µn®
² j¾Ok YS>;
% dj - Growth rate - Áͺa] Ãu®
01' ixj¾Okh jvd;a w¾: .ekafjk mßÈ ir, ks¾jpkhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
02' .=re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka ixj¾Okh hk ixl,amh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd
Ndú; jk ;j;a ks¾jpk lsysmhla tla/ia lrkak'
ixj¾Ok ñkqï
ixj¾Okh" ixl,amhla f,i i,lkq ,enqj o" tlsfkl rgj, ixj¾Ok
uÜgu y÷kd .ekSu i|yd úúO ñkqï fhdod .efka' ixj¾Okfha wre; mq¿,a j
y÷kd .ekSu;a iu. u úúO wdh;k" ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hka úiska fï i|yd
jvd;a .=Kd;aul ñkqï y÷kajd fok ,È' tjeks ñkqï lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
ixj¾Ok ñkqï
0-1 olajd jQ mrdihl úysfok fuu o¾Yl w.h wkqj f,dalfha rgj,a
ixj¾Ok ldKav y;rla hgf;a y÷kd .kq ,efí'
1' b;d by< udkqI ixj¾Okhla we;s rgj,a
2' by< udkqI ixj¾Okhla we;s rgj,a
3' uOHia: udkqI ixj¾Okhla we;s rgj,a
4' my< udkqI ixj¾Okhla we;s rgj,a
zzY%S ,xldj" 2012 j¾Ifha § udkqI idla rgj,a w;ßka by< u udkqI
ixj¾Ok o¾Yl w.h 0'715la njg m;a ixj¾Okhla iys; rg Y%S ,xldj jk
lr f.k f,dalfha rgj,a 187la w;=frka w;r by< ixj¾Ok ldKavfha we;s
92 ia:dkh ysñ lr f.k we;ZZ ^Y%S ,xld tl u idla rg o Y%S ,xldj hs' ^uqo,a yd
uy nexl= jd¾;dj - 2012& l%u iïmdok wud;HdxYh" 2013&
ls%hdldrlï
01' ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd mer‚ ñkqï yd kQ;k ñkqï fol
ne.ska ,shkak'
02' —ixj¾Okh hkq rgl wd¾Ól jYfhka isÿ jk ÈhqKqj u fkdfõ˜ ksoiqka
foñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
03' rgl ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd b;d iqÿiq ñkqula f,i —udkqI ixj¾Ok
o¾Ylh˜ fhdod .ekSug fya;= olajkak'
04' rgl ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh mßir iu;=,s;;djg ndOdjla fkdjk whqreka isÿ
l< yels whqre fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
;srir ixj¾Okh
w;S;fha § f,dalfha rgj,a fndfyduhla ixj¾Okh f,i i,lKq ,enqfõ
wd¾Ól wxYfha isÿ jk jeäÈhqKj
q la f,isk's fuu woyi 21 jk ishjfia § o uq¿ukska
u bj;a fkdjQ neúka wys;lr jQ m%;súmdl /ilg uqyqK §ug isÿ úh' ^5'3 rEmh&'
mßirhg we;s jk
n,mEu
mßir ¥IKh
foaY.=K úm¾hdi
;srir ixj¾Ok
jevms<sfj<l wjYH;dj
mejreï
01' ckudOH f;dr;=re weiqßka f,dalfha rgj,a ixj¾Okh ùfï § u;= ù we;s
úúO .eg¨ fidhd f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'
02' tu .eg¨ úi£u i|yd iqÿiq fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkak'
ls%hdldrlï
01' Y%S ,xld wdlD;s is;shul oekg bÈlr we;s wêfõ.S ud¾. iy bÈfjñka
mj;sk wêfõ.S ud¾. ,l=Kq lrkak'
02' uydud¾. iy ÿïßh ud¾. ÈhqKq lsÍfuka rglg ,efnk m%fhdack i|yka
lrkak'
5'6 rEmh
² fld<U jrdh" T¨ú,a jrdh jeäÈhqKq
fld<U jrdh ^kj ceáh iu.& fldg fiajd ;;a;ajhka mq¿,a lsÍu'
² YsIHdOdr ,nd §u
² kùk úoHd.dr myiqlï
² kfjdaoHd mdi,a
wOHdmk lafIa;%fhys ixj¾Okh
² ld¾ñl úoHd,
² nyq ;dlaI‚l úoHd,
² mdi,a yerhkakka i|yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKq uOHia:dk
² úYajúoHd, m%udKh yd YsIH ixLHdj jeä lsÍu
² ;dlaI‚l úIhhka w'fmd'i Wiia fm< i|yd y÷kajd §u
² mdi,a oyfia jev ie,eiau
² Wiia wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a ùu
² úoHd mSG
² mß.Kl mqyqKq wdh;k
5'9 rEmh - Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh k.disgqùu i|yd f.k we;s l%shdud¾.
ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha § ksfrda.S ck;djla ìys lr .ekSu o w;HjYH
idOlhls' tA i|yd rgl fi!LH myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= fõ' iqNidOk
fiajdjla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ fi!LH lafIa;%fhka isÿ jk fiajh w.h l< hq;a;ls'
fi!LH lafIa;%fha isÿ jQ m%.;sh u;= oelafõ'
ls%hdldrlï
01' Y%S ,xldfõ udkj iïm; ixj¾Okh i|yd f.k we;s l%shdud¾. myla
,shkak'
02' tu l%shdud¾. rfÜ ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh ksoiqka foñka
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok ld¾hh myiq lsÍu i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ .u" .%du
fiajl fldÜGdih" m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih" Èia;%slalh" m<d; wd§
jYfhka mßmd,kuh fn§ï ilia lr we;' tfia u cd;sl uÜgfï isg m%dfoaYSh
uÜgu olajd ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh o úúO ls%hoduhkaf.ka hqla; fõ'
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 79
úúO m%foaYj, flakaø.; j we;s iïm;a iy fN!;sl mßirh
m%fhdackhg .ksñka úIu;dj wju jk mßÈ udkqI iqNidOkh i|yd lghq;=
lsÍu m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl wruqK fõ'
fuys§ .u iy k.rh w;r mj;sk mr;rh wju lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu
jeo.;a fõ' tA i|yd ksoyiska miqj oYl .Kkdjla ;siafia Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Okh i|yd úúO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lrk ,È' ^5'1 j.=j&'
5'1 j.=j - Y%S ,xldfõ úúO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s
.u k.rh
• ckiúh" iuDoaê yd Èúke.=u jHdmD;s • ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßh u.ska kd.ßl
u.ska .%dóh È<s÷ ck;dj iúu;a lsÍu' m%foaYj, ud¾. mq¿,a lsÍu'
ksoiqka f,i tu.ska ksjdi .eg¨jg • mÈl wkjir bÈlsÍï bj;a lr mÈl
úi÷ï ,nd §u' fõÈld mÈlhka i|yd u ksoyia lsÍu'
• weÕ¿ï lïy,a 200 jHdmD;sh u.ska .%dóh • k.r ixj¾Okh yd w,xlrKh
/lshd úrys; nj úi£ug mshjr .ekSu' ^fld<U" Y%S chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ"
.d,a," kqjr'''''' wd§&
• ;dr" ldmÜ" fldkalÜ S% " .,a hkdÈh w;=rd
.%dóh ud¾. moaO;s m%;i s xialrKh lsÍu' • kd.ßl mßirh ;=< úfõlh yd
úfkdaoh ,nd .ekSfï wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍu'
• zztla .ulg tl jevlaZZhgf;a fmdÿ
myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu' • cd;sl ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldßh
u.ska kd.ßl ksjdi ixlS¾K
• zzÈúke.==uZZ jHdmD;sh hgf;a .%dóh m%;i
s xialrKh" kj ksjdi ixlS¾K
uÜfï /lshd úrys; mqoa.,hkaf.a bÈlsÍu" isria jHdma;h s lska hq;a bÈlsÍï
wd¾Ól Yla;sh kxjd,Su i|yd uxfm;a fõ.j;a ùu yd me,am;a bj;a lsÍug
fy<s lr §u' lghq;= lsÍu'
• wE; ÿIalr yqol,d .ïudkj, ck
Ôú;h Wiia lsÍu i|yd .%dóh • kj fjf<| ixlS¾K bÈlsÍu'
l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍu iy zz.%dóh úÿ,s • kd.ßl j.=re ìï bj;a lr tu
jHdmD;sZZ we;s lsÍu' m%foaYj," l%v
S d msÜgks" c, ;gdl iy
• mdkSh c, wjYH;dj iy fNda. j.dj úfkda o WoHdk we;s lsÍu'
s c, jHdmD;sZZ we;s lsÍu' • kd.ßl r:.d,a bÈlsÍu'
i|yd jQ zzm%cd uQ,l
01' .%dóh m%foaYj, myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍfuka ,nd .; yels jdis ;=kla
i|yka lrkak'
úúO lafIA;% ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd
yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk fiajdjla f,i ikaksfõokh yd f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh ye¢kaúh yels h' tu.ska rfÜ ixj¾Okh fuka u udkj iudchg o
myiqlï /ila ysñ j we;'
keKi, uOHia:dk iy
B Y%S ,xld jevms<f
s j<
úÿ,s ikafoaY fldñIka u.ska fiajd myiqlï
iNdj u.ska ,nd fok
myiqlï
l%shdldrlï
01' Y%S ,xldfõ úúO lafIa;%j, ixj¾Okh i|yd uE; ld,Sk j isÿ jQ m%jK;d
we;=<;a m;%sldjla ilia lrkak'
mejreu
Tn Ôj;ajk m%foaYfha k.r fyda .%dóh m%foaYj, myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd
ls%hd;aul jk jevigyka ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lr lafIa;% fmd;la ms<sfh,
lrkak'
mdßNdIsl jpk
² .;sl ixl,amh - Static concept - {ø»¯õÚ GsnU P¸
² uQ¾; o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h - Gross national product - ö©õzuz ÷u]¯ EØ£zv
² m%;sYS¾I o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h - Gross national per-capita product- ö©õzuz ÷u]¯ uÛ|£º
EØ£zv
² o< cd;l
s kI
s m
a dÈ;fha j¾Ok fõ.h - Growth rate of G.N.P. - G.N.P. Cß Áͺa] Ãu®
² fN!;l
s Ôjk ;;;
a j
a o¾Ylh - Physical Quality of Life Index - ö£ÍvP ÁõÌUøP¨
£s¦a _möhs
iajdNdúl Wmøj"
mDÓúfhys Wm;
,nk wdldrh
mokï lr f.k
my; i|yka mßÈ
j¾. l< yels h'
N+ñlïmd (Earthquakes)
mDÓú mDIaGfha mdIdK ia;r ksr;=rej u p,kj,g Ndckh fõ' tAjd N+ p,k
f,i y÷kajk w;r laI‚l j úkdYldÍ m%;sM, w;alr foñka isÿ jk N+ p,k
N+ñlïmd f,i ye¢kafõ'
l%shdldrlï
02' f,dalfha N+ñlïmd isÿ jk m%Odk l,dm kï fldg tAjd f,dal is;shul
fiahd lr olajkak'
iqkdñ (Tsunami)
id.rfha isÿ jk fkdfhl=;a lïmk fya;=fldg f.k" fjr< foig .uka .kakd
Wia jQ;a È.= jQ;a id.r ;rx. iuQyh" iqkdñ r< kñka ye¢kafõ'
fïjd w;ßka id.r m;=,aj, isÿ jk N+ñlïmd" iqkdñ ;rx. we;s ùu flfrys
n,mdk m%n, idOlh fõ' we;eï ;eá udhsïj, isÿ jk laI‚l yd m%n, p,k ksid
tA u; we;s id.r c,h le,öïj,g ,lajk w;r tu.ska id.r u;=msg úYd, id.r
;rx. ks¾udKh fõ' fuu id.r ;rx. f.dvìu foig .uka lsÍfï § ;rx.fha
Wi l%ñl j jeä ù fjr< wdikakfha § iqkdñ ;rx.hla njg mßj¾;kh fõ'
fujeks iqkdñ ;rx. u.ska fjr< mßirhg úYd, jYfhka ydks isÿ flf¾' iqkdñ
;rx.hla ks¾udKh jk wkqms<sfj< 6'5 rEmfhka oelafõ'
iqkdñ wdmodjlg fmr iqud;%d ¥m;aj, nKavd wdfÉ m%foaYh mej;s wdldrh
6'6 rEmh u.ska o tu m%foaYh iqkdñ wdmodfjka úkdY ù we;s wdldrh 6'7 rEmh
u.ska o my; oelafõ'
6'6 rEmh - iqkdñhg fmr iqud;%dj, nKavd 6'7 rEmh - iqkdñhg miq iqud;%dj, nKavd
wdfÉ m%foaYh wdfÉ m%foaYh
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 91
l%shdldrlï
.sksl÷ (Volcanoes)
mDÓú wNHka;rfha isg by<g tk ue.aud mDÓú lfndf,a we;s N+ ;eá
udhsï" úfNao yd ÿ¾j, ia:dk Tiafia mDÓú;,h u;=msgg úodrKh ùu .sksl÷
f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' úodrKfhka miq j u;=msgg .,d hk ue.aud" z,djdZ f,i
ye¢kafõ'
.skslkaola ks¾udKfha § uq,ska u huy,a uqLfhka ÿï" w¿" úúO jdhq j¾.
yd ,djd len,s msmsÍï iys; j by< wjldYhg úysfok w;r tA iu. u ,djd o
úodrKh fõ' huy,a uqLfhka úodrKh jk ,djd" huy, wjg .,d f.dia isis,a
ù >K ,djd ;Ügq njg m;a fõ' bka wk;=re j .skslkao ksYap, fõ' ksYap,
.sks lkaola jqjo kej; úodrKh ùfï Wmøj ;;a;ajhla mej;sh yels h'
.sksl÷j, jHdma;sh
.sksl÷ fndfyda úg olakg ,efnkafka N+ ;eá udhsï Tiafia h' tfuka u
;eá ls|dnisk l,dm yd ;eá iSudjkaf.ka msg; l,dmj, o .sksl÷ olakg ,efí'
92 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
il%Sh .sksl÷j,ska 70]la muK meis*sla id.rh jgd we;s meis*sla ;eá udhsfï
jHdma; j we;' fï l,dmh" meis*sla .sks j<,a, kñka m%lg h'
.sksl÷ Wmøjh u.ska úúO wdmod we;s lrk nj my; j.=fjys i|yka
f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'
.skslkao úodrKh jQ j¾Ih we;s jQ wdmod ;;a;ajh
1' úiqúhia ^b;d,sh& l%s'j 79 uq¿ fmdïfmhs k.rh u úkdY jQ w;r
16000la muK ñksia Ôú; úkdY ùu'
l%shdldrlï
kshÕ (Drought)
l%shdldrlï
02' f,dalfha kshÕ Wmøjh mj;akd m%Odk m%foAY f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lr
kï lrkak'
WKqiqï ksj¾;k id.r u;=msg we;s m%n, wvq mSvk flakaø uq,a lr f.k
ks¾udKh jk fõ.fhka N%uKh fjñka .uka lrk iq<x Odrdjla iq<s iq<Õla
fyj;a jdiq<shla f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h' iq<s iq<x we;s jk m%foaY 6'4 is;shfuys oelafõ'
l%shdldrlï
01' f,dalfha iq<s iq<x Wmøjh we;s jk m%foaY" f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq fldg
kï lrkak'
02' —iq<s iq<x hkq úkdYldÍ wdmodjls˜ ksoiqka foñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
² wêl jeis iu. iq<x m%jdy lvd je§fuka f.dvìï m%foaYj,g ydks we;s ùu'
² l=Kdgq yd Woï r< we;s ùfuka fjr< wdY%s; m%foaYhg ydks isÿ ùu'
² ñksia Ôú; yd foam<j,g ydks isÿ ùu'
² by< k.sk r< ksid id.r c,h f.dvìug .,d tAfuka c, uQ,dY% wmú;% ùu'
² úÿ,s /yeka" ikaaksfõok moaO;s jeks há;, myiqlïj,g ydks isÿ ùu'
² ëjr lghq;=j,g ndOd we;s ùu'
² jix.; yd f,v frda. me;sÍ hdu'
ls%hdldrlï
mejreï
03' uE;l § f,dalfha we;s jQ m%n, iq<s iq<x lsysmhla kï fldg tAjdg wÞ< rg
iy we;s jQ j¾Ih ,shkak' ^ksoiqk ( 2005 - weußldfõ ñisisms m%dka;fha
l;S%kd iq<s iq<Õ&
04' <eõ.sks Wmøjfhka isÿ jk wdmod ;;a;ajh wju lr .ekSu i|yd m%cdjg
Tn lrk fhdackd we;=<;a m;%sldjla ilia lrkak'
² Cyclones and high winds, Flood prone areas, Landslide Prone Areas,
Lightning Strikes, Tsunami, (2003) .
² www.chpb.gov.lk
mdßNdIsl jpk
² iajdNdúl Wmøjh - Natural hazard - C¯ØøP ChºPÒ
² .skl
s ÷ - Volcanoes - G›©ø»PÒ
² /|jï
q Odß;dj - Remaining capacity - Gg]°¸US® C¯»ÍÄ
Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿ jk iajdNdúl wdmod w;r kdhhEï" c,.e,Sï" iq<s iq<x"
kshÕ" wl=Kq ier yd iqkdñ hkdÈh m%uqL fõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ isÿ jk iajdNdúl wdmod" tu wdmodj, n,mEu" tAjdg iúu;a j
uqyqK §u yd tu wdmod wju lr .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu hkd§ lreKq ms<sn| j
wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'
kdhhEï (Landslides)
l÷ nEjqul by< m%foaYhl we;s mia"
.,a hkdÈh tA u; we;s jDlaI,;d iu.
nEjqula Èf.a my< m%foaY olajd laI‚l j
p,kh ùu kdhhEula f,i y÷kajd Èh
yels h'
Y%S ,xldfõ l÷lr m%foaYj, kdhhEï
olakg ,efnk w;r l÷lr f;;a l,dmSh
m%foaYj, fuu wdmodj nyq, j isÿ jk nj 7'1 rEmh - kdhhEulg ,la jQ m%foaYhla
fmfka'
wdmod l<ukdlrK wdh;kh úiska y÷kd f.k we;s kdhhEï wdmodj,g
,laúh yels wjodkï Èia;%slal" 7'1 is;shfuys oelafõ'
102 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
kdhhEï wdmodjg n,mdk fya;=
kdhhEï wdmodj we;s ùu flfrys iajdNdúl fya;= fuka u udkqI l%shdldrlï
o n,md ;sfí' -
iajdNdúl fya;=
² N+ p,k we;s ùu
udkqI l%shdldrlï
ls%hdldrlï
02' Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh úiska kï fldg we;s kdhhEï
wdmod wjodku iys; Èia;l
s% l
a Y%S ,xld wdlD;s is;h
s ul ,l=Kq lr fiahd lrkak'
c,.e,Sï (Floods)
Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, j u isÿ jk iajdNdúl wdmodj f,i —c,.e,Sï˜ y÷kd .;
yels h' wêl jeis ,nk m%foaYj, o le,‚" l¿" .sx" ks,j
a ,d" uy Th yd uyje,s jeks
úYd, .x.dOdr yd .xfudahj,g wdikak m%foaYj, o c,.e,Sï nyq, j olakg ,efí'
.x.dj, c, uÜgu by< f.dia .x.d
ksïk fomi msysá m%foaYj,g msgdr .e,Su
fuka u c, ud¾. wjysr ùu ksid o yÈis
c,.e,Sï we;s fõ' úfYaIfhka my;a ìï wdY%s;
j we;s kd.ßl m%foaYj, fuu wdmodj nyq,
j we;s nj y÷kd f.k we;' wêl j¾Idjl
§ tla /ia jk c,h iajdNdúl j nei hdhq;=
ia:dkj, úúO udkqI lghq;= isÿ lsÍu" fuu
7'2 rEmh - c,.e,Sulg Ndckh jQ
wdmodj ;Sj% ùug fya;= ù ;sfí' m%foaYhla
² Yla;us ;a iq<x ndOl we;s lr .ekSu' 7'2 is;shu - iq<s iq<x Wmøjh we;s úh yels
² iq<x mj;sk wjia:dj, wdrlaIs; ia:dk lrd hdu' Èia;%slal
01' Y%S ,xldfõ iq<s iq<x Wmøjhg ,la jk m%foaY Y%S ,xld wdlD;s is;shul
fiahd lr olajkak'
02' iq<s iq<Õlska isÿ úh yels wdmod i|yka lr tu wdmod ;;a;ajh wju lr
.ekSu i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. ;=kla ,shkak'
kshÕh (Drought)
f,dalfha úúO rgj, zkshÕhZ ms<sn| úúO w¾:l:k olajd we;s w;r YS%
,xldfõ o kshÕh ms<sn| fkdfhl=;a meyeÈ,s lsÍï bÈßm;a lr we;' jk iïm;a yd
mßir wud;HxYh u.ska ilia l< foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| jd¾;dfõ i|yka mßÈ
zY%S ,xldj ;=< n,dfmdfrd;a;-= jk j¾Idfjka 75]lg wvqfjka ,efnk ld, iSudjZ
kshÕ yg .kakd ld, iSudj f,i y÷kajd § ;sfí' flfia fj;;a Y%S ,xldj ;=< kshÕ
we;s jk ld,mßÉfþo tA tA m%foaY wkqj fjkia jk nj meyeÈ,s h' Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s
l,dmhg jir ;=k y;rlg jrla kshÕhla hdmkh
we;s ùfï bv lv we;;a iuia; Y%S ,xldjg
u n,mdk kshx ;;a;j a hka fndfyda úg jir s kdÉÑh
ls,f
uq,;sõ
oyhlg muK jrla isÿ jk nj o< jYfhka
y÷kd f.k we;' ukakdru
jõkshdj
;%sl=Kdu,h
wkqrdOmqrh
mq;a;,u fmdf<dkakrej
l=reKE.,
l%shdldrlï
01' kshÕ wdmodjg Ndckh jk Èia;%slal Y%S ,xld Èia;%slal is;shul ,l=Kq lr
fiahd lrkak'
02' kshÕ wdmodjg hï m%udKhlska fyda Tfrd;a;= fok lDIs fNda. lsym
s hla kï
lrkak'
03' —kshÕ we;s ùu flfrys iajdNdúl fya;=j,g jvd udkqI l%shdldrlï n,md
we;˜ ksoiqka follska meyeÈ,s lrkak'
;;a;ajh hgf;a j¾Okh jk Wia leá j,dl=¿" wl=Kq ier yg .ekSug fya;=
fõ' leá j,dl=¿j, we;s Ok wdfrdamK yd iDK wdfrdamK w;r isÿ jk úÿ,s
úi¾ckh zwl=KZ f,i ye¢kafõ'
wl=Kq ier u.ska Ôú; yd foam< ydks /ila Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿ fõ'
tu.ska j¾Ihlg idudkHfhka ñksia Ôú; mkyla muK wmg wysñ jk nj wdmod
l<ukdlrK wdh;kfha jd¾;dj, i|yka fõ' óg wu;r j Wia f.dvke.s,s fuka
u Ndú; lrk úoHq;a WmlrK o jeä jYfhka wdmod wjia:dj, § wk;=rg ,la jk
nj fmfka'
l%shldrlï
01' Y%S ,xldfõ —wl=Kq ier˜ Wmøjh nyq, j we;s jk ld, iSudj i|yka lrkak'
02' wl=Kq ier u.ska isÿ jk ydks úia;r lrkak'
by; oelajQ wdh;ksl jHqyh u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ l=uk fyda ia:dkhl isÿ
jk wdmod iïnkaOfhka m%cd fiajdjka /ila bgq flf¾' úfYaIfhka wdmod
j<lajd .ekSu" wju lsÍu" wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùu yd mqkre;a:dmkhg iïnkaO
fufyhqï hkdÈh tu l<ukdlrK jevigykaj,g we;=<;a fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod
l<ukdlrKh i|yd rdcH wxYh muKla fkdj rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yd m%cd
uQ,sl ixúOdk o l%shdldÍ f,i odhl ù we;'
tla tla wdmodj wkqj thg m%;spdr oelaùu fjkia jqj o l=uk fyda
wdmodjlg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjYH;dj wksjd¾h fõ'
l%shdldrlï
02' iajdNdúl wdmod folla f;dard f.k wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%fha tla tla
wjia:dj, § .; hq;= lsh
% dud¾. we;=<;a fldg f,aL khla ms< f
s h, lrkak'
mejreï
03' iajdNdúl wdmodjlg fmr we;eï i;=kaf.a yeisÍï rgd ms<sn| j Tn wid
we;s oE fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
04' ckudOH f;dr;=re weiqßka fidhd Y%S ,xldfõ wl=Kq ier je§fuka isÿ jk
ydks we;=<;a f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'
05' wl=Kq ier wdmod wju lr .ekSu i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. we;=<;a lrñka
ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd fmdaiagrhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
06' Y%S ,xldfõ iqkdñ wdmodfjka isÿ jQ ydks ms<ns | j mqj;am;a u.ska fyda
jeäysáhkaf.ka f;dr;=re fidhd mka;s ldurhg bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd jd¾;djla
ilia lrkak'
² uydpd¾h Wmd,s ùrlafldä" fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj »»" ^2009&" l¾;D m%ldYkhls'
² Cyclones and high winds, Flood prone areas, Landslide Prone Areas,
Lightning Strikes, Tsunami, (2003) .
² www.chpb.gov.lk
mdßNdIsl jpk
² me¿ï ;, - Cleavage planes - ¤ÍÄz uÍ[PÒ
foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï" tAjd we;s ùug fya;=" foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï ksid fN!;sl
yd udkqI mßirhg we;s jk n,mEï iy f.dA,Sh tlÕ;d yd iïuq;Ska ms<sn| j
wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'
iQ¾
x.
h
;r
.sïy,a M, ls%hdj,sh
fl
á
N+ úlsrK
á
fl
;r
h
x.
iQ ¾
Co2 O2
Co2
CFC
O2
Co2
8'1 rEmh - mdßißl pl% fjkiaùu iy tys n,mEu
iQ¾hhdf.a n,mEu hgf;a ,efnk flá ;rx. iQ¾h úlsrK" fmr<d È.= ;rx.
úlsrK f,i ^N+ úlsrK& wNHjldYhg mrdj¾;kh fõ' tfia jqjo jdhqf.da,fha
we;s yß;d.dr jdhq j¾.j, n,mEu ksid by< hk N+ úlsrK by<g .uka
fkdfldg mDÓú jdhqf.da,fha r|d mej;Su yß;d.dr wdprKh f,i
ye¢kafõ' yß;d.dr wdprKh ksid mDÓúh ;=< Ôùkaf.a meje;aug hym;a
jdhqf.da,hla ks¾udKh
udkqI l%shdldrlï u.ska jdhqf.da,hg tl;= jk
fõ' tfia jqjo úúO
wys;lr jdhq j¾. iy úúO wxY=
udkqI l%shdldrlï ksid
ks¾ñ; mßirh ;=<ska
jdhqf.da,hg m%udKh
blaujd yß;d.dr jdhq
j¾. uqod yeÍu;a fuu
jdhq j¾. N+ úlsrK
wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu;a
ksid mßirfhys idudkH
WIAK;aj m%udKh by<
ke.Su" f.da,h
S WIAK;ajh
by< hdug fya;= ù ;sfí'
116 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
f.da,h
S WIAK;ajh by< ke.Su flfrys udkqI l%h
s dldrlï fuka u iajdNdúl
fya;= o n,md we;'
udkqI l%h
s dldrlï iajdNdúl fya;=
f.da,h
S WIAK;ajh jeä ùu ksid
² yß;d.dr jdhq j¾. msg lrk n,Yla;s m%Nj wvqfjka mßyrKh lsÍu'
² mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s ^iq<x" iQ ¾ h Yla ; s h jeks oE& Ndú;h Èß.eka ù u'
² fNda. j.dj i|yd ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h fjkqjg ftkaøSh fmdfydr
fhdod .ekSu'
² >k wmøjH l<ukdlrKh ls Í u'
² jk j.dj jHdma; lsÍu'
² ñY% fNda." nyq fNda. j.djka y÷kajd §u'
² fmdÿ m%j dyk myiql ï ,nd .ekS u jeks ms hjr wkq .ukh l< yels h'
mdßNdIsl jpk
² i;a;aj yd Ydl m%cdj - Animal and plant Communty - »[S ©ØÖ® uõÁµ CÚ[PÒ
² fmdis, bkaOk oykh - Fossil fuel burning - E°º _Ámk G›ö£õ¸Ò uPÚ®
l%shdldrlu
Tnf.a mdi, fyda ksji wjg m%foaYfha N+ o¾Ykh ksÍlaIKh fldg fN!;sl yd
ixialD;sl ,laIK y÷kd f.k kï lrkak'
fuu fN!;sl ,laIK m%Odk fldgia y;rlg fnod oelaúh yels h'
² N+ úIu;d ,laIK
² c,jyk ,laIK
² fjr< ,laIK
² iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d
122 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
N+ úIu;d ,laIK
N+;,h u; we;s úúO N+ rEm ,laIK" 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shïj, ifudaÉp
f¾Ld u.ska ksrEmKh fldg we;' hï m%foaYhl Wi uek iudk Wia ;eka hd lsÍfuka
ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk f¾Ld" ifudaÉp f¾Ld f,i ye¢kafõ' ifudaÉp f¾Ldjl Wi
wkqj" jákdlu olajd we;' ifudaÉp f¾Ld wka;rh 20mls' 100, 200, 300 jeks
uQ,l
s ifudaÉp f¾Ld" ;o ÿUqre mdáka hql;a >k f¾Ld f,i o uQ,l s ifudaÉp f¾Ld
folla w;r" 20m wka;rhg we;s w;rueÈ ifudaÉp f¾Ld ,d ÿUqre j¾Kfhka o N+
,laIK is;h s ïj, olajd ;sfí' ifudaÉp f¾Ld nyq, j úysfok l÷lr m%foaYj, 100,
200, 300 wd§ jYfhka uQ,ls ifudaÉp f¾Ld muKla kï lr we;s w;r f¾Ld folla
w;r we;s wka;rh wkqj w;rueÈ ifudaÉp f¾Ldj, w.h ;SrKh l< yels fõ'
;eks;,dj
ksïkh iy fkrej
Wia ìï m%foaYhl isg my;a ìï m%foaYhg fkrd fyda úys§ .sh ifudaÉp f¾Ld
iys; ìï fldgi —fkrej˜ kñka ye¢kafõ'
l÷jeáh$ fy,ajeáh
uqÿka lsysmhlska iukaú; mgq È.á yevfhka úysfok Wiska jeä m%foaY"
l÷jeá f,i ye¢kafõ' Y%S ,xldfõ uOH l÷lrfha fujeks l÷jeá nyq, j olakg
124 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
,efí' ;eksìï wdY%s; j msysá Wiska wvq
tl È.g úys§ we;s Wia ìï fy,ajeá
kñka ye¢kafõ'
l÷ uqÿk
nEjqï
l÷jeá folla
w;r fyda l÷ jeáhl uqÿka
folla w;r msyá s my;a
m%foaYh" lfmd,a,la f,i
ye¢kafõ' lfmd,a,la
w;ßka .x.djla .,d niS
kï th c, lfmd,a,ls'
l÷lr m%foaYj, ud¾.
bÈlsÍfï § fujeks lfmd¨
Wmfhda.s lr f.k we;'
9'8 rEmh - lfmd,a, 9'9 rEmh - c, lfmd,a,
lsh
% dldrlu
yrialv ks¾udKh"
m<uq mshjr
² 9'1 is;h
s fï oelafjk mßÈ m<uqfjka u wod< ia:dk fol ^A-B f¾Ldj& iïnkaO
lr f¾Ldjla w¢kak'
² yria me;slv ks¾udKh i|yd lvodishla f.k tys odrh yria me;slv we£ug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk is;hs fï A-B f¾Ldj u; ;nkak' A-B f¾Ldj Tiafia
ifudaÉp f¾Ld lemS we;s ia:dk ;s;a fyda bß u.ska lvodisfha ,l=Kq lr tu
ia:dkj, lemS we;s ifudaÉp f¾Ldj, jákdlu igyka lr .kak'
;=kajk mshjr
² ud;Dldj oelaùu'
² isria wlaIfha Wv fl<jf¾ zmZ ^óg¾& i,l=K fh§u'
² isria wlaIh wdrïNfha z0Z oelaùu'
² isria mßudKh yd ;sria mßudKh ,shd oelaùu w;HjYH fõ'
² Wiska jeä m%foaYhla fmkakqï lsÍu i|yd yrialvla ks¾udKh lrk úg"
isria mßudKh olajk f¾Ldj 0ka mgka f.k wdrïNl Wi olajk f¾Ldj
olajd mßudKh yl=¿jd bka miqj wod< Wi m%udKh igyka l< hq;= h'
ls%hdldrlu
.=re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka by; úia;r lrk ,o ksïkh" fkrej" W;a;, nEjqu"
wj;, nEjqu" fld;a lkao hk N+ úIu;d ,laIKj, yrialv ks¾udKh lrkak'
c,jyk ,laIK
l÷lr m%foaYhlska mgka .kakd l=vd Èhmdrla f,iska .x.djla wdrïN fõ'
l=vd Èhmyrj,a rdYshla tl;= ù w;= .x.djla o" w;= .x.d rdYshla tl;= ùfuka
m%Odk .x.dj o ks¾udKh fõ'
.x.djkaf.ka fndfyduhla
uOHu l÷lrfhka wdrïN ù my;a
;eks;,d yryd N+ úIu;djg wkql+, j
.,d f.dia Èjhsfka úúO ia:dkj,ska
uqyqog jefÜ'
9'11 rEmh - .x.d uKav,h
Èhwe,a,
j.=re ìï
.x.d wdY%;
s my;aìï m%foaYj, c,h
tla /ia ùfuka j.=re ìï ks¾udKh fõ'
.x.dj, c,ud¾. weysÍ hdu o j.=re ìï
we;s ùug tla fya;j= ls' my;a m%foaYj, j¾Id
c,h tla /ia ùfuka o j.=re ìï we;s fõ' 9'14 rEmh - j.= r e ìï" .x oÕrh iy
yevm¨ .x.dj yevm¨ .x.dj
my;a ;eks;,d m%foaYj, b;d fiñka .,d niskd .x.dj u.ska f.fkk øjH"
.Õ ueo ;ekam;a ù l=vd ¥m;a jeks ,laIK ks¾udKh jQ úg" th yevm¨ .x.djla
f,i ye¢kafõ'
wmYdLd
c,jyk rgd
fjr< ,laIK
ls%hdldrlï
ixpdrl f;dr;=re
ixpdrlhskag wjYH f;dr;=re f,i ;dkdhu" fydag,h" ft;sydisl ia:dk
hkdÈh o N+ ,laIK is;shïj, ixfla; u.ska bÈßm;a lr we;' is;shï lshùfï §
fï tla tla ,laIK bÈßm;a lsÍug fhdod we;s ixfla; yd j¾K ms<sn| j oekqj;a
ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
ud¾.
N+ ,laIK is;shïj, uxudj;a hk YS¾Ih hgf;a o" ÿïßh ud¾. hk YS¾Ih
hgf;a o ud¾. fmkakqï lrk ixfla; we;=<;a lr we;' uE; ld,fha f.dvk.k
,o wêfõ.S ud¾. oekg Ndú; jk is;shïj, olajd fkdue;s jqjo bÈßfha § uqøKh
jk is;shïj, we;=<;a jkq we;'
c, iïmdokh
m%foaYhl c, iïmdokh hg;g .efkk jeõ yd jdßud¾. ms<sn| ixfla;
ixialD;sl ,laIKj,g wh;a fõ' c,dmjdykh hk YS¾Ih hgf;a fuu ,laIK"
ixfla; u.ska olajd ;sfí'
j.d ìï
ixialD;sl ,laIKj,g wh;a jk j.d ìï" N+ ,laIK is;shïj, jDlaI,;d
YS¾Ih hgf;a olajd we;' j.djka w;ßka m%Odk fNda. jk ù" f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ iy
fjk;a j.djka o f.j;= j.d ìï o y÷kd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; jk ixfla; fuys
we;=<;a lr ;sfí' j.d ìï oelaùfï § ù j.d ìï" fld< meyefhka o f.j;= ly
meyefhka o fiiq j.djka ly meye;s miqìul fld< mdg ixfla; u.ska o olajd
we;' is;shï.; m%foaYfha N+ o¾Ykh újrKh lsÍfï § ish¨ u j.djka ixfla;
u.ska ksjerÈ j y÷kd f.k ;sîu b;du;a jeo.;a fõ'
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 135
úfYaIs; f.dvke.s,s
fjk;a ,laIK hk YS¾Ih hgf;a úfYaIs; f.dvke.s,s we;=<;a lr we;'
iAÓr f.dvke.s,s l-=vd l¿ fldgqjlska o úfYaI f.dvke.s,a, Bg jvd úYd,
fldgqjlska o oelafõ' úfYaI f.dvke.s,a, wdY%s; j Bg wod< kï ,shd we;'
úfYaI;ajhla .kakd fmdÿ f.dvke.s,s ixfla; u.ska olajd we;s w;r fïjd
m%foaYhg fiajd imhk fmdÿ fiajd uOHia:dk iy wd.ñl isoaOia:dk f,i y÷kd
.; yels h' kd.ßl m%foaYj, frdai meyefhka ^,d r;=& fmkakqï lr we;s bÈlrk
,o ìï" ixialD;sl ,laIK w;r lemS fmfka'
ixialD;sl ,laIK oelaùug Ndú; lr we;s úúO ixfla; mßudKdkql+,
tAjd fkdfõ' tneúka N+ ,laIK is;shïj, fhfok ixfla;" úúO ixialD;sl
,laIK y÷kd .ekSu i|yd muKla fhfok iïu; i,l=Kq fia ie,lsh hq;= h'
9'3 is; shu - N+ ,laI K is; sh ul we;= < ;a jk ixia l D;s l ,la IK
is;shï újrKh
1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shï u.ska iajNdjfhka ks¾udKh ù we;s fN!;sl
N+ o¾Ykh;a tA u; È.= ld,hla ;=< ñksid úiska f.dvk.k ,o ixialD;sl
N+ o¾Ykh;a ksrEmKh fldg we;' is;shï.; m%foaYfha fN!;sl ,laIK yd
ixialD;sl ,laIK w;r lemS fmfkk iïnkaO;djla mj;sk w;r is;shï
újrKfha § tu in|;d ms<sn| j úia;r lsÍu wjYH fõ' m%foaYhl mj;sk
N+ úIu;djg wkql+, j tu m%foaYfha ud¾. rgdj" lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.h"
jdßud¾. moaO;s" ckdjdi rgdj hkdÈh ks¾udKh ù we;s nj ksoiqka f,i
oelaúh yels h'
ñksiqkaf.a Ôjk rgdj wkqj o jeõ ckdjdi" ëjr ckdjdi" j;= ckdjdi
jeks úúO ckdjdi y÷kd .; yels fõ' jeõ wdY%s; j jeõ .ïudk o" fjr< Èf.a
ëjr .ïudk o" j;= wdY%s; j j;= ckdjdi o olakg ,efí' ckdjdi .%dóh kd.ßl
jYfhka o fjka ù ;sfí' k.rhl frday,a" m%Odk ;eme,a ld¾hd," m%Odk nexl="
Widú" fmd,sia ia:dk olakg ,efnk w;r m%Odk ud¾. .Kkdjla tAlrdYS ù we;'
iuyr ia:dkj, ÿïßh ia:dk o we;' is;shul fujeks m%foaY bÈl< m%foaY f,i
frdai mdg j¾Kfhka olajd ;sfí' Wm ;eme,a ld¾hd," wm%Odk ud¾." lr;a; mdr"
wä mdr hkdÈh u.ska .%dóh ckdjdi y÷kd .; yels h'
ls%hdlrlu
.=re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka Tn Ôj;a jk m%foaYfha fyda mdi, wjg m%foaYfha
fN!;sl yd ixialD;sl N+ o¾Ykh iïu; i,l=Kq" ixfla; yd j¾K
fhdod .ksñka ksrEmKh lrkak' Tn fhdod .;a iïu; i,l=Kq i|yd iQplhla
o olajkak' Tnf.a wNsu;h mßÈ leu;s N+ñ m%foaYhla jqj o fï i|yd f;dard
.; yels h'
01' is;shï.; m%foaYfha A-B, C-D, E-F f¾Ldj,ska ksrEms; N+ úIu;d ,laIK
jryka ;=<ska f;dard ,shkak'
i. A - B ^W;a;, nEjqu" wj;, nEjqu" uo nEjqu&
ii. C - D ^fkrej" ksïkh" lfmd,a,&
iii. E - F ^;eks;,dj" /<s ìu" fld;alkao&
02' is;shfï 01 isg 10 olajd wxlj,ska ksrEms; ,laIK y÷kd f.k kï lrkak'
03' my; oelafjk m%ldYk ksjerÈ kï —ks˜ hkak o jerÈ kï —je˜ hkak o
i|yka lrkak'
ii. is;shï.; m%foaYfha jhU ld¾;=fjys úysfokafka mq¿,a oaú;aj ÿïßh ud¾.hls'
iv. is;shï.; m%foaYfha uOHfha we;s fy,ajeáh 400mg jvd jeä Wilska hqla; fõ'
04' is;shfuys i,l=Kq lr we;s p;=ri%h ;=< we;s fmdÿ f.dvke.s,s myla" ud¾.
j¾. iy j.djka kï lrkak'
05' is;shï.; m%foaYh Y%S ,xldfõ l=uk foaY.=K l,dmhg wh;a fõo@ tfia
y÷kd .ekSug fya;= olajkak'
06' ishU,dfõ isg W,afmd;.u olajd flá ud¾.hla ;ekSfï § wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;= lreKq olajkak'
01' is;shfï olajd we;s 1 - 5 olajd wxlj,ska ksrEms; fjr< ,laIK y÷kd f.k
kï lrkak'
02' my; oelafjk c,jyk ,laIK ms<sìUq lrk ia:dkj,g ysñ wxlh is;shñka
f;dard ,shkak' ^5"6"7"8 b,lalï fhfoa&
.x oÕrh
wmYdLdj
j.=re ìu
.xfudah
03' my; i|yka m%ldYk ksjerÈ kï —ks˜ hkak o jerÈ kï —je˜ hkak o fhdokak'
i. m%foaYfha m%Odk j.dj fmd,a j.dj hs'
ii. is;shï.; m%foaYfhys fjr<dY%s; j ckdjdi nyq, j jHdma; ù we;'
iii. iuia; N+ñ m%foaYh ;eks;,d iajrEmhla olakg ,efí'
iv. m%foaYfha jhU ld¾;=fõ Èia;%sla udhsula we;'
v. ol=Kq fjr< wdY%s; j m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h msysá ia:dkfha isg W;=rg
úysfok B 465 ud¾.fha md,u olajd we;s ÿr 5km ls'
01' is;shfï olajd we;s mßudKhg wkqj 1km ÿrla olajd we;s cm .Kk
fldmuK o@
03' my; i|yka c,jyk ,laIKhkag wod< wxl" is;shfï 1- 6 olajd § we;s wxl
w;=ßka f;dard wxl wkqms<sfj<ska kï lrkak'
.x.d ksïkh
yevm¿ .x.dj
.x oÕrh
m%Odk .x.dj
w;= .x.dj
Èhfn;au
04' .sks.;afyak ud¾. ikaêia:dkh wdY%s; 1km2 l N+ñ m%foaYh ;=< msysá wd.ñl
isoaOia:dk ;=kla kï lrkak'
05' is;shu mokï lr f.k my; i|yka m%ldY ksjerÈ kï —ks ˜ hkak o jerÈ
kï —je ˜ hkak o fhdokak'
09' is;shï m%foaYh" .x.d fmdaIl m%foaYhla f,i ks.ukh lsÍug Tng bÈßm;a l<
yels idOl folla ,shkak'
wNHdi wxl 04
01' is;shfuys 1"2"3"4"5 hk wxl olajd we;s ia:dkj, olakg ,efnk fN!;sl
,laIKh my; i|yka tAjd w;=ßka f;dard ,shkak'
01' c, lfmd,a,$ lfmd,a,
02' wj;, nEjqu$ W;a;, nEjqu
03' ksïkh$ fkrej
04' yqfol,d lkao$ l÷jeáh
05' Èhfn;au$ fmdaIl m%foaYh
02' my; i|yka m%ldY ksjerÈ kï —ks ˜ hkak o jerÈ kï —je ˜ hkak o i|yka
lrkak'
i. m%foaYfha ngysr w¾Oh" uq¿ukska u l÷lr iajrEmhla fmkakqï lrhs'
ii. BYdk ld¾;=fjys olakg ,efnkafka rlaIs; jkdka;rhl udhsuls'
iii. m%Odk ud¾.hg kef.kysßka we;s ìï m%foaYfhys Wmßu Wi 200m blaujd we;'
iv. W;=re udhsfï isg m%:ufhka yuq jk md,u olajd m%Odk ud¾.fha È. 3km ls'
v. W;=re udhsu wdikakfha m<d;a udhsula olakg ,efí'
03' is;shfï C,D,E,F wlaIr u.ska oelafjk ,laIK jryka ;=<ska f;dard wlaIr
wkqms<sfj<ska kï lrkak'
^w;ayßk ,o jej" jej" ia:dkSh Wi" wNh N+ñ udhsu" fndalal=j" md,u" wä mdr"
k.r iNd iSudj&
04' is;shï m%foaYfha we;=¿ udhsï ;Srefõ 70.40' , 270 hk ixLHd;aul
jákdlïj,ska oelafjkafka l=ulaoehs wkqms<sfj<ska i|yka lrkak'
05' i. is;shï.; m%foaYfha ol=Kq udhsfï isg W;=re udhsu olajd m%Odk ud¾.h Èf.a
.uka lrkafka kï hdug isÿ jk ÿr kmj,ska olajkak'
is;shï wxl 05
01' fuá%la is;shïj, ÈYdj fmkakqï lsÍug fhdod .kq ,nk igyk w¢kak'
02' my; oelafjk N+ ,laIKj,g wod< wxlh is;shfuka f;dard ,shkak'
i. fld;alkao ii. mdIdK Woa.;h iii. .x oÕrh iv. YS>% nEjqu
v. ;S¾hla ksïkh vi. yevm¨ .x.dj vii. ksïkh viii. fkrej
03' rkagefò c,dYfha neïu uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg fldmuK Wilska msysgd ;sfí o@
ii. tjeks c,jyk rgdjla we;s ùug n,md we;s fya;= folla ,shkak'
08' m<d;a udhsu ;SrKh lsÍfï § Ndú; lr we;s fN!;sl ,laIKh l=ula o@
09' m%foaYfha wdrïN l< yels l¾udka; ;=kla kï lr Bg fya;= olajkak'
10' ksß;È. ld¾;=fõ nyq, jYfhka flfrk lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.h l=ula o@
11' X-Y f¾Ldfjka oelafjk N+ñ m%foaYfha yrialvla w¢kak'
1 N
9
10
5
6
2
8 A B
D
E
C
Y F 4
3
1(50"000
6
7
1
2
4 5
1:50,000
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 145
wNHdi wxl 03
my; oelafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shulska Wmqgd .kakd
,o fldgils' tu is;shu weiqßka § we;s wNHdij, fhfokak'
5
6
1 2
1:50,000
146 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
wNHdi wxl 04
D C
5
4
2
E
3
1:50,000
X Y
3
5
1:50,000
mdßNdIsl jpk
² N+ ,laIK is;shu - Topographical map - ChÂÍUP¨ £h®
² ¥m;a - Island - wÄ
o;a; ksrEmKhg fhdod .kq ,nk ir, f¾Ld m%ia;drh" nyq ;Sre m%ia;drh yd
ir, fnÿï jD;a; m%ia;drh ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha uQ,sl
wruqK fõ'
ls%hdldrlï
m%i;
a drhl ;sìh hq;= uQ,l
s dx.
² ud;Dldj 01' iqÿiq ixLHd f,aLkhla fhdod .ksñka ir,
² iQplh f¾Ld m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
² rduqj
02' Tn ks¾udKh lrk ,o m%ia;drfhka
² uQ,dY%h
ms<sônq jk lreKq folla ,shkak'
nyq ;Sre m%ia;dr - ixLHd f,aLkhl we;=<;a o;a;" ;Sre u.ska oelaùu ;Sre
m%ia;drhlska isÿ flf¾' fuu ;Sre" isria fyda ;sria f,i o" ilia l< yels
h' úp,Hhka lsysmhla ms<sn| o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍfï § nyq ;Sre m%ia;drh fhdod
.efka' NdKav lsysmhl jd¾Isl ksIamdokh" j¾I lsysmhl ,shdmÈxÑ lr we;s
úúO r:jdyk ixLHdj jeks o;a; ksrEmKhg nyq ;Sre m%ia;drh jvd;a iqÿiq
fõ' úp,Hhl ixLHd;aul jákdlu myiqfjka y÷kd .; yels ùu" tla j¾Ihl
nyq ;Sre m%ia;drh ks¾udKh lsÍfï §" my; oelafjk lreKq flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
² ixLHd f,aLkfha we;s Wmßu iy wju w.h wkqj isria mßudKh ;SrKh
lr .ekSu'
² ld,h ;sria wlaIfha;a" m%udKh isria wlaIfha;a oelaùu'
² isria wlaIfha wdrïNl ,laIfha w.h" ìxÿj ^0& f,i ilia lsÍu'
² tla j¾Ihlg wod< ;Sre tlsfklg hdj tl iudk m<,lska we£u'
² tla tla j¾Ihg wod< ;Sre iuQyh wfkla j¾Ifhka fjka fldg oelaùu'
² iEu j¾Ihl § u tla úp,Hhla olajk ;Sre tl u j¾Khlska fyda rgdjlska oelaùu'
² Ndú; lrk ,o j¾K fyda ixfla; we;=<;a iQplhla bÈßm;a lsÍu'
10'2 j.=j - o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha ixhq;sh" wxY wkqj ^mj;akd ñ, wkqj remsh,a ì,shk&
mejreu
01' uynexl= jd¾;dfõ oelafjk ixLHd j.=jla fyda fjk;a ixLHd o;a; j.=jla
mokï lr .ksñka nyq ;Sre m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
02' tla tla úp,Hhkays ld,Sk fjkialï ,shd olajkak'
fn¥ jD;a; m%ia;drh ks¾udKh lsÍfï §" my; i|yka mshjr wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'
² m%ia;drh i|yd iqÿiq wrhla fhdod f.k jD;a;hla we£u'
² uq¿ úp,Hj, jákdlu 3600 fia i,ld tla tla úp,Hj, jákdlu wkqj"
fldaKfha m%udKh ;SrKh lsÍu'
² ixhq;sh m%;sY;hla f,i § we;akï 3600l jD;a;fhys jákdlu 100 fia
i,ld tA tA úp,Hj, m%;sY; w.hka wkqj wh;a jk fldaKj, m%udKh
fidhd .ekSu'
² jD;a;h uOHfha isg mßêh iam¾Y jk fia W;=rg f¾Ldjla we| th wdrïNl
f¾Ldj f,i f.k úYd,;ajh wkqj wkqms<sfj<ska wod< flda‚l mr;r
olaIsKdj¾; j ,l=Kq lsÍu'
² zfjk;aZ hkqfjka i|yka úp,Hhla we;akï th wjidkhg ,l=Kq lsÍu'
ls%hdldrlï
01' m%ia;drfhka ksrEms; úp,Hkaf.a
ixhq;sh kï lrkak'
02' jeä u m%udKhla wmkhkh lrkq
,nk úp,Hh l=ula o@
03' fuu m%i;a drfha we;s m%fhdack folla
,shkak'
mejreu