Course No- PBTEL-361

Course title - Plant Tissue Culture and Its Applications

Multiple choice questions

1.Callus formation on isolated stem fragments and root slices is described by ……….

a) Duharmel du Monceau
b) Morgan, T.H
c) Haberlandt

d) Rechinger

2.The term totipotency was coined by ……..

a) Duharmel du Monceau
b) Morgan, T.H
c) Haberlandt

d) Rechinger

4.The somatic embryo formation from callus cultures of carrot grown on an agarified
medium was observed by ……………..

a) Hildebrandt
b) Reinert
c) Muir

d) All the above

5.The technique of isolation and culture of protoplasts after digesting the cell walls
enzymatically was discovered by ……………….

a) Hildebrandt
b) Cocking
c) Muir
d) All the above

6. The work on organogenesis in tobacco callus is first started by……..

a) Ball b) Skoog
c) Robbins d) White

7.Who demonstrated that virus free plants can be recovered from infected plants through
shoot meristem culture

a) Morel
b) Martin
c) Both a & b

d) None of the above

8. Meristem culture was discovered by ……………….

a) Bergmann
b) Riker
c) Morel

d) All the above

9.Anther culture was discovered by ……………….

a) Guha
b) Maheshwari
c) Both a & b

d) None of the above

10.The concept of developmental stages in cultures in vitro culture was developed by

……………….

a) Murashige
b) Skoog
c) Both a & b

d) None of the above

11.Pre-zygotic barriers to hybridization can be overcome by ……………….

a) In vitro fertilization
b) Embryo culture
c) Ovule culture

d) Pod culture

12.Embryo culture has been successful in overcoming the problems……………….

a) Low seed set

b) Seed dormancy
c) Slow seed germination

d) All the above

13. The production of novel hybrids through protoplast fusion should focus on ……..

a) Agriculturally important traits

b) Somatic hybrids integrated into a conventional breeding programme
c) Extension of protoplast regeneration to a wider range of crop species
d) All the above

14.The inherent potentiality of a plant cell to give rise to a whole plant is described as ……..

a) Cellular totipotency
b) Morphogenesis
c) Organogenesis

d) None of the above

15. The phenomenon of a mature cell reverting to the meristematic state and forming
undifferentiated callus tissue is termed as ……..

a) Dedifferentiation
b) Redifferentiation
c) Both a & b

d) None of the above

16. The phenomenon of conversion of component cells of callus tissue to whole plant or plant
organs is called as ……..
a) Dedifferentiation
b) Redifferentiation
c) Both a & b

d) None of the above

17. Organogenesis means genesis of organ(s) like ……..

a) shoots
b) roots
c) leaves and flowers

d) All the above

18. The relatively high level of auxin to cytokinin favoured ………….. during organogenesis.

a) Root formation
b) Shoot formation
c) Both root and shoot formation

d) None of the above

19.The relatively high level of cytokinin to auxin favoured ………….. during organogenesis

a) Root formation
b) Shoot formation
c) Both root and shoot formation

d) None of the above

20. The somatic embryogenesis was first observed by …………..

a) Steward
b) Skoog
c) Reinert

d) None of the above

21. The event of organogenesis is discovered by …………..

a) Torrey
b) Skoog
c) Guha
d) None of the above

22. In somatic embryogenesis …………… is required for induction of embryonic cells and
maintenance of proliferative growth..

a) Auxin
b) Cytokinin
c) Gibberellic acid

d) None of the above

23. The callus culture was first developed by ………….

a) Skoog
b) White
c) Gautherat

d) None of the above

24. Universally required vitamin in tissue culture medium is ……………..

a) Thiamine HCL
b) Pyridoxine HCL
c) Nicotinic acid

d) Calcium pantothanate

25. The commonly used auxins in tissue culture are ……………..

a) IAA, IBA, NAA, 2,4 D

b) BAP, 2-ip, Kinetin, Zeatin

c) GA3

d) All the above

26. The commonly used cytokinins in tissue culture are ……………..

a) IAA, IBA, NAA, 2,4 D

b) BAP, 2-ip, Kinetin, Zeatin
c) GA3

d) All the above

27. Ethylene is involved in ……..

a) Fruit maturation
b) Abscission
c) Senescence

d) All the above

28. The substitutes for agar are

a) Gelatin
b) Silica gel
c) Acryl amide gel

d) All the above

29. Genesis of an entire plant from cultured explants directly or via callus indirectly is called
Regeneration

a). Differentiation

b). De-differentiation

c). Re-differentiation

d). Regeneration

30. A developmental sequence involving an intervening callus stage is termed

a). 'indirect' organogenesis b). 'direct' organogenesis

c). Morphogenesis d). None of the above

31. Ovary or ovule culture is used for …….

a). Initiation of somatic embryogenic cultures

b). Production of haploid plants
c). To overcome abortion of embryos of wide hybrids
d). All the above
32, Seed culture is used for …….

a). To increase the efficiency of germination of seeds

b). Precocious germination by application of PGRs
c). Production of clean seedlings for explants or meristem culture
d). All the above

33, Multiplication of genetically identical copies of a cultivar by asexual reproduction is called

……………….

a) Clonal propagation
b) Apomixis
c) Vegetative propagation

d) None of the above

34. Vegetative propagation is by ……………….

a) Seed development without meiosis and

fertilization
b)Regeneration of new plants from vegetative parts
c) Both a & b

d) None of the above

35. Advantage of tissue culture is/are ……………….

a) Production of large number of true-totype plantlets from a single plant

b) Less time requirement
c) Less space requirement

d) All the above

36. ………. stage involves the preparation of mother plants

a) Stage 0
b) Stage 1
c) Stage 2

d) Stage 3
37. The suitable explant for producing virus free plant is …………..

a) Shoot tip
b) Leaf bit
c) Stem bit

d) None of the above

38. The oxidation of phenolic compounds leached out from the cut surface of the explant in
tissue culture leads to …………..

a) Browning of the medium

b) Blackening of the medium
c) Whitening of the medium

d) None of the above

39.The crucial stage in tissue culture is

a) Preparative stage
b) Initiation of culture
c) Multiplication

d) Rooting of shoots

40. The most important methods currently utilized for haploid production include ……….

a) Anther or pollen culture

b) Ovule culture
c) Bulbosum technique

d) All the above

41. The development of numerous pollen plantlets in anther culture of Datura innoxia was first
reported by ………………

a) Guha
b) Maheswari
c) Both a & b

d) None of the above

42. The process of parthenogenesis is ………………

a) Embryo development from fertilized egg

b) Embryo development from unfertilized egg
c) Embryo development

d) None of the above

43. In pollen culture, isolation of pollen grains from the cultured anthers is by ………………

a) Mechanical method
b) Float culture method
c) Both a & b

d) None of the above

44. Ovule culture is first attempted by ………….

a). Northern

b). Nimoto and Sagawa

c). Kano

d). None of the above

45. Ovary culture is first reported by …………

a). Northern

b). San Noem

c). Kano

d). None of the above

46. Embryo culture is first reported by …………

a). Hanning

b). San Noem

c). Kano d). None of the above

47. The success of embryo culture depends on …………

a). Developmental stage of the embryo at isolation

b). Growth conditions of the mother plant
c). Composition of the nutrient medium

d). All the above

48. Endosperm is product of …………… fertilization

a). Double

b). Single

c). Triple

d). None of the above

49. Cryopreservation involves the usage of ……...

a). Solid carbon dioxide (at -790C)

b). Vapour nitrogen (at- 1500C)
c). Liquid nitrogen (at-1960C)

d). All the above

50. The major benefits of synthetic seeds are ……...

a). Easy to store without viability loss

b). Easy to handle
c). Can be directly sown in soil

d). All the above

51. Somaclonal variation arises as a result of chromosome structural changes like ……...

a). Deletions and duplications

b). Gene mutations
c). Transposons

d). All the above

52, Dimethylsufoxide is used as …………… in tissue culture.

a). Cryoprotectant
b). Growth regulator
c). Osmaticum

d). None of the above

53. Virus free plants in tissue culture are produced by ………..

a). Meristem tip culture

b). Shoot tip culture
c). Nodal culture

d). All the above

54, Somaclonal variation includes …………

a). Aneuploids
b). Sterile plants
c). Morphological variants

d). All the above

55, The protoplasts were isolated by …………

a). Mechanical method

b). Enzymatic method
c). Both a and b

d). None of the above

56. The protoplast isolation by enzymatic method was demonstrated by …………

a). E. C. Cocking
b). Klecker
c). Takebe

d). None of the above

57. The first somatic hybrids are produced in …………

a). Datura innoxia

b). Nicotiana repanda
c). N. nesophila

d). N. stockonii

58. The artificial seeds can be used for specific purposes viz., ……..

a). Multiplication of non-seed producing plants

b). Propagation of male or female sterile plants for hybrid seed
production
c). Propagation of polyploid plants with elite traits
d). All the above

59. The term somaclone was proposed by …………

a). Larkin and Scowcroft

b). Skoog
c). Murashige

d). None of the above

60. Total number of stages in micro propagation is ……………….

a) 3
b) 4
c) 5

d) 6

71. Who is known as the father of tissue culture?

(a) Bonner

(b) Laibach

(c) Haberlandt

(d) Gautheret

Sol: (c) Haberlandt.

72. The pair of hormones required for a callus to differentiate are________.

(a) Ethylene and Auxin

(b) Auxin and cytokinin

(c) Auxin and Abscisic acid

(d) Cytokinin and gibberellin

Sol: (b) Auxin and cytokinin.

73. Totipotency refers to ___________.

(a) Development of fruits from flowers in a culture

(b) Development of an organ from a cell in a culture medium

(c) Flowering in a culture medium

(d) All of the above

Sol: (b) Development of an organ from a cell in a culture medium.

74. Which of the following is the main application of embryo culture?

(a) Clonal propagation

(b) Production of embryoids

(c) Induction of somaclonal variations

(d) Overcoming hybridisation barriers

Sol: (d) Overcoming hybridisation barriers.

75. In-plant tissue culture, the callus tissues are generated into a complete plantlet by
altering the concentration________.

(a) Sugars

(b) Hormones
(c) Amino Acids

(d) Vitamins and minerals

Sol: (b) Hormones.

76. Which of the following mediums is composed of chemically defined compounds?

(a) Natural media

(b) Artificial media

(c) Synthetic media

(d) None of the above

Sol: (c) Synthetic media.

77. What is Callus?

(a) Tissues that grow to form an embryoid

(b) An unorganised actively dividing the mass of cells maintained in a culture

(c) An insoluble carbohydrate

(d) A tissue that grows from an embryo

Sol: (b) An unorganised actively dividing mass of cells maintained in culture.

78. The instrument is necessary for drying the washed glassware are
A. Vacuum pump.
B. Hot air oven.
C. Heater.
D. Autoclave.
ANSWER: B Hot air oven.
79. The in vitro culture and maintenance of an excised organ primordial or whole or part
of an _______ culture.
A. anther.
B. callus.
C. organ.
D. suspension.
ANSWER: C organ.

80. High cytokinin and low auxin induces _______.

A. shoot.
B. root.
C. germination.
D. organ.
ANSWER: A shoot.

81. Which plant growth hormones is highly required for growth of cell?
A. Gibberrellin.
B. Auxin.
C. Cytokinin.
D. Ethylene.
ANSWER: B Gibberrellin.
82. Which plant growth hormones is highly required for cell division?
A. Gibberrellin.
B. Auxin.
C. Cytokinin.
D. Ethylene.
ANSWER: C Cytokinin.
83. Callus is yellow in colour due to synthesis of _______ pigments.
A. carotenoid.
B. anthocyanin.
C. chlorophyll.
D. phycocyanin.
ANSWER: A carotenoid.
84. The genetic variability regenerated during tissue culture is termed as _____.
A. somoclonal variation.
B. organogenesis.
C. micropropagation.
D. androgenesis.
ANSWER: A somoclonal variation.

85. Somatic embryogenesis is _____.

A. germ line cells developing into embryos.
B. non-germ line cells developing into embryos.
C. embryos developing from zygotes.
D. embryonic tissue becoming somatic.
ANSWER: B non-germ line cells developing into embryos.

86. Plant growth regulators influence growth, metabolism and ________ of cultured cells.
A. differentiation.
B. elongation.
C. enlargement.
D. duplication.
ANSWER: A differentiation.
87. The optimal pH for plant tissue cultures is in the range of _____.
A. 2-3.
B. 3-4.
C. 4-5.
D. 5-6.
ANSWER: D 5-6.
88. The plant tissue culture medium can be sterilized in an autoclave at _____degree
celcius.
A. 131.
B. 121.
C. 141.
D. 111.
ANSWER: B 121.

89. The phenomenon of mature cells in meristematic state to produce callus is _____.
A. dedifferentiation.
B. redifferentiation.
C. totipotency.
D. all the above
ANSWER: A dedifferentiation.

90. The ability of callus cells to differentiate into a plant organ is called as _____.
A. dedifferentiation.
B. redifferentiation.
C. shoot-bud differentiation.
D. meristem differentiation.
ANSWER: B redifferentiation.

91. Cell and tissue culture technology is ………..

a) use of cellular enzymes to manipulate DNA

b) Improve existing/create novel proteins to make useful products
c) Block or decrease the production of certain proteins
d) Grow cells/tissues under laboratory conditions to produce an entire organism, or to
produce new products

92. The concept of developmental stages in cultures in vitro culture was developed by
……………….
a) Murashige
b) Skoog
c) Both a & b
d) None of the above
93. The phenomenon of morphogenesis depends on the factors like……..
a) Polarity
b) Differentiation
c) Regeneration of individual cells
d) All the above

94. The mineral nutrient that plays a vital role in growth and differentiation of cultured tissues
is ………….
a) N
b) P
c) K
d) All the above

95 The earliest report on induction of shoot organogenesis in vitro was ………..

a). White
b). Nobecourt
c). Skoog
d). Miller

96. Apomixis is by ……………….

a) Seed development without meiosis and fertilization
b)Regeneration of new plants from vegetative parts
c) Both a & b
d) None of the above

97. In tissue culture, the multiplication is through

a) Callusing
b) Adventitious bud formation
c) Enhanced axillary branching
d) All the above

98. The embryo culture is used for …………

a). Embryo rescue
b). Monoploid production
c). To overcome seed dormancy
d). All the above

99. The important characteristics of endosperm tissues are …….…..

a). Chromosomal variations
b). Polyploidy
c). Chromosome bridges and laggards
d). All the above

100. Somaclonal variation arises as a result of chromosome structural changes like ……...
a). Deletions and duplications
b). Gene mutations
c). Transposons
d). All the above
 MCQ’s Of Plant tissue culture and its aPPlicatiOns
Pbtel-361

1. Who is known as the Father of tissue culture?

A. Bonner
B. Laibach
C. Haberlandt
D. Gautheret
2. The production of secondary metabolites requires the use of ________.
A. Meristem
B. Protoplast
C. Axillary buds
D. Cell suspension
3. The pair of hormones required for a callus to differentiate are________.
A. Ethylene and Auxin
B. Auxin and cytokinin
C. Auxin and Abscisic acid
D. Cytokinin and gibberellin
4. What is Dimethyl sulfoxide used for?
A. A gelling agent
B. Cryoprotectant
C. Chelating agent
D. An Alkylating agent
5. The formation of embryoids from the pollen grains in the tissue culture
medium is due to ________.
A. Organogenesis
B. Test tube culture
C. Double fertilization
D. Cellular totipotency
6. Synthetic seeds are produced by the encapsulation of somatic embryos
with___________.
A. Sodium acetate
B. Sodium nitrate
C. Sodium chloride
D. Sodium alginate
7. Totipotency refers to ___________.
A. Development of fruits from flowers in a culture
B. Development of an organ from a cell in a culture medium
C. Flowering in a culture medium
8. Which of the following is the main application of embryo culture?
A. Clonal propagation
B. Production of embryoids
C. Induction of somaclonal variations
D. Overcoming hybridisation barriers
9. In tissue culture of parenchyma, mitosis is accelerated in the presence of
________.
A. Auxin
B. Cytokinin
C. Gibberellin
D. Both auxin and cytokinin
10. In which of the following conditions do the somaclonal variations appear?
A. Plants raised in tissue culture
B. Plants exposed to gamma rays
C. Plants growing in polluted soil or water
D. Plants transferred by a recombinant DNA technology.
11. Haploid plants can be obtained from________.
A. Anther culture
B. Bud culture
C. Leaf culture
D. Root culture
12. In-plant tissue culture, the callus tissues are generated into a complete
plantlet by altering the concentration________.
A. Sugars
B. Hormones
C. Amino Acids
D. Vitamins and minerals
13. Which of the following is cultured to obtain haploid plants?
A. Embryo
B. Nucleus
C. Apical bud
D. Entire anther
14. Which of the following vectors is used in crop improvement and crop
management?
A. Agrobacterium
B. Plasmid
C. Cosmid
D. Phasmid
15. Which of the following growth hormones produces apical dominance?
A. Ethylene
B. Cytokinin
C. Auxin
D. Gibberellin
16. Cybrids are produced by
a. The nucleus of one species but cytoplasm from both the parent species
b. The fusion of two same nuclei from the same species
c. The fusion of two different nuclei from different species
d. None of the above
17. Which of the following mediums is composed of chemically defined
compounds?
a. Natural media
b. Artificial media
c. Synthetic media
d. None of the above
18. Which of the following chemicals are most widely used for protoplast
fusion?
a. Mannitol
b. Polyethylene glycol
c. Sorbitol
d. Mannol
19. Which of the following plant cells shows totipotency?
a. Cork cells
b. Meristem
c. Sieve tube
d. Xylem vessels
20. What is Callus?
a. Tissues that grow to form an embryoid
b. An unorganised actively dividing the mass of cells maintained in a culture
c. An insoluble carbohydrate
d. A tissue that grows from an embryo

21. The growth of plant tissues in artificial media is called___________

a) Gene expression
b) Transgenesis
c) Plant tissue culture
d) Cell hybridization
22. Name the term given to the ability of single cells to divide and produce all
the differentiated cell in the organism?
a) Unipotent
b) Pluripotent
c) Multipotent
d) Totipotency
23. Out of the following, which one is NOT the basic component of culture
media used for plant cultivation?
a) Complex mixture of salts
b) Amino acids
c) Serum albumin
d) Sugar/ sucrose
24. Mark the INCORRECT statement about agar, a gelling agent in plant
tissue culture medium?
a) Not digested by plant enzymes
b) It does not use in microprapogation work
c) It does not react with media constituents
d) Remain stable at incubation temperature
25. who is the father of plant tissue culture___________
a) Alexander Fleming
b) Gottlieb Haberlandt
c) Kary Mullis
d) Leeuwenhoek
26. ___________ is the advantage of plant tissue culture over animal tissue
culture
a) Plant culture require less time
b) Plant tissues are easily available
c) Totipotency of the plant cell
d) Plant tissue culture can be easily maintained with minimum requirements
27. Laminar airflow is used for the following reasons except:
a) Preparing media
b) Transferring explants
c) Aseptic transfer
d) For culture growth
28. Selection of culture media depends on________
a) Type of plant species used
b) Time for preparation of culture media
c) Cost for preparation
d) Maintenance of culture media
29. ___________is the type of Cell culture
a) Organ culture
b) Protoplast culture
c) Callus culture
d) Explant culture
30. Cell culture is used for ___________
a) Production of enzymes
b) Production of Secondary metabolites
c) Production of vaccines
d) Production of monoclonal antibodies
31. The following are the plant material used for tissue culture EXCEPT:
a) Tissues
b) Cells
c) Protoplasts
d) Flower
32. Zinc as micronutrient is used in culture media for _____________
a) Protein synthesis
b) DNA replication
c) Enzyme synthesis
d) For photosynthesis
33. Calcium used In nutrition media is the main component of ________part
of plant cell
a) Mitochondria
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Golgi bodies
d) Cell wall and cell membrane
34. Activated charcoal is used in nutrition media to _____________
a) Absorb toxic substances
b) Absorb moisture
c) Absorb elements
d) Absorb microbes
35. Which of the following comes under physical method of sterilization?
a. Moist heat method.
b. Sunlight
c. Lyophillization
d. Ethylene oxide treatment
36. Sterilization is?
a. Process of growing microbes in laboratory
b. Process for preparation of antibiotics
c. Killing or removing of all the microorganisms from an article
d. Fragmentation of big particles into smaller one for the preparation of tablets
37. Which of the following method is used for sterilization?
a. Moist heat method
b. Staining
c. Microbial inoculation
d. Incubation
38. Parenteral preparations can be sterilized through?
a. Chemical sterilization
b. Membrane filtration
c. Desiccation
d. Dry heat method
39. Basic principle behind sterility testing is?
a. Microorganisms imparts different colors when present as contaminant in any preparation
b. Presence of microbes can be detected by naked eye in any preparation
c. Microbes will grow if they will be provided with nutrient medium, optimum temperature
and pH
d. None of the above

40. _______types of cells are required to facilitate cell division

a) Meristematic cells
b) Palisade cells
c) Parenchymatous cells
d) Chollenchymatous cells
41. ______ is the requirements of callus culture
a) Explants
b) Culture media
c) Only A
d) A & B
42. Auxins are required for ________
a) Callus culture
b) Suspension culture
c) Both
d) None
43. The following are the methods for assessment for growth of cells
EXCEPT:
a) Cell counting
b) Packed cell volume
c) Cell fresh weight
d) PCR
44. ___________is the method for assessment of viability of cells
a) Cell counter method
b) Packed cell volume
C) Phase contrast microscopy
d) Cell fresh weight
45. ____________is the method to differentiate viable and non-viable cells
a) FDA method
b) Evan’s blue stain
c) Both
d) None
46. Centrifugation is done for ________method to measure growth of cells
a) Packed cell volume
b) Cell weight
c) Only A
d) None
47. Cell size expansion is maximum in _______phase of batch culture
a) Lag phase
b) Log phase
c) Linear Phase
d) Stationary phase
48. In batch culture cell division and cell growth depends on _____________
a) High O2
b) Low oxygen
c) Nutrients
d) None
49. Genetic Mutation is one of the limiting factor in _______
a) Protoplast culture
b) Cell culture
c) Callus culture
d) All
50. Which of the following is not related to embryo culture?
a) Growth of embryos on culture medium
b) Developing seedlings
c) Multiplication of rare plants
d) Making virus-free plants
51. The early globular embryo is the _______
a) proembryo
b) prembryo
c) endosperm
d) nuclei
52. Growth regulators, which control plant growth and development are
called___________
a) Secondary metabolites
b) Macro element
c) Nonessential elements
d) Phytohormone
53. Name the plant in which auxin was first discovered?
a) Mustard
b) Pea
c) Oats
d) Rice
54. Which of the following is NOT a naturally occurring auxin?
a) Indole 3-acetic acid (IAA)
b) Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA)
c) Phenyl acetic acid (PAA)
d) 2,4-D
55. Name the amino acid which acts as a precursor of auxin biosynthesis?
a) Serine
b) Tryptophan
c) Valline
d) Tyrosine
56. Name the first naturally occurring cytokines.
a) Neoxanthin
b) Xanthoxin
c) Zeatin
d) Isopentenyl adenine

57. Mark the one, which is NOT a physiological effect of auxin?

a) Cell elongation
b) Stem elongation
c) Cell differentiation
d) Rooting
58. Deficiency in which of the following hormone causes dwarfism in the
plant?
a) Ethylene
b) Abscisic acid
c) Gibberellin
d) Brassinosteroid
59. Micro propagation involves
(a) small explants used for vegetative multiplication of plants
(b) microbes used for vegetative multiplication of plants
(c) microspores used for vegetative multiplication of plants
(d) megaspores and microspores used for non-vegetative multiplication of plants
60. An excised piece of stem tissue or leaf used in micropropagation is
(a) scion
(b) explant
(c) medium
(d) microshoot
61 Flowers with both androecium and gynoecium are called
(a) Bisexual flowers
(b) Anther
(c) Stamens
(d) Unisexual flowers
62. Functional megaspore in an angiosperm develops into
(a) Endosperm
(b) Embryo
(c) Embryo-sac
(d) Ovule
63. The male reproductive parts of a flower, the stamens, are collectively
known as
(a) Androecium
(b) Filament
(c) Anther
(d) Gynoecium

64. Benefit of clonal propagation or micropropagation is

(a) multiplication of sexually derived sterile hybrids
(b) multiplication of disease free plants
(c) rapid multiplication of superior clones
(d) all of these
65. In which of the following conditions do the somaclonal variations appear?
(a) Plants raised in tissue culture
(b) Plants exposed to gamma rays
(c) Plants growing in polluted soil or water
(d) Plants transferred by a recombinant DNA technology.

66. What are somatic hybrids?

a) Hybrid protoplasts
b) Protoplasts
c) Fused plasmids
d) Fused Chloroplast
67. What are somaclones?
a) Plants chemically identical to the original plant
b) Plants morphologically identical to the original plant
c) Plants anatomically identical to the original plant
d) Plants genetically identical to the original plant
68. Mutagens are physical or _________ agents.
a) Chemical
b) Mechanical
c) Hybrid
d) Exogenous
69. Which base is generated by the deamination of 5-methylcytosine?
a) Thymine
b) Adenine
c) Guanine
d) Uracil
70. Which base is generated by the deamination of guanine?
a) Xanthine
b) Cytosine
c) Hypoxanthine
d) Thymine
71. Which of the following properties is improved by site directed
mutagenesis?
a) Physical property
b) Chemical property
c) Kinetic property
d) Integrity
72. Which of these is a secondary metabolite?
a) Proteins
b) Lipids
c) Vitamins
d) Steroids
73. Which of these statements is false regarding primary metabolites?
a) They have identifiable functions
b) They play a role in normal physiological processes
c) Secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolites
d) Lipids are primary metabolites
74. Which of these is a secondary metabolite?
a) Monoterpenes
b) Triacylglycerols
c) Keratin
d) Myosin
75. Metabolic intermediates found in living system which are essential for
growth and life is called___________
a) Saponins
b) Tannins
c) Secondary metabolite
d) Primary metabolites
76. Name the phenolic compound present in tea?
a) Flavonoids
b) Lignans
c) Stilbene
d) Neolignans
77 Which of the following is not true about synthetic seeds?
(a) Can be stored for a year without the loss of valuables
(b) Easy to handle
(c) Can be directly sown in the soil like natural seeds
(d) Need hardening in the green house
78. Recalcitrant seeds are
(a) resistant to drying and freezing temperature
(b) killed by drying and freezing temperature
(c) both (1) and (2)
(d) none of above
79. The encapsulation of somatic embryos can be carried out by
(a) automatic encapsulation process
(b) gel complexation
(c) both (1) and (2)
(d) coating proteins
80. Synthetic seeds are
(a) artificially synthesized seeds
(b) somatic embryos encapsulated in suitable matrix
(c) seeds of plants modified genetically
(d) none of these
81. Which of the tissue culture will form a triploid plant
(a) endosperm
(b) pollen
(c) megaspore
(d) ovule
82. In the angiosperms, the endosperm is formed
(a) before fertilization
(b) after fertilization
(c) along with fertilization
(d) None of the above
83. The primary endosperm nucleus is
(a) tetraploid
(b) triploid
(c) diploid
(d) haploid
84. The white edible part of maize is
(a) pericarp
(b) seed coat
(c) endosperm
(d) seed

85. Protoplasts are__________

a) Cell without a nucleus
b) Cell without a cell wall
c) Cell without plasma membrane
d) Cell without genetic material
86.__________ is the first step for protoplast culture
a) Selection of Explant
b) Viability testing for protoplast
c) Isolation of protoplast
d) Preparation of culture media
87. ___________ is the advantage of mechanical method for isolation of
protoplast
a) The process is very tedious
b) Very less viable protoplast are isolated
c) Both
d) Only B
88. Cellulase enzyme in isolation of protoplast is used ________
a) To degrade proteins
b) To degrade cellulose
c) To degrade pectin
d) To degrade hemicellulose
89. ____________ is used to check viability of protoplast
a) Phenosafranine staining
b) Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining
c) Both
d) Only A
90. The following are the advantages of liquid protoplast culture EXCEPT:
a) It is easy to transfer
b) Dilutions can be easily done in liquid culture
c) Cell density can be easily manipulated
d) Less time consuming
91. Co-culture of protoplast is appropriate for ___________
a) Protoplast from two different organs of the same plant
b) Protoplast from the same organ of different plant
c) Protoplast from two different plant species
d) Protoplast from two same plant species
92. ___________media is used for protoplast culture
a) Synthetic media
b) Natural media
c) Nutritional media
d) None of the above
93. High Auxin/kinetin ratio in nutritional media for protoplast culture is
preferred ______
a) To induce cell regeneration
b) To induce cell growth
c) To induce cell division
d) All
94. Advantage of Micro-drop protoplast culture technique is _____________
a) It requires Large numbers of protoplasts
b) It requires a Small number of protoplasts
c) It requires a large amount of culture media
d) It requires less amount of water

95._____________is the advantage of somatic hybridization over

sexual hybridization
a) It can be done in the same plant
b) It can be done in the same plant species
c) It can be done in different plant species
d) All
96. First step in somatic hybridization is ________
a) Identification of hybrid plant
b) Protoplast fusion
c) Protoplast isolation
d) Identification of hybrid cell

97. Hybrid cell is made by fusing two protoplast in__________

a) Callus culture
b) Suspension culture
c) Gene cloning
d) Somatic hybridization
98. _________ are used for protoplast fusion
a) Chemical agents
b) Fusogens
c) Vitamins
d) Plant hormones
99. Which of the following type of plant cells can be used for somatic
embryogenesis
a) Palisade cells of leaves
b) Epidermis
c) Parenchymatous cells of xylem
d) Medullary cells of stem
100. Cybrids are produced by
(a) The nucleus of one species but cytoplasm from both the parent species
(b) The fusion of two same nuclei from the same species
(c) The fusion of two different nuclei from different species
(d) None of the above

101. Which method is used to overcome cytoplasmic male sterility?

a) Callus culture
b) Artificial embryogengesis
c) Somatic embryogenesis
d) Cybrid
102. Hybrid means ………………
(a) Mixed
(b) Single
(c) Unique
(d) None of the above
103. Preserving germplasm in frozen state is
(a) Cryopreservation
(b) Cold storage
(c) In situ preservation
(d) Vernalisation
104. __________is the advantage for the seed as germplasm conservation
EXCEPT:
a) Plants are propagated through seeds
b) Seed viability is enhanced over a time
c) Conventional material to conserve plant germplasm
d) Seeds occupy a small place
105. Which of the following method is used for in-vitro germplasm
conservation
a) Cryopreservation (freeze-drying)
b) Cold storage
c) Low pressure & low Oxygen Storage
d) All
 PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
1. In plant tissue culture, what is the term ORGANOGENESIS means?

A. Formation of callus culture

B. Formation of root & shoot from callus culture
C. Genesis of organ
D. None of the above

2. In a cell, protoplast consists of the following EXCEPT...?

A. Cell wall
B. Cell membrane
C. Nucleus
D. Cytoplasm

3. What is the name of the bacteria known as natural genetic engineer of plants?
A. Escherichia coli
B. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D. Aspergillus niger

4. Media room of a plant tissue culture lab should consist of the following EXCEPT…?
A. pH meter
B. Autoclave machine
C. Analytical balance
D. Biosafety cabinet

5. In growth room, humidifier serves as…?

A. Contaminant reducer
B. Humidity reducer
C. Medium drying preventer
D. Temperature controller

6. What is the name of naturally occurring Auxin in plant?

A. 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA)
B. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
C. Indole 3-acetic acid (IAA)
D. 1-napthoxyacetic acid (NOA)

8. The basic components of tissue culture media are

1. micro and macro nutrients, glucose
2. micro and macro nutrients, vitamins, agar
3. micro and macro nutrients and growth regulators, glucose
4. micro and macro nutrients, growth regulators, agar, vitamins, glucose

9. Agar agar is added to tissue culture media as

1. carbon source 2. a growth regulator
3. nitrogen source 4. solidifying agent

10. Agar agar, used in plant tissue culture is extracted from,

1. a fungi 2. a bacteria 3. an algae 4. a virus

11. Glucose is added to the tissue culture media as

1. growth regulator 2. carbon source
3. solidifying agent 4. an antibiotic

12. Explant is
1. any cut part of the plant used in tissue culture
2. a plant extract used in tissue culture
3. a source of growth regulators added to media
4. solidifying agent

13. Totipotency refers to

1. the ability of a plant cell to arrest the growth of a plant
2. the ability of a plant cell to develop disease in plant
3. the ability of a plant cell to develop into a complete plant
4. the inability of a plant cell to develop into a callus

14. Somatic embryos are

1. embryos developed from zygote after fertilization
2. embryos developed from egg without fertilization
3. embryo like structure developed from the cells of callus
4. embryo developed by ovules

15. In vitro culture of plant parts need

1. controlled environmental condition
2. aseptic condition
3. maintenance of pH
4. all of these

16. An amorphous mass of loosely arranged thin walled parenchyma cells developing from
explant
is called
1. Thallus 2. Callus 3. Callose 4. Embryoids

17. The unique feature of callus is

1. it gives rise to cells only 2. it can give rise to zygotic embryos
3. it can give rise to root, shoot and embryoids 4. it can give rise to flowers directly

18. Meristem culture helps in developing

1. hybrid plants 2. virus free plants
3. disease resistant plants 3. tall plants
19. Genetic variation observed in callus obtained from tissue culture is called
1. morphogenesis 2. rhizogenesis
3. callogenesis 3. somaclonal variation

20. Totipotency refers to

A. capacity to generate genetically identical plants.
B capacity to generate a whole plant from any plant cell / explant.

C. capacity to generate hybrid protoplasts.

D. recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants.

21.Micro propagation involves

A. vegetative multiplication of plants by using micro-organisms.
B. vegetative multiplication of plants by using small explants.
C. vegetative multiplication of plants by using microspores.
D. Non-vegetative multiplication of plants by using microspores and megaspores.

23. The time duration for sterilization process by using autoclave is ______ minutes and the
temperature is _______
A. 10 to 30 minutes and 125° C
B. 15 to 30 minutes and 121° C
C. 15 to 20 minutes and 125° C
D. 10 to 20 minutes and 121° C

24. Which of the following statement is correct

A. Agar is not extracted from marine algae such as seaweeds.
B. Callus undergoes differentiation and produces somatic embryoids.
C. Surface sterilization of explants is done by using mercuric bromide
D. PH of the culture medium is 5.0 to 6.0

25. Select the incorrect statement from given statement

A. A tonic used for cardiac arrest is obtained from Digitalis purpuria
B. Medicine used to treat Rheumatic pain is extracted from Capsicum annum
C. An anti malarial drug is isolated from Cinchona officinalis.
D. Anti-cancinogenic property is not seen in Catharanthus roseus.
26.Virus free plants are developed from
A. Organ culture
B Meristem culture
C. Protoplast culture
D. Cell suspension culture

28. Cryopreservation means it is a process to preserve plant cells, tissues or organs

A. at very low temperature by using ether.
B. at very high temperature by using liquid nitrogen
C at very low temperature of -196 by using liquid nitrogen
D. at very low temperature by using liquid nitrogen

29. Solidifying agent used in plant tissue culture is

A. Nicotinic acid
B. Cobaltous chloride
C. EDTA
D Agar

30. What is meant by 'Organ culture' ?

Maintenance alive of a whole organ, after removal from the organism by partial
A.
immersion in a nutrient fluid

Introduction of a new organ in an animal body with a view to create genetic mutation
B.
in the progenies of that animal

C. Cultivation of organs in a laboratory through the synthesis of tissues

The aspects of culture in community which are mainly dedicated by the need of a
D.
specified organ of the human body

31. Organogenesis is
A. formation of callus tissue

B. formation of root and shoots on callus tissue

C. both (a) and (b)

 D. genesis of organs

32. In a callus culture

increasing level of cytokinin to a callus induces shoot formation and increasing level
A.
of auxin promote root formation

increasing level of auxin to a callus induces shoot formation and increasing level of
B.
cytokinin promote root formation

C. auxins and cytokinins are not required

D. only auxin is required for root and shoot formation

33. Protoplasts are the cells devoid of

A. cell membrane

B. cell wall

C. both cell wall and cell membrane

D. none of these

34. The phenomenon of the reversion of mature cells to the meristematic state leading to
the formation of callus is known as
A. redifferentiation

B. dedifferentiation

C. either (a) or (b)

D. none of these

35. Cell fusion method includes the preparation of large number of

A. plant cells stripped of their cell wall

B. single plant cell stripped of their cell wall

C. plant cells with cell wall

D. cells from different species

36. Subculturing is similar to propagation by cuttings because

 A. it separates multiple microshoots and places them in a medium

B. it uses scions to produce new microshoots

C. they both use in vitro growing conditions

D. all of the above

37. The ability of the component cells of callus to form a whole plant is known as
A. Redifferentiation

B. Dedifferentiation

C. either (a) or (b)

D. none of these

38. What is/are the benefit(s) of micropropagation or clonal propagation?

A. Rapid multiplication of superior clones

B. Multiplication of disease free plants

C. Multiplication of sexually derived sterile hybrids

D. All of the above

39. When plated only in nutrient medium, how much time is required for the protoplast to
synthesize new cell wall?
A. 2-5 days

B. 5-10 days

C. 10-15 days

D. 15-17 days

40. Cellular totipotency is the property of

A. Plants

B. Animals

C. Bacteria

D. all of these
41. Agrobacterium based gene transfer is efficient
A. only with dicots

B. only with monocots

C. with both monocots and dicots

D. with majority monocots and few dicots

42.Which of the following is NOT a plant growth regulator?

a) Auxin
b) Cytokinins
c) Abcisic acid
d) Polyphenols
View Answer
Answer: d

1. The collection of growing large number of isolated plant cells under sterile condition is called
as _______.
A. plant tissue culture.
B. taxonomy.
C. anatomy.
D. physiology.
ANSWER: A

3. The instrument is necessary for drying the washed glassware are

A. Vacuum pump.
B. Hot air oven.
C. Heater.
D. Autoclave.
ANSWER: B

4. The in vitro culture and maintenance of an excised organ primordial or whole or part of an
_______ culture.
A. anther.
B. callus.
C. organ.
D. suspension.
ANSWER: C
5. The culture of excised radicle tips of aseptically germinated seeds is termed as _______
culture.
A. anther.
B. root.
C. pollen.
D. embryo.
ANSWER: B

6. High cytokinin and low auxin induces _______.

A. shoot.
B. root.
C. germination.
D. organ.
ANSWER: A

7. The commonly used cytokinin in meristem culture is _______.

A. zeatin.
B. NAA.
C. BAP.
D. 2, 4-D.
ANSWER: C

9. A vegetative propagation of whole plants using tissue culture techniques is called as _______.
A. micropropagation.
B. somatic embryogenesis.
C. callus culture.
D. protoplast culture.
ANSWER: A

10. An undifferentiated and highly proliferative mass of cells is defined as _______.

A. callus.
B. primary explants.
C. embryogenic tissue.
D. none of the above.
ANSWER: A

11. The small excised portion that are used to produce high mass of cells is _______.
A. callus.
B. explants.
C. tissue.
D. totipotent.
ANSWER: B

14. Which plant growth hormones is highly required for growth of cell?
A. Gibberrellin.
B. Auxin.
C. Cytokinin.
D. Ethylene.
ANSWER: B

15. Which plant growth hormones is highly required for cell division?
A. Gibberrellin.
B. Auxin.
C. Cytokinin.
D. Ethylene.
ANSWER: C

26. The production of adventitious roots and shoots from cells of tissue culture is termed as
_____.
A. organogenesis.
B. micropropagation.
C. callus culture.
D. suspension culture.
ANSWER: A

27. The developmental pathway of numerous well organized small embryoids is defined as
_____.
A. organogenesis.
B. micropropagation.
C. somatic embryogenesis.
D. suspension culture.
ANSWER: C

33. Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization in plant are based on _____.
A. protoplast isolation.
B. cell wall gets disrupted.
C. fusion of pronuclei.
D. protoplast fusion.
ANSWER: A

34. Two or more adjoining somatic protoplasts are fused without any inducer is called as
_______ fusion.
A. spontaneous.
B. induced.
C. protoplast.
D. somatic cell.
ANSWER: A

35. __________________ is a type of genetic modification in plants.

A. Spontaneous fusion.
B. Induced fusion.
C. Protoplast fusion.
D. none of the above.
ANSWER: C
36. A new variety plant derived from tissue culture is referred as _____.
A. somaclones.
B. invitro microclones.
C. proto multiclones.
D. chloroclones.
ANSWER: A

37. The genetic variability regenerated during tissue culture is termed as _____.
A. somoclonal variation.
B. organogenesis.
C. micropropagation.
D. androgenesis.
ANSWER: A

39. Somatic embryogenesis is _____.

A. germ line cells developing into embryos.
B. non-germ line cells developing into embryos.
C. embryos developing from zygotes.
D. embryonic tissue becoming somatic.
ANSWER: B

40. The precursors for the synthesis of nopalines in Ti plasmid is _____.

A. phosphoenolpyruvate + amino acid.
B. pyruvate + amino acid.
C. alpha-Ketoglutarate + amino acid.
D. oxalate + amino acid.
ANSWER: C

47. The carbon source used mainly in plant tissue culture is _____.
A. sucrose.
B. mannose.
C. glucose.
D. lactose.
ANSWER: A

53. Plant growth regulators influence growth, metabolism and ________ of cultured cells.
A. differentiation.
B. elongation.
C. enlargement.
D. duplication.
ANSWER: A

54. The optimal pH for plant tissue cultures is in the range of _____.
A. 2-3.
B. 3-4.
C. 4-5.
D. 5-6.
ANSWER: D

55. The plant tissue culture medium can be sterilized in an autoclave at _____degree celcius.
A. 131.
B. 121.
C. 141.
D. 111.
ANSWER: B

62. The process can be used to bring two genetically different parents together for a common
desirable character is called _____.
A. hybridization.
B. protoplast fusion.
C. propagation.
D. sexual reproduction.
ANSWER: B

63. Protoplasm fusion can be done by _____.

A. polyethylene glycol.
B. glycerol.
C. ethylene.
D. nitrogen.
ANSWER: A

64. A genome of an organism refers to its total _____.

A. haploid DNA.
B. number of proteins
C. number of chromosomes.
D. number of genes.
ANSWER: A

72. The length of Ti plasmid is ______kilobytes.

A. 20.
B. 200.
C. 2.
D. 2000.
ANSWER: B

73. Which technique is mostly related to protoplasts that can be regenerated to viable plants?
A. Electroporation.
B. Gene gun.
C. Microinjection.
D. Liposome mediated.
ANSWER: A
74. Which region codes for proteins involved in the uptake and metabolism of opines in Ti
plasmids?
A. Promoter.
B. Vir.
C. Selectable Marker.
D. Opine catabolism.
ANSWER: D

77. The phenomenon of mature cells in meristematic state to produce callus is _____.
A. dedifferentiation.
B. redifferentiation.
C. totipotency.
D. all the above
ANSWER: A

78. The ability of callus cells to differentiate into a plant organ is called as _____.
A. dedifferentiation.
B. redifferentiation.
C. shoot-bud differentiation.
D. meristem differentiation.
ANSWER: B

79. The enzyme that can easily release the individual cells from the leaf tissues is ______.
A. macerozyme.
B. lysozyme.
C. zymogen.
D. chymotrypsin.
ANSWER: A

80. Name the type of culture that involves the addition of fresh nutrient medium and draining out
the used medium?
A. Batch.
B. Continuous.
C. Discontinuous.
D. Open continuous.
ANSWER: B

87. An undifferentiated mass of cells in a plant tissue culture is called _________.

A. shield.
B. callus.
C. somatic embryoid.
D. cell aggregate.
ANSWER: B

88. The best choice is culture to produce plants that are homozygous for all traits is ________.
A. anther.
B. axillary shoots.
C. bud.
D. meristem.
ANSWER: A

89. The culture used in plant tissue culture as a chemical factory for vitamins is _______.
A. suspension.
B. callus.
C. organ.
D. anther.
ANSWER: A

90. A characteristic feature of the chloroplast genome is the presence of two ________.
A. simple tandem arrays.
B. repeat interspersions.
C. compound tandem arrays.
D. identical inverted repeats.
ANSWER: D

93. Which technique is used to introduce genes into dicots?

A. Electroporation.
B. Particle bombardment.
C. Microinjection.
D. Ti plasmid infection.
ANSWER: D

100. Ti plasmid type of gene transfer methods works with ______.

A. fungi.
B. dicots only.
C. animals.
D. bacteria.
ANSWER: B

101. Ti plasmid naturally occurs in ______.

A. Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
B. Bacillus sp.
C. Rhizobium sp.
D. Nitrobacteria sp.
ANSWER: A

105. Presence of auxin and cytokinin promotes the formation of ______.

A. callus.
B. shoot.
C. root.
D. embryo.
ANSWER: A

107. Cryopreservation refers to preservation in ______degree celcius.

A. -198.
B. -197.
C. -194.
D. -196.
ANSWER: D

115. The basic facilities in a laboratory organization include ______.

A. washing and storage facilities.
B. media preparation.
C. transfer area.
D. all the above.
ANSWER: D

116. What type of glasswares can be used in the plant tissue culture work?
A. Borosilicate.
B. Plastic.
C. Metal.
D. Aluminum.
ANSWER: A

117. The optimum relative humidity of plant tissue culture is _______%.

A. 20-98.
B. 30-98.
C. 40-98.
D. 50-98.
ANSWER: A

118. The dry heat methods include _______.

A. flaming.
B. incineration.
C. hot air oven.
D. all the above.
ANSWER: D

119. The optimum condition of autoclaving in plant tissue culture is ___ ºC, ___ psi, ____min
A. 123, 15, 15.
B. 121, 17, 15.
C. 121, 15, 25.
D. 121, 15, 15.
ANSWER: D

122. An excised piece of differentiated tissue or organ is termed as ______.

A. callus.
B. embryogenic tissue.
C. explant.
D. protoplast
ANSWER: C

123. The ability of an individual cell, even a protoplast to develop into whole plant is ______.
A. callus.
B. dedifferentiation.
C. redifferentiation.
D. totipotency.
ANSWER: D

127. Which enzyme can degrade middle lamella, cell wall of plant cells?
A. Zymogen.
B. Cellulases.
C. Macerozyme.
D. Pectinase.
ANSWER: C

128. The cell suspension culture grown in fixed volume of nutrient culture medium is termed as
______ culture.
A. batch.
B. continuous.
C. callus.
D. suspension.
ANSWER: A

129. The cellular growth rate and density is constant in _____ type of continuous cultures.
A. chemostat.
B. turbidostat.
C. closed.
D. batch.
ANSWER: A

130. The addition of fresh medium is done whenever there is an increase in turbidity is termed as
______.
A. chemostat
B. turbidostat.
C. equilibrium state.
D. isotonic state.
ANSWER: B

131. Which type of continuous cultures is highly useful for studies related to cytodifferentiation
and production of secondary metabolites?
A. chemostat.
B. closed
C. turbidostat.
D. batch.
ANSWER: B

133. The culture in which cell cycles for majority of cultured cells occur simultaneously is called
______culture.
A. batch.
B. synchronous.
C. asynchronous.
D. suspension.
ANSWER: B

139. When embryogenesis occurs directly on explants without production of callus it is called
_____ embryogenesis.
A. direct.
B. indirect.
C. reversible.
D. irreversible.
ANSWER: A

140. When explants produce callus and forms embryo is called ________ embryogenesis.
A. indirect.
B. direct.
C. reversible.
D. irreversible.
ANSWER: A

141. The high auxin levels can inhibit development and growth of _________.
A. root.
B. shoot.
C. embryo.
D. organ.
ANSWER: B

142. Which suppresses the somatic embryogenesis.

A. zinc.
B. ethyl acetate.
C. dimethyl sulphoxide.
D. cytokinin.
ANSWER: D

143. The genetic potential of a plant cell to produce entire plant is termed as __________.
A. callus
B. explants.
C. differentiation.
D. totipotent cell.
ANSWER: D

144. Encapsulated embryoids behave like true seeds that can grow in soil are called _______
seeds.
A. natural.
B. hybrid.
C. artificial.
D. cybrid.
ANSWER: C

145. The development of adventitious organs or premordia from undifferentiated cell mass in
tissue culture by the process of differentiation is
termed as _______.
A. organogenesis.
B. morphogenesis.
C. histogenesis.
D. cytogenesis.
ANSWER: A
146. The fusion of normal protoplast with enucleated protoplast that results in formation of ____.
A. cybrid.
B. hybrid.
C. cytoplasmic hybrids.
D. both a and c.
ANSWER: D