Archaebacteria

Cellular Evolution
- Current evidence indicates that Three Domains of Life

eukaryotes evolved from
Archaea – prokaryotes living in
prokaryotes between 1 and 1.5
extreme habitats.
billion years ago.
- Two theories: Infolding theory & Bacteria - Cyanobacteria and
Endosymbiotic theory. eubacteria.
Infolding Theory Eukarya – Protozoans, fungi, plants,
& animals.
- The infolding of the prokaryotic
plasma membrane gave rise to Kingdom of Bacteria
eukaryotic organelles.
Archaebacteria
- Found in harsh environments.

- Undersea volcanic vents, acidic
hot springs, salty water.
Endosymbiotic Theory Eubacteria
- Endosymbiosis refers to one - Called the true bacteria.

species living within another(the - Most bacteria are in this group.
host). - Include photosynthetic
- Movement of smaller Cyanobacteria.
photosynthetic & heterotrophic Characteristics of Bacteria
prokaryotes into larger prokaryotic
host cells. 1. Bacterial Structure
- Formed cell organelles. - Most grow best at pH of 6.5 to
7.0.
- Many act as decomposers
recycling nutrients.
- Some cause disease.
2. Useful Bacteria
- Some bacteria can degrade
Earliest Prokaryotes oil.
- Other uses for bacteria include
- Numerous organisms on Earth.
making yogurt, cheese, and
- Include all bacteria.
buttermilk.
- Earliest fossils date 2.5 billion
years old.
Bacterial Shapes
1. Bacillus: Rod shaped. Spirochetes – Coil-like.
2. Coccus: Spherical (round).
3. Vibrio: Comma shaped with
flagella.
4. Spirillum: Spiral shape.
5. Spirochete: wormlike spiral
shape.
Archaebacteria
- Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls.
- Have different lipids in their cell
membrane.
- Different types of ribosomes.
- Very different gene sequences.
- Archaebacteria can live in
Grouping of Bacteria extremely harsh environments.
- They do not require oxygen and
1. Diplo - Groups of two. can live in extremely salty
2. Strepto - Chains. environments as well as extremely
3. Staphylo - Grapelike clusters. hot environments called the
Ancient bacteria.
- Subdivided into 3 groups:
Methanogens, Thermoacidophiles,
& Extreme Halophiles.
Methanogens
- Live in anaerobic environments
(no oxygen).
- Get energy by changing H2 & CO2
into methane gas.
- Found in swamps, sewage
Spirillum – Spiral-like. treatment plants, digestive tracts
of animals.
- Break down cellulose in a cow’s
stomach.
- Produce marsh (methane) gas.
Extreme Halophiles
- Live in very salty water.
- Use salt to generate ATP (energy).
- Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake
inhabitants.
Gram Negative
Thermoacidophiles or
- Thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell
Thermophiles wall.
- Live in extremely hot - Extra thick layer of lipids.
environments. - Stain pink or reddish.
- Found in volcanic vents, hot - Hard to treat with antibiotics.
springs, cracks on ocean floor that - Some photosynthetic but make
leak acid. sulfur not oxygen.
- Some fix nitrogen for plants.
Kingdom Eubacteria - Rhizobacteria grow in root nodules
of legumes (soybeans, peanuts).
Characteristics
- Fix N2 from air into usable
- 3 basic shapes (coccus, bacillus, ammonia.
spirilla). - Rickettsiae are parasitic bacteria
- Most are heterotrophic (can’t carried by ticks.
make their own food). - Cause Lyme disease & Rocky
- May be aerobic or anaerobic. Mountain Spotted Fever.
- Identified by Gram staining.
Cyanobacteria
Gram Staining
- Gram negative.
- Developed in 1884 by Hans Gram. - Photosynthetic.
- Bacteria treated with purple - Called blue-green bacteria.
Crystal Violet & red Safranin - Contain phycocyanin (red-blue)
stains. pigments & chlorophyll.
- Cell walls either stain purple or - May be red, yellow, brown, black,
reddish pink. or blue-green.
- May grow in chains (Oscillatoria).
Gram Positive
- Have Heterocysts to help fix N2.
- Have thick layer of peptidoglycan - First to re-enter devastated areas.
(protein-sugar complex). - Some cause Eutrophication (use
- Single lipid layer. up O2 when die & decompose in
- Stain purple. water).
- Can be treated with antibiotics.
Spirochetes
1. Lactobacilli (makes yogurt &
buttermilk). - Gram positive.
2. Actinomycetes (make - Flagella at each end.
antibiotics). - Move in corkscrew motion.
3. Clostridium (lockjaw bacteria). - Some aerobic; others anaerobic.
4. Streptococcus (strep throat). - May be free living, parasitic, or
5. Staphylococcus (staph symbiotic.
infections).
Reproduction
Enteric Bacteria - Bacteria reproduce asexually by

binary fission.
- Gram negative.
- Single chromosome replicates &
- Can live in aerobic & anaerobic
then cell divides.
habitats.
- Rapid.
- Includes E. coli in intestines.
- All new cells identical (clones).
- Salmonella – causes food
- Bacteria reproduce sexually by
poisoning.
Conjugation.
Chemoautotrophs
- Gram negative.
- Obtain energy from minerals like
iron.
- Found in freshwater ponds.
Nutrition, Respiration, and

Reproduction
Modes of Nutrition
Conjugation
1. Saprobes – feed on dead
organic matter. - the temporary union of two bacteria
2. Parasites – feed on a host cell. or unicellular organisms for the
3. Photoautotroph – use sunlight exchange of genetic material.
to make food. - Form a tube between 2 bacteria
4. Chemoautotroph – oxidize to exchange genetic material.
inorganic matter such as iron or - Held together by pili.
sulfur to make food. - New cells NOT identical.
Methods of Respiration
1. Obligate Aerobes – require O2

(tuberculosis bacteria).
2. Obligate Anaerobes – die if O2
is present (tetanus).
3. Facultative Anaerobes – don’t
need O2, but aren’t killed by it
(E. coli).
Bacterial Respiration Spore Formation
1. Anaerobes carry on - Form endospore whenever when

fermentation. habitat conditions become harsh
2. Aerobes carry on cellular (little food).
respiration. - Able to survive for long periods of
time as endosperm.
- Difficult to destroy (heat
resistant).
Transduction & Transformation
- Genetically change bacteria.

- May become antibiotic resistant.
- Transformed bacteria pick up
pieces of DNA from dead
bacterial cells.
- Transduction – viruses carry
foreign DNA to bacteria; used to
make insulin.
Pathenogenic Bacteria
- Called germs or microbes.
- Cause disease.
- May produce poisons or toxins.
- Endotoxins released after bacteria
die (E. coli).
- Exotoxins released by Gram +
bacteria (C. tetani).

Archaebacteria

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Archaebacteria

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Cellular Evolution

- Current evidence indicates that Three Domains of Life

- Found in harsh environments.

Endosymbiotic Theory Eubacteria

- Endosymbiosis refers to one - Called the true bacteria.

Enteric Bacteria - Bacteria reproduce asexually by

Nutrition, Respiration, and

1. Obligate Aerobes – require O2

Bacterial Respiration Spore Formation

1. Anaerobes carry on - Form endospore whenever when

Transduction & Transformation

- Genetically change bacteria.

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